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<li id="toc-Union_Jack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_Jack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Union Jack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_Jack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crescent_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crescent_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crescent flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crescent_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CTK_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CTK_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>CTK flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CTK_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Mahabad_(1940s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Mahabad_(1940s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Republic of Mahabad (1940s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Mahabad_(1940s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_adaptation_to_international_flag_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_adaptation_to_international_flag_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern adaptation to international flag standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_adaptation_to_international_flag_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_flags_used_by_Kurds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_flags_used_by_Kurds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other flags used by Kurds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_flags_used_by_Kurds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similar flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdistan_Region's_flag_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdistan_Region's_flag_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kurdistan Region's flag day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdistan_Region's_flag_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Kurdistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Koerdistan" title="Vlag van Koerdistan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlag van Koerdistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="علم كردستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم كردستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_del_Curdist%C3%A1n" title="Bandera del Curdistán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bandera del Curdistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrd%C3%BCstan_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kürdüstan bayrağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kürdüstan bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сцяг Курдыстана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сцяг Курдыстана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banderes_del_Kurdistan" title="Banderes del Kurdistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banderes del Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistans_flag" title="Kurdistans flag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurdistans flag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagge_Kurdistans" title="Flagge Kurdistans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flagge Kurdistans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistani_lipp" title="Kurdistani lipp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurdistani lipp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Σημαία του Κουρδιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημαία του Κουρδιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Bandera de Kurdistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandera de Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistango_bandera" title="Kurdistango bandera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurdistango bandera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پرچم‌های کردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرچم‌های کردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_du_Kurdistan" title="Drapeau du Kurdistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drapeau du Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_do_Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Bandeira do Kurdistán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bandeira do Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0" title="쿠르디스탄의 기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르디스탄의 기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="कुर्दिस्तान का झंडा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुर्दिस्तान का झंडा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Kurdistan" title="Bendera Kurdistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bendera Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiera_del_Kurdistan" title="Bandiera del Kurdistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bandiera del Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="דגל כורדיסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגל כורדיסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C" title="ಕುರ್ದಿಸ್ತಾನದ ಧ್ವಜ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುರ್ದಿಸ್ತಾನದ ಧ್ವಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaya_Kurdistan%C3%AA" title="Alaya Kurdistanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alaya Kurdistanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistano_v%C4%97liava" title="Kurdistano vėliava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kurdistano vėliava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdiszt%C3%A1n_z%C3%A1szlaja" title="Kurdisztán zászlaja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kurdisztán zászlaja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="علم كردستان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم كردستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%91%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%90%D9%85" title="کردسّون بَرِم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کردسّون بَرِم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Koerdistan" title="Vlag van Koerdistan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlag van Koerdistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E6%97%97" title="クルドの旗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルドの旗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistans_flagg" title="Kurdistans flagg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurdistans flagg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_kurdiske_flagget" title="Det kurdiske flagget – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det