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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Overseas deployments and peacekeeping operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_deployments_and_peacekeeping_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engagements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engagements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Engagements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engagements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Military_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Military_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Central Military Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Military_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Political leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Grades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Operational control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Organization table </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State-owned_enterprises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State-owned_enterprises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 State-owned enterprises </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-owned_enterprises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Academic Institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Service branches </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Service_branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Service branches subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Service_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Ground Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Navy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Air Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocket_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Rocket Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personnel </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personnel subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recruitment_and_terms_of_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment_and_terms_of_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Recruitment and terms of service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment_and_terms_of_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_ethnic_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_ethnic_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Women and ethnic minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_ethnic_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rank_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rank_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Rank structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rank_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Officers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Other ranks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Weapons and equipment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weapons_and_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Weapons and equipment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyberwarfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyberwarfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cyberwarfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyberwarfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Nuclear capabilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Symbols </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Symbols subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Anthem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_and_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_and_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Flag and insignia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_and_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present-day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present-day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Present-day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">People's Liberation Army</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksbevrydingsle%C3%ABr" title="Volksbevrydingsleër – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volksbevrydingsleër" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جيش التحرير الشعبي الصيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيش التحرير الشعبي الصيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcitu_Popular_de_Lliberaci%C3%B3n" title="Exércitu Popular de Lliberación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exércitu Popular de Lliberación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Xalq_Azadl%C4%B1q_Ordusu" title="Çin Xalq Azadlıq Ordusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin Xalq Azadlıq Ordusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="পিপলস লিবারেশন আর্মি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিপলস লিবারেশন আর্মি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kok_J%C3%AEn-b%C3%AEn_K%C3%A1i-h%C3%B2ng_Kun" title="Tiong-kok Jîn-bîn Kái-hòng Kun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kok Jîn-bîn Kái-hòng Kun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Народна-вызваленчая армія Кітая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Народна-вызваленчая армія Кітая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Народна освободителна армия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Народна освободителна армия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arme_Dieubidigezh_Pobl_Sina" title="Arme Dieubidigezh Pobl Sina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arme Dieubidigezh Pobl Sina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_Popular_d%27Alliberament" title="Exèrcit Popular d'Alliberament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit Popular d'Alliberament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_lidov%C3%A1_osvobozeneck%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Čínská lidová osvobozenecká armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínská lidová osvobozenecká armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkets_Befrielsesh%C3%A6r" title="Folkets Befrielseshær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkets Befrielseshær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksbefreiungsarmee" title="Volksbefreiungsarmee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volksbefreiungsarmee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvavabastusarmee" title="Rahvavabastusarmee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvavabastusarmee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Popular_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_(China)" title="Ejército Popular de Liberación (China) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Popular de Liberación (China)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popola_Liberiga_Armeo" title="Popola Liberiga Armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Popola Liberiga Armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askapenerako_Herri_Armada" title="Askapenerako Herri Armada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Askapenerako Herri Armada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82" title="ارتش آزادی‌بخش خلق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش آزادی‌بخش خلق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_populaire_de_lib%C3%A9ration" title="Armée populaire de libération – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée populaire de libération" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Popular_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Exército Popular de Liberación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exército Popular de Liberación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-koet_Ng%C3%ACn-m%C3%ACn_Ki%C3%A9-fong-ki%C3%BBn" title="Chûng-koet Ngìn-mìn Kié-fong-kiûn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-koet Ngìn-mìn Kié-fong-kiûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%A9%EA%B5%B0" title="중국 인민해방군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국 인민해방군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="पीपल्स लिबरेशन आर्मी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीपल्स लिबरेशन आर्मी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnooslobodila%C4%8Dka_armija_Kine" title="Narodnooslobodilačka armija Kine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Narodnooslobodilačka armija Kine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Pembebasan_Rakyat" title="Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esercito_Popolare_di_Liberazione" title="Esercito Popolare di Liberazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esercito Popolare di Liberazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99" title="צבא השחרור העממי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבא השחרור העממי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩინეთის სახალხო-განმათავისუფლებელი არმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთის სახალხო-განმათავისუფლებელი არმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%E2%80%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B_(%D2%9A%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%90)" title="Қытай халық–азаттық армиясы (ҚХАА) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай халық–азаттық армиясы (ҚХАА)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Rizgariya_Gel" title="Artêşa Rizgariya Gel – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Artêşa Rizgariya Gel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_Tautas_atbr%C4%ABvo%C5%A1anas_armija" title="Ķīnas Tautas atbrīvošanas armija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīnas Tautas atbrīvošanas armija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna_hadereje" title="Kína hadereje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kína hadereje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau%C4%81_Wewete-%C4%81-iwi" title="Tauā Wewete-ā-iwi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tauā Wewete-ā-iwi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जनतेची मुक्तिसेना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जनतेची मुक्तिसेना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Pembebasan_Rakyat" title="Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k_%C3%8Cng-m%C3%ACng_G%C4%81i-hu%C3%B3ng-g%C5%ADng" title="Dṳ̆ng-guók Ìng-mìng Gāi-huóng-gŭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-guók Ìng-mìng Gāi-huóng-gŭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%85_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Ардын Чөлөөлөх Арми – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ардын Чөлөөлөх Арми" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ပြည်သူ့လွတ်မြောက်ရေး တပ်မတော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြည်သူ့လွတ်မြောက်ရေး တပ်မတော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksbevrijdingsleger" title="Volksbevrijdingsleger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volksbevrijdingsleger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="जनमुक्ति सेना, चीन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनमुक्ति सेना, चीन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D" title="中国人民解放軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国人民解放軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkets_frigj%C3%B8ringsh%C3%A6r" title="Folkets frigjøringshær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkets frigjøringshær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkets_frigjeringsh%C3%A6r" title="Folkets frigjeringshær – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkets frigjeringshær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_Xalq_Ozodlik_Armiyasi" title="Xitoy Xalq Ozodlik Armiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy Xalq Ozodlik Armiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93" title="កងទ័ពរំដោះប្រជាជន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កងទ័ពរំដោះប្រជាជន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84ska_Armia_Ludowo-Wyzwole%C5%84cza" title="Chińska Armia Ludowo-Wyzwoleńcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chińska Armia Ludowo-Wyzwoleńcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_de_Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Popular" title="Exército de Libertação Popular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército de Libertação Popular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_Republicii_Populare_Chineze" title="Armata Republicii Populare Chineze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Armata Republicii Populare Chineze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Народно-освободительная армия Китая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Народно-освободительная армия Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushtria_%C3%87lirimtare_Popullore" title="Ushtria Çlirimtare Popullore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ushtria Çlirimtare Popullore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="People's Liberation Army" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnska_%C4%BEudov%C3%A1_oslobodeneck%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Čínska ľudová oslobodenecká armáda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínska ľudová oslobodenecká armáda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajske_oboro%C5%BEene_sile" title="Kitajske oborožene sile – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajske oborožene sile" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سوپای ڕزگاریخوازی گەلی چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوپای ڕزگاریخوازی گەلی چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Народноослободилачка армија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Народноослободилачка армија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansan_vapautusarmeija" title="Kansan vapautusarmeija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansan vapautusarmeija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkets_befrielsearm%C3%A9" title="Folkets befrielsearmé – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkets befrielsearmé" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbong_Mapagpalaya_ng_Bayan" title="Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combined military forces of the People's Republic of China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Military_of_China_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Military of China (disambiguation)">Military of China (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chinese Army (disambiguation)">Chinese Army (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="People's Liberation Army (disambiguation)">People's Liberation Army (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Chinese People's Liberation Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/180px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/270px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/360px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the People's Liberation Army</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Flag of the People's Liberation Army">Flag of the People's Liberation Army</a> The characters are "八一", referencing <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">August 1</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data">为人民服务 ("<a href="/wiki/Serve_the_People" title="Serve the People">Serve the People</a>")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1927; 97 years ago (1927-08-01)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current form</th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 1947; 77 years ago (1947-10-10)<a href="#cite_note-NRAPLA-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Services <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ol><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground Force</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket Force</a></li></ol> </div> Arms <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force">Cyberspace Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Information Support Force">Information Support Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force">Joint Logistics Support Force</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data">August First Building, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_Road,_Beijing" title="Fuxing Road, Beijing">Fuxing Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haidian,_Beijing" title="Haidian, Beijing">Haidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/">eng.chinamil.com.cn</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200106#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">CMC leadership</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/19px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/29px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/19px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/29px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force">General</a> <a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister of National Defense</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/19px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/29px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/38px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director of the <a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/19px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/29px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/38px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/19px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/29px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/19px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/29px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (hybrid system of conscripts and volunteers)<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">2,035,000 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2022255-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">ranked 1st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">Reserve personnel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">510,000 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2022255-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">US$296 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-2020-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">ranked 2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Percent of GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.7% (2023)<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-2020-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Aero-Technology_Import_%26_Export_Corporation" title="China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation">China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Electronics_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="China Electronics Technology Group">China Electronics Technology Group</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Norinco" title="Norinco">Norinco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Precision_Machinery_Import-Export_Corporation" title="China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation">China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aviation Industry Corporation of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_State_Shipbuilding_Corporation" title="China State Shipbuilding Corporation">China State Shipbuilding Corporation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Shipbuilding_Industry_Corporation" title="China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation">China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_South_Industries_Group_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="China South Industries Group Corporation">China South Industries Group Corporation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Electronics_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="China Electronics Technology Group">China Electronics Technology Group</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Nuclear_Corporation" title="China National Nuclear Corporation">China National Nuclear Corporation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div> Historical: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual imports</th><td class="infobox-data">$14.858 billion (2010–2021)<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual exports</th><td class="infobox-data">$18.121 billion (2010–2021)<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">History of the PLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Modernization of the PLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_wars_and_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese wars and battles">Historical Chinese wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Military engagements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Army ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air force ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese People's Liberation Army</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中国人民解放军</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中國人民解放軍</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"China People Liberation Army"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄝˇ ㄈㄤˋ ㄐㄩㄣ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chung1-kuo2 Jen2-min2 Chieh3-fang4-chün1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jhong-guó Rén-mín Jiě-fàng-jyun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ ɻə̌n.mǐn tɕjè.fǎŋ.tɕýn]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jūng-gwok Yàhn-màhn Gáai-fong-gwān</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">zung1 gwok3 jan4 man4 gaai2 fong3 gwan1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʊŋ˥ kʷɔk̚˧ jɐn˩ mɐn˩ kaj˧˥ fɔŋ˧ kʷɐn˥]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Liberation Army</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/150px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/225px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/300px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#556B2F; color:#f9f9f9;"> Executive departments</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#556B2F; color:#f9f9f9;"> Staff</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the CMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">Joint Staff Department of the CMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Department of the CMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CMC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#556B2F; color:#f9f9f9;"> Services</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground Force</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket Force</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#556B2F; color:#f9f9f9;"> Arms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force">Cyberspace Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Information Support Force">Information Support Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force">Joint Logistics Support Force</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#556B2F; color:#f9f9f9;"> Domestic troops</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_(CAPF)_cap_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force"><img alt="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/21px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/32px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/42px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="775" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/21px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/32px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/42px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="502" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:National_Defense_Mobilization_Committee_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/National_Defense_Mobilization_Committee_logo.svg/21px-National_Defense_Mobilization_Committee_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/National_Defense_Mobilization_Committee_logo.svg/32px-National_Defense_Mobilization_Committee_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/National_Defense_Mobilization_Committee_logo.svg/42px-National_Defense_Mobilization_Committee_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="264" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Militia (China)">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#556B2F; color:#f9f9f9;"> Special operations force</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Special_Operations_Forces" title="People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces">PLA Special Operations Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Police_Unit_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Police Unit of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force">Special Police Unit of the PAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Leopard_Commando_Unit" title="Snow Leopard Commando Unit">Snow Leopard Commando Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Eagle_Commando_Unit" title="Mountain Eagle Commando Unit">Mountain Eagle Commando Unit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#556B2F; color:#f9f9f9;"> Military districts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_Command" title="Eastern Theater Command">Eastern Theater Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Theater_Command" title="Southern Theater Command">Southern Theater Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_Command" title="Western Theater Command">Western Theater Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theater_Command" title="Northern Theater Command">Northern Theater Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Theater_Command" title="Central Theater Command">Central Theater Command</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#556B2F; color:#f9f9f9;"> History of the Chinese military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history of China</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#556B2F; color:#f9f9f9;"> Military ranks of China</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ranks of the PLA Ground Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy">Ranks of the PLA Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force">Ranks of the PLA Air Force</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 0.2em solid #CE294E00;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/100px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/150px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/200px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Leadership</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Leadership generations</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China" title="Succession of power in China">Succession of power</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi–Li Administration</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Administration</a> (since 2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">4th Leadership Core</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Party Politburo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th State Council</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Current_office_holders" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Current state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">Current provincial leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Party_and_state_leaders" title="Party and state leaders">Party and state leaders</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">Orders of precedence</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the People's Republic of China">First lady</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">Head of government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related systems</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Previous constitutions</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism (Article 3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_oath_of_office_of_China" title="Constitutional oath of office of China">Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Protection of human rights (Article 33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion (Article 36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest state organ of power (Article 57)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese legal system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law tradition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China">Legislation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statutes_of_China" title="List of statutes of China">List of statutes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Principles_of_the_Civil_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China">General Principles of the Civil Law</a> (to 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of People's Republic of China">Civil Code</a> (From 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law">Marriage Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Law of the People's Republic of China">Labour Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labour Contract Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Property Law of the People's Republic of China">Property Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">Patent law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_China" title="Administrative law in China">Administrative law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China">Administrative Procedure Law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China" title="Capital offences in China">Capital offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">History</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Principal leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Admission Oath (Article 6)</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Safeguards" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Establishes and Two Safeguards">Two Establishes and Two Safeguards</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Party Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>:</div> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice-Chairman:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Directors:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial & Economic Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets">Office of the Central Secrecy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Provincial committee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Standing committee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Secretary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary">Deputy secretaries</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_group" title="Party group">Party group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (page does not exist)">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chairpersons" title="Council of Chairpersons">Council of Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1957)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)">Liu Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special Committee of the National People's Congress">Special Committees</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Affairs_Committee" title="Ethnic Affairs Committee">Ethnic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_and_Law_Committee" title="Constitution and Law Committee">Constitution and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee" title="Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee">Supervisory and Judicial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee" title="Financial and Economic Affairs Committee">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Science,_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee" title="Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee">Education, Science, Culture and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee">Overseas Chinese Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee" title="Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee">Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee" title="Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee">Agriculture and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Development_Affairs_Committee" title="Social Development Affairs Committee">Social Development Affairs</a></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">Presidium</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>State representative</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the President of the People's Republic of China">Presidential Office</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></div></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Executive organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council (Central People's Government)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>) <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Cabinet-level departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development & Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(China)" title="National Audit Office (China)">National Audit Office</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_State_Council" title="General Office of the State Council">General Office</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government-owned companies of China">most Central Enterprises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Military organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (CMC)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a>): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Members: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Departments: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Shaojun" title="Zhong Shaojun">Zhong Shaojun</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Dept.