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<span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoring_Jaŋalif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoring_Jaŋalif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Restoring Jaŋalif</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Restoring_Jaŋalif-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Restoring Jaŋalif subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Restoring_Jaŋalif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inalif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inalif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inalif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inalif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yañalif</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81" title="ينكاليف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ينكاليف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_t%C3%BCrk_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Yeni türk əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeni türk əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Яңалиф – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яңалиф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janalif" title="Janalif – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Janalif" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%EA%9E%91alif" title="Jaꞑalif – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jaꞑalif" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%86" title="Γιαναλίφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιαναλίφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanalif" title="Yanalif – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yanalif" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Tjurka_Alfabeto" title="Nova Tjurka Alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nova Tjurka Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ینگه‌الفبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ینگه‌الفبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanalif" title="Yanalif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yanalif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF" title="Жаңәліп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаңәліп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C5%8Balif_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Jaŋalif írás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jaŋalif írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janalif" title="Janalif – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Janalif" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%EA%9E%91alif" title="Jaꞑalif – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jaꞑalif" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Новый тюркский алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новый тюркский алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusi_kirjaimisto" title="Uusi kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusi kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Яңалиф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яңалиф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanelif" title="Yanelif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yanelif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84" title="Яналіф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яналіф" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Yañalif<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><i>Jaᶇa Əlifba</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png/150px-Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png/225px-Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png/300px-Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="2620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data">Various, primarily during the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinisation in the Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1924-1940</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic scripts</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> augmented by <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Yañalif</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unified_Northern_Alphabet" title="Unified Northern Alphabet">Unified Northern Alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Subset of <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode Latin">Latin</a>, some characters not available</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jaꞑalif</b>, <b>Yangalif</b> or <b>Yañalif</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>: jaŋa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaŋalif/yañalif, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">[jɑŋɑˈlif]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") is the first <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> used during the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">latinisation in the Soviet Union</a> in the 1930s for the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>. It replaced the <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>-based alphabet in 1928, and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic alphabet</a> in 1938–1940. After their respective independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Jaꞑalif. </p><p>There are 33 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> in Jaꞑalif, nine of which are <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> (') is used for the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (həmzə or hämzä) and is sometimes considered a letter for the purposes of alphabetic sorting. Other characters may also be used in spelling foreign names. The lowercase form of the letter B is ʙ (small caps B), to prevent confusion with Ь ь (I with bowl). <a href="/wiki/I_with_bowl" title="I with bowl">Letter No. 33</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang alphabet">Zhuang</a> <a href="/wiki/%C6%84" title="Ƅ">Ƅ</a>, is not currently available as a Latin character in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, but it looks exactly like Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">soft sign (Ь)</a>. Capital Ə (schwa) also looks like Russian/Cyrillic Э in some fonts. There is also a digraph in Jaꞑalif (Ьj ьj). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C3%B1alif&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest written text in a <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak language">Kipchak language</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman language</a>, an ancestor of the modern Tatar language and written with Latin characters, is the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Cumanicus" title="Codex Cumanicus">Codex Cumanicus</a>, dated 1303. Such texts were used by <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> missionaries to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. Their Latin script ceased to be used after <a href="/wiki/Gazaria_(Genoese_colonies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazaria (Genoese colonies)">Gazaria</a> was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 15th century. </p><p>For centuries some <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar languages</a> as well as some other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> used a modified <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="İske