kurdiske flagget" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaga_Kurdystanu" title="Flaga Kurdystanu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flaga Kurdystanu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_do_Curdist%C3%A3o" title="Bandeira do Curdistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bandeira do Curdistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Флаг Курдистана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флаг Курдистана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flag of Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئاڵای کوردستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاڵای کوردستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdska_zastava" title="Kurdska zastava – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurdska zastava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistanin_lippu" title="Kurdistanin lippu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kurdistanin lippu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistans_flagga" title="Kurdistans flagga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurdistans flagga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrdistan_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kürdistan bayrağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kürdistan bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Прапор Курдистану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прапор Курдистану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%97%97" title="库尔德旗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库尔德旗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Kurdistan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/255px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/383px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/510px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Alaya Rengîn</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Colourful Flag</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">2:3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1927</span> by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1992 by <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> tricolour, with a <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a> 21 rayed sun in the center (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Sun" title="Kurdish Sun">Kurdish Sun</a>).</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>flag of Kurdistan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">ئاڵای کوردستان</span>, <span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Alaya Kurdistanê</i></span>) is the flag of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a><sup id="cite_ref-institutkurde.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-institutkurde.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was created by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Rise_of_Kurdistan" title="Society for the Rise of Kurdistan">Society for the Rise of Kurdistan</a> in 1920. It would later, in different variants, be adopted as the national flag of different Kurdish states including <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> and most recently by <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> in 1992. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> used the crescent flag (shown below) which was also considered a Kurdish flag.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_Jack">Union Jack</h3></div> <p>In October 1918, near the end of World War I, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji" title="Mahmud Barzanji">Mahmud Barzanji</a> broke away from the Ottoman Empire and established the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_state_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Kurdish state (1918–1919)">Kurdish state</a>. As it was initially subordinate to Britain, the polity flew the British <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> until it revolted in May 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crescent_flag">Crescent flag</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_(1922-1924).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second flag of the Kurdish state (during the 1919 anti-British revolt), also the flag of the Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1925)."><img alt="Second flag of the Kurdish state (during the 1919 anti-British revolt), also the flag of the Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1925)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/252px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/336px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Second flag of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_state_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Kurdish state (1918–1919)">Kurdish state</a> (during the 1919 anti-British revolt), also the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> (1921–1925).</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>In May 1919, the Kurdish State revolted against the British Empire, and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> flag. The British Empire conquered the Kurdish state in June 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> in 1921, The <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> flag was again hoisted in <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji" title="Mahmud Barzanji">Mahmud Barzanji</a>. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_Hilmi" title="Rafiq Hilmi">Rafiq Hilmi</a>, the Kingdom of Kurdistan considered the crescent flag as the national flag of Kurds. He wrote: "<i>A big meeting was held at the house of Şêx Qadir, the Speaker of the National Assembly, and with official permission, the official Kurdish flag was raised. On the day of the meeting, about 10,000 people gathered in front of the Grand Mosque.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CTK_flag">CTK flag</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_flag_(Khoiboun).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of Ararat (1927–1930) adopted by Xoybûn."><img alt="Flag of the Republic of Ararat (1927–1930) adopted by Xoybûn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kurdish_flag_%28Khoiboun%29.png/180px-Kurdish_flag_%28Khoiboun%29.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kurdish_flag_%28Khoiboun%29.png/270px-Kurdish_flag_%28Khoiboun%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kurdish_flag_%28Khoiboun%29.png/360px-Kurdish_flag_%28Khoiboun%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a> (1927–1930) adopted by Xoybûn.