</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department" title="Logistic Support Department">Logistic Support Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lin_(general)" title="Zhang Lin (general)">Zhang Lin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xueqiang" title="Xu Xueqiang">Xu Xueqiang</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Peng_(lieutenant_general)" title="Wang Peng (lieutenant general)">Wang Peng</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Faqing" title="Liu Faqing">Liu Faqing</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Strategic Planning Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Reform & Organizational Structure Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Int'l Military Cooperation Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Offices Administration Agency</a></li></ol></dd> <dd>National armed forces: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/23px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/35px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/46px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Liberation Army</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Theater_command" title="Theater command">Theater commands</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_(CAPF)_cap_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force"><img alt="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/21px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/32px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/42px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="775" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Coast Guard"><img alt="Emblem of the Coast Guard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/21px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/32px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/42px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="502" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)">Ministry of Veterans Affairs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence">State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Military history</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Military modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform" title="2015 People's Republic of China military reform">Military reform since 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">CMC Leading Group for Military Reform</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supervisory organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign since 2012</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Judicial organs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(politician)" title="Zhang Jun (politician)">Zhang Jun</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Justice (Hong Kong)">Department of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutions_Division_(Hong_Kong)" title="Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)">Prosecutions Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Law enforcement in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Prosecutions_Office_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Prosecutions Office (Macau) (page does not exist)">Public Prosecutions Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Secretariat for Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Services (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Services</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judiciary_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judiciary Police (page does not exist)">Judiciary Police</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法警察局">zh</a>]</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">National Committee</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP (ruling)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">RCCK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">CDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association" title="China National Democratic Construction Association">CNDCA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy" title="China Association for Promoting Democracy">CAPD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party" title="Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party">CPWDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party" title="China Zhi Gong Party">CZGP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiusan_Society" title="Jiusan Society">JS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League" title="Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League">TDSL</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>Historical parties: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="China Democratic Socialist Party">CDSP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">YCP</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">CCP Central Politics and Law Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Wenqing" title="Chen Wenqing">Chen Wenqing</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Public Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Immigration_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Immigration Administration">State Immigration Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Local public security bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Minister of State Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yixin" title="Chen Yixin">Chen Yixin</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">State Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/He_Rong" title="He Rong">He Rong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Justice_Bureau_of_Prison_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Justice Bureau of Prison Administration (page does not exist)">Bureau of Prison Administration</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法部监狱管理局">zh</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_management_and_law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban management and law enforcement">Urban Management (chengguan)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Leader: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Leaders: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication" title="General Administration of Press and Publication">General Administration of Press and Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="China Film Administration">China Film Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">National Radio and Television Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">China Media Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">China Global Television Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">China National Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reference_News" title="Reference News">Reference News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Overseas censorship of Chinese issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal media of China">Internal media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing industry in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Rongwen" title="Zhuang Rongwen">Zhuang Rongwen</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">HK & Macau Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Liaison Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">John Lee Ka-chiu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & HK CEPA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Basic_Law" title="Macao Basic Law">Macao Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat-seng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Iat-seng">Ho Iat-seng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Politics of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & Macau CEPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">"Taiwan Province", PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Leader: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Song_Tao_(diplomat)" title="Song Tao (diplomat)">Song Tao</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></dd> <dd>Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_spokespersons_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" title="List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Spokespersons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid from China</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="China International Development Cooperation Agency">International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">International Military Cooperation Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Foreign Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Experts_Affairs" title="State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs">State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Office">Overseas Chinese Affairs Office</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Macao Special Administrative Region passport">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens">Visa requirements for Chinese citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Macau" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy of China">Visa policy of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa policy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Macau" title="Visa policy of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">National Immigration Administration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">Community of Common Destiny</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">China and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">China–Africa relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">China–Arab relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean%E2%80%93People%27s_Republic_of_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations">China–Caribbean relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">China–Pacific relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukou_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukou system">Hukou system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Family planning policy">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-color: #AAAAAA;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China" title="Template talk:Politics of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the military of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. It consists of four <a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">services</a>—<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket Force</a>—and four arms—<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force">Cyberspace Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Information Support Force">Information Support Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force">Joint Logistics Support Force</a>. It is led by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> (CMC) with its <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman</a> as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">commander-in-chief</a>. The PLA can trace its origins during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republican Era</a> to the left-wing units of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> (NRA) of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) when they broke away in 1927 in an <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang Uprising">uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">nationalist government</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a>, before being reintegrated into the NRA as units of <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. The two NRA communist units were reconstituted as the PLA in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Benton-1999-9">[9]</a> Since 1949, the PLA has used nine different military strategies, which it calls "strategic guidelines". The most important came in 1956, 1980, and 1993.<a href="#cite_note-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019-10">[10]</a> Politically, the PLA and the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> (PAP) have the largest delegation in the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (NPC); the joint delegation currently has 281 deputies—over 9% of the total—all of whom are CCP members. The PLA is not a traditional nation-state military. It is a part, and the armed wing, of the CCP and controlled by the party, not by the state. The PLA's primary mission is the defense of the party and its interests. The PLA is the guarantor of the party's survival and rule, and the party prioritizes <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military_in_communist_states" title="Civilian control of the military in communist states">maintaining control</a> and the loyalty of the PLA. According to Chinese law, the party has leadership over the armed forces and the CMC exercises supreme military command; the party and state CMCs are practically a single body by membership. Since 1989, the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP general secretary</a> has also held been the CMC Chairman; this grants significant political power as the only member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a> with direct responsibilities for the armed forces. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of National Defense</a> has no command authority; it is the PLA's interface with state and foreign entities and insulates the PLA from external influence. Today, the majority of military units around the country are assigned to one of five <a href="/wiki/Theater_commands_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater commands of the People's Liberation Army">theatre commands</a> by geographical location. The PLA is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">the world's largest military force</a> (not including paramilitary or <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Reserve_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Reserve Force">reserve forces</a>) and has the second largest defence budget in the world. China's military expenditure was US$296 billion in 2023, accounting for <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures" title="List of countries with highest military expenditures">12 percent of the world's defence expenditures</a>. It is also one of the fastest modernizing militaries in the world, and has been termed as a potential military superpower, with significant regional defence and rising global <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">power projection</a> capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Studies2020-12">[12]</a>: 259  In addition to wartime arrangements, the PLA is also involved in the peacetime operations of other components of the armed forces. This is particularly visible in <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China">maritime territorial disputes</a> where the navy is heavily involved in the planning, coordination and execution of operations by the PAP's <a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019148-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2></div> The PLA's primary mission is the defense of the CCP and its interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201913–14-14">[14]</a> It is the guarantor of the party's survival and rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201913–14-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521-15">[15]</a> and the party prioritizes <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military_in_communist_states" title="Civilian control of the military in communist states">maintaining control</a> and the loyalty of the PLA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521-15">[15]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> stated the mission of the PLA as:<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <ul><li>The insurance of CCP leadership</li> <li>The protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, internal security and national development of the People's Republic of China</li> <li>Safeguarding the country's interests</li> <li>Maintaining and safeguarding <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>.</li></ul> China describes its military posture as <a href="/wiki/Active_defense" title="Active defense">active defense</a>, defined in a 2015 state <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> as "We will not attack unless we are attacked, but we will surely counterattack if attacked."<a href="#cite_note-:13-17">[17]</a>: 41  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">History of the People's Liberation Army</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> The CCP founded its military wing on 1 August 1927 during the <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. Communist elements of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> rebelled under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, and other leftist elements of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), after the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a> in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> They were then known as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Workers%27_and_Peasants%27_Red_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army">Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army</a>, or simply the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1934 and 1935, the Red Army survived several campaigns led against it by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-Shek" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Kai-Shek">Chiang Kai-Shek</a>'s KMT and engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bianco-20">[20]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> from 1937 to 1945, the CCP's military forces were nominally integrated into the National Revolutionary Army of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> forming two main units, the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benton-1999-9">[9]</a> During this time, these two military groups primarily employed <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla tactics</a>, generally avoiding large-scale battles with the Japanese, at the same time consolidating by recruiting KMT troops and paramilitary forces behind Japanese lines into their forces.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a> in 1945, the CCP continued to use the National Revolutionary Army unit structures until the decision was made in February 1947 to merge the Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army, renaming the new million-strong force the People's Liberation Army (PLA).<a href="#cite_note-Benton-1999-9">[9]</a> The reorganization was completed by late 1948. The PLA eventually won the Chinese Civil War, establishing the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> It then underwent a drastic reorganization, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air Force</a> leadership structure in November 1949, followed by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a> leadership structure the following April.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-中国人民解放军海军成立70周年多国海军活动新闻发布会在青岛举行-24">[24]</a> In 1950, the leadership structures of the artillery, armored troops, air defence troops, public security forces, and worker–soldier militias were also established. The chemical warfare defence forces, the railroad forces, the communications forces, and the strategic forces, as well as other separate forces (like engineering and construction, logistics and medical services), were established later on. In this early period, the People's Liberation Army overwhelmingly consisted of peasants.<a href="#cite_note-Russo-2020-25">[25]</a> Its treatment of soldiers and officers was egalitarian<a href="#cite_note-Russo-2020-25">[25]</a> and formal ranks were not adopted until 1955.<a href="#cite_note-upi.com-26">[26]</a> As a result of its egalitarian organization, the early PLA overturned strict traditional hierarchies that governed the lives of peasants.<a href="#cite_note-Russo-2020-25">[25]</a> As sociologist Alessandro Russo summarizes, the peasant composition of the PLA hierarchy was a radical break with Chinese societal norms and "overturned the strict traditional hierarchies in unprecedented forms of egalitarianism[.]"<a href="#cite_note-Russo-2020-25">[25]</a> In the PRC's early years, the PLA was a dominant <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">foreign policy</a> institution in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Loh-27">[27]</a>: 17  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization_and_conflicts">Modernization and conflicts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLA_Enters_Peking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PLA_Enters_Peking.jpg/220px-PLA_Enters_Peking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PLA_Enters_Peking.jpg/330px-PLA_Enters_Peking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PLA_Enters_Peking.jpg/440px-PLA_Enters_Peking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>PLA troops entering Beijing in 1949 during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_troops_leaving_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chinese_troops_leaving_Korea.jpg/220px-Chinese_troops_leaving_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chinese_troops_leaving_Korea.jpg/330px-Chinese_troops_leaving_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chinese_troops_leaving_Korea.jpg/440px-Chinese_troops_leaving_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Chinese troops gathered on a T-34/85 or a Type 58 medium tank leaving <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> in 1958, 5 years after the Korean War ended with an armistice (a ceasefire) in 1953. The banner in the background of the picture bears a slogan (in Chinese) which declares "The Friendship And Unity of the North Korean And Chinese Peoples Are Always Steadfast And Strong!"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Beijing_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Beijing_01.jpg/220px-China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Beijing_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Beijing_01.jpg/330px-China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Beijing_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Beijing_01.jpg/440px-China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Beijing_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Marshal <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> surveying the soldiers during the 10th-anniversary military parade in 1959.</figcaption></figure> During the 1950s, the PLA with Soviet assistance began to transform itself from a peasant army into a modern one.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Since 1949, China has used nine different military strategies, which the PLA calls "strategic guidelines". The most important came in 1956, 1980, and 1993.<a href="#cite_note-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019-10">[10]</a> Part of this process was the reorganization that created thirteen military regions in 1955.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In November 1950, some units of the PLA under the name of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> as United Nations forces under General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> approached the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-2015-29">[29]</a> Under the weight of this offensive, Chinese forces drove MacArthur's forces out of North Korea and captured <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, but were subsequently pushed back south of Pyongyang north of the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th Parallel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-2015-29">[29]</a> The war also catalyzed the rapid modernization of the PLAAF.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1962, the PLA ground force also fought India in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">a series of border clashes in 1967</a> with Indian troops, the PLA suffered heavy numerical and tactical losses.<a href="#cite_note-Chellaney2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Praagh-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoontrakul-35">[35]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, military region commanders tended to remain in their posts for long periods. The longest-serving military region commanders were <a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Military_Region" title="Nanjing Military Region">Nanjing Military Region</a> (1954–74), <a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jinan_Military_Region" title="Jinan Military Region">Jinan Military Region</a> (1958–74), <a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Military_Region" title="Shenyang Military Region">Shenyang Military Region</a> (1959–73), and <a href="/wiki/Han_Xianchu" title="Han Xianchu">Han Xianchu</a> in the Fuzhou Military Region (1960–74).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated436-36">[36]</a> In the early days of the Cultural Revolution, the PLA abandoned the use of the military ranks that it had adopted in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-upi.com-26">[26]</a> The establishment of a professional military force equipped with modern weapons and doctrine was the last of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a> announced by Zhou Enlai and supported by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ebrey-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScienceTechnology-38">[38]</a> In keeping with Deng's mandate to reform, the PLA has demobilized millions of men and women since 1978 and has introduced modern methods in such areas as <a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">recruitment</a> and manpower, <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">strategy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">education and training</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1979, the PLA fought <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> over a border skirmish in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a> where both sides claimed victory.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> However, western analysts agree that Vietnam handily outperformed the PLA.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated436-36">[36]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, strained relations between China and the Soviet Union resulted in bloody border clashes and mutual backing of each other's adversaries.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the King's rule.<a href="#cite_note-AfCh1981-42">[42]</a> When the pro-Soviet Afghan Communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978, relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile.<a href="#cite_note-Hilali-2001-43">[43]</a> The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported China's enemies in Vietnam and blamed China for supporting Afghan anticommunist militants.<a href="#cite_note-Hilali-2001-43">[43]</a> China responded to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a> by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan mujahidin">Afghan mujahidin</a> and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-Hilali-2001-43">[43]</a> China acquired military equipment from the United States to defend itself from Soviet attacks.<a href="#cite_note-:7-44">[44]</a> The PLA Ground Force trained and supported the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War, moving its training camps for the mujahideen from Pakistan into China itself.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Hundreds of millions of dollars worth of anti-aircraft missiles, rocket launchers, and machine guns were given to the Mujahideen by the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Chinese military advisors and army troops were also present with the Mujahideen during training.<a href="#cite_note-:7-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1980">Since 1980</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North_China_Military_Exercise" title="North China Military Exercise">North China Military Exercise</a></div> In 1981, the PLA conducted its largest <a href="/wiki/North_China_Military_Exercise" title="North China Military Exercise">military exercise in North China</a> since the founding of the People's Republic.<a href="#cite_note-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Godwin-2019-47">[47]</a> In the late 1980s, the central government had increasing expenditures and limited revenue.<a href="#cite_note-:03-48">[48]</a>: 43  The central government encouraged its agencies and encouraged local governments to expand their services and pursue revenues.<a href="#cite_note-:03-48">[48]</a>: 43  The PLA established businesses including hotels and restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-:03-48">[48]</a>: 43  The PLA gained more autonomy and permission to engage in commercial activities in exchange for a reduced role in political affairs and limited budgets;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019523-49">[49]</a> the military was downsized to free resources for <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The lack of oversight, ineffective self-regulation, and <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>'s lack of close personal ties to the PLA,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019523-49">[49]</a> led to systemic corruption that persisted through the late-2010s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201951-51">[51]</a> Jiang's attempt to divest the PLA of its commercial interests was only partly successful as many were still run by close associates of PLA officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019523-49">[49]</a> Corruption lowered readiness and proficiency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019520-52">[52]</a> was a barrier to modernization and professionalization,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019526-53">[53]</a> and eroded party control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521-15">[15]</a> The 2010s anti-corruption campaigns and military reforms under <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> from the early-2010s were in part executed to address these problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201951–52-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019531-55">[55]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">PLA's suppression</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>, ideological correctness was temporarily revived as the dominant theme in Chinese military affairs.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Reform and modernization have today resumed their position as the PLA's primary objectives, although the armed forces' political loyalty to the CCP has remained a leading concern.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Beginning in the 1980s, the PLA tried to transform itself from a land-based power centered on a vast ground force to a smaller, more mobile, high-tech one capable of mounting operations beyond its borders.<a href="#cite_note-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019-10">[10]</a> The motivation for this was that a massive land invasion by Russia was no longer seen as a major threat, and the new threats to China are seen to be a declaration of independence by <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, possibly with assistance from the United States, or a confrontation over the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-59">[59]</a> In 1985, under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and the CMC, the PLA changed from being constantly prepared to "hit early, strike hard and to fight a nuclear war" to developing the military in an era of peace.<a href="#cite_note-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019-10">[10]</a> The PLA reoriented itself to modernization, improving its fighting ability, and becoming a world-class force. Deng Xiaoping stressed that the PLA needed to focus more on quality rather than on quantity.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-59">[59]</a> The decision of the Chinese government in 1985 to reduce the size of the military by one million was completed by 1987. Staffing in military leadership was cut by about 50 percent. During the Ninth Five Year Plan (1996–2000) the PLA was reduced by a further 500,000. The PLA had also been expected to be reduced by another 200,000 by 2005. The PLA has focused on increasing mechanization and informatization to be able to fight a high-intensity war.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG/280px-Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG" decoding="async" width="280" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG/420px-Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG/560px-Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Garrison_Honor_Guard_Battalion" title="Beijing Garrison Honor Guard Battalion">PLA Honor Guard</a> in Beijing, 2007</figcaption></figure> Former CMC chairman Jiang in 1990 called on the military to "meet political standards, be militarily competent, have a good working style, adhere strictly to discipline, and provide vigorous logistic support" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: zhèngzhì hégé, jūnshì guòyìng, zuòfēng yōuliáng, jìlǜ yánmíng, bǎozhàng yǒulì).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> provided the Chinese leadership with a stark realization that the PLA was an oversized, almost-obsolete force.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The USA's sending of two aircraft carrier groups to the vicinity of Taiwan during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> prompted Jiang to order a ten-year PLA modernization program.<a href="#cite_note-:054-63">[63]</a> The possibility of a militarized Japan has also been a continuous concern to the Chinese leadership since the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In addition, China's military leadership has been reacting to and learning from the successes and failures of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion of Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chase-2007-67">[67]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chase-2007-67">[67]</a> All these lessons inspired China to transform the PLA from a military based on quantity to one based on quality. Chairman Jiang Zemin officially made a "<a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_military_affairs" title="Revolution in military affairs">revolution in military affairs</a>" (RMA) part of the official national military strategy in 1993 to <a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">modernize the Chinese armed forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ji-1999-68">[68]</a> A goal of the RMA is to transform the PLA into a force capable of winning what it calls "local wars under high-tech conditions" rather than a massive, numbers-dominated ground-type war.<a href="#cite_note-Ji-1999-68">[68]</a> Chinese military planners call for short decisive campaigns, limited in both their geographic scope and their political goals. In contrast to the past, more attention is given to <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, mobility, and deep reach. This new vision has shifted resources towards the navy and air force. The PLA is also actively preparing for <a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">space warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyber-warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-warfare">cyber-warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 2002, the PLA began holding military exercises with militaries from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-72">[72]</a>: 242  From 2018 to 2023, more than half of these exercises have focused on military training other than war, generally antipiracy or antiterrorism exercises involving combatting non-state actors.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-72">[72]</a>: 242  In 2009, the PLA held its first military exercise in Africa, a humanitarian and medical training practice conducted in Gabon.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-72">[72]</a>: 242  For the past 10 to 20 years, the PLA has acquired some advanced weapons systems from Russia, including <a href="/wiki/Sovremenny-class_destroyer" title="Sovremenny-class destroyer">Sovremenny class destroyers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">Sukhoi Su-27</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30" title="Sukhoi Su-30">Sukhoi Su-30</a> aircraft,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilo-class_submarine" title="Kilo-class submarine">Kilo-class</a> diesel-electric submarines.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> It has also started to produce several new classes of destroyers and frigates including the <a href="/wiki/Type_052D_destroyer" title="Type 052D destroyer">Type 052D</a> class guided-missile destroyer.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In addition, the PLAAF has designed its very own <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-10" title="Chengdu J-10">Chengdu J-10</a> fighter aircraft<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and a new stealth fighter, the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The PLA launched the new <a href="/wiki/Type_094_submarine" title="Type 094 submarine">Jin class</a> nuclear submarines on 3 December 2004 capable of launching nuclear warheads that could strike targets across the Pacific Ocean<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and have three aircraft carriers, with the latest, the Fujian, launched in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> From 2014 to 2015, the PLA deployed 524 medical staff on a rotational basis to combat the <a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola virus outbreak</a> in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-72">[72]</a>: 245  As of 2023, this was the PLA's largest medical assistance mission in another country.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-72">[72]</a>: 245  China <a href="/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform" title="2015 People's Republic of China military reform">re-organized its military from 2015 to 2016</a>. In 2015, the PLA formed new units including the PLA Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force and the PLA Strategic Support Force.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 2016, the CMC replaced the four traditional military departments with a number of new bodies.<a href="#cite_note-:Duan-86">[86]</a>: 288–289  China replaced its system of seven military regions with newly established Theater Commands: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Theater_Command" title="Northern Theater Command">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Theater_Command" title="Southern Theater Command">Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_Command" title="Western Theater Command">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_Command" title="Eastern Theater Command">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Theater_Command" title="Central Theater Command">Central</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Duan-86">[86]</a>: 289  In the prior system, operations were segmented by military branch and region.<a href="#cite_note-:Duan-86">[86]</a>: 289  In contrast, each Theater Command is intended to function as a unified entity with joint operations across different military branches.<a href="#cite_note-:Duan-86">[86]</a>: 289  The PLA on 1 August 2017 marked its 90th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Before the big anniversary it mounted its biggest parade yet and the first outside of Beijing, held in the <a href="/wiki/Zhurihe_Training_Base" title="Zhurihe Training Base">Zhurihe Training Base</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Theater_Command" title="Northern Theater Command">Northern Theater Command</a> (within the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In December 2023, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported a military leadership purge after high-ranking generals were ousted from the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Prior to 2017, over sixty generals were investigated and sacked.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_deployments_and_peacekeeping_operations">Overseas deployments and peacekeeping operations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_overseas_military_bases#China" title="List of countries with overseas military bases">List of countries with overseas military bases § China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Support_Base_in_Djibouti" title="People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti">People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti</a></div> In addition to its <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Support_Base_in_Djibouti" title="People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti">Support Base in Djibouti</a>, the PLA operates a base in Tajikistan and a <a href="/wiki/Listening_station" title="Listening station">listening station</a> in Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Espacio_Lejano_Station" title="Espacio Lejano Station">Espacio Lejano Station</a> in Argentina is operated by a unit of a PLA.<a href="#cite_note-:23-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The PLAN has also undertaken rotational deployments of its warships at the <a href="/wiki/Ream_Naval_Base" title="Ream Naval Base">Ream Naval Base</a> in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The People's Republic of China has sent the PLA to various hotspots as part of China's role as a prominent member of the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Such units usually include engineers and logistical units and members of the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> and have been deployed as part of peacekeeping operations in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rowland-2022-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rowland-2022-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and more recently, <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">South Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rowland-2022-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engagements">Engagements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">List of wars involving the People's Republic of China</a></div> <ul><li>1927–1950: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>1937–1945: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a><a href="#cite_note-Paine2012-106">[106]</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Amethyst_incident" title="Amethyst incident">Yangtze incident</a> against British warships on the Yangtze River<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>1950–1953: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> under the banner of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>1954–1955: <a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>1955–1970: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhai-112">[112]</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Quemoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Quemoy">Quemoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsu_(islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsu (islands)">Matsu</a><a href="#cite_note-1958_crisis-113">[113]</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Border skirmishes</a> with India<a href="#cite_note-Chellaney2-33">[33]</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands" title="Battle of the Paracel Islands">Battle of the Paracel Islands</a> with <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-117">[117]</a></li> <li>1979–1990: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979%E2%80%931991)" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)">Sino-Vietnamese conflicts</a><a href="#cite_note-CarlyleAThayer-118">[118]</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Johnson_South_Reef_Skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson South Reef Skirmish">Johnson South Reef Skirmish</a> with Vietnam<a href="#cite_note-koo9-154-119">[119]</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Enforcement of martial law in Beijing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Barin_uprising" title="Barin uprising">Barin uprising</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>1995–1996: <a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li>1997: PLA establishes <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">Hong Kong Garrison</a></li> <li>1999: PLA establishes <a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">Macao Garrison</a></li> <li>2007–present: <a href="/wiki/UNIFIL" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIFIL">UNIFIL</a> peacekeeping operations in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a><a href="#cite_note-Rowland-2022-98">[98]</a></li> <li>2009–present: <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">Anti-piracy operations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>2014: Search and rescue efforts for <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> peacekeeping operations in <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/UNMISS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMISS">UNMISS</a> peacekeeping operations in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a><a href="#cite_note-UNwho-126">[126]</a></li> <li>2020–2021: <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">China–India skirmishes</a><a href="#cite_note-Tellis-2020-127">[127]</a></li></ul> As of at least early 2024, China has not fought a war since 1979 and has only fought relatively minor conflicts since.