imlâ">İske imlâ</a>. The deficiencies of this alphabet were both technical (abundance of positional letterforms complicated adoption of modern technology such as <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a>) and linguistic (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> has only three vowel qualities, but Tatar has nine, which had to be mapped onto combinations and variations of the three existing vowel letters). Because of this some Turkic intelligentsia tended to use the Latin or <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. The first attempts appeared in the mid-19th century among <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zakiev_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakiev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same period the Russian missionary <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ilminsky" title="Nikolay Ilminsky">Nikolay Ilminsky</a>, along with followers, invented a modified <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a> for the Turkic peoples of <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural" title="Idel-Ural">Idel-Ural</a>, for the purpose of Christianization; Muslim Tatars did not use his alphabet. </p><p>In 1908–1909 the Tatar poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A4%C4%9Fit_R%C3%A4miyev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Säğit Rämiyev (page does not exist)">Säğit Rämiyev</a> started to use the Latin script in his works. He used several <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>: <i>ea</i> for [æ], <i>eu</i> for [y], <i>eo</i> for [ɵ] and <i>ei</i> for [ɯ]. Arabists turned down his project, preferring to reform <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="İske imlâ">İske imlâ</a>. The simplified Arabic script, known as <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaña imlâ">Yaña imlâ</a>, was used in 1920–1927.<sup id="cite_ref-zakiev_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakiev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinisation in the Soviet Union</a>, a special <i>Central Committee for a New Alphabet</i> was established in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. The first project for a Tatar-Bashkir Latin alphabet was published in ئشچی (<i>Eşce</i>, "The Worker") newspaper on 18 July 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sounds specific to the <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir language</a> were written with digraphs.<sup id="cite_ref-zakiev_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakiev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the publication, the <i>Latin Dustь</i> ("friend of the Latin") society was formed in Kazan on 16 November 1924. It suggested its own version of Tatar Latin alphabet, which didn't cover Bashkir sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurbatov_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurbatov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926 the Congress of <a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkologists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> recommended to switch all Turkic <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. In April 1926 the <i>Jaꞑa Tatar Əlifвasь / Yaña tatar älifbası / Яңа Татар Әлифбасы</i> (New Tatar Alphabet) society started its work at <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TES_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TES-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 3, 1927, <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> officials declared <b>Jaꞑalif</b> the official script of the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a>, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaña imlâ">Yaña imlâ</a> script. The first variant of Jaᶇalif did not have separate letters for K and Q (realized as K) and for G and Ğ (realized as G), V and W (realized as W). Ş (sh) looked like the Cyrillic letter <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш</a> (she). C and Ç were realized as in Turkish and the modern Tatar Latin alphabet and later were transposed in the final version of Jaᶇalif.<sup id="cite_ref-zakiev_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakiev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928 Jaꞑalif was reformed and remained in active use for 12 years. Some sources claim that this alphabet had 34 letters, but the last was a digraph <i>Ьj</i>, used for the corresponding Tatar <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zakiev_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakiev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source states that the 34th letter was an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>. They also give another sorting of the alphabet. (Ə after A, Ь after E)<sup id="cite_ref-TES_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TES-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the introduction of Jaꞑalif most of the books which were printed in the Arabic alphabet were withdrawn from libraries. </p> <table class="Unicode wikitable" style="text-align:center;background:white;"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Final version<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(1928–1940)</th> <th>Original version<br />(1927)</th> <th><i>Latin Dustь</i> project<br />(1924)</th> <th><i>Eşce</i> project<br />(1924)</th> <th>Yaña imlâ, <br /> stand-alone form</th> <th>Modern Latin <a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar alphabet</a> <br /> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of Bashkir</th> <th>modern Cyrillic Tatar alphabet<br />+ some Bashkir Cyrillic </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A a</a></td> <td>A a</td> <td>A a</td> <td>A a</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئا</span>‎</td> <td>A a</td> <td>А а </td> <td>/a/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B ʙ</a></td> <td>B b</td> <td>B ʙ</td> <td>B b</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎</td> <td>B b</td> <td>Б б </td> <td>/b/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C c</a></td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td>C c</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چ</span>‎</td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>/tɕ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">Ç ç</a></td> <td>C c</td> <td>Ĝ ĝ</td> <td>J j</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎</td> <td>C c</td> <td>Җ җ </td> <td>/dʑ, ʑ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D d</a></td> <td>D d</td> <td>D d</td> <td>D d</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د</span>‎</td> <td>D d</td> <td>Д д </td> <td>/d/ </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Đ">Đ đ</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Dh dh</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ذ</span>‎</td> <td>Ź ź</td> <td>Ҙ ҙ </td> <td>/ð, dz/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E e</a></td> <td>E e</td> <td>E e</td> <td>Э э</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئـ</span>‎</td> <td>E e</td> <td>Е е (э) </td> <td>/e/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" title="Ə">Ə ə</a></td> <td>Э ә</td> <td>Ä ä</td> <td>E e</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئە</span>‎</td> <td>Ä ä</td> <td>Ә ә </td> <td>/æ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F f</a></td> <td>F f</td> <td>F