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>This flag was created in 1920 by the Society for the Rise of Kurdistan (CTK). Shortly after, it was used by the nationalist party <a href="/wiki/Xoyb%C3%BBn" title="Xoybûn">Xoybûn</a> who hoisted the flag over the city of <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" title="Ağrı">Ağrı</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a>. In his memoir <i>Doza Kurdistan</i>, Kurdish politician Kadri Cemilpaşa of the CTK declared that this flag was the national Kurdish flag whose colors and shape had now been defined. In 1925, during the trial of CTK politicians in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, they stated that the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman flag</a> was dead and that the Kurdish flag would shine like a sun.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Mahabad_(1940s)"><span id="Republic_of_Mahabad_.281940s.29"></span>Republic of Mahabad (1940s)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of Mahabad"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of Mahabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>Prior to the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in 1946, Kurdish leaders in Iran from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan</a> (KDPI) with support from Kurds in Iraq, had prepared the flag to be used as the national flag of the Mahabad Republic. The prepared flag was altered and approved by the KDPI who went on to hoist it in the official office of the Iranian government in <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a> on 17 December 1945. When the republic was declared on 22 January 1946, the flag was hoisted at the main square while <a href="/wiki/Ey_Req%C3%AEb" title="Ey Reqîb">Ey Reqîb</a> was being sung. In his speech, President <a href="/wiki/Qazi_Muhammad" title="Qazi Muhammad">Qazi Muhammad</a> declared the flag as "flag of Kurdistan" and it was hoisted in all towns which was under his control. Days before the collapse of the republic, President Muhammad handed over the flag on his desk to <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a>, who had fled to Mahabad after the <a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2></div> <p>The Kurdish flag is the most important symbol of cohesive Kurdish identity. Since it was first hoisted in 1946 to represent the concept of an independent <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> and founded in Iranian territory) it has become a symbol of the national identity of Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main characteristic of the flag is the blazing golden sun emblem (<i>Roj</i> in Kurdish) at its center. The emblem's sun disk has 21 rays, equal in size and shape, with the single odd ray at top and the two even rays on the bottom. </p><p>The symbolism of the colours is:<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Colour </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ED2024;color:white;">Red <p>RGB: (235,35,35) </p><p>HEX: #ED2024 </p> </td> <td>Symbolizes the blood of the martyrs and the continued struggle for freedom and dignity. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#278E43;color:white;">Green <p>RGB: (39,138,65) </p><p>HEX: #278E43 </p> </td> <td>Expresses the beauty and landscapes of Kurdistan. Life and vitality. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FEBD11;color:black;">Yellow <p>RGB: (250,185,20) </p><p>HEX: #FEBD11 </p> </td> <td>Represents the source of life and light of the people. The sun is an ancient symbol and twenty one sunbeams represent March 21, <a href="/wiki/Newroz" class="mw-redirect" title="Newroz">Newroz</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:black;">White <p>RGB: (255,255,255) </p><p>HEX: #FFFFFF </p> </td> <td>Represent peace and equality. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the fall of 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurdish">Iraqi Kurdish</a> leadership gave orders for Kurdish officials to stop flying the Iraqi flag under decree number 60 "to hoist the flag of Iraqi Kurdistan". <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a> issued orders that the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist">Ba'athist</a> flag should be lowered and all regions in Iraqi Kurdistan should "hoist only the Kurdistan flag" because the symbols of Ba'athism were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Anfal_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfal genocide">Anfal genocide</a> where 180,000 people died. When the Ba'athist symbols were removed from the Iraqi flag in 2008, the KRG hoisted the Iraqi flag to fly alongside the Kurdish flag, reported to still be the practice as of March 2013. Flying the Iraqi flag side by side with the Kurdish flag is symbolic of their acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Iraq" title="Federalism in Iraq">Iraqi federalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_adaptation_to_international_flag_standards">Modern adaptation to international flag standards</h2></div> <p>The flag appeared in Kurdish media throughout the 1990s with <a href="/wiki/MED_TV" title="MED TV">MED TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdsat" title="Kurdsat">Kurdsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_TV" title="Kurdistan TV">Kurdistan TV</a> and their affiliates broadcasting with the flag appearing frequently in their programming allowing it to become a symbol of Kurdish statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_flags_used_by_Kurds">Other flags used by Kurds</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rojava.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tricolor flag of TEV-DEM, adopted c. 2012 for the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.[12][13]"><img alt="The Tricolor flag of TEV-DEM, adopted c. 2012 for the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.[12][13]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/120px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/180px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/240px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tricolor_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolor (flag)">Tricolor</a> flag of <a href="/wiki/TEV-DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="TEV-DEM">TEV-DEM</a>, adopted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2012</span> for the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_flags">Similar flags</h2></div> <p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> roots of the Kurds,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the colours used in flags used by Kurds are the same that are used in other Iranian-origin areas like Iran and Tajikistan, known as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranian_colors" title="Pan-Iranian colors">Pan-Iranian colors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_flag_of_Iran_(1964%E2%80%931980).