<a href="#cite_note-:13-17">[17]</a>: 72  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China%27s_military_leadership_organizational_chart_-_page_46_-_Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2023).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/China%27s_military_leadership_organizational_chart_-_page_46_-_Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282023%29.png/220px-China%27s_military_leadership_organizational_chart_-_page_46_-_Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282023%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/China%27s_military_leadership_organizational_chart_-_page_46_-_Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282023%29.png/330px-China%27s_military_leadership_organizational_chart_-_page_46_-_Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282023%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/China%27s_military_leadership_organizational_chart_-_page_46_-_Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282023%29.png/440px-China%27s_military_leadership_organizational_chart_-_page_46_-_Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282023%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Organizational chart of the People's Liberation Army</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChinaDOD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ChinaDOD.jpg/220px-ChinaDOD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ChinaDOD.jpg/330px-ChinaDOD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ChinaDOD.jpg/440px-ChinaDOD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The CMC is ceremonially housed in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of National Defense</a> compound ("August 1st Building")</figcaption></figure> The PLA is a component of the armed forces of China, which also includes the PAP, the reserves, and the <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">militia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201250-128">[128]</a> The armed forces are controlled by the CCP under the doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Political_power_grows_out_of_the_barrel_of_a_gun" title="Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun">the Party must always control the gun</a>".(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 党指挥枪; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dǎng zhǐhuī qiāng)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521-15">[15]</a> The PLA and the PAP have the largest delegation in the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (NPC), which are elected by servicemember election committees of top-level military subdivisions, including the PLA's theater commands and service branches.<a href="#cite_note-:102-129">[129]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th National People's Congress</a>; the joint delegation has 281 deputies—over 9% of the total—all of whom are CCP members.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Military_Commission">Central Military Commission</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (China)</a></div> The PLA is governed by the Central Military Commission (CMC); under the arrangement of "<a href="/wiki/One_institution_with_two_names" title="One institution with two names">one institution with two names</a>", there exists a state CMC and a Party CMC, although both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function, and effectively work as a single body.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-2022-131">[131]</a> The only difference in membership between the two occurs for a few months every five years, during the period between a <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Party National Congress</a>, when Party CMC membership changes, and the next ensuing National People's Congress, when the state CMC changes.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The CMC is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">vice chairpersons</a> and regular members. The chairman of the CMC is the commander-in-chief of the PLA, with the post generally held by the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of China; since 1989, the post has generally been held together with the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP general secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liu-2022-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Unlike in other countries, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister</a> do not have command authority, largely acting as diplomatic liaisons of the CMC, insulating the PLA from external influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen2012101-134">[134]</a> However, the Minister has always been a member of the CMC.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-2022-131">[131]</a> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Membership of the Central Military Commission</div> <dl><dt>Chairman</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (also <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a> of Joint Battle Command)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Vice Chairmen</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Members</dt></dl> <ul><li>Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Department</a> (JSD) – General <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></li> <li>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Department</a> – Admiral <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></li> <li>Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> – General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></li></ul> Previously, the PLA was governed by four general departments; the General Political, the General Logistics, the General Armament, and the General Staff Departments. These were abolished in 2016 under the <a href="/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform" title="2015 People's Republic of China military reform">military reforms</a> undertaken by Xi Jinping, replaced with 15 new functional departments directly reporting to the CMC:<a href="#cite_note-Lague-2019-135">[135]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistic Support Department of the Central Military Commission">Logistic Support Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Office for Strategic Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Office for Reform and Organizational Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Office for International Military Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Agency for Offices Administration</a></li></ol> Included among the 15 departments are three commissions. The CMC Discipline Inspection Commission is charged with rooting out corruption. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_leadership">Political leadership</h3></div> The CCP maintains absolute control over the PLA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201284–85-136">[136]</a> It requires the PLA to undergo political education, instilling <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP ideology</a> in its members.<a href="#cite_note-:2-137">[137]</a> Additionally, China maintains a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a> Regiment-level and higher units maintain CCP committees and political commissars (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 政治委员 or 政委).<a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[139]</a> Additionally, battalion-level and company-level units respectively maintain political directors and political instructors.<a href="#cite_note-:3-140">[140]</a> The political workers are officially equal to commanders in status.<a href="#cite_note-:2-137">[137]</a> The political workers are officially responsible for the implementation of party committee decisions, instilling and maintaining party discipline, providing political education, and working with other components of the political work system.<a href="#cite_note-:3-140">[140]</a> As a rule, the political worker serves as the party committee secretary while the commander serves as the deputy secretary.<a href="#cite_note-:3-140">[140]</a> Key decisions in the PLA are generally made in the CCP committees throughout the military.<a href="#cite_note-:2-137">[137]</a> Due to the CCP's absolute leadership, non-CCP <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">political parties</a>, groups and organizations except the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League of China</a> are not allowed to establish organizations or have members in the PLA. Additionally, only the CCP is allowed to appoint the leading cadres at all levels of the PLA.<a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grades">Grades</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grades_of_the_armed_forces_of_China" title="Grades of the armed forces of China">Grades of the armed forces of China</a></div> Grades determine the <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">command hierarchy</a> from the CMC to the platoon level. Entities command lower-graded entities, and coordinate with like-graded entities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201216-141">[141]</a> Since 1988, all organizations, billets, and officers in the PLA have a grade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201218-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil%E2%80%93military_relations" title="Civil–military relations">Civil–military relations</a> within the wider state bureaucracy is also influenced by grades. The grading systems used by the armed forces and the government are parallel, making it easier for military entities to identify the civilian entities they should coordinate with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201216-141">[141]</a> An officer's authority, eligibility for billets, pay, and retirement age is determined by grade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanMackenzie200973–74-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201216-141">[141]</a> Career progression includes lateral transfers between billets of the same grade, but which are not considered promotions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201217-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanMackenzie200973-145">[145]</a> An officer retiring to the civil service has their grade translated to the civil grade system;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201216-141">[141]</a> their grade continues to progress and draw retirement benefits through the civil system rather than the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanMackenzie200974-146">[146]</a> Historically, an officer's grade — or position (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 职务等级; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: zhiwu dengji<a href="#cite_note-jt_wuthnow_saunders_2021-03-16-147">[147]</a>) — was more important than their <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force">rank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 军衔; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: junxian<a href="#cite_note-jt_wuthnow_saunders_2021-03-16-147">[147]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201216-141">[141]</a> Historically, time-in-grade and time-in-rank requirements<a href="#cite_note-jamestown_allen_2010-07-22-148">[148]</a> and promotions were not synchronized;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201217-144">[144]</a> multiple ranks were present in each grade<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201219-149">[149]</a> with all having the same authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanMackenzie200974-146">[146]</a> Rank was mainly a visual aid to roughly determine relative position when interacting with Chinese and foreign personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollpeterAllen201216-141">[141]</a> PLA etiquette preferred addressing personnel by position rather than by rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanMackenzie200977-150">[150]</a> Reforms to a more rank-centric system began in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-jt_wuthnow_saunders_2021-03-16-147">[147]</a> In 2023, a revised grade structure associated one rank per grade, with some ranks spanning multiple grades.<a href="#cite_note-dalate_cs_grades-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_control">Operational control</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Theatres_of_PLA_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Map_of_Theatres_of_PLA_en.svg/350px-Map_of_Theatres_of_PLA_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Map_of_Theatres_of_PLA_en.svg/525px-Map_of_Theatres_of_PLA_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Map_of_Theatres_of_PLA_en.svg/700px-Map_of_Theatres_of_PLA_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>The five theatre commands of the PLA<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theater_command_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater command (China)">Theater command (China)</a></div> Operational control of combat units is divided between the service headquarters and domestic geographically based <a href="/wiki/Theater_command_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater command (China)">theatre commands</a>. Theatre commands are multi-service ("joint") organizations that are broadly responsible for <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">strategy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_operation_plan" title="Military operation plan">plans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">policy</a> specific to their assigned <a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">area of responsibility</a>. In wartime, they will likely have full control of subordinate units; in peacetime, units also report to their service headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEATP_7-100.3:_Chinese_Tactics20212-4-153">[153]</a> Force-building is the responsibility of the services and the CMC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019235-154">[154]</a> The five theatre commands, in order of stated significance are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEATP_7-100.3:_Chinese_Tactics20212-5–2-6-155">[155]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_Command" title="Eastern Theater Command">Eastern Theater Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Theater_Command" title="Southern Theater Command">Southern Theater Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_Command" title="Western Theater Command">Western Theater Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theater_Command" title="Northern Theater Command">Northern Theater Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Theater_Command" title="Central Theater Command">Central Theater Command</a></li></ul> The service headquarters retain operational control in some areas within China and outside of China. For example, army headquarters controls or is responsible for the Beijing Garrison, the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Military_District" title="Tibet Military District">Tibet Military District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Military_District" title="Xinjiang Military District">Xinjiang Military District</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019355-156">[156]</a> and border and coastal defences. The counterpiracy patrols in the Gulf of Aden are controlled by navy headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019715-157">[157]</a> The JSD nominally controls operations beyond China's periphery,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019714-158">[158]</a> but in practice this seems to apply only to army operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019137-159">[159]</a> Services and theater commands have the same grade. The overlap of areas or units of responsibility may create disputes requiring CMC arbitration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019137-159">[159]</a> As part of the 2015 reforms, military regions were replaced by theatre commands in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201961-160">[160]</a> Military regions were − uinlike the theatre commands − army-centric<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019146-161">[161]</a> peacetime administrative organizations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019234-162">[162]</a> and joint wartime commands were created on-demand by the army-dominated General Staff Department.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019234-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_table">Organization table</h3></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Central Military Commission</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Departments</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Commissions</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Offices</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Arms</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Research institutes</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Office for Strategic Planning</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/PLA_Academy_of_Military_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Academy of Military Science">Academy of Military Science</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">Joint Staff Department</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Office for Reform and Organizational Structure</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force">Cyberspace Force</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/PLA_National_Defence_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA National Defence University">National Defence University</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Department</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Office for International Military Cooperation</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Information Support Force">Information Support Force</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">National University of Defense Technology</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistic Support Department of the Central Military Commission">Logistic Support Department</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force">Joint Logistics Support Force</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Department</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Agency for Offices Administration</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Department</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Department</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Theater_commands_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater commands of the People's Liberation Army">Theatre commands</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Service Branches</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_Command" title="Eastern Theater Command">Eastern Theater Command</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">PLA Ground Force</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_Command" title="Western Theater Command">Western Theater Command</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">PLA Navy</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Theater_Command" title="Southern Theater Command">Southern Theater Command</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">PLA Air Force</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theater_Command" title="Northern Theater Command">Northern Theater Command</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">PLA Rocket Force</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Theater_Command" title="Central Theater Command">Central Theater Command</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">People's Liberation Army</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State-owned_enterprises">State-owned enterprises</h3></div> Multiple state-owned enterprises have established internal <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">People's Armed Forces</a> Departments run by the People's Liberation Army.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The internal units are expected "to work together with grassroots organizations to collect intelligence and information, dissolve and/or eliminate security concerns at the budding stage," according to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Daily" title="People's Liberation Army Daily">People's Liberation Army Daily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_Institutions">Academic Institutions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_institutions_of_the_armed_forces_of_China" title="Academic institutions of the armed forces of China">Academic institutions of the armed forces of China</a></div> There are two academic institutions directly subordinate to the CMC, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_National_Defense_University" title="People's Liberation Army National Defense University">National Defense University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">National University of Defense Technology</a>, and they are considered the two top military education institutions in China. There are also 35 institutions affiliated to the PLA's branches and arms, and 7 institutions affiliated to the People's Armed Police.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_branches">Service branches</h2></div> The PLA consists of four <a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">services</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket Force</a>) and four arms (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force">Cyberspace Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Information Support Force">Information Support Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force">Joint Logistics Support Force</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:6-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3></div> The PLA maintains four services (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 军种; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: jūnzhǒng): the Ground Force, the Navy, the Air Force, and the Rocket Force. Following the 200,000 and 300,000 personnel reduction announced in 2003 and 2005 respectively, the total strength of the PLA has been reduced from 2.5 million to around 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The reductions came mainly from non-combat ground forces, which would allow more funds to be diverted to naval, air, and strategic missile forces. This shows China's shift from ground force prioritization to emphasizing air and naval power with high-tech equipment for offensive roles over <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China">disputed territories</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-areas-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_Force">Ground Force</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZTZ-99A_tank_front_right_20170902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ZTZ-99A_tank_front_right_20170902.jpg/220px-ZTZ-99A_tank_front_right_20170902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ZTZ-99A_tank_front_right_20170902.jpg/330px-ZTZ-99A_tank_front_right_20170902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ZTZ-99A_tank_front_right_20170902.jpg/440px-ZTZ-99A_tank_front_right_20170902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Type_99_tank" title="Type 99 tank">Type 99A</a> main battle tank in service with the PLAGF</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">People's Liberation Army Ground Force</a></div> The PLA Ground Force (PLAGF) is the largest of the PLA's five services with 975,000 active duty personnel, approximately half of the PLA's total manpower of around 2 million personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Studies2020-12">[12]</a>: 260  The PLAGF is organized into twelve active duty group armies sequentially numbered from the <a href="/wiki/71st_Group_Army" title="71st Group Army">71st Group Army</a> to the <a href="/wiki/83rd_Group_Army" title="83rd Group Army">83rd Group Army</a> which are distributed to each of the PRC's five theatre commands, receiving two to three group armies per command. In wartime, numerous PLAGF <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> units may be mobilized to augment these active group armies. The PLAGF <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Reserve_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Reserve Force">reserve</a> component comprises approximately 510,000 personnel divided into thirty infantry and twelve anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) divisions. The PLAGF is led by Commander <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a> and Political Commissar <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shutong" title="Qin Shutong">Qin Shutong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Navy">Navy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maritime_Interdiction_Operations_at_RIMPAC_2016_160718-N-CA112-003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Maritime_Interdiction_Operations_at_RIMPAC_2016_160718-N-CA112-003.jpg/220px-Maritime_Interdiction_Operations_at_RIMPAC_2016_160718-N-CA112-003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Maritime_Interdiction_Operations_at_RIMPAC_2016_160718-N-CA112-003.jpg/330px-Maritime_Interdiction_Operations_at_RIMPAC_2016_160718-N-CA112-003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Maritime_Interdiction_Operations_at_RIMPAC_2016_160718-N-CA112-003.jpg/440px-Maritime_Interdiction_Operations_at_RIMPAC_2016_160718-N-CA112-003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A PLAN <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> conducting maritime interdiction operations at <a href="/wiki/Exercise_RIMPAC#RIMPAC_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise RIMPAC">RIMPAC 2016</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">People's Liberation Army Navy</a></div> Until the early 1990s, the PLA Navy (PLAN) performed a subordinate role to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">PLA Ground Force</a> (PLAGF). Since then it has undergone rapid modernisation. The 300,000 strong PLAN is organized into three major fleets: the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Fleet" title="North Sea Fleet">North Sea Fleet</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Sea_Fleet" title="East Sea Fleet">East Sea Fleet</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Fleet" title="South Sea Fleet">South Sea Fleet</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Each fleet consists of a number of <a href="/wiki/Surface_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface ship">surface ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_air_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval air force">naval air force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">coastal defence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (military)">marine</a> units.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Studies2020-12">[12]</a>: 261  The navy includes a 25,000 strong <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> (organised into seven brigades), a 26,000 strong <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Naval_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force">Naval Aviation Force</a> operating several hundred attack helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Studies2020-12">[12]</a>: 263–264  As part of its overall programme of naval modernisation, the PLAN is in the stage of developing a <a href="/wiki/Blue_water_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue water navy">blue water navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In November 2012, then Party General Secretary Hu Jintao reported to the CCP's <a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th National Congress</a> his desire to "enhance our capacity for exploiting marine resource and build China into a strong maritime power".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> According to the United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, the PLAN has numerically the largest navy in the world.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The PLAN is led by Commander <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a> and Political Commissar <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Huazhi" title="Yuan Huazhi">Yuan Huazhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_Force">Air Force</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg/220px-J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg/330px-J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg/440px-J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a> <a href="/wiki/Fifth-generation_jet_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth-generation jet fighter">5th generation</a> stealth fighter</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a></div> The 395,000 strong People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) was organized into five Theatre Command Air Forces (TCAF) and 24 air divisions.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a>: 249–259  As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Liberation_Army&action=edit">[update]</a>, the system has been changed into 11 <a href="/wiki/Grades_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Grades of the People's Liberation Army">Corps Deputy-grade</a> "Bases" controlling air brigades.<a href="#cite_note-:10-179">[179]</a> Divisions have been mostly converted to brigades,<a href="#cite_note-:10-179">[179]</a> although some (specifically the Bomber divisions, and some of the special mission units)<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> remain operational as divisions. The largest operational units within the Aviation Corps is the air division, which has 2 to 3 aviation regiments, each with 20 to 36 aircraft. An Air Brigade has from 24 to 50 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The surface-to-air missile (SAM) Corps is organized into SAM <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a>. There are also three airborne <a href="/wiki/15th_Airborne_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Airborne Corps">divisions</a> manned by the PLAAF. <a href="/wiki/J-XX" title="J-XX">J-XX</a> and XXJ are names applied by Western intelligence agencies to describe programs by the People's Republic of China to develop one or more <a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_jet_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth generation jet fighter">fifth-generation</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JDW-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-miltech-183">[183]</a> The PLAAF is led by Commander <a href="/wiki/Chang_Dingqiu" title="Chang Dingqiu">Chang Dingqiu</a> and Political Commissar <a href="/wiki/Guo_Puxiao" title="Guo Puxiao">Guo Puxiao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rocket_Force">Rocket Force</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Announces_Troop_Cuts_at_WWII_Parade_(screenshot)_20159180736.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/China_Announces_Troop_Cuts_at_WWII_Parade_%28screenshot%29_20159180736.JPG/220px-China_Announces_Troop_Cuts_at_WWII_Parade_%28screenshot%29_20159180736.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/China_Announces_Troop_Cuts_at_WWII_Parade_%28screenshot%29_20159180736.JPG/330px-China_Announces_Troop_Cuts_at_WWII_Parade_%28screenshot%29_20159180736.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/China_Announces_Troop_Cuts_at_WWII_Parade_%28screenshot%29_20159180736.JPG/440px-China_Announces_Troop_Cuts_at_WWII_Parade_%28screenshot%29_20159180736.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>DF-21Ds at the <a href="/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2015 China Victory Day Parade">2015 Victory Parade</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">People's Liberation Army Rocket Force</a></div> The People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF) is the main strategic missile force of the PLA and consists of at least 120,000 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Studies2020-12">[12]</a>: 259  It controls China's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> and conventional <a href="/wiki/Strategic_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic missile">strategic missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> China's total nuclear arsenal size is estimated to be between 100 and 400 thermonuclear warheads. The PLARF is organized into bases sequentially numbered from 61 through 67, wherein the first six are operational and allocated to the nation's theatre commands while Base 67 serves as the PRC's central <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> storage facility.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The PLARF is led by Command <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuchao" title="Li Yuchao">Li Yuchao</a> and Political Commissar <a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhongbo" title="Xu Zhongbo">Xu Zhongbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3></div> The PLA maintains four arms (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 兵种): the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force">Cyberspace Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Information Support Force">Information Support Force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force">Joint Logistics Support Force</a>. The four-arm system was established on 19 April 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:6-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment_and_terms_of_service">Recruitment and terms of service</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_China" title="Conscription in China">Conscription in China</a></div> The PLA began as an all-volunteer force. In 1955, as part of an effort to modernize the PLA, the first Military Service Law created a system of compulsory <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a> Since the late 1970s, the PLA has been a hybrid force that combines conscripts and volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-190">[190]</a> Conscripts who fulfilled their service obligation can stay in the military as volunteer soldiers for a total of 16 years.<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a>, military service with the PLA is obligatory for all Chinese citizens. However, mandatory military service has not been enacted in China since 1949.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-times_2301-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_ethnic_minorities">Women and ethnic minorities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png/330px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Female Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force">Joint Logistics Support Force</a>.</figcaption></figure> Women participated extensively in <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">unconventional warfare</a>, including in combat positions, in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">revolutionary period</a>, Chinese Civil War (1927–1949) and the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-kania_2016-194">[194]</a> After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, along with the People's Liberation Army (PLA)'s transition toward the conventional military organization, the role of women in the armed forces gradually reduced to support, medical, and logistics roles.<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a> It was considered a prestigious choice for women to join the military. Serving in the military opens up opportunities for education, training, higher status, and relocation to cities after completing the service. During the Cultural Revolution, military service was regarded as a privilege and a method to avoid <a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">political campaign and coresion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a> In the 1980s, the PLA underwent large-scale demobilization amid the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a>, and women were discharged back to civilian society for economic development while the exclusion of women in the military expanded.<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a> In the 1990s, the PLA revived the recruitment of female personnel in regular <a href="/wiki/Military_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military formation">military formations</a> but primarily focused on non-combat roles at specialized positions.<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a> Most women were trained in areas such as academic/engineering, <a href="/wiki/Combat_medic" title="Combat medic">medics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">communications</a>, intelligence, cultural work, and administrative work, as these positions conform to the traditional gender roles. Women in the PLA were more likely to be cadets and officers instead of enlisted soldiers because of their specializations.<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a> The military organization still preserved some female combat units as public exemplars of social equality.<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-kania_2016-194">[194]</a> Both enlisted and cadet women personnel underwent the same <a href="/wiki/Military_recruit_training" title="Military recruit training">basic training</a> as their male counterparts in the PLA, but many of them serve in predominantly female <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">organizations</a>. Due to ideological reasons, the regulation governing the segregation of sex in the PLA is prohibited, but a quasi-segregated arrangement for women's organizations is still applied through considerations of convenience.<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a> Women were likelier to hold commanding positions in female-heavy organizations such as medical, logistic, research, and political work units, but sometimes in combat units during peacetime.