f</td> <td>F f</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ف</span>‎</td> <td>F f</td> <td>Ф ф </td> <td>/f/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G g</a></td> <td rowspan="2">G g</td> <td>G g</td> <td>G g</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گ</span>‎</td> <td>G g</td> <td rowspan="2">Г г </td> <td>/g/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gha" title="Gha">Ƣ ƣ</a></td> <td>Gh gh</td> <td>Ĝ ĝ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>‎</td> <td>Ğ ğ </td> <td>/ɣ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H h</a></td> <td>H h</td> <td>H h</td> <td>H h</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ه</span>‎</td> <td>H h</td> <td>Һ һ </td> <td>/h/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I i</a></td> <td>I i</td> <td>I i</td> <td>I i</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئی</span>‎</td> <td>İ i</td> <td>И и </td> <td>/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J j</a></td> <td>J j</td> <td>J j</td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ی</span>‎</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>Й й </td> <td>/j/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K k</a></td> <td>K k</td> <td>K k</td> <td>K k</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ک</span>‎</td> <td>K k</td> <td>К к </td> <td>/k/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L l</a></td> <td>L l</td> <td>L l</td> <td>L l</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎</td> <td>L l</td> <td>Л л </td> <td>/l/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M m</a></td> <td>M m</td> <td>M m</td> <td>M m</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎</td> <td>M m</td> <td>М м </td> <td>/m/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N n</a></td> <td>N n</td> <td>N n</td> <td>N n</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ن</span>‎</td> <td>N n</td> <td>Н н </td> <td>/n/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/N_with_descender" title="N with descender">Ŋ ŋ</a></td> <td>Ŋ ŋ</td> <td>Ng ng</td> <td>Ŋ ŋ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڭ</span>‎</td> <td>Ñ ñ</td> <td>Ң ң </td> <td>/ŋ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O o</a></td> <td>O o</td> <td>O o</td> <td>O o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢭئۇ</span>‎</td> <td>O o</td> <td>О о </td> <td>/o/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%9F" title="Ɵ">Ɵ ɵ</a></td> <td>Ó ó</td> <td>Ö ö</td> <td>Ö ö</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئۇ</span>‎</td> <td>Ö ö</td> <td>Ө ө </td> <td>/ø/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P p</a></td> <td>P p</td> <td>P p</td> <td>P p</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پ</span>‎</td> <td>P p</td> <td>П п </td> <td>/p/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q q</a></td> <td>K k</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>Q q</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ق</span>‎</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>К к </td> <td>/q/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R r</a></td> <td>R r</td> <td>R r</td> <td>R r</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</td> <td>R r</td> <td>Р р </td> <td>/r/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S s</a></td> <td>S s</td> <td>S s</td> <td>S s</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</td> <td>S s</td> <td>С с </td> <td>/s/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>25 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E" title="Ş">Ş ş</a></td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>26 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T t</a></td> <td>T t</td> <td>T t</td> <td>T t</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎</td> <td>T t</td> <td>Т т </td> <td>/t/ </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>Ѣ ѣ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Th th</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ث</span>‎</td> <td>Ś ś</td> <td>Ҫ ҫ </td> <td>/ɕ, θ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>27 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U u</a></td> <td>U u</td> <td>U u</td> <td>U u</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢭئو</span>‎</td> <td>U u</td> <td>У у </td> <td>/u, w/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">28 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V v</a></td> <td rowspan="2">W w</td> <td></td> <td>V v</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ۋ</span>‎</td> <td>V v</td> <td rowspan="2">В в </td> <td>/v/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>W w</td> <td>W w</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</td> <td>W w </td> <td>/w/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>29 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X x</a></td> <td>X x</td> <td>X x</td> <td>X x</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ح</span>‎</td> <td>X x</td> <td>Х х </td> <td>/x/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>30 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y y</a></td> <td>V v</td> <td>Ü ü</td> <td>Ü ü</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئو</span>‎</td> <td>Ü ü</td> <td>Ү ү </td> <td>/w, y/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>31 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z z</a></td> <td>Z z</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>Z z</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ز</span>‎</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>З з </td> <td>/z/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>32 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƶ">Ƶ ƶ</a></td> <td>Ƶ ƶ</td> <td>Ƶ ƶ</td> <td>Ƶ ƶ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژ</span>‎</td> <td>J j</td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>/ʒ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>33 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/I_with_bowl" title="I with bowl">Ь ь</a></td> <td>É é</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>Ə ə</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢭئـ</span>‎</td> <td>I ı</td> <td>Ы ы </td> <td>/ɯ, ɤ, ɨ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>(34.1) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼ">ʼ</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ء</span>‎</td> <td>ʼ</td> <td>ъ, ь, э </td> <td>/ʔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>(34.2) </th> <td>Ьj ьj</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>Yj yj</td> <td>Y y</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢭئیـ</span>‎</td> <td>Iy ıy</td> <td>Ый ый </td> <td>/ɤj/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Eşce</i> (1924) alphabetical order:<sup id="cite_ref-Kurbatov_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurbatov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>A B C Ç D Dh E F G Ĝ H I J K L M N Ŋ O Ö P Q R S T Th U Ü W V X Y Z Ƶ Ə Э</dd></dl> <p><i>Latin dustь</i> (1924) alphabetical order:<sup id="cite_ref-Kurbatov_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurbatov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>A B Ĝ Ç D E Ä Y F Gh G H I J Q K L M N Ng Ö O P R S T U Ü W X Z Ƶ Ş</dd></dl> <p>Original Jaᶇalif (1927) alphabetical order: </p> <dl><dd>A B C Ç D E É Э F G H I J K L M N Ŋ O Ó P R S T U V X Y Z Ƶ Ш W</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C3%B1alif&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using two different alphabets for Russian and Turkic languages was problematic: people had to learn two different alphabets, confusing letters of one alphabet for letters from another, and Turkic languages had to use specific typewriters instead of sharing typewriters with Russian. In order to overcome these issues, a decision was made to convert Turkic languages to Cyrillic. In 1939 the Soviet government prohibited Jaᶇalif although it remained in use until January 1940.