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the modern era Persian Empire (Iranian monarchy until 1979)"><img alt="Flag of the modern era Persian Empire (Iranian monarchy until 1979)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/120px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/180px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/240px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the modern era <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian monarchy">Iranian monarchy</a> until 1979)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1980)"><img alt="Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1980)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/180px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/240px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Equal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse side is congruent with obverse side"><img alt="Reverse side is congruent with obverse side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IFIS_Equal.svg/21px-IFIS_Equal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IFIS_Equal.svg/32px-IFIS_Equal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IFIS_Equal.svg/42px-IFIS_Equal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> (since 1980)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan (since 1992)"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan (since 1992)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/180px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/240px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vexillological description"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Tajikistan">Republic of Tajikistan</a> (since 1992)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurdistan_Region's_flag_day"><span id="Kurdistan_Region.27s_flag_day"></span>Kurdistan Region's flag day</h2></div> <p>Since 1993, the Kurdish Flag Day is celebrated on December 17.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kurdistan"><img alt="Flag of Kurdistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Kurdistan_2.jpg/200px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Kurdistan_2.jpg/300px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Kurdistan_2.jpg/400px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1723" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Kurdistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulaymaniyah-Kirkuk_Road.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flag of Kurdistan flies over the disputed city of Kirkuk after it was abandoned by Iraqi forces in June 2014 as the ISIL militant group approached."><img alt="The flag of Kurdistan flies over the disputed city of Kirkuk after it was abandoned by Iraqi forces in June 2014 as the ISIL militant group approached." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sulaymaniyah-Kirkuk_Road.jpeg/200px-Sulaymaniyah-Kirkuk_Road.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sulaymaniyah-Kirkuk_Road.jpeg/300px-Sulaymaniyah-Kirkuk_Road.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sulaymaniyah-Kirkuk_Road.jpeg/400px-Sulaymaniyah-Kirkuk_Road.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The flag of Kurdistan flies over the disputed city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> after it was abandoned by <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi forces</a> in June 2014 as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> militant group approached.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVeroj2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veroj, Sêid (17 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kovarabir.com/seid-veroj-ala-kurdistane-berheme-tekosina-netewi-ya-milete-kurd-e-u-bere-sed-100-sal-hatiye-cekirin/">"Seîd Veroj/ Ala Kurdistanê; berhemê têkoşîna netewî ya miletê Kurd e û berê sed (100) sal hatîye çêkirin"</a>. <i>Kovara Bîr</i> (in Kurdish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kovara+B%C3%AEr&rft.atitle=Se%C3%AEd+Veroj%2F+Ala+Kurdistan%C3%AA%3B+berhem%C3%AA+t%C3%AAko%C5%9F%C3%AEna+netew%C3%AE+ya+milet%C3%AA+Kurd+e+%C3%BB+ber%C3%AA+sed+%28100%29+sal+hat%C3%AEye+%C3%A7%C3%AAkirin&rft.date=2021-12-17&rft.aulast=Veroj&rft.aufirst=S%C3%AAid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkovarabir.com%2Fseid-veroj-ala-kurdistane-berheme-tekosina-netewi-ya-milete-kurd-e-u-bere-sed-100-sal-hatiye-cekirin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-institutkurde.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-institutkurde.org_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutkurde.org/en/kurdorama/the_national_flag_of_kurdistan.php">"The National Flag of Kurdistan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Flag+of+Kurdistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutkurde.org%2Fen%2Fkurdorama%2Fthe_national_flag_of_kurdistan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span>, Kurdish Institute of Paris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamit2021" class="citation book cs1">Hamit, Bozarslan (2021). <i>The Cambridge History of the Kurds</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hamit&rft.aufirst=Bozarslan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilic2018" class="citation book cs1">Kilic, Ilhan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/69191/1/ILHAN_KILIC-NOVEMBER_2018_MPhil_-HISTORY-THESIS_FULL.pdf"><i>Britain's Kurdish Policy and Kurdistan 1918 -1923</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. School of History of the University of East Anglia. pp. 182–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Kurdish+Policy+and+Kurdistan+1918+-1923&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=School+of+History+of+the+University+of+East+Anglia&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Kilic&rft.aufirst=Ilhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fueaeprints.uea.