<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a> In PLAAF, women traditionally pilot transport aircraft or serve as crew members.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> There had been a small number of high-ranking female officials in the PLA since 1949, but the advancement of position had remained relatively uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-lixiaolin_1993-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-kania_2016-194">[194]</a> In the 2010s, women were increasingly serving in combat roles, in mixed-gender organizations alongside their male counterparts, and to the same physical standard.<a href="#cite_note-kania_2016-194">[194]</a> The military actively promotes opportunities for women in the military, such as celebrating <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> for the members of the armed forces, publicizing the number of firsts for female officers and enlisted personnel, including deployments with peacekeeping forces or serving on PLA Navy's first aircraft carrier, announcing female military achievements in state media, and promoting female special forces through news reports or popular media.<a href="#cite_note-kania_2016-194">[194]</a> PLA does not publish detailed gender composition of its armed forces, but the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a> estimated approximately 5% of the active military force in China is female.<a href="#cite_note-kaniaallen_2016-196">[196]</a> National unity and territorial integrity are central themes of the Chinese Communist Revolution. The Chinese Red Army and the succeeding PLA actively recruited <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic minorities</a>. During the Chinese Civil War, Mongol cavalry units were formed. During the Korean War, as many as 50,000 ethnic Koreans in China volunteered to join the PLA. PLA's recruitment of minorities generally correlates to state policies. During the early years, minorities were given preferential treatment, with special attention given to recruitment and training. In the 1950s, ethnic Mongols accounted for 52% of all officers in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> military region. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and Cultural Revolution, armed forces emphasized "socialist culture", assimilation policies, and the construction of common identities between soldiers of different ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-Heaton_1977-197">[197]</a> For ethnic minority cadets and officials, overall development follows national policies. Typically, minority officers hold officer positions in their home regions. Examples included over 34% of the battalion and regimental cadres in <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a> autonomous region militia were of the Yi ethnicity, and 45% of the militia cadres in Tibetan local militia were of Tibetan ethnicity. Ethnical minorities achieved high-ranking positions in the PLA, and the percentage of appointments appears to follow the ratio of the Chinese population composition.<a href="#cite_note-Heaton_1977-197">[197]</a> Prominent figures included ethnic Mongol general <a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a>, who served in high-ranking roles in the Inner Mongolian region and as vice president of China, and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> who served in the <a href="/wiki/CCP_Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="CCP Central Committee">CCP Central Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heaton_1977-197">[197]</a> There were a few instances of ethnic distrust within the PLA, with one prominent example being the defection of <a href="/wiki/Margub_Iskhakov" title="Margub Iskhakov">Margub Iskhakov</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatar</a> PLA general, to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the 1960s. However, his defection largely contributed to his disillusion with the failed Great Leap Forward policies, instead of his ethnic background.<a href="#cite_note-ziyang_2017-198">[198]</a> In modern times, ethnic representation is most visible among junior-ranking officers. Only a few minorities reach the highest-ranking positions.<a href="#cite_note-ziyang_2017-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rank_structure">Rank structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy">Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force">Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_rank_insignia" title="People's Liberation Army rank insignia">People's Liberation Army rank insignia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officers">Officers</h4></div> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="10">General / flag officers </th> <th colspan="6">Senior officers </th> <th colspan="8">Junior officers </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/43px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">PLA Ground Force</a><a href="#cite_note-PPC-199">[199]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0720-GEN.png" class="mw-file-description" title="General"><img alt="General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PLAGF-0720-GEN.png/50px-PLAGF-0720-GEN.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PLAGF-0720-GEN.png/75px-PLAGF-0720-GEN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PLAGF-0720-GEN.png/100px-PLAGF-0720-GEN.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0719-LTG.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant General"><img alt="Lieutenant General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PLAGF-0719-LTG.png/50px-PLAGF-0719-LTG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PLAGF-0719-LTG.png/75px-PLAGF-0719-LTG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PLAGF-0719-LTG.png/100px-PLAGF-0719-LTG.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0718-MG.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Major General"><img alt="Major General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PLAGF-0718-MG.png/50px-PLAGF-0718-MG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PLAGF-0718-MG.png/75px-PLAGF-0718-MG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PLAGF-0718-MG.png/100px-PLAGF-0718-MG.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0717-SNC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel Commandant"><img alt="Colonel Commandant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PLAGF-0717-SNC.png/50px-PLAGF-0717-SNC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PLAGF-0717-SNC.png/75px-PLAGF-0717-SNC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PLAGF-0717-SNC.png/100px-PLAGF-0717-SNC.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0716-COL.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel"><img alt="Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PLAGF-0716-COL.png/50px-PLAGF-0716-COL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PLAGF-0716-COL.png/75px-PLAGF-0716-COL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PLAGF-0716-COL.png/100px-PLAGF-0716-COL.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0715-LTC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant Colonel"><img alt="Lieutenant Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0715-LTC.png/50px-PLAGF-0715-LTC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0715-LTC.png/75px-PLAGF-0715-LTC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0715-LTC.png/100px-PLAGF-0715-LTC.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Major"><img alt="Major" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png/50px-PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png/75px-PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png/100px-PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0713-CPT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Captain"><img alt="Captain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PLAGF-0713-CPT.png/50px-PLAGF-0713-CPT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PLAGF-0713-CPT.png/75px-PLAGF-0713-CPT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PLAGF-0713-CPT.png/100px-PLAGF-0713-CPT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0712-1LT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="First Lieutenant"><img alt="First Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PLAGF-0712-1LT.png/50px-PLAGF-0712-1LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PLAGF-0712-1LT.png/75px-PLAGF-0712-1LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PLAGF-0712-1LT.png/100px-PLAGF-0712-1LT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0711-2LT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Lieutenant"><img alt="Second Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PLAGF-0711-2LT.png/50px-PLAGF-0711-2LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PLAGF-0711-2LT.png/75px-PLAGF-0711-2LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PLAGF-0711-2LT.png/100px-PLAGF-0711-2LT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2">上将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Shàngjiāng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">中将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Zhōngjiāng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">少将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Shàojiāng</a> </td> <td colspan="1">大校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Dàxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="1">上校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Shàngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">中校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Zhōngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">少校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Shàoxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">上尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Shàngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">中尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Zhōngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">少尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Shàowèi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">PLA Navy</a><a href="#cite_note-PPC-199">[199]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Navies/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Navies/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Navies/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0720-GEN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PLANF-Sleeve-0720-GEN.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0720-GEN.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PLANF-Sleeve-0720-GEN.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0720-GEN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PLANF-Sleeve-0720-GEN.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0720-GEN.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0719-LTG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PLANF-Sleeve-0719-LTG.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0719-LTG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PLANF-Sleeve-0719-LTG.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0719-LTG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PLANF-Sleeve-0719-LTG.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0719-LTG.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0718-MG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PLANF-Sleeve-0718-MG.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0718-MG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PLANF-Sleeve-0718-MG.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0718-MG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/PLANF-Sleeve-0718-MG.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0718-MG.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0717-SNC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PLANF-Sleeve-0717-SNC.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0717-SNC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PLANF-Sleeve-0717-SNC.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0717-SNC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PLANF-Sleeve-0717-SNC.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0717-SNC.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0716-COL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/PLANF-Sleeve-0716-COL.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0716-COL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/PLANF-Sleeve-0716-COL.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0716-COL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/PLANF-Sleeve-0716-COL.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0716-COL.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0715-LTC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PLANF-Sleeve-0715-LTC.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0715-LTC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PLANF-Sleeve-0715-LTC.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0715-LTC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PLANF-Sleeve-0715-LTC.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0715-LTC.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0714-MAJ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PLANF-Sleeve-0714-MAJ.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0714-MAJ.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PLANF-Sleeve-0714-MAJ.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0714-MAJ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PLANF-Sleeve-0714-MAJ.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0714-MAJ.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0713-CPT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PLANF-Sleeve-0713-CPT.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0713-CPT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PLANF-Sleeve-0713-CPT.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0713-CPT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PLANF-Sleeve-0713-CPT.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0713-CPT.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0712-1LT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PLANF-Sleeve-0712-1LT.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0712-1LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PLANF-Sleeve-0712-1LT.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0712-1LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PLANF-Sleeve-0712-1LT.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0712-1LT.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-Sleeve-0711-2LT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PLANF-Sleeve-0711-2LT.png/50px-PLANF-Sleeve-0711-2LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PLANF-Sleeve-0711-2LT.png/75px-PLANF-Sleeve-0711-2LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PLANF-Sleeve-0711-2LT.png/100px-PLANF-Sleeve-0711-2LT.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1688" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2">海军上将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Hǎijūn shàngjiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">海军中将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Hǎijūn zhōngjiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">海军少将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Hǎijūn shàojiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="1">海军大校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Hǎijūn dàxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="1">海军上校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Hǎijūn shàngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">海军中校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Hǎijūn zhōngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">海军少校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Hǎijūn shàoxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">海军上尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Hǎijūn shàngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">海军中尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Hǎijūn zhōngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">海军少尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Hǎijūn shàowèi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/19px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/29px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">PLA Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-PPC-199">[199]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0720-GEN.png" class="mw-file-description" title="General"><img alt="General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/PLAAF-0720-GEN.png/50px-PLAAF-0720-GEN.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/PLAAF-0720-GEN.png/75px-PLAAF-0720-GEN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/PLAAF-0720-GEN.png/100px-PLAAF-0720-GEN.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0719-LTG.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant General"><img alt="Lieutenant General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PLAAF-0719-LTG.png/50px-PLAAF-0719-LTG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PLAAF-0719-LTG.png/75px-PLAAF-0719-LTG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PLAAF-0719-LTG.png/100px-PLAAF-0719-LTG.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0718-MG.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Major General"><img alt="Major General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PLAAF-0718-MG.png/50px-PLAAF-0718-MG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PLAAF-0718-MG.png/75px-PLAAF-0718-MG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PLAAF-0718-MG.png/100px-PLAAF-0718-MG.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0717-SNC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brigadier"><img alt="Brigadier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PLAAF-0717-SNC.png/50px-PLAAF-0717-SNC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PLAAF-0717-SNC.png/75px-PLAAF-0717-SNC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PLAAF-0717-SNC.png/100px-PLAAF-0717-SNC.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0716-COL.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel"><img alt="Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PLAAF-0716-COL.png/50px-PLAAF-0716-COL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PLAAF-0716-COL.png/75px-PLAAF-0716-COL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PLAAF-0716-COL.png/100px-PLAAF-0716-COL.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0715-LTC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant Colonel"><img alt="Lieutenant Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PLAAF-0715-LTC.png/50px-PLAAF-0715-LTC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PLAAF-0715-LTC.png/75px-PLAAF-0715-LTC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PLAAF-0715-LTC.png/100px-PLAAF-0715-LTC.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0714-MAJ.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Major"><img alt="Major" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PLAAF-0714-MAJ.png/50px-PLAAF-0714-MAJ.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PLAAF-0714-MAJ.png/75px-PLAAF-0714-MAJ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PLAAF-0714-MAJ.png/100px-PLAAF-0714-MAJ.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0713-CPT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Captain"><img alt="Captain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PLAAF-0713-CPT.png/50px-PLAAF-0713-CPT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PLAAF-0713-CPT.png/75px-PLAAF-0713-CPT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PLAAF-0713-CPT.png/100px-PLAAF-0713-CPT.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0712-1LT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="First Lieutenant"><img alt="First Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PLAAF-0712-1LT.png/50px-PLAAF-0712-1LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PLAAF-0712-1LT.png/75px-PLAAF-0712-1LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PLAAF-0712-1LT.png/100px-PLAAF-0712-1LT.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0711-2LT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Lieutenant"><img alt="Second Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PLAAF-0711-2LT.png/50px-PLAAF-0711-2LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PLAAF-0711-2LT.png/75px-PLAAF-0711-2LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PLAAF-0711-2LT.png/100px-PLAAF-0711-2LT.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2">空军上将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Kōngjūn shàngjiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">空军中将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Kōngjūn zhōngjiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">空军少将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Kōngjūn shàojiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="1">空军大校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Kōngjūn dàxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="1">空军上校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Kōngjūn shàngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">空军中校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Kōngjūn zhōngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">空军少校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Kōngjūn shàoxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">空军上尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Kōngjūn shàngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">空军中尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Kōngjūn zhōngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">空军少尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Kōngjūn shàowèi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/PLA_Rocket_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Rocket Force">PLA Rocket Force</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLARF)" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China (PLARF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLARF)" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China (PLARF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLARF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China (PLARF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0720-GEN.png" class="mw-file-description" title="General"><img alt="General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PLAGF-0720-GEN.png/50px-PLAGF-0720-GEN.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PLAGF-0720-GEN.png/75px-PLAGF-0720-GEN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PLAGF-0720-GEN.png/100px-PLAGF-0720-GEN.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>General</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0719-LTG.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant General"><img alt="Lieutenant General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PLAGF-0719-LTG.png/50px-PLAGF-0719-LTG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PLAGF-0719-LTG.png/75px-PLAGF-0719-LTG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PLAGF-0719-LTG.png/100px-PLAGF-0719-LTG.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant General</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0718-MG.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Major General"><img alt="Major General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PLAGF-0718-MG.png/50px-PLAGF-0718-MG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PLAGF-0718-MG.png/75px-PLAGF-0718-MG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PLAGF-0718-MG.png/100px-PLAGF-0718-MG.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Major General</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0717-SNC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel Commandant"><img alt="Colonel Commandant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PLAGF-0717-SNC.png/50px-PLAGF-0717-SNC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PLAGF-0717-SNC.png/75px-PLAGF-0717-SNC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PLAGF-0717-SNC.png/100px-PLAGF-0717-SNC.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Colonel Commandant</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0716-COL.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel"><img alt="Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PLAGF-0716-COL.png/50px-PLAGF-0716-COL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PLAGF-0716-COL.png/75px-PLAGF-0716-COL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PLAGF-0716-COL.png/100px-PLAGF-0716-COL.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Colonel</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0715-LTC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant Colonel"><img alt="Lieutenant Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0715-LTC.png/50px-PLAGF-0715-LTC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0715-LTC.png/75px-PLAGF-0715-LTC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0715-LTC.png/100px-PLAGF-0715-LTC.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Colonel</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Major"><img alt="Major" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png/50px-PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png/75px-PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png/100px-PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Major</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0713-CPT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Captain"><img alt="Captain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PLAGF-0713-CPT.png/50px-PLAGF-0713-CPT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PLAGF-0713-CPT.png/75px-PLAGF-0713-CPT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PLAGF-0713-CPT.png/100px-PLAGF-0713-CPT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Captain</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0712-1LT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="First Lieutenant"><img alt="First Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PLAGF-0712-1LT.png/50px-PLAGF-0712-1LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PLAGF-0712-1LT.png/75px-PLAGF-0712-1LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PLAGF-0712-1LT.png/100px-PLAGF-0712-1LT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>First Lieutenant</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0711-2LT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Lieutenant"><img alt="Second Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PLAGF-0711-2LT.png/50px-PLAGF-0711-2LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PLAGF-0711-2LT.png/75px-PLAGF-0711-2LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PLAGF-0711-2LT.png/100px-PLAGF-0711-2LT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Second Lieutenant</figcaption></figure> </td> <td colspan="12"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0710-CDT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Officer Cadet"><img alt="Officer Cadet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PLAGF-0710-CDT.png/50px-PLAGF-0710-CDT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PLAGF-0710-CDT.png/75px-PLAGF-0710-CDT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PLAGF-0710-CDT.png/100px-PLAGF-0710-CDT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Officer Cadet</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2">上将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Shàngjiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">中将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Zhōngjiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">少将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Shàojiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="1">大校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Dàxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="1">上校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Shàngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">中校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Zhōngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">少校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Shàoxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">上尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Shàngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">中尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Zhōngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">少尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Shàowèi</a> </td> <td colspan="12">学员 <a href="/wiki/Xue_yuan" title="Xue yuan">Xuéyuán</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/PLA_Strategic_Support_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Strategic Support Force">PLA Strategic Support Force</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLASSF)" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China (PLASSF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OF/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLASSF)" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China (PLASSF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PLAGF-0719-LTG.png/50px-PLAGF-0719-LTG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PLAGF-0719-LTG.png/75px-PLAGF-0719-LTG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PLAGF-0719-LTG.png/100px-PLAGF-0719-LTG.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0718-MG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PLAGF-0718-MG.png/50px-PLAGF-0718-MG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PLAGF-0718-MG.png/75px-PLAGF-0718-MG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PLAGF-0718-MG.png/100px-PLAGF-0718-MG.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0717-SNC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PLAGF-0717-SNC.png/50px-PLAGF-0717-SNC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PLAGF-0717-SNC.png/75px-PLAGF-0717-SNC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PLAGF-0717-SNC.png/100px-PLAGF-0717-SNC.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0716-COL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PLAGF-0716-COL.png/50px-PLAGF-0716-COL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PLAGF-0716-COL.png/75px-PLAGF-0716-COL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PLAGF-0716-COL.png/100px-PLAGF-0716-COL.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0715-LTC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0715-LTC.png/50px-PLAGF-0715-LTC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0715-LTC.png/75px-PLAGF-0715-LTC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0715-LTC.png/100px-PLAGF-0715-LTC.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png/50px-PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png/75px-PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png/100px-PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0713-CPT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PLAGF-0713-CPT.png/50px-PLAGF-0713-CPT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PLAGF-0713-CPT.png/75px-PLAGF-0713-CPT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PLAGF-0713-CPT.png/100px-PLAGF-0713-CPT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0712-1LT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PLAGF-0712-1LT.png/50px-PLAGF-0712-1LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PLAGF-0712-1LT.png/75px-PLAGF-0712-1LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PLAGF-0712-1LT.png/100px-PLAGF-0712-1LT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0711-2LT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PLAGF-0711-2LT.png/50px-PLAGF-0711-2LT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PLAGF-0711-2LT.png/75px-PLAGF-0711-2LT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PLAGF-0711-2LT.png/100px-PLAGF-0711-2LT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2">上将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Shàngjiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">中将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Zhōngjiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">少将 <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)" title="Jiang (rank)">Shàojiàng</a> </td> <td colspan="1">大校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Dàxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="1">上校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Shàngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">中校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Zhōngxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">少校 <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(rank)" title="Xiao (rank)">Shàoxiào</a> </td> <td colspan="2">上尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Shàngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">中尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Zhōngwèi</a> </td> <td colspan="3">少尉 <a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)" title="Wei (rank)">Shàowèi</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_ranks">Other ranks</h4></div> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; color:inherit; text-align:center; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="22">Senior NCOs </th> <th colspan="6">Junior NCOs </th> <th colspan="8">Enlisted </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/43px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">PLA Ground Force</a><a href="#cite_note-PPC-199">[199]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0705-SSG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PLAGF-0705-SSG.png/50px-PLAGF-0705-SSG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PLAGF-0705-SSG.png/75px-PLAGF-0705-SSG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PLAGF-0705-SSG.png/100px-PLAGF-0705-SSG.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0704-SGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PLAGF-0704-SGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0704-SGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PLAGF-0704-SGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0704-SGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PLAGF-0704-SGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0704-SGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0703-CPL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PLAGF-0703-CPL.png/50px-PLAGF-0703-CPL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PLAGF-0703-CPL.png/75px-PLAGF-0703-CPL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PLAGF-0703-CPL.png/100px-PLAGF-0703-CPL.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0702-PFC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0702-PFC.png/50px-PLAGF-0702-PFC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0702-PFC.png/75px-PLAGF-0702-PFC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0702-PFC.png/100px-PLAGF-0702-PFC.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0701-PVT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PLAGF-0701-PVT.png/50px-PLAGF-0701-PVT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PLAGF-0701-PVT.png/75px-PLAGF-0701-PVT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PLAGF-0701-PVT.png/100px-PLAGF-0701-PVT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3">一级军士长 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#People's_Liberation_Army" title="Shi (rank)">Yījí jūnshìzhǎng</a> </td> <td colspan="3">二级军士长 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#People's_Liberation_Army" title="Shi (rank)">Èrjí jūnshìzhǎng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">三级军士长 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#People's_Liberation_Army" title="Shi (rank)">Sānjí jūnshìzhǎng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">四级军士长 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#People's_Liberation_Army" title="Shi (rank)">Sìjí jūnshìzhǎng</a> </td> <td colspan="6">上士 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#People's_Liberation_Army" title="Shi (rank)">Shàngshì</a> </td> <td colspan="6">中士 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#People's_Liberation_Army" title="Shi (rank)">Zhōngshì</a> </td> <td colspan="4">下士 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#People's_Liberation_Army" title="Shi (rank)">Xiàshì</a> </td> <td colspan="6">上等兵 <a href="/wiki/Bing_(rank)" title="Bing (rank)">Shàngděngbīng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">列兵 <a href="/wiki/Bing_(rank)" title="Bing (rank)">Lièbīng</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">PLA Navy</a><a href="#cite_note-PPC-199">[199]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PLANF-0704-SGT.png/75px-PLANF-0704-SGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PLANF-0704-SGT.png/100px-PLANF-0704-SGT.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-0703-CPL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PLANF-0703-CPL.png/50px-PLANF-0703-CPL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PLANF-0703-CPL.png/75px-PLANF-0703-CPL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PLANF-0703-CPL.png/100px-PLANF-0703-CPL.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-0702-PFC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PLANF-0702-PFC.png/50px-PLANF-0702-PFC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PLANF-0702-PFC.png/75px-PLANF-0702-PFC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PLANF-0702-PFC.png/100px-PLANF-0702-PFC.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANF-0701-PVT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PLANF-0701-PVT.png/50px-PLANF-0701-PVT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PLANF-0701-PVT.png/75px-PLANF-0701-PVT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PLANF-0701-PVT.png/100px-PLANF-0701-PVT.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3">海军一级军士长 Hǎijūn yījí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="3">海军二级军士长 Hǎijūn èrjí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="2">海军三级军士长 Hǎijūn sānjí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="2">海军四级军士长 Hǎijūn sìjí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="6">海军上士 Hǎijūn shàngshì </td> <td colspan="6">海军中士 Hǎijūn zhōngshì </td> <td colspan="4">海军下士 Hǎijūn xiàshì </td> <td colspan="6">海军上等兵 Hǎijūn shàngděngbīng </td> <td colspan="2">海军列兵 Hǎijūn lièbīng </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/19px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/29px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">PLA Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-PPC-199">[199]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China" 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colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0708-2CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/PLAAF-0708-2CSGT.png/50px-PLAAF-0708-2CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/PLAAF-0708-2CSGT.png/75px-PLAAF-0708-2CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/PLAAF-0708-2CSGT.png/100px-PLAAF-0708-2CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0707-3CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PLAAF-0707-3CSGT.png/50px-PLAAF-0707-3CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PLAAF-0707-3CSGT.png/75px-PLAAF-0707-3CSGT.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PLAAF-0705-SSG.png/75px-PLAAF-0705-SSG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PLAAF-0705-SSG.png/100px-PLAAF-0705-SSG.