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jaᶇalif was also used in <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> gazettes for prisoners of war and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The alphabet served until the 1950s, because most of the schoolbooks were printed before World War II. Some Tatar diasporas also used Jaᶇalif outside of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, for example the Tatar bureau of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>. </p><p>For 12 years of usage the Latin script, Arabic script (and not only Jaña imlâ, but İske imlâ too) also were used. One of the <a href="/wiki/Musa_C%C3%A4lil" title="Musa Cälil">Musa Cälil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moabit_Notebooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Moabit Notebooks">Moabit Notebooks</a> was written in Jaᶇalif, and another was written in Arabic letters. Both notebooks were written in German prison, after 1939, the year when the Cyrillic script was established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoring_Jaŋalif"><span id="Restoring_Ja.C5.8Balif"></span>Restoring Jaŋalif</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C3%B1alif&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Restoring Jaŋalif"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AC-%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/%D0%AC-%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/I_with_bowl" title="I with bowl">I with bowl</a> does not have separate encoding in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">Ь</a> is used. Only some Tatar <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> use this <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a>.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ng_Janalif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Ng_Janalif.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/N_with_descender" title="N with descender">N with descender</a>, a variant of <a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">Ŋ</a>, that was used in Jaꞑalif and is represented in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> since 6.0. Only some Tatar <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> use this <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> at the position of <a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s some wanted to restore Jaꞑalif, or Jaꞑalif +W, as being appropriate for the modern Tatar phonetics. But technical problems, such as font problems and the disuse of <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Turkic alphabet">Uniform Turkic alphabet</a> among other peoples, forced the use of a "<a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish-based</a> alphabet". In 2000 such an alphabet was adopted by the Tatarstan government, but in 2002 it was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zakiev_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakiev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inalif">Inalif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C3%B1alif&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inalif"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Internet-style" alphabet named <i>Inalif</i> after <i><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></i> and <i>älifba</i> was convented in 2003 and partly it was inspired by Jaᶇalif. The main purpose of this alphabet was standardization of texts, which are typed on a standard English keyboard, without any diacritical marks. But this is not a simple transliteration of non-English symbols of Jaꞑalif or modern alphabet. Sounds absent from English are represented with digraphs; soft vowels are represented as a combination of the pairmate and <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>, apart from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span>, corresponding to ⟨ь⟩ in Jaꞑalif, which is represented as ⟨y⟩, probably under influence of <a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Russian">transliteration of Russian</a>. Like in Jaꞑalif, ⟨j⟩ represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>, and ⟨zh⟩ is used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>, corresponding to ⟨ƶ⟩ in Jaᶇalif. ⟨x⟩ isn't used in Inalif, and ⟨kh⟩ is used instead. Other changes include: ⟨ä⟩ → ⟨a'⟩; ⟨ö⟩ → ⟨o'⟩; ⟨ü⟩ → ⟨u'⟩; ⟨ç⟩ → ⟨ch⟩; ⟨ğ⟩ → ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ñ⟩ → ⟨ng⟩; ⟨ş⟩ → ⟨sh⟩. The sorting order of Inalif isn't specified, but in practice, the English sorting order is used. Inalif is used only on the Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C3%B1alif&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tatar literary scholar Hatip Minnegulov: "The replacement of the Arabic script, used by our people for more than a thousand years, with the Latin and soon the Cyrillic alphabet was a terrible blow to the continuity of the people's memory, which can be considered as burning the bridges between the past and the present".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jussi_Ahtinen-Karsikko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jussi Ahtinen-Karsikko (page does not exist)">Jussi Ahtinen-Karsikko</a> wrote in Finland in 1934: "The change made in the footsteps of the religious indifference formed under the influence of Kemal Pasha's French spirit" felt as if "a thousand-year-old precious tradition had been frivolously sacrificed in favor of a suspicious Western progressiveness".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Head of the Middle East and Central Asia Section at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, Michael Erdman, feels that the Turkic usage of Arabic script, which dates back to the 10th century when Islam was adopted by Turkic communities, is not as unsuitable as critics claim. Erdman thinks that it is entirely possible to use the script while taking into account the unique vocal features of each languages, which a vast amount of reform efforts in the Russian Empire and later Soviet Union show. He also takes aim at the claim that Arabic script is solely connected to religion and thus backwardness by showcasing modern scientific works created in this writing. Erdman reminds that millions of Turkic people, such as the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> of China and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azeris of Iran</a>, still use the Arabic script.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C3%B1alif&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-zakiev-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zakiev_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakiev_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakiev_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakiev_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakiev_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakiev_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> М.