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F69191%2F1%2FILHAN_KILIC-NOVEMBER_2018_MPhil_-HISTORY-THESIS_FULL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur-SealBarlasHale2022" class="citation book cs1">MacArthur-Seal, Daniel-Joseph; Barlas, Dilek; Hale, William (2022-12-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFqbEAAAQBAJ&dq=iraqi+kurdistan+flag+1919&pg=PT97">"Chapter 3 - The Emergence of Turkish Iraq"</a>. <i>From Enemies to Allies: Turkey and Britain, 1918–1960</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-81886-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-81886-4"><bdi>978-1-000-81886-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3+-+The+Emergence+of+Turkish+Iraq&rft.btitle=From+Enemies+to+Allies%3A+Turkey+and+Britain%2C+1918%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-12-26&rft.isbn=978-1-000-81886-4&rft.aulast=MacArthur-Seal&rft.aufirst=Daniel-Joseph&rft.au=Barlas%2C+Dilek&rft.au=Hale%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFqbEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Diraqi%2Bkurdistan%2Bflag%2B1919%26pg%3DPT97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flaglog.com/1919">"World Flag Chart 1919 - Flag Log"</a>. <i>flaglog.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flaglog.com&rft.atitle=World+Flag+Chart+1919+-+Flag+Log&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflaglog.com%2F1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk8fDAAAQBAJ&q=kurdish%20flag">Iraqi Federalism and the Kurds: Learning to Live Together</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanilovich2016" class="citation book cs1">Danilovich, Alex (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zk4fDAAAQBAJ"><i>Iraqi Federalism and the Kurds: Learning to Live Together</i></a>. Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317112938" title="Special:BookSources/9781317112938"><bdi>9781317112938</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Federalism+and+the+Kurds%3A+Learning+to+Live+Together&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317112938&rft.aulast=Danilovich&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzk4fDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHUMANRIGHTSWATCH1992" class="citation journal cs1">HUMANRIGHTSWATCH (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/t/turkey/turkey926.pdf">"Turkish Forces Kill Scores of Peaceful Demonstrato Turkish Forces Kill Scores of Peaceful Demonstrators"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Helsinki Watch</i>. <b>4</b> (9): 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsinki+Watch&rft.atitle=Turkish+Forces+Kill+Scores+of+Peaceful+Demonstrato+Turkish+Forces+Kill+Scores+of+Peaceful+Demonstrators&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1992&rft.au=HUMANRIGHTSWATCH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2Fpdfs%2Ft%2Fturkey%2Fturkey926.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiderali2003" class="citation book cs1">Haiderali, Karim (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWlMnPIeGIQC"><i>The Media of Diaspora</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415279307" title="Special:BookSources/9780415279307"><bdi>9780415279307</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Central European University Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639116641" title="Special:BookSources/9789639116641"><bdi>9789639116641</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+a+Right+and+a+Resource%3A+Approaching+Linguistic+Human+Rights&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789639116641&rft.aulast=Kontra&rft.aufirst=Mikl%C3%B3s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-m3HfFHv1dUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20160317-kurds-declare-federal-region-northern-syria-pyd">"Kurds declare federal region in Syria's north"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 17 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Kurds+declare+federal+region+in+Syria%27s+north&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20160317-kurds-declare-federal-region-northern-syria-pyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/syria-kurds-federalism-opposes-160317080412664.html">"Why Syria's Kurds want federalism, and who opposes it"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 17 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Why+Syria%27s+Kurds+want+federalism%2C+and+who+opposes+it&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2Fsyria-kurds-federalism-opposes-160317080412664.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2016" class="citation book cs1">Foltz, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37584243"><i>Co-Opting the Prophet: The Politics of Kurdish and Tajik Claims to Zarathustra and Zoroastrianism In book: The Zoroastrian Flame: Exploring Religion, History and Tradition</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Co-Opting+the+Prophet%3A+The+Politics+of+Kurdish+and+Tajik+Claims+to+Zarathustra+and+Zoroastrianism+In+book%3A+The+Zoroastrian+Flame%3A+Exploring+Religion%2C+History+and+Tradition&rft.pages=325-341&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781784532734&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37584243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTajikistan_flag" class="citation web cs1">Tajikistan flag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.graphicmaps.com/amp/tajikistan/flag/">"Tajikistan flag"</a>. <i>Graphic Maps</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Graphic+Maps&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+flag&rft.au=Tajikistan+flag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.graphicmaps.com%2Famp%2Ftajikistan%2Fflag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekurdishproject.org/history-and-culture/kurdish-culture/kurdish-flag/">"Learn About the Kurdistan Flag"</a>. The Kurdish Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+About+the+Kurdistan+Flag&rft.pub=The+Kurdish+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthekurdishproject.org%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fkurdish-culture%2Fkurdish-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2014/12/state8770.htm">"On Kurdistan's National Flag Day, Kurds Show Solidarity with Peshmerga"</a>. <i>ekurd.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ekurd.net&rft.atitle=On+Kurdistan%27s+National+Flag+Day%2C+Kurds+Show+Solidarity+with+Peshmerga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekurd.net%2Fmismas%2Farticles%2Fmisc2014%2F12%2Fstate8770.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826044130/https://www.pukmedia.com/EN/EN_Direje.aspx?Jimare=16568">"Kurdistan Region: Flag Day"</a>. PUKmedia. 17 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pukmedia.com/EN/EN_Direje.aspx?Jimare=16568">the original</a> on 2018-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdistan+Region%3A+Flag+Day&rft.pub=PUKmedia&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pukmedia.com%2FEN%2FEN_Direje.aspx%3FJimare%3D16568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Kurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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