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0704-SGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAAF-0704-SGT.png/50px-PLAAF-0704-SGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAAF-0704-SGT.png/75px-PLAAF-0704-SGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PLAAF-0704-SGT.png/100px-PLAAF-0704-SGT.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0703-CPL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PLAAF-0703-CPL.png/50px-PLAAF-0703-CPL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PLAAF-0703-CPL.png/75px-PLAAF-0703-CPL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PLAAF-0703-CPL.png/100px-PLAAF-0703-CPL.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0702-PFC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PLAAF-0702-PFC.png/50px-PLAAF-0702-PFC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PLAAF-0702-PFC.png/75px-PLAAF-0702-PFC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PLAAF-0702-PFC.png/100px-PLAAF-0702-PFC.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAAF-0701-PVT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PLAAF-0701-PVT.png/50px-PLAAF-0701-PVT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PLAAF-0701-PVT.png/75px-PLAAF-0701-PVT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PLAAF-0701-PVT.png/100px-PLAAF-0701-PVT.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2971" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3">空军一级军士长 Kōngjūn yījí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="3">空军二级军士长 Kōngjūn èrjí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="2">空军三级军士长 Kōngjūn sānjí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="2">空军四级军士长 Kōngjūn sìjí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="6">空军上士 Kōngjūn shàngshì </td> <td colspan="6">空军中士 Kōngjūn zhōngshì </td> <td colspan="4">空军下士 Kōngjūn xiàshì </td> <td colspan="6">空军上等兵 Kōngjūn shàngděngbīng </td> <td colspan="2">空军列兵 Kōngjūn lièbīng </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/PLA_Rocket_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Rocket Force">PLA Rocket Force</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLARF)" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLARF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLARF)" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLARF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLARF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLARF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0705-SSG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PLAGF-0705-SSG.png/50px-PLAGF-0705-SSG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PLAGF-0705-SSG.png/75px-PLAGF-0705-SSG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PLAGF-0705-SSG.png/100px-PLAGF-0705-SSG.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0704-SGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PLAGF-0704-SGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0704-SGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PLAGF-0704-SGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0704-SGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PLAGF-0704-SGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0704-SGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0703-CPL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PLAGF-0703-CPL.png/50px-PLAGF-0703-CPL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PLAGF-0703-CPL.png/75px-PLAGF-0703-CPL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PLAGF-0703-CPL.png/100px-PLAGF-0703-CPL.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">No equivalent </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0702-PFC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0702-PFC.png/50px-PLAGF-0702-PFC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0702-PFC.png/75px-PLAGF-0702-PFC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0702-PFC.png/100px-PLAGF-0702-PFC.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0701-PVT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PLAGF-0701-PVT.png/50px-PLAGF-0701-PVT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PLAGF-0701-PVT.png/75px-PLAGF-0701-PVT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PLAGF-0701-PVT.png/100px-PLAGF-0701-PVT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Master_sergeant" title="Master sergeant">Master sergeant class one</a> 一级军士长 yījí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Master_sergeant" title="Master sergeant">Master sergeant class two</a> 二级军士长 èrjí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Master_sergeant" title="Master sergeant">Master sergeant class three</a> 三级军士长 sānjí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Master_sergeant" title="Master sergeant">Master sergeant class four</a> 四级军士长 sìjí jūnshìzhǎng </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_first_class" title="Sergeant first class">Sergeant first class</a> 上士 shàngshì </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a> 中士 zhōngshì </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> 下士 xiàshì </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Private_first_class" title="Private first class">Private first class</a> 上等兵 shàngděngbīng </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a> 列兵 lièbīng </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/PLA_Strategic_Support_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Strategic Support Force">PLA Strategic Support Force</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLASSF)" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLASSF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLASSF)" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLASSF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Air_Forces/OR/People%27s_Republic_of_China_(PLASSF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLASSF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0705-SSG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PLAGF-0705-SSG.png/50px-PLAGF-0705-SSG.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PLAGF-0705-SSG.png/75px-PLAGF-0705-SSG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PLAGF-0705-SSG.png/100px-PLAGF-0705-SSG.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0704-SGT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PLAGF-0704-SGT.png/50px-PLAGF-0704-SGT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PLAGF-0704-SGT.png/75px-PLAGF-0704-SGT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PLAGF-0704-SGT.png/100px-PLAGF-0704-SGT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0703-CPL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PLAGF-0703-CPL.png/50px-PLAGF-0703-CPL.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PLAGF-0703-CPL.png/75px-PLAGF-0703-CPL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PLAGF-0703-CPL.png/100px-PLAGF-0703-CPL.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0702-PFC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0702-PFC.png/50px-PLAGF-0702-PFC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0702-PFC.png/75px-PLAGF-0702-PFC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PLAGF-0702-PFC.png/100px-PLAGF-0702-PFC.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAGF-0701-PVT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PLAGF-0701-PVT.png/50px-PLAGF-0701-PVT.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PLAGF-0701-PVT.png/75px-PLAGF-0701-PVT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PLAGF-0701-PVT.png/100px-PLAGF-0701-PVT.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3">一级军士长 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Yījí jūnshìzhǎng</a> </td> <td colspan="3">二级军士长 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Èrjí jūnshìzhǎng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">三级军士长 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Sānjí jūnshìzhǎng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">四级军士长 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Sìjí jūnshìzhǎng</a> </td> <td colspan="6">上士 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Shàngshì</a> </td> <td colspan="6">中士 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Zhōngshì</a> </td> <td colspan="4">下士 <a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)" title="Shi (rank)">Xiàshì</a> </td> <td colspan="6">上等兵 <a href="/wiki/Bing_(rank)" title="Bing (rank)">Shàngděngbīng</a> </td> <td colspan="2">列兵 <a href="/wiki/Bing_(rank)" title="Bing (rank)">Lièbīng</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_and_equipment">Weapons and equipment</h2></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>, China is developing kinetic-energy weapons, high-powered lasers, high-powered <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_beam#Military" title="Particle beam">particle-beam weapons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">electromagnetic pulse</a> weapons with its increase of military fundings.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The PLA has said of reports that its modernisation is dependent on sales of advanced technology from American allies, senior leadership have stated "Some have politicized China's normal commercial cooperation with foreign countries, damaging our reputation." These contributions include advanced European diesel engines for Chinese warships, military helicopter designs from Eurocopter, French anti-submarine sonars and helicopters,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Australian technology for the <a href="/wiki/Houbei_class_missile_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Houbei class missile boat">Houbei class missile boat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> and Israeli supplied American missile, laser and aircraft technology.<a href="#cite_note-G-203">[203]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>'s data, China became the world's third largest exporter of major arms in 2010–14, an increase of 143 percent from the period 2005–2009.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> SIPRI also calculated that China surpassed Russia to become the world's second largest arms exporter by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> China's share of global arms exports hence increased from 3 to 5 percent. China supplied major arms to 35 states in 2010–14. A significant percentage (just over 68 percent) of Chinese exports went to three countries: Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. China also exported major arms to 18 African states. Examples of China's increasing global presence as an arms supplier in 2010–14 included deals with Venezuela for armoured vehicles and transport and trainer aircraft, with Algeria for three frigates, with Indonesia for the supply of hundreds of anti-ship missiles and with Nigeria for the supply of several unmanned combat aerial vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-auto-206">[206]</a> Following rapid advances in its arms industry, China has become less dependent on arms imports, which decreased by 42 percent between 2005–09 and 2010–14. Russia accounted for 61 percent of Chinese arms imports, followed by France with 16 percent and Ukraine with 13 per cent. Helicopters formed a major part of Russian and French deliveries, with the French designs produced under licence in China.<a href="#cite_note-auto-206">[206]</a> Over the years, China has struggled to design and produce effective engines for combat and transport vehicles. It continued to import large numbers of engines from Russia and Ukraine in 2010–14 for indigenously designed combat, advanced trainer and transport aircraft, and naval ships. It also produced British-, French- and German-designed engines for combat aircraft, naval ships and armoured vehicles, mostly as part of agreements that have been in place for decades.<a href="#cite_note-auto-206">[206]</a> In August 2021, China tested a nuclear-capable <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_flight" title="Hypersonic flight">hypersonic missile</a> that circled the globe before speeding towards its target.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The Financial Times reported that "the test showed that China had made astounding progress on hypersonic weapons and was far more advanced than U.S. officials realized."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Zapad-81" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise Zapad-81">Exercise Zapad-81</a> in 2021 with Russian forces, most of the gear were novel Chinese arms such as the <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_KJ-500" title="Shaanxi KJ-500">KJ-500 airborne early warning and control aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">J-20</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-16" title="Shenyang J-16">J-16 fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Y-20" title="Xi'an Y-20">Y-20 transport planes</a>, and surveillance and combat drones.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Another joint forces exercise took place in August 2023 near Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> On 24 September 2024, the PLARF performed its first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) test over the Pacific Ocean since the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">Cyberwarfare by China</a></div> There is a belief in the Western military doctrines that the PLA have already begun engaging countries using cyber-warfare.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> There has been a significant increase in the number of presumed Chinese military initiated cyber events from 1999 to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Cyberwarfare has gained recognition as a valuable technique because it is an asymmetric technique that is a part of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">information operations and information warfare</a>. As is written by two PLAGF Colonels, <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Liang_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiao Liang (writer)">Qiao Liang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiangsui" title="Wang Xiangsui">Wang Xiangsui</a> in the book <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a>, "Methods that are not characterized by the use of the force of arms, nor by the use of military power, nor even by the presence of casualties and bloodshed, are just as likely to facilitate the successful realization of the war's goals, if not more so.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> While China has long been suspected of <a href="/wiki/Cyber_spying" title="Cyber spying">cyber spying</a>, on 24 May 2011 the PLA announced the existence of having 'cyber capabilities'.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In February 2013, the media named "Comment Crew" as a hacker military faction for China's People's Liberation Army.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In May 2014, a Federal <a href="/wiki/Grand_Jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Jury">Grand Jury</a> in the United States indicted five <a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">Unit 61398</a> officers on criminal charges related to cyber attacks on private companies based in the United States after alleged investigations by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> who exposed their identities in collaboration with US intelligence agencies such as the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In February 2020, the United States government indicted members of China's People's Liberation Army for the <a href="/wiki/2017_Equifax_data_breach" title="2017 Equifax data breach">2017 Equifax data breach</a>, which involved hacking into Equifax and plundering sensitive data as part of a massive heist that also included stealing trade secrets, though the CCP denied these claims.<a href="#cite_note-cbs_china_deny-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Indicted-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_capabilities">Nuclear capabilities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="China and weapons of mass destruction">China and weapons of mass destruction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medium_and_Intercontinental_Range_Ballistic_Missiles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Medium_and_Intercontinental_Range_Ballistic_Missiles.png/300px-Medium_and_Intercontinental_Range_Ballistic_Missiles.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Medium_and_Intercontinental_Range_Ballistic_Missiles.png/450px-Medium_and_Intercontinental_Range_Ballistic_Missiles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Medium_and_Intercontinental_Range_Ballistic_Missiles.png/600px-Medium_and_Intercontinental_Range_Ballistic_Missiles.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>The range of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">the PLA Rocket Force's</a> medium and intercontinental ballistic missiles (2006)</figcaption></figure> The first of <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_China" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of China">China's nuclear weapons tests</a> took place in 1964, and its <a href="/wiki/Test_No._6" title="Test No. 6">first hydrogen bomb test</a> occurred in 1967 at <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nur" title="Lop Nur">Lop Nur</a>. Tests continued until 1996, when the country signed the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a> (CTBT), but did not ratify it.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The number of nuclear warheads in China's arsenal remains a state secret.<a href="#cite_note-:9-223">[223]</a> There are varying estimates of the size of China's arsenal. The <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a> estimated in 2024 that China has a stockpile of approximately 438 nuclear warheads,<a href="#cite_note-:9-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-224">[224]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> put the estimate at more than 500 operational nuclear warheads,<a href="#cite_note-:8-225">[225]</a> making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weapons#Estimated_worldwide_nuclear_stockpiles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries with nuclear weapons">third-largest</a> in the world. China's policy has traditionally been one of <a href="/wiki/No_first_use" title="No first use">no first use</a> while maintaining a deterrent retaliatory force targeted for <a href="/wiki/Countervalue" title="Countervalue">countervalue</a> targets.<a href="#cite_note-:22-226">[226]</a> According to a 2023 study by the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University" title="National Defense University">National Defense University</a>, China's nuclear doctrine has historically leaned toward maintaining a secure <a href="/wiki/Second_strike" title="Second strike">second-strike</a> capability.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space">Space</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">ASAT program of China</a></div> Having witnessed the crucial role of space to United States military success in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, China continues to view space as a critical domain in both conflict and international <a href="/wiki/Strategic_competition" title="Strategic competition">strategic competition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng-2012-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> The PLA operates a various satellite constellations performing <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communication</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">counterspace</a> functions.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-op_china-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-2021-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dickinson-2021a-233">[233]</a> Planners at PLA's National Defense University project China's space actions as retaliatory or preventative, following conditions like an attack on a Chinese satellite, an attack on China, or the interruption of a PLA amphibious landing.<a href="#cite_note-:Li-234">[234]</a> According to this approach, PLA planners assume that the country must have the capacity for retaliation and second-strike capability against a powerful opponent.<a href="#cite_note-:Li-234">[234]</a> PLA planners envision a limited space war and therefore seek to identify weak but critical nodes in other space systems.<a href="#cite_note-:Li-234">[234]</a> Significant components of the PLA's space-based reconnaissance include Jianbing (vanguard) satellites with <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">cover names</a> <a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan</a> (遥感; 'remote sensing') and <a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen</a> (高分; 'high resolution').<a href="#cite_note-Clark-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> These satellites collect <a href="/wiki/Electro-optical_sensor" title="Electro-optical sensor">electro-optical</a> (EO) imagery to collect a literal representation of a <a href="/wiki/Targeting_(warfare)" title="Targeting (warfare)">target</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> (SAR) imagery to penetrate the cloudy climates of <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">southern China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sino_Defense-2007-236">[236]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic intelligence">electronic intelligence</a> (ELINT) to provide targeting intelligence on adversarial ships.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blizzard-2016-238">[238]</a> The PLA also leverages a restricted, high-performance service of the country's BeiDou <a href="/wiki/Positioning_system" title="Positioning system">positioning, navigation, and timing</a> (PNT) satellites for its forces and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence,_surveillance,_target_acquisition,_and_reconnaissance" title="Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance">intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance</a> (ISR) platforms.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> For secure communications, the PLA uses the Zhongxing and Fenghuo series of satellites which enable secure data and voice transmission over <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">Ku-band</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-2021-232">[232]</a> PLA deployment of anti-satellite and counterspace satellites including those of the <a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiyan" title="Shiyan">Shiyan</a> series have also brought significant concern from western nations.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dickinson-2021a-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2022-242">[242]</a> The PLA also plays a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng-2012-228">[228]</a> To date, all the participants have been selected from members of the PLA Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng-2012-228">[228]</a> China became the third country in the world to have sent a man into space by its own means with the flight of <a href="/wiki/Yang_Liwei" title="Yang Liwei">Yang Liwei</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a> spacecraft on 15 October 2003,<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> the flight of <a href="/wiki/Fei_Junlong" title="Fei Junlong">Fei Junlong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nie_Haisheng" title="Nie Haisheng">Nie Haisheng</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_6" title="Shenzhou 6">Shenzhou 6</a> on 12 October 2005,<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhai_Zhigang" title="Zhai Zhigang">Zhai Zhigang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Boming_(taikonaut)" title="Liu Boming (taikonaut)">Liu Boming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jing_Haipeng" title="Jing Haipeng">Jing Haipeng</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a> on 25 September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The PLA started the development of an anti-ballistic and anti-satellite system in the 1960s, code named Project 640, including ground-based lasers and anti-satellite missiles.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> On 11 January 2007, China conducted a successful <a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">test</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-satellite missile">anti-satellite missile</a>, with an SC-19 class KKV.<a href="#cite_note-channelnewsasia.com-247">[247]</a> The PLA has tested two types of hypersonic space vehicles, the Shenglong Spaceplane and a new one built by <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Aircraft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengdu Aircraft Corporation">Chengdu Aircraft Corporation</a>. Only a few pictures have appeared since it was revealed in late 2007. Earlier, images of the High-enthalpy Shock Waves Laboratory <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">CAS</a> Key Laboratory of high-temperature gas dynamics (LHD) were published in the Chinese media. Tests with speeds up to Mach 20 were reached around 2001.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-strategycenter.net-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budget">Budget</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_China" title="Military budget of China">Military budget of China</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Official budget </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Publication date </th> <th>Value (billions of US$) </th></tr> <tr> <td>March 2000</td> <td>14.6[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2001</td> <td>17.0[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2002</td> <td>20.0[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2003</td> <td>22.0[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2004</td> <td>24.6[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2005</td> <td>29.9[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2006</td> <td>35.0[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2007</td> <td>44.9[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2008</td> <td>58.8<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2009</td> <td>70.0[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2010</td> <td>76.5<a href="#cite_note-military-spending-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2011</td> <td>90.2<a href="#cite_note-military-spending-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2012</td> <td>103.1<a href="#cite_note-military-spending-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2013</td> <td>116.2<a href="#cite_note-military-spending-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2014</td> <td>131.2<a href="#cite_note-military-spending-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2015</td> <td>142.4<a href="#cite_note-military-spending-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2016</td> <td>143.7<a href="#cite_note-military-spending-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2017</td> <td>151.4<a href="#cite_note-military-spending-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2018</td> <td>165.5<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2019</td> <td>177.6<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 2020</td> <td>183.5<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2021</td> <td>209.4<a href="#cite_note-janes_budget_2021-255">[255]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2022</td> <td>229.4<a href="#cite_note-budget_2022-256">[256]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2023</td> <td>235.8[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a> (SIPRI) estimated that China's military expenditure was US$296 billion in 2023, the second-largest in the world after the United States and accounting for <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">12 percent of the world's defence expenditures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg/500px-Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg/750px-Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg/1000px-Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>A pie chart showing global <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">military expenditures</a> by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthem">Anthem</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_Anthem_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army">Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Band_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_China" title="Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China">Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a>. The band is a common performer of the military anthem of the PLA at ceremonial protocol events.</figcaption></figure> The March of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was adopted as the military anthem by the Central Military Commission on 25 July 1988.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> The lyrics of the anthem were written by composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gong_Mu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gong Mu (page does not exist)">Gong Mu</a> (real name: Zhang Yongnian; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 张永年) and the music was composed by Korea-born Chinese composer <a href="/wiki/Zheng_L%C3%BCcheng" title="Zheng Lücheng">Zheng Lücheng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_and_insignia">Flag and insignia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Flag of the People's Liberation Army">Flag of the People's Liberation Army</a></div> The PLA's insignia consists of a roundel with a red star bearing the two <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a> "八一"(literally "eight-one"), referring to the <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a> which began on 1 August 1927 (first day of the eighth month) and symbolic as the CCP's founding of the PLA.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> The inclusion of the two characters ("八一") is symbolic of the party's revolutionary history carrying strong emotional connotations of the political power which it shed blood to obtain. The flag of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is the war flag of the People's Liberation Army; the layout of the flag has a golden star at the top left corner and "八一" to the right of the star, placed on a red field. Each service branch also has its flags: The top <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5⁄8 of the flags is the same as the PLA flag; the bottom <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄8 are occupied by the colors of the branches.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> The flag of the Ground Forces has a forest green bar at the bottom. The naval ensign has stripes of blue and white at the bottom. The Air Force uses a sky blue bar. The Rocket Force uses a yellow bar at the bottom. The forest green represents the earth, the blue and white stripes represent the seas, the sky blue represents the air and the yellow represents the flare of missile launching.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PLA"><img alt="A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">PLA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ground Force"><img alt="A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a green bar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/180px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/240px-Ground_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground Force</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navy"><img alt="A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag are stripes of blue, white, blue, white and blue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg/240px-Naval_Ensign_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Air Force"><img alt="A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a sky blue bar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/180px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/240px-Air_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air Force</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rocket Force"><img alt="A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a yellow bar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/180px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/240px-Rocket_Force_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket Force</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Outline of the Chinese Civil War">Outline of the Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NRAPLA-1"><a href="#cite_ref-NRAPLA_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.cnwest.com/sxxw/a/2020/08/01/18969370.html">"【延安记忆】"中国人民解放军"称谓由此开始"</a>. 1 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822221319/http://m.cnwest.com/sxxw/a/2020/08/01/18969370.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%90%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%89%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E3%80%91%22%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%22%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%E7%94%B1%E6%AD%A4%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.cnwest.com%2Fsxxw%2Fa%2F2020%2F08%2F01%2F18969370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photo.chinamil.com.cn/tsjs/2017-10/10/content_7780489.htm">"1947年10月10日，《中国人民解放军宣言》发布"</a>. 中国军网. 10 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822211432/http://photo.chinamil.com.cn/tsjs/2017-10/10/content_7780489.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1947%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%8810%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80%E3%80%8B%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoto.chinamil.com.cn%2Ftsjs%2F2017-10%2F10%2Fcontent_7780489.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taihangsummit.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AB%E8%B7%AF%E5%86%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E5%92%8C%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96/">"中国共产党领导的红军改编为八路军的背景和改编情况 – 太行英雄网"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107174949/http://taihangsummit.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AB%E8%B7%AF%E5%86%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E5%92%8C%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AB%E8%B7%AF%E5%86%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E5%92%8C%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5+%E2%80%93+%E5%A4%AA%E8%A1%8C%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaihangsummit.com%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%2585%25B1%25E4%25BA%25A7%25E5%2585%259A%25E9%25A2%2586%25E5%25AF%25BC%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25BA%25A2%25E5%2586%259B%25E6%2594%25B9%25E7%25BC%2596%25E4%25B8%25BA%25E5%2585%25AB%25E8%25B7%25AF%25E5%2586%259B%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2583%258C%25E6%2599%25AF%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E7%25BC%2596%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2022" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Kenneth (14 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/the-evolution-of-the-plas-enlisted-force-conscription-and-recruitment-part-one/">"The Evolution of the PLA's Enlisted Force: Conscription and Recruitment (Part One)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416185858/https://jamestown.org/program/the-evolution-of-the-plas-enlisted-force-conscription-and-recruitment-part-one/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024. <q>Following the setback of the Cultural Revolution, in the late 1970s, the PLA embarked on an ambitious program to modernize many aspects of the military, including education, training, and recruitment. Conscripts and volunteers were combined into a single system that allowed conscripts who fulfilled their service obligation to stay in the military as volunteer soldiers for a total of 16 years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+PLA%27s+Enlisted+Force%3A+Conscription+and+Recruitment+%28Part+One%29&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fthe-evolution-of-the-plas-enlisted-force-conscription-and-recruitment-part-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2022255-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2022255_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2022255_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2022">The International Institute for Strategic Studies 2022</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI-2020-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI-2020_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI-2020_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf#page=2">"Trends in Military Expenditure 2023"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Military+Expenditure+2023&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2024-04%2F2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXue2021" class="citation web cs1">Xue, Maryann (4 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player">"China's arms trade: which countries does it buy from and sell to?"</a>. South China Morning Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526161751/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=China%27s+arms+trade%3A+which+countries+does+it+buy+from+and+sell+to%3F&rft.date=2021-07-04&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Maryann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fmilitary%2Farticle%2F3139603%2Fhow-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php">"TIV of arms imports/exports from China, 2010–2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. 7 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621145309/https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=TIV+of+arms+imports%2Fexports+from+China%2C+2010%E2%80%932021&rft.date=2022-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.sipri.org%2Farmstrade%2Fpage%2Fvalues.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton-1999-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benton-1999_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton-1999_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton-1999_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1999" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Gregor (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayLTpS8iujQC">New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance Along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938–1941</a>. University of California Press. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21992-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21992-2"><bdi>978-0-520-21992-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115051955/https://books.google.com/books?id=ayLTpS8iujQC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Fourth+Army%3A+Communist+Resistance+Along+the+Yangtze+and+the+Huai%2C+1938%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21992-2&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DayLTpS8iujQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Taylor_Fravel_2019_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFravel2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Fravel" title="Taylor Fravel">Fravel, M. Taylor</a> (2019). Active Defense: China's Military Strategy since 1949. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv941tzj">10.2307/j.ctv941tzj</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18559-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18559-0"><bdi>978-0-691-18559-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv941tzj">j.ctv941tzj</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159282413">159282413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Active+Defense%3A+China%27s+Military+Strategy+since+1949&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv941tzj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159282413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv941tzj%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18559-0&rft.aulast=Fravel&rft.aufirst=M.+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2018/global-military-spending-remains-high-17-trillion">"Global military spending remains high at $1.7 trillion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. 2 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527073110/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2018/global-military-spending-remains-high-17-trillion">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+military+spending+remains+high+at+%241.7+trillion&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fmedia%2Fpress-release%2F2018%2Fglobal-military-spending-remains-high-17-trillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Studies2020-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Studies2020_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studies2020_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studies2020_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studies2020_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studies2020_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IISS2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2020). The Military Balance. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F04597222.2020.1707967">10.1080/04597222.2020.1707967</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367466398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367466398"><bdi>978-0367466398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F04597222.2020.1707967&rft.isbn=978-0367466398&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019148-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019148_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019">Saunders et al. 2019</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201913–14-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201913–14_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201913–14_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019">Saunders et al. 2019</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019521_15-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019">Saunders et al. 2019</a>, p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/2009/RAND_CT332.pdf">"The PLA Navy's New Historic Missions: Expanding Capabilities for a Re-emergent Maritime Power"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428051927/http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/2009/RAND_CT332.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+PLA+Navy%27s+New+Historic+Missions%3A+Expanding+Capabilities+for+a+Re-emergent+Maritime+Power&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Ftestimonies%2F2009%2FRAND_CT332.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlick2024" class="citation book cs1">Garlick, Jeremy (2024). Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8"><bdi>978-1-350-25231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advantage+China%3A+Agent+of+Change+in+an+Era+of+Global+Disruption&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-25231-8&rft.aulast=Garlick&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2021" class="citation web cs1">Carter, James (4 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thechinaproject.com/2021/08/04/the-nanchang-uprising-and-the-birth-of-the-pla/">"The Nanchang Uprising and the birth of the PLA"</a>. The China Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107180237/https://thechinaproject.com/2021/08/04/the-nanchang-uprising-and-the-birth-of-the-pla/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+China+Project&rft.atitle=The+Nanchang+Uprising+and+the+birth+of+the+PLA&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthechinaproject.com%2F2021%2F08%2F04%2Fthe-nanchang-uprising-and-the-birth-of-the-pla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/history-plas-ground-force-organisational-structure-and-military-regions">"History of the PLA's Ground Force Organisational Structure and Military Regions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>. 17 June 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111215039/https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/history-plas-ground-force-organisational-structure-and-military-regions/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+United+Services+Institute&rft.atitle=History+of+the+PLA%27s+Ground+Force+Organisational+Structure+and+Military+Regions&rft.date=2004-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frusi.org%2Fexplore-our-research%2Fpublications%2Fcommentary%2Fhistory-plas-ground-force-organisational-structure-and-military-regions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bianco-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Bianco_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianco1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bianco" title="Lucien Bianco">Bianco, Lucien</a> (1971). <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Chinese_Revolution,_1915%E2%80%931949" title="Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949">Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0827-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0827-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-0827-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Chinese+Revolution%2C+1915%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0827-2&rft.aulast=Bianco&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZedong2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Zedong, Mao</a> (2017). <a href="/wiki/On_Guerrilla_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="On Guerrilla Warfare">On Guerilla Warfare: Mao Tse-Tung On Guerilla Warfare</a>. Martino Fine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68422-164-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68422-164-6"><bdi>978-1-68422-164-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Guerilla+Warfare%3A+Mao+Tse-Tung+On+Guerilla+Warfare&rft.pub=Martino+Fine+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-68422-164-6&rft.aulast=Zedong&rft.aufirst=Mao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev">"The Chinese Revolution of 1949"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519004017/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State%2C+Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Revolution+of+1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1945-1952%2Fchinese-rev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Ken Allen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF182/CF182.ch9.pdf">Chapter 9, "PLA Air Force Organization"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102648/http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF182/CF182.ch9.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The PLA as Organization, ed. James C. Mulvenon and Andrew N.D. Yang (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2002), 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-中国人民解放军海军成立70周年多国海军活动新闻发布会在青岛举行-24"><a href="#cite_ref-中国人民解放军海军成立70周年多国海军活动新闻发布会在青岛举行_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.gov.cn/power/2019-04/20/content_4839865.htm">"中国人民解放军海军成立70周年多国海军活动新闻发布会在青岛举行"</a>. mod.gov.cn (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001160506/http://www.mod.gov.cn/power/2019-04/20/content_4839865.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mod.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B70%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.gov.cn%2Fpower%2F2019-04%2F20%2Fcontent_4839865.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russo-2020-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russo-2020_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo-2020_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo-2020_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo-2020_25-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2020" class="citation book cs1">Russo, Alessandro (2020). Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1218-4"><bdi>978-1-4780-1218-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1156439609">1156439609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Revolution+and+revolutionary+culture&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1156439609&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-1218-4&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-upi.com-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-upi.com_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-upi.com_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/06/25/Chinas-Peoples-Liberation-Army-the-worlds-second-largest-conventional/9105583214400/">"China's People's Liberation Army, the world's second largest conventional..."</a> UPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204232316/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/06/25/Chinas-Peoples-Liberation-Army-the-worlds-second-largest-conventional/9105583214400/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=China%27s+People%27s+Liberation+Army%2C+the+world%27s+second+largest+conventional...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1988%2F06%2F25%2FChinas-Peoples-Liberation-Army-the-worlds-second-largest-conventional%2F9105583214400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loh-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Loh_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoh2024" class="citation book cs1">Loh, Dylan M.H. (2024). China's Rising Foreign Ministry: Practices and Representations of Assertive Diplomacy. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503638204" title="Special:BookSources/9781503638204"><bdi>9781503638204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Rising+Foreign+Ministry%3A+Practices+and+Representations+of+Assertive+Diplomacy&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781503638204&rft.aulast=Loh&rft.aufirst=Dylan+M.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013230/http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/chicom.pdf">Pamphlet number 30-51, Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army</a> (PDF), Department of the Army, 7 December 1960, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/chicom.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 April 2011, retrieved 1 April 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pamphlet+number+30-51%2C+Handbook+on+the+Chinese+Communist+Army&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1960-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibweb.uoregon.edu%2Fec%2Fe-asia%2Fread%2Fchicom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart-2015-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart-2015_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart-2015_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2015" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Richard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm">The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention</a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5192-3611-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5192-3611-1"><bdi>978-1-5192-3611-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194350/https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+The+Chinese+Intervention&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5192-3611-1&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fkw-chinter%2Fchinter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliffFeiHagenHague2011" class="citation cs2">Cliff, Roger; Fei, John; Hagen, Jeff; Hague, Elizabeth; Heginbotham, Eric; Stillion, John (2011), "The Evolution of Chinese Air Force Doctrine", Shaking the Heavens and Splitting the Earth, Chinese Air Force Employment Concepts in the 21st Century, <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, pp. 33–46, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4932-2"><bdi>978-0-8330-4932-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg915af.10">10.7249/mg915af.10</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shaking+the+Heavens+and+Splitting+the+Earth&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Chinese+Air+Force+Doctrine&rft.pages=33-46&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7249%2Fmg915af.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4932-2&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Fei%2C+John&rft.au=Hagen%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Hague%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Heginbotham%2C+Eric&rft.au=Stillion%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1990" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Steven A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ&q=chinese+army+patrols+ladakh+april+1962&pg=PA103">India and the China Crisis</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 101–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30172-6"><bdi>978-0-520-30172-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009120905/https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ&q=chinese%2Barmy%2Bpatrols%2Bladakh%2Bapril%2B1962&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+China+Crisis&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=101-104&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30172-6&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_bjADwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchinese%2Barmy%2Bpatrols%2Bladakh%2Bapril%2B1962%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Tronder2018" class="citation book cs1">Van Tronder, Gerry (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrTNDwAAQBAJ&q=sino-indian+war+patrols+at+Ladakh+april+30+1962&pg=PT12">Sino-Indian War: Border Clash: October–November 1962</a>. Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-2838-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-2838-8"><bdi>978-1-5267-2838-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625205658/https://books.google.com/books?id=JrTNDwAAQBAJ&q=sino-indian+war+patrols+at+Ladakh+april+30+1962&pg=PT12">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sino-Indian+War%3A+Border+Clash%3A+October%E2%80%93November+1962&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-2838-8&rft.aulast=Van+Tronder&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrTNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsino-indian%2Bwar%2Bpatrols%2Bat%2BLadakh%2Bapril%2B30%2B1962%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chellaney2-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chellaney2_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chellaney2_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrahma_Chellaney2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Chellaney" title="Brahma Chellaney">Brahma Chellaney</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asianjuggernautr0000chel">Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172236502" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172236502"><bdi>978-8172236502</bdi></a>. <q>Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Juggernaut%3A+The+Rise+of+China%2C+India%2C+and+Japan&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8172236502&rft.au=Brahma+Chellaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasianjuggernautr0000chel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Praagh-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Praagh_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Praagh2003" class="citation book cs1">Van Praagh, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TbpU0HngYhoC&pg=PA301">Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773525887" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773525887"><bdi>978-0773525887</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173405/https://books.google.com/books?id=TbpU0HngYhoC&pg=PA301">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2021. <q>(Indian) jawans trained and equipped for high-altitude combat used US provided artillery, deployed on higher ground than that of their adversaries, to decisive tactical advantage at Nathu La and Cho La near the Sikkim-Tibet border.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Game%3A+India%27s+Race+with+Destiny+and+China&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0773525887&rft.aulast=Van+Praagh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbpU0HngYhoC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoontrakul-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoontrakul_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoontrakul2014" class="citation cs2">Hoontrakul, Ponesak (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">"Asia's Evolving Economic Dynamism and Political Pressures"</a>, in P. 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New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-09902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-09902-8"><bdi>978-1-009-09902-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Public+Finance%3A+Reforms%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Options&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-009-09902-8&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Shuanglin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019523-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019523_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019523_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019523_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019">Saunders et al. 2019</a>, p. 523. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZissis2006" class="citation web cs1">Zissis, Carin (5 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/modernizing-peoples-liberation-army-china">"Modernizing the People's Liberation Army of China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194350/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/modernizing-peoples-liberation-army-china">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Modernizing+the+People%27s+Liberation+Army+of+China&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft.aulast=Zissis&rft.aufirst=Carin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fmodernizing-peoples-liberation-army-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201951-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201951_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019">Saunders et al. 2019</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019520-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019520_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019">Saunders et al. 2019</a>, p. 520. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019526-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019526_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019">Saunders et al. 2019</a>, p. 526. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201951–52-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.201951–52_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019">Saunders et al. 2019</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019531-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders_et_al.2019531_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019">Saunders et al. 2019</a>, p. 531. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/plas-absolute-loyalty-to-the-party-in-doubt/">"PLA's "Absolute Loyalty" to the Party in Doubt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamestown Foundation">The Jamestown Foundation</a>. 30 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113113012/https://jamestown.org/program/plas-absolute-loyalty-to-the-party-in-doubt/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=PLA%27s+%22Absolute+Loyalty%22+to+the+Party+in+Doubt&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fplas-absolute-loyalty-to-the-party-in-doubt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/xi-jinping-insists-on-plas-absolute-loyalty-to-communist-party/articleshow/65471728.cms?from=mdr">"Xi Jinping insists on PLA's absolute loyalty to Communist Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. 20 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315132848/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/xi-jinping-insists-on-plas-absolute-loyalty-to-communist-party/articleshow/65471728.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+insists+on+PLA%27s+absolute+loyalty+to+Communist+Party&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Fxi-jinping-insists-on-plas-absolute-loyalty-to-communist-party%2Farticleshow%2F65471728.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2022" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Minnie (23 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3193454/chinas-military-told-resolutely-do-what-party-asks-it-do">"China's military told to 'resolutely do what the party asks it to do'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019060837/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3193454/chinas-military-told-resolutely-do-what-party-asks-it-do">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=China%27s+military+told+to+%27resolutely+do+what+the+party+asks+it+to+do%27&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Minnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fmilitary%2Farticle%2F3193454%2Fchinas-military-told-resolutely-do-what-party-asks-it-do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2005-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_59-2">c</a> The Political System of the People's Republic of China. Chief Editor Pu Xingzu, Shanghai, 2005, Shanghai People's Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-208-05566-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-208-05566-1">7-208-05566-1</a>, Chapter 11 The State Military System. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> News of the Communist Party of China, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/67481/69242/69244/4690367.html">Hyperlink</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013101243/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/67481/69242/69244/4690367.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2021" class="citation news cs1">Farley, Robert (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/china-has-not-forgotten-lessons-gulf-war-192949">"China Has Not Forgotten the Lessons of the Gulf War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Interest" class="mw-redirect" title="National Interest">National Interest</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111091521/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/china-has-not-forgotten-lessons-gulf-war-192949">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Interest&rft.atitle=China+Has+Not+Forgotten+the+Lessons+of+the+Gulf+War&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fblog%2Freboot%2Fchina-has-not-forgotten-lessons-gulf-war-192949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScobell2011" class="citation book cs1">Scobell, Andrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA553490.pdf">Chinese Lessons from Other Peoples' Wars</a> (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-511-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-511-6"><bdi>978-1-58487-511-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194350/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA553490.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2022. 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Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8725-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8725-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-8725-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+U.S.-China+Relations%3A+From+Cold+War+to+Cold+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8&rft.aulast=Lampton&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasaki2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sasaki, Tomonori (23 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/china-eyes-the-japanese-military-chinas-threat-perception-of-japan-since-the-1980s/4C3D00214448677422255F228609C395">"China Eyes the Japanese Military: China's Threat Perception of Japan since the 1980s"</a>. The China Quarterly. 203: 560–580. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741010000597">10.1017/S0305741010000597</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2648">1468-2648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153828298">153828298</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194349/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/china-eyes-the-japanese-military-chinas-threat-perception-of-japan-since-the-1980s/4C3D00214448677422255F228609C395">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=China+Eyes+the+Japanese+Military%3A+China%27s+Threat+Perception+of+Japan+since+the+1980s&rft.volume=203&rft.pages=560-580&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153828298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-2648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741010000597&rft.aulast=Sasaki&rft.aufirst=Tomonori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fchina-quarterly%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fchina-eyes-the-japanese-military-chinas-threat-perception-of-japan-since-the-1980s%2F4C3D00214448677422255F228609C395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakaguchiMayama1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sakaguchi, Yoshiaki; Mayama, Katsuhiko (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/kiyo/pdf/bulletin_e2001_1.pdf">"Significance of the War in Kosovo for China and Russia"</a> (PDF). NIDS Security Reports (3): 1–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012122/http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/kiyo/pdf/bulletin_e2001_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2022. 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Contemporary Southeast Asia. 21 (3): 344–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2FCS21-3B">10.1355/CS21-3B</a> (inactive 13 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0129-797X">0129-797X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798464">25798464</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194351/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798464">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Revolution+in+Military+Affairs+and+the+Evolution+of+China%27s+Strategic+Thinking&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=344-364&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0129-797X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25798464%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2FCS21-3B&rft.aulast=Ji&rft.aufirst=You&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25798464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortzel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wortzel, Larry M. 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Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=What+Are+China%27s+Cyber+Capabilities+and+Intentions%3F&rft.aulast=Jinghua&rft.aufirst=Lyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2019%2F04%2F01%2Fwhat-are-china-s-cyber-capabilities-and-intentions-pub-78734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shinn-2023-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn-2023_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn-2023_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn-2023_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn-2023_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn-2023_72-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnEisenman2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Shinn" title="David H. Shinn">Shinn, David H.</a>; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). 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Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Never+mind+China%27s+new+aircraft+carrier%2C+these+are+the+ships+the+US+should+worry+about&rft.date=2022-06-25&rft.aulast=Lendon&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F06%2F25%2Fasia%2Fchina-navy-aircraft-carrier-analysis-intl-hnk-ml-dst%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3185845/chinas-fujian-aircraft-carrier-doesnt-have-radar-and-weapon">"Fujian aircraft carrier doesn't have radar, weapon systems yet, photos show"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Fujian+aircraft+carrier+doesn%27t+have+radar%2C+weapon+systems+yet%2C+photos+show&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fmilitary%2Farticle%2F3185845%2Fchinas-fujian-aircraft-carrier-doesnt-have-radar-and-weapon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrix2022" class="citation web cs1">Hendrix, Jerry (6 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2022/07/the-ominous-portent-of-chinas-new-carrier/">"The Ominous Portent of China's New Carrier"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194350/https://www.nationalreview.com/2022/07/the-ominous-portent-of-chinas-new-carrier/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ominous+Portent+of+China%27s+New+Carrier&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2022%2F07%2Fthe-ominous-portent-of-chinas-new-carrier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/photo-reports/2016-01/01/content_6840110.htm">"China establishes Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force – China Military Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410043139/http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/photo-reports/2016-01/01/content_6840110.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+establishes+Rocket+Force+and+Strategic+Support+Force+%E2%80%93+China+Military+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.chinamil.com.cn%2Fnews-channels%2Fphoto-reports%2F2016-01%2F01%2Fcontent_6840110.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Duan-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_86-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuan2024" class="citation book cs1">Duan, Lei (2024). "Towards a More Joint Strategy: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms and Militia Reconstruction". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). 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Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Massive+parade+tipped+for+PLA%27s+90th+birthday&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy-defence%2Farticle%2F2079193%2Fmassive-parade-tipped-plas-90th-birthday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2017" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Chris (30 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/30/world/asia/china-military-parade-xi-jinping.html">"China Shows Off Military Might as Xi Jinping Tries to Cement Power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007084938/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/30/world/asia/china-military-parade-xi-jinping.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Shows+Off+Military+Might+as+Xi+Jinping+Tries+to+Cement+Power&rft.date=2017-07-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F30%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-military-parade-xi-jinping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/sweeping-chinese-military-purge-exposes-weakness-could-widen-2023-12-30/">"Chinese military purge exposes weakness, could widen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Chinese+military+purge+exposes+weakness%2C+could+widen&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fsweeping-chinese-military-purge-exposes-weakness-could-widen-2023-12-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41670162">"Charting China's 'great purge' under Xi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 22 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606041942/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41670162">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Charting+China%27s+%27great+purge%27+under+Xi&rft.date=2017-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-41670162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2024" class="citation news cs1">Yan, Sophia (10 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/07/10/china-secret-military-base-tajikistan-taliban-afghanistan/">"China constructing secret military base in Tajikistan to crush threat from Taliban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240722173910/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/07/10/china-secret-military-base-tajikistan-taliban-afghanistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=China+constructing+secret+military+base+in+Tajikistan+to+crush+threat+from+Taliban&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2024%2F07%2F10%2Fchina-secret-military-base-tajikistan-taliban-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-cuba-spy-sigint">"Secret Signals: Decoding China's Intelligence Activities in Cuba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>. 1 July 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240702051639/https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-cuba-spy-sigint/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Secret+Signals%3A+Decoding+China%27s+Intelligence+Activities+in+Cuba&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.csis.org%2Fhiddenreach%2Fchina-cuba-spy-sigint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-93"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2019" class="citation news cs1">Garrison, Cassandra (31 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-argentina-china-insight-idUSKCN1PP0I2">"China's military-run space station in Argentina is a 'black box'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125031112/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-argentina-china-insight-idUSKCN1PP0I2">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%27s+military-run+space+station+in+Argentina+is+a+%27black+box%27&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-space-argentina-china-insight-idUSKCN1PP0I2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-ground-stations-space">"Eyes on the Skies: China's Growing Space Footprint in South America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>. 4 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005034621/https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-ground-stations-space/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Eyes+on+the+Skies%3A+China%27s+Growing+Space+Footprint+in+South+America&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.csis.org%2Fhiddenreach%2Fchina-ground-stations-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheangDavid2024" class="citation web cs1">Cheang, Sopheng; David, Rising (8 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/cambodia-china-naval-base-warships-ream-d4571e2ca53e682ce17c121312443b52">"Chinese warships have been docked in Cambodia for 5 months, but government says it's not permanent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240709235517/https://apnews.com/article/cambodia-china-naval-base-warships-ream-d4571e2ca53e682ce17c121312443b52">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2024. 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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807825327" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807825327"><bdi>978-0807825327</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41564973">41564973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Vietnam+wars%2C+1950%E2%80%931975&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41564973&rft.isbn=978-0807825327&rft.aulast=Zhai&rft.aufirst=Qiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1958_crisis-113"><a href="#cite_ref-1958_crisis_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/The1958TaiwanStraitsCrisisADocumentedHistory/page/n183">The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis_ A Documented History</a>. 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1958+Taiwan+Straits+Crisis_+A+Documented+History&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FThe1958TaiwanStraitsCrisisADocumentedHistory%2Fpage%2Fn183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintner2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lintner" title="Bertil Lintner">Lintner, Bertil</a> (2018). China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909163-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909163-8"><bdi>978-0-19-909163-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1034558154">1034558154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+India+War%3A+Collision+Course+on+the+Roof+of+the+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1034558154&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909163-8&rft.aulast=Lintner&rft.aufirst=Bertil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfor.me/nekotoryie-maloizvestnyie-epizodyi-pogranichnogo-konflikta-na-o-damanskom/">"Некоторые малоизвестные эпизоды пограничного конфликта на о. Даманском"</a>. Военное оружие и армии Мира. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140855/http://warfor.me/nekotoryie-maloizvestnyie-epizodyi-pogranichnogo-konflikta-na-o-damanskom/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BE.+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfor.me%2Fnekotoryie-maloizvestnyie-epizodyi-pogranichnogo-konflikta-na-o-damanskom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Carl O. 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Retrieved 9 November 2023. <q>According to Chinese media, units have been established this year in at least 23 SOEs nationwide, nine of them in Wuhan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Why+is+China+Highlighting+Militias+in+State+Owned+Enterprises%3F&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fwhy-is-china-highlighting-militias-in-state-owned-enterprises-%2F7346238.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHe2024" class="citation web cs1">He, Laura (21 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/21/business/china-corporate-militias-resurgence-int-hnk/index.html">"Major companies in China are setting up their own volunteer armies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222041734/https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/21/business/china-corporate-militias-resurgence-int-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2024. 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Air University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240703122915/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/documents/Research/Other-Topics/2020-06-11%20PLA%20Academic_Institutions.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2024. 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Retrieved 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=PLA+Navy%27s+three+fleets+meet+in+South+China+Sea+for+rare+show+of+force&rft.date=2013-05-27&rft.aulast=Chi-yuk&rft.aufirst=Choi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.chinamil.com.cn%2Fview%2F2018-05%2F03%2Fcontent_8022441.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/2015_PLA_NAVY_PUB_Print_Low_Res.pdf?ver=2015-12-02-081233-733">The PLA Navy: New Capabilities and Missions for the 21st Century</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Retrieved 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Does+China+Qualify+as+Having+a+True+Blue+Water+Navy%3F&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fblog%2Freboot%2Fdoes-china-qualify-having-true-blue-water-navy-195958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2018/07/03/china-launches-two-destroyers/">"China launches two destroyers with tech similar to US Navy's Aegis system"</a>. 3 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215065312/https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2018/07/03/china-launches-two-destroyers/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. 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China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI). pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1718721159" title="Special:BookSources/978-1718721159"><bdi>978-1718721159</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903134547/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1082606.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2023. 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Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpacePolicyOnline&rft.atitle=Surprise+Chinese+Satellite+Maneuvers+Mystify+Western+Experts&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacepolicyonline.com%2Fnews%2Fsurprise-chinese-satelllite-maneuvers-mystify-western-experts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-2022-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones-2022_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2022" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Andrew (27 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/chinas-shijian-21-spacecraft-docked-with-and-towed-a-dead-satellite/">"China's Shijian-21 towed dead satellite to a high graveyard orbit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203142431/https://spacenews.com/chinas-shijian-21-spacecraft-docked-with-and-towed-a-dead-satellite/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=China%27s+Shijian-21+towed+dead+satellite+to+a+high+graveyard+orbit&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchinas-shijian-21-spacecraft-docked-with-and-towed-a-dead-satellite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2003" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, Jim (15 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/15/world/china-sends-a-man-into-orbit-entering-the-us-russian-club.html">"China Sends a Man Into Orbit, Entering the U.S.–Russian Club"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119013057/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/15/world/china-sends-a-man-into-orbit-entering-the-us-russian-club.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Sends+a+Man+Into+Orbit%2C+Entering+the+U.S.%E2%80%93Russian+Club&rft.date=2003-10-15&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F10%2F15%2Fworld%2Fchina-sends-a-man-into-orbit-entering-the-us-russian-club.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMali2005" class="citation news cs1">Mali, Tariq (18 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/shenzhou-6-taikonauts-achieve-firsts-china/">"Shenzhou 6 Taikonauts Achieve Firsts for China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211032741/https://spacenews.com/shenzhou-6-taikonauts-achieve-firsts-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Shenzhou+6+Taikonauts+Achieve+Firsts+for+China&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft.aulast=Mali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fshenzhou-6-taikonauts-achieve-firsts-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Andrew (7 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-shenzhou-13-first-female-spacewalk">"China's Shenzhou 13 crew takes its first spacewalk, the country's 1st by a female astronaut"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107191224/https://www.space.com/china-shenzhou-13-first-female-spacewalk">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+Shenzhou+13+crew+takes+its+first+spacewalk%2C+the+country%27s+1st+by+a+female+astronaut&rft.date=2021-11-07&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-shenzhou-13-first-female-spacewalk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1999" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Mark A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1148&context=monographs">China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States</a>. Diane Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-1197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-1197-0"><bdi>978-1-4289-1197-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112034405/https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1148&context=monographs">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022. 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Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E7%88%86%E8%BD%B0%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%BF%80%E6%B3%A2%E9%AB%98%E7%84%93%E9%A3%8E%E6%B4%9E&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%A9%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4&rft.date=2005-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flhd.imech.cas.cn%2Fkyzb%2F201307%2Ft20130723_116736.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-strategycenter.net-249"><a href="#cite_ref-strategycenter.net_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher,_Jr.2011" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Jr., Richard (29 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131161229/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.247/pub_detail.asp">"PLA and U.S. Arms Racing in the Western Pacific"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Assessment_and_Strategy_Center" title="International Assessment and Strategy Center">International Assessment and Strategy Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.247/pub_detail.asp">the original</a> on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2012. <q>It is also possible that during this decade the PLA Navy could deploy initial railgun and laser weapons. It is known that the PLA has invested heavily in both technologies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Assessment+and+Strategy+Center&rft.atitle=PLA+and+U.S.+Arms+Racing+in+the+Western+Pacific&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.aulast=Fisher%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategycenter.net%2Fresearch%2FpubID.247%2Fpub_detail.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLague2008" class="citation news cs1">Lague, David (4 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/world/asia/04iht-military.2.10691808.html">"China increases military spending"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126013813/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/world/asia/04iht-military.2.10691808.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+increases+military+spending&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft.aulast=Lague&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F04%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F04iht-military.2.10691808.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-military-spending-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-military-spending_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-military-spending_251-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-military-spending_251-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-military-spending_251-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-military-spending_251-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-military-spending_251-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-military-spending_251-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-military-spending_251-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/">"What does China really spend on its military?"</a>. 28 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061738/https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+China+really+spend+on+its+military%3F&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinapower.csis.org%2Fmilitary-spending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/china-defence-spending-increase-190304053554047.html">"China says defence spending increase to be 'appropriate' | News | al Jazeera"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513053946/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/china-defence-spending-increase-190304053554047.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+says+defence+spending+increase+to+be+%27appropriate%27+%26%23124%3B+News+%26%23124%3B+al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F03%2Fchina-defence-spending-increase-190304053554047.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/china-sets-date-for-two-sessions-in-latest-move-toward-post-covid-normal/">"China Sets Date for 'Two Sessions' in Latest Move Toward Post-COVID Normal"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505200816/https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/china-sets-date-for-two-sessions-in-latest-move-toward-post-covid-normal/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Sets+Date+for+%27Two+Sessions%27+in+Latest+Move+Toward+Post-COVID+Normal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fchina-sets-date-for-two-sessions-in-latest-move-toward-post-covid-normal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#:~:text=In%20May%202020%2C%20China%20announced,1.189%20trillion%20(%24172.1%20billion).&text=This%20follows%20a%20recent%20trend,spending%20fall%20to%20single%20digits.">"What Does China Really Spend on its Military?"</a>. 28 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061738/https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#:~:text=In%20May%202020%2C%20China%20announced,1.189%20trillion%20(%24172.1%20billion).&text=This%20follows%20a%20recent%20trend,spending%20fall%20to%20single%20digits.">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Does+China+Really+Spend+on+its+Military%3F&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinapower.csis.org%2Fmilitary-spending%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520May%25202020%252C%2520China%2520announced%2C1.189%2520trillion%2520%28%2524172.1%2520billion%29.%26text%3DThis%2520follows%2520a%2520recent%2520trend%2Cspending%2520fall%2520to%2520single%2520digits.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-janes_budget_2021-255"><a href="#cite_ref-janes_budget_2021_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrevattAndrew2021" class="citation web cs1">Grevatt, Jon; Andrew, MacDonald (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-announces-68-increase-in-2021-defence-budget-0503">"China announces 6.8% increase in 2021 defence budget"</a>. Janes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428181241/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-announces-68-increase-in-2021-defence-budget-0503">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Janes&rft.atitle=China+announces+6.8%25+increase+in+2021+defence+budget&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Grevatt&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Andrew%2C+MacDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Fdefence-news%2Fnews-detail%2Fchina-announces-68-increase-in-2021-defence-budget-0503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-budget_2022-256"><a href="#cite_ref-budget_2022_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYew_Lun_Tian2022" class="citation web cs1">Yew Lun Tian (5 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/china-defence-spending-rise-outpace-gdp-target-this-year-2022-03-05/">"China plans 7.1% defence spending rise this year, outpacing GDP target"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305040743/https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/china-defence-spending-rise-outpace-gdp-target-this-year-2022-03-05/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+plans+7.1%25+defence+spending+rise+this+year%2C+outpacing+GDP+target&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft.au=Yew+Lun+Tian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fasia%2Fchina-defence-spending-rise-outpace-gdp-target-this-year-2022-03-05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf#page=2">"Trends in Military Expenditure 2023"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515230851/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf#page=2">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Military+Expenditure+2023&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2024-04%2F2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourchinastory.com/zh/2070/%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2%E3%80%8B%E5%AE%9A%E7%82%BA%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%AD%8C">"1988年7月25日，中央軍事委員會決定將《中國人民解放軍進行曲》，定為中國人民解放軍的軍歌。"</a> [July 25, 1988: March of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is designate as the military song of the People's Liberation Army]. Our China Story (in Chinese). 25 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200842/https://www.ourchinastory.com/zh/2070/%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2%E3%80%8B%E5%AE%9A%E7%82%BA%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%AD%8C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+China+Story&rft.atitle=1988%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%8825%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E5%B0%87%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%AE%9A%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E7%9A%84%E8%BB%8D%E6%AD%8C%E3%80%82&rft.date=2021-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourchinastory.com%2Fzh%2F2070%2F%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E6%2594%25BE%25E8%25BB%258D%25E9%2580%25B2%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%259B%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E5%25AE%259A%25E7%2582%25BA%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E6%2594%25BE%25E8%25BB%258D%25E8%25BB%258D%25E6%25AD%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2010/07-16/2406888.shtml">"军歌歌词是怎样变迁的？那些"飘扬的旗帜""</a> [How did the lyrics of military songs change? Those "Flags Waving"]. <a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a> (in Chinese). 16 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200841/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2010/07-16/2406888.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+News+Service&rft.atitle=%E5%86%9B%E6%AD%8C%E6%AD%8C%E8%AF%8D%E6%98%AF%E6%80%8E%E6%A0%B7%E5%8F%98%E8%BF%81%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%9F%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9B%22%E9%A3%98%E6%89%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%97%97%E5%B8%9C%22&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com.cn%2Fcul%2F2010%2F07-16%2F2406888.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeWiles2015" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (28 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0765600439">Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II</a> (0 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315719313">10.4324/9781315719313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-51562-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-51562-3"><bdi>978-1-317-51562-3</bdi></a>. <q>... situation of their conflicting nationalities by returning to China, where Zheng Lücheng took out Chinese citizenship. ... PRC, Zheng Lücheng was active in his work as a composer; he wrote the music for the Western-style opera Cloud Gazing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Women%2C+Volume+II&rft.pages=145&rft.edition=0&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315719313&rft.isbn=978-1-317-51562-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Lily+Xiao+Hong&rft.au=Wiles%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0765600439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2009" class="citation news cs1">Wu, Fei (1 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/60th/2009-10/01/content_8759348.htm">"Military Parade Marks Anniversary"</a>. China Daily. Xinhua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009092009/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/60th/2009-10/01/content_8759348.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Military+Parade+Marks+Anniversary&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Fei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2F60th%2F2009-10%2F01%2Fcontent_8759348.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diyifanwen.com/fanwen/bayijianjunjie/143152262.html">"81 Flag and Other Signs"</a> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201134106/https://www.diyifanwen.com/fanwen/bayijianjunjie/143152262.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=81+Flag+and+Other+Signs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diyifanwen.com%2Ffanwen%2Fbayijianjunjie%2F143152262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-06/23/content_1542456.htm">"Flag, Emblem and Song of the People's Liberation Army"</a>. Xinhua Net News (in Chinese). Xinhua. 23 June 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160711142438/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-06/23/content_1542456.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+Net+News&rft.atitle=Flag%2C+Emblem+and+Song+of+the+People%27s+Liberation+Army&rft.date=2004-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fziliao%2F2004-06%2F23%2Fcontent_1542456.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0701/c1011-28516063.html">"Uniform of Rocket Force"</a>. People's Daily (in Chinese). 1 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104131431/http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0701/c1011-28516063.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Uniform+of+Rocket+Force&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitary.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2016%2F0701%2Fc1011-28516063.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFATP_7-100.3:_Chinese_Tactics2021" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN33195-ATP_7-100.3-000-WEB-1.pdf">Army Techniques Publication 7-100.3: Chinese Tactics</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+the+Chinese+People%27s+Liberation+Army&rft.pub=Marine+Corps+Intelligence+Activity&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Alison+A.&rft.au=Mackenzie%2C+Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicintelligence.net%2Fmcia-pla-culture-study%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollpeterAllen2012" class="citation report cs1">Pollpeter, Kevin; Allen, Kenneth W., eds. (14 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1082742">The PLA as Organization v2.0</a> (Report). China Aerospace Studies Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+PLA+as+Organization+v2.0&rft.pub=China+Aerospace+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fcitations%2FAD1082742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Phillip C.; Ding, Arthur S.; Scobell, Andrew; Yang, Andrew N.D.; Joel, Wuthnow, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Publications/Books/Chairman-Xi-Remakes-the-PLA/">Chairman Xi Remakes the PLA: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms</a>. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1070233420" title="Special:BookSources/978-1070233420"><bdi>978-1070233420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chairman+Xi+Remakes+the+PLA%3A+Assessing+Chinese+Military+Reforms&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Defense+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1070233420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndupress.ndu.edu%2FPublications%2FBooks%2FChairman-Xi-Remakes-the-PLA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" class="extiw" title="commons:中国人民解放军">中国人民解放军</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about People's Liberation Army <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=People%26%2339%3Bs+Liberation+Army">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=People%26%2339%3Bs+Liberation+Army&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer1995" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, Edward L. (1995). China at War: 1901–1949. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Longman">Pearson Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582051232" title="Special:BookSources/9780582051232"><bdi>9780582051232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+at+War%3A+1901%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780582051232&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFravel2019" class="citation book cs1">Fravel, M. Taylor (2019). Active Defense: China's Military Strategy Since 1949. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691210339" title="Special:BookSources/9780691210339"><bdi>9780691210339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Active+Defense%3A+China%27s+Military+Strategy+Since+1949&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780691210339&rft.aulast=Fravel&rft.aufirst=M.+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2007" class="citation book cs1">Li, Xiaobing (2007). A History of the Modern Chinese Army. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813172248" title="Special:BookSources/9780813172248"><bdi>9780813172248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Chinese+Army&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780813172248&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiaobing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitsonHuangChên-hsia1973" class="citation book cs1">Whitson, William W.; Huang, Zhenxia; Chên-hsia, Huang (1973). The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927–71. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333150535" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333150535"><bdi>978-0333150535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+High+Command%3A+A+History+of+Communist+Military+Politics%2C+1927%E2%80%9371&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0333150535&rft.aulast=Whitson&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Huang%2C+Zhenxia&rft.au=Ch%C3%AAn-hsia%2C+Huang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present-day">Present-day</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2022/Nov/29/2003122279/-1/-1/1/2022-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF">2022 Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China</a> (PDF). Arlington, Virginia: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2022+Military+and+Security+Developments+Involving+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2022%2FNov%2F29%2F2003122279%2F-1%2F-1%2F1%2F2022-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"> (China Military Power Report, Annual Report to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseJefferyCheungGunness2015" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Michael S.; Jeffery, Engstrom; Cheung, Tai Ming; Gunness, Kristen A.; Harold, Scott; Puska, Susan; Berkowitz, Samuel K. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR893.html">China's Incomplete Military Transformation: Assessing the Weaknesses of the People's Liberation Army (PLA)</a>. <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780833088307" title="Special:BookSources/9780833088307"><bdi>9780833088307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Incomplete+Military+Transformation%3A+Assessing+the+Weaknesses+of+the+People%27s+Liberation+Army+%28PLA%29&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780833088307&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=Jeffery%2C+Engstrom&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Tai+Ming&rft.au=Gunness%2C+Kristen+A.&rft.au=Harold%2C+Scott&rft.au=Puska%2C+Susan&rft.au=Berkowitz%2C+Samuel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fresearch_reports%2FRR893.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2008" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Richard D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasmilitarymo0000fish">China's Military Modernization: Building for Regional and Global Reach</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger Security International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275994860" title="Special:BookSources/9780275994860"><bdi>9780275994860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Military+Modernization%3A+Building+for+Regional+and+Global+Reach&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780275994860&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinasmilitarymo0000fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamphausenLaiScobell2009" class="citation book cs1">Kamphausen, Roy; Lai, David; Scobell, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbr.org/publication/beyond-the-strait-pla-missions-other-than-taiwan/">Beyond the Strait: PLA Missions Other Than Taiwan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781304886385" title="Special:BookSources/9781304886385"><bdi>9781304886385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Strait%3A+PLA+Missions+Other+Than+Taiwan&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781304886385&rft.aulast=Kamphausen&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Lai%2C+David&rft.au=Scobell%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbr.org%2Fpublication%2Fbeyond-the-strait-pla-missions-other-than-taiwan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Liberation+Army" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Armed wing of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> 1 November 1948 – present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Template:People's Liberation Army"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Template talk:People's Liberation Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People's Liberation Army"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=China&#124;alt=China_People&#039;s_Liberation_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Liberation Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_China" title="Military budget of China">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Military equipment of the People's Republic of China">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_decorations_of_China" title="Template:Military decorations of China">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generals_of_China" title="List of generals of China">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="China and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Information operations and information warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Structure_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force_since_2017" title="Template:Structure of People's Liberation Army Ground Force since 2017">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="List of equipment of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Equipment</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infantry_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infantry of the People's Liberation Army (page does not exist)">Infantry</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:中国人民解放军步兵">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armored_forces_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armored forces of the People's Liberation Army (page does not exist)">Armored forces</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E8%A3%85%E7%94%B2%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:中国人民解放军装甲兵">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_artillery_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field artillery of the People's Liberation Army (page does not exist)">Artillery</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E7%82%AE%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:中国人民解放军炮兵">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_defense_artillery_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air defense artillery of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force (page does not exist)">Air defense</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:中国人民解放军陆军防空兵">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force_Aviation" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force Aviation">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_People%27s_Liberation_Army_aircraft" title="List of active People's Liberation Army aircraft">aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Liberation_Army_corps_of_engineers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Liberation Army corps of engineers (page does not exist)">Engineers</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:中国人民解放军工程兵">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Liberation_Army_chemical_defense_forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Liberation Army chemical defense forces (page does not exist)">Chemical defense</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E9%98%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:中国人民解放军防化兵">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Special_Operations_Forces" title="People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces">Special operations units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Navy Organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_weaponry_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="Naval weaponry of the People's Liberation Army Navy">Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">History</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Branches: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_Surface_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force">Surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active People's Liberation Army Navy ships">ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_programme" title="Chinese aircraft carrier programme">aircraft carriers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_Submarine_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_Coastal_Defense_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Navy Coastal Defense Force">Coastal Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Naval_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force">Naval Air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_People%27s_Liberation_Army_aircraft" title="List of active People's Liberation Army aircraft">aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_Marine_Corps" title="People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Special_Operations_Forces" title="People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces">special operations units</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Fleets: <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Fleet" title="North Sea Fleet">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sea_Fleet" title="East Sea Fleet">East Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Fleet" title="South Sea Fleet">South Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_People%27s_Liberation_Army_aircraft" title="List of active People's Liberation Army aircraft">aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force_airbases" title="List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases">airbases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force_Airborne_Corps" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps">Airborne Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Special_Operations_Forces" title="People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces">special operations units</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongfeng_(missile)" title="Dongfeng (missile)">Missile operation units</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Liberation_Army_corps_of_engineers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Liberation Army corps of engineers (page does not exist)">Rocket Force corps of engineers</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:中国人民解放军工程兵">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Special_Operations_Forces" title="People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces">Special operations units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">Aerospace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Astronaut_Corps" title="People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">astronauts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Deep_Space_Network" title="Chinese Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force">Cyberspace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force">Cyberspace Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Information Support Force">Information Support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Information Support Force">Information Support Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force">Joint Logistics Support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Joint_Logistics_Support_Base" title="Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base">Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base</a></li> <li>Theater's Joint Logistics Support Centers: <a href="/wiki/Wuxi_Joint_Logistics_Support_Center" title="Wuxi Joint Logistics Support Center">Wuxi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guilin_Joint_Logistics_Support_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilin Joint Logistics Support Center">Guilin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Xining_Joint_Logistics_Support_Center" title="Xining Joint Logistics Support Center">Xining</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Joint_Logistics_Support_Center" title="Shenyang Joint Logistics Support Center">Shenyang</a>; <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Joint_Logistics_Support_Center" title="Zhengzhou Joint Logistics Support Center">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.7em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice-Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_of_the_Joint_Staff_Department" title="Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department">Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Guard Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department" title="Logistic Support Department">Logistic Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Agency" title="China Manned Space Agency">Manned Space Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Strategic Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Reform and Organizational Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">International Military Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Offices Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.7em"><a href="/wiki/Theater_command" title="Theater command">Theater Commands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_Command" title="Eastern Theater Command">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Theater_Command" title="Southern Theater Command">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_Command" title="Western Theater Command">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Military_District" title="Tibet Military District">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theater_Command" title="Northern Theater Command">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Theater_Command" title="Central Theater Command">Central</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.7em">Military regions (defunct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Military_Region" title="Shenyang Military Region">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Military_Region" title="Beijing Military Region">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_Military_Region" title="Lanzhou Military Region">Lanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Military_Region" title="Jinan Military Region">Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Military_Region" title="Nanjing Military Region">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Military_Region" title="Guangzhou Military Region">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Military_Region" title="Chengdu Military Region">Chengdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ranks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uniform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xingkong_(camouflage)" title="Xingkong (camouflage)">Xingkong (camouflage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_07" title="Type 07">Type 07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_99_(camouflage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 99 (camouflage)">Type 99 (camouflage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_Service_Dress" title="Type 97 Service Dress">Type 97 Service Dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Academy_of_Military_Sciences" title="People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences">Academy of Military Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_National_Defence_University" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army National Defence University">National Defence University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">National University of Defense Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Command_College_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Command College of the Chinese People's Liberation Army">Army Command College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Air_Force_Aviation_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Air Force Aviation University">PLA Air Force Aviation University</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_institutions_of_the_armed_forces_of_China" title="Academic institutions of the armed forces of China">Academic institutions of the armed forces of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Daily">PLA Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_First_Film_Studio" title="August First Film Studio">August First Film Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCTV-7" title="CCTV-7">CCTV-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Science_of_Military_Strategy" title="The Science of Military Strategy">The Science of Military Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_Defense_White_Paper" title="China's Defense White Paper">Defense White Paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_China" title="Paramilitary forces of China">Paramilitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Police_Unit_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Police Unit of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force">Special police units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Leopard_Commando_Unit" title="Snow Leopard Commando Unit">Snow Leopard Commando Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Eagle_Commando_Unit" title="Mountain Eagle Commando Unit">Mountain Eagle Commando Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contractors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Aero-Technology_Import_%26_Export_Corporation" title="China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation">China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Electronics_Import_%26_Export_Corporation" title="China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation">China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norinco" title="Norinco">Norinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Precision_Machinery_Import-Export_Corporation" title="China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation">China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Shipbuilding_Industry_Corporation" title="China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation">China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_Technologies" title="Poly Technologies">Poly Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sons_of_National_Defence" title="Seven Sons of National Defence">Seven Sons of National Defence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authorized_Defense_Products_Dealer_of_PRC" title="Template:Authorized Defense Products Dealer of PRC">Authorized defense products dealer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People&#039;s_Liberation_Army_navboxes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="People&#039;s_Liberation_Army_navboxes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People's Liberation Army navboxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_security_and_law_enforcement_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_national_security" title="Template:China national security"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_national_security" title="Template talk:China national security"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_national_security" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China national security"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_security_and_law_enforcement_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">law enforcement</a> in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">NDMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">Supervisory Commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Public Security PP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">provincial Public Security Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">city/county Public Security Bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Internet_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Immigration_Inspection" title="China Immigration Inspection">Inspection</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">State Security PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Judicial Administrative PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">State Secrets Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Admin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Administrative_and_Law_Enforcement_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau">Urban Admin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Committee for Safeguarding National Security">Committee for Safeguarding National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">PLA Hong Kong Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">National Security Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Department" title="Correctional Services Department">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Customs_and_Excise_Department" title="Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Immigration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Macau">Macau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">PLA Macau Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Commission Against Corruption">Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Service (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Service</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a> (including Migration Service)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judicial_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judicial Police (page does not exist)">Judicial Police</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:澳門司法警察局">zh</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Services_Bureau" title="Fire Services Bureau">Fire Services Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau" title="Correctional Services Bureau">Correctional Services Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Customs_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Customs Service (page does not exist)">Macau Customs Service</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C" class="extiw" title="zh:澳門海關">zh</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a> (1950–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a> (1951–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufan_movement" title="Sufan movement">Sufan movement</a> (1955–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a> (1957–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign">1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign</a> (1983–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6521_Project" title="6521 Project">6521 Project</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism" title="Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism">Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fox_Hunt" title="Operation Fox Hunt">Operation Fox Hunt</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/709_crackdown" title="709 crackdown">709 crackdown</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Information operations and information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese espionage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_crackdown_on_dissidents_in_China" title="2011 crackdown on dissidents in China">2011 crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_jails" title="Black jails">Black jails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Servant-Family_Pair_Up" title="Civil Servant-Family Pair Up">Civil Servant-Family Pair Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid-style_social_management_in_China" title="Grid-style social management in China">Grid-style social management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law"> Hong Kong national security law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_national_security_cases" title="List of Hong Kong national security cases">List of Hong Kong national security cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inciting_subversion_of_state_power" title="Inciting subversion of state power">Inciting subversion of state power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_China" title="Life imprisonment in China">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_offences_in_China" title="Political offences in China">Political offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picking_quarrels_and_provoking_trouble" title="Picking quarrels and provoking trouble">Picking quarrels and provoking trouble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">Re-education through labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location" title="Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location">Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_detention" title="Soft detention">Soft detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-faced_person" title="Two-faced person">Two-faced person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_security_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic security concept">Holistic security concept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PRC_conflicts" title="Template:PRC conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PRC_conflicts" title="Template talk:PRC conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PRC_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PRC conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1927–50)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang_insurgency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuomintang insurgency (page does not exist)">Kuomintang insurgency</a> (1949–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a> (1950–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">Tibetan uprising</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> (1980–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Taiwan Strait</a> (vs <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>) (after 1 Oct 1949)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuningtou" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kuningtou">Kuningtou</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dengbu_Island" title="Battle of Dengbu Island">Dengbu Island</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Operation_on_Hainan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Operation on Hainan Island">Hainan Island</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanri_Island" title="Battle of Nanri Island">Nanri Island</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Island_Campaign" title="Dongshan Island Campaign">Dongshan Island</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yijiangshan_Islands" title="Battle of Yijiangshan Islands">Yijiangshan Islands</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dachen_Archipelago" title="Battle of Dachen Archipelago">Dachen Archipelago</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_campaign_at_the_China%E2%80%93Burma_border" class="mw-redirect" title="1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border">Burmese border</a> (1960–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dong-Yin" title="Battle of Dong-Yin">Dong-Yin</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> (1995–96)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (1965–1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola incident">Chola incident</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sino-Indian_skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sino-Indian skirmish">Sino-Indian skirmish</a> (1986-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daulat_Beg_Oldi_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Daulat Beg Oldi incident">Daulat Beg Oldi incident</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_India_China_border_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 India China border standoff">Sino-Indian Standoff</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 China–India skirmishes">Sino-Indian skirmishes</a> (2020-2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands" title="Battle of the Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979%E2%80%931991)" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)">Sino-Vietnamese conflicts</a> (1979–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fakashan" title="Battle of Fakashan">Battle of Fakashan</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laoshan" title="Battle of Laoshan">Battle of Laoshan</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Sword-B" title="Project Blue Sword-B">Project Blue Sword-B</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_South_Reef_Skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson South Reef Skirmish">Johnson South Reef Skirmish</a> (1988)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: none;"><div> <dl><dt>Principal belligerents and <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War">campaigns</a></dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">National Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">→</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Constitutional ROC Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">ROC Armed Forces</a>) <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">→</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a><hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Danghui_(pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/20px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/30px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="305" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/20px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/30px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/40px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/20px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/30px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/40px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="229" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">→</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Liberated Area</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">8th Route Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">etc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">→</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Liberation Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">→</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;">Pre-1945</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Post-1945</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1923</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sun%E2%80%93Joffe_Manifesto" title="Sun–Joffe Manifesto">Sun–Joffe Manifesto</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1924</td><td> <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1926</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Canton Coup</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune</a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanjing%E2%80%93Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing–Wuhan split">Nanjing–Wuhan split</a> <a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">715 Incident</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Long_March" title="Little Long March">Little Long March</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a> <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou Uprising</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1930–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns_(Chinese_Civil_War)" title="Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)">Encirclement campaigns</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1931–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1933–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian People's Government</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1934–1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1937–1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1944</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">Chongqing Negotiations</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a> <a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Jiaochangkou_incident" title="Jiaochangkou incident">Jiaochangkou Incident</a> <a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Peiping rape case</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Zisan_Incident" title="Yu Zisan Incident">Yu Zisan Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948</td><td> <a href="/wiki/SS_Kiangya" title="SS Kiangya">SS Kiangya incident</a> <a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign" title="Liaoshen campaign">Liaoshen campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai campaign</a> <a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taiping_(steamer)" title="Taiping (steamer)">Taiping Steamer Incident</a> <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign" title="Yangtze River Crossing campaign">Yangtze River Crossing campaign</a> <a href="/wiki/Amethyst_incident" title="Amethyst incident">Amethyst Incident</a> <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">ROC Government retreat to Taiwan</a> <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949–1953</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shanghai_(1949-1953)" title="Bombing of Shanghai (1949-1953)">Bombing of Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan Island campaign</a> <a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign" title="Wanshan Archipelago Campaign">Wanshan Archipelago Campaign</a> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950–1958</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1961–1972</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Sino-Japanese_War_(1937–1945)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Template:Second Sino-Japanese War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Template talk:Second Sino-Japanese War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Sino-Japanese War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War_(1937–1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Background" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Defense of the Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rehe" title="Battle of Rehe">Battle of Rehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)">Inner Mongolia Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_currency_reform" title="1935 currency reform">1935 currency reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Chahar_incident" title="North Chahar incident">North Chahar incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%E2%80%93Umezu_Agreement" title="He–Umezu Agreement">He–Umezu Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin%E2%80%93Doihara_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin–Doihara Agreement">Chin–Doihara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1_Declaration" title="August 1 Declaration">August 1 Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9th_Movement" title="December 9th Movement">December 9th Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebei%E2%80%93Chahar_Political_Council" title="Hebei–Chahar Political Council">Hebei–Chahar Political Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayaobu_Manifesto" title="Wayaobu Manifesto">Wayaobu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiyuan_campaign" title="Suiyuan campaign">Suiyuan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Participants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Participants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Communist China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Japanese and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Way_Government" title="Great Way Government">Great Way Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Chinese Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Chinese Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Nationalist Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army" title="Republic of China Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy" title="Republic of China Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Marine_Corps" title="Republic of China Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Japanese and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Imperial Japanese Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Army Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Navy Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Naval Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Manchukuo Armed Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Air_Force" title="Manchukuo Imperial Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Navy" title="Manchukuo Imperial Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Guards" title="Manchukuo Imperial Guards">Guards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Army" title="East Hebei Army">East Hebei Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen">Lin Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_Hsiang-hsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung Hsiang-hsi">Kung Hsiang-hsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Tse-ven" class="mw-redirect" title="Soong Tse-ven">Soong Tse-ven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yingqin" title="He Yingqin">He Yingqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Cheng" title="Chen Cheng">Chen Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruofei" title="Wang Ruofei">Wang Ruofei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Japanese and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiichir%C5%8D_Hiranuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiichirō Hiranuma">Kiichirō Hiranuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">Nobuyuki Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai" title="Mitsumasa Yonai">Mitsumasa Yonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Kuniaki Koiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni">Naruhiko Higashikuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki" title="Seishirō Itagaki">Seishirō Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunroku_Hata" title="Shunroku Hata">Shunroku Hata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korechika_Anami" title="Korechika Anami">Korechika Anami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai" title="Mitsumasa Yonai">Mitsumasa Yonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengo_Yoshida" title="Zengo Yoshida">Zengo Yoshida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigetar%C5%8D_Shimada" title="Shigetarō Shimada">Shigetarō Shimada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jinghui" title="Zhang Jinghui">Zhang Jinghui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhishan" title="Yu Zhishan">Yu Zhishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">Demchugdongrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chi_Zongmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chi Zongmo (page does not exist)">Chi Zongmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kemin" title="Wang Kemin">Wang Kemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Hongzhi" title="Liang Hongzhi">Liang Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Yuandao" title="Ren Yuandao">Ren Yuandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Wenyue" title="Bao Wenyue">Bao Wenyue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Li-jen" title="Sun Li-jen">Sun Li-jen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhanshan" title="Ma Zhanshan">Ma Zhanshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Japanese and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Kan%27in_Kotohito" title="Prince Kan'in Kotohito">Prince Kan'in Kotohito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Sugiyama" title="Hajime Sugiyama">Hajime Sugiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshijir%C5%8D_Umezu" title="Yoshijirō Umezu">Yoshijirō Umezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Fushimi_Hiroyasu" title="Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu">Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osami_Nagano" title="Osami Nagano">Osami Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemu_Toyoda" title="Soemu Toyoda">Soemu Toyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshir%C5%8D_Oikawa" title="Koshirō Oikawa">Koshirō Oikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shouxin" title="Li Shouxin">Li Shouxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Peng" title="Ye Peng">Ye Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Kuiyi" title="Yang Kuiyi">Yang Kuiyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Course_of_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Course of War</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Campaigns" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jianqiao" title="Battle of Jianqiao">Battle of Jianqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Saturday_(Shanghai)" title="Bloody Saturday (Shanghai)">Bloody Saturday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taiyuan" title="Battle of Taiyuan">Battle of Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nanjing">Battle of Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Bombing of Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Henan" title="Battle of Northern and Eastern Henan">Battle of Northern and Eastern Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">Battle of Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xuzhou" title="Battle of Xuzhou">Battle of Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanchang" title="Battle of Nanchang">Battle of Nanchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suixian%E2%80%93Zaoyang" title="Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang">Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">1939 Changsha campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">First Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">1941 Changsha campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">1941-1942 Changsha campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnan_Campaign" title="Linnan Campaign">Linnan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">1944 Burma campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Operation Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">1944-1945 Burma campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Henan%E2%80%93North_Hubei" title="Battle of West Henan–North Hubei">West Henan–North Hubei campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">Zhijiang campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lanfeng" title="Battle of Lanfeng">Battle of Lanfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Battle of Central Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1944)" title="Battle of Changsha (1944)">1944 Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Myitkyina" title="Siege of Myitkyina">Siege of Myitkyina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Song" title="Battle of Mount Song">Battle of Mount Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hengyang" title="Battle of Hengyang">Battle of Hengyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilin%E2%80%93Liuzhou" title="Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou">Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tientsin_Incident_(1931)" title="Tientsin Incident (1931)">Tientsin Incident (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdingshan_massacre" title="Pingdingshan massacre">Pingdingshan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Chahar_incident" title="North Chahar incident">North Chahar incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Pamela_Werner" title="Murder of Pamela Werner">Murder of Pamela Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beiping%E2%80%93Tianjin" title="Battle of Beiping–Tianjin">Langfang Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanganmen_incident" title="Guanganmen incident">Guanganmen incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_mutiny" title="Tongzhou mutiny">Tongzhou mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengding_Missionary_Murder" title="Zhengding Missionary Murder">Zhengding Missionary Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kweilin_incident" title="Kweilin incident">Kweilin incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Dalfram_dispute" title="1938 Dalfram dispute">1938 Dalfram dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tientsin_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tientsin Incident">Tientsin Incident (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimingjie_germ_weapon_attack" title="Kaimingjie germ weapon attack">Kaimingjie germ weapon attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yiguang" title="Huang Yiguang">Execution of Huang Yiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjiayu_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjiayu massacre">Panjiayu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Rape of Nancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjiao_massacre" title="Changjiao massacre">Changjiao massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegenmiao_massacre" title="Gegenmiao massacre">Gegenmiao massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Power_Treaty_Conference" title="Nine Power Treaty Conference">Nine Power Treaty Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Declarations" class="mw-redirect" title="Konoe Declarations">Konoe Declarations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">Chongqing Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_Day" title="Retrocession Day">Retrocession Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Taipei" title="Treaty of Taipei">Treaty of Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murayama_Statement" title="Murayama Statement">Murayama Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_engagements_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War">Aerial engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_groups_of_the_National_Revolutionary_Army" title="Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army">Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_aircraft_in_use_during_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="List of Japanese aircraft in use during the Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_used_by_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese armoured fighting vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_campaigns_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese campaigns of the Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_infantry_weapons_used_in_the_Second-Sino_Japanese_War" title="List of Japanese infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War">Japanese infantry weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="List of military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War">Military engagements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_resistance_volunteers_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China">Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Volunteer_Group" title="American Volunteer Group">American Volunteer Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Volunteer_Group" title="Soviet Volunteer Group">Soviet Volunteer Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nazi_Germany_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Nazi Germany relations">Sino-German cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_China_(Second_Sino-Japanese_War)" title="Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War)">Free China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Japan_during_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War_and_World_War_II" title="Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II">Japanese propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Protracted_War" title="On Protracted War">On Protracted War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ip_Man" title="Ip Man">Ip Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a></li> <li>Stubborn Army</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Category:Second Sino-Japanese War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bhutan" title="Military of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Forces_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Forces of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Military Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste_Defence_Force" title="Timor Leste Defence Force">Timor Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Turkmenistan" title="Armed Forces of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Uzbekistan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen Armed Forces">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Armed_Forces" title="Abkhazian Armed Forces">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Ossetia" title="Armed Forces of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Forces_Command" title="Security Forces Command">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies and other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200106#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122672324">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154855848">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1039400-X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79092531">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36597523">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99038626">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811537406105606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007526380005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/078650534">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Liberation_Army&oldid=1258239808">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Liberation_Army&oldid=1258239808</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People%27s_Liberation_Army" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilali2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHjortdal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoontrakul2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJia_Nan_()2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJinghua\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJones2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadam2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamphausenLaiScobell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKania2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaniaAllen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmanMackenzie2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrekel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensenKorda2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensenKordaJohnsKnight2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensenKordaReynolds2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLague2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLague2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagueLim2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLampton2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeBéraud-SudreauBrewsterCairns2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeWiles2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewLeung2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoganSaunders2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoh2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMali2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus,_ClayRod,_Lee2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFadden1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborn2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPaine2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollpeterAllen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiaoWang1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQimao1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogowayHelfrich2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRushkoff1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusso2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanFinkelsteinMcDevitt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakaguchiMayama1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSasaki2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScobell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShinnEisenman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarri2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSun2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzczudlik-Tatar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTellis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorode2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorodeTian2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevethan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Praagh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Tronder2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVavasseur2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Allen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWei2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertheim2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitsonHuangChên-hsia1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_R.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongPerlezBuckley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWortzel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuthnowSaunders2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXue2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYardley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYew_Lun_Tian2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZedong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhai2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZissis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF人民日报1963\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic_minorities_in_the_People\u0026#039;s_Liberation_Army\"] = 1,\n [\"IISS2020\"] = 1,\n [\"SIPRI_Fact_Sheet,_March_2015\"] = 1,\n [\"Women_in_the_People\u0026#039;s_Liberation_Army\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Air force\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Army\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blist\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"China national security\"] = 1,\n [\"China topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 84,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Currency\"] = 2,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Familytree\"] = 19,\n [\"Familytree/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Familytree/start\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 3,\n [\"Frac\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox national military\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 16,\n [\"Military of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Navy\"] = 1,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PRC conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"PRC military sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"People's Liberation Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 5,\n [\"Politics of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China (PLARF)\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China (PLASSF)\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLARF)\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLASSF)\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OR/People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 21,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-inc\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"Second Sino-Japanese War\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 48,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 2,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 1,\n [\"USD\"] = 1,\n [\"USSR\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n [\"Zh\"] = 8,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","20.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","14.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","8.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","7.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","7.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","1.6"],["gsub","40","1.6"],["[others]","680","27.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qr4c8","timestamp":"20241124053134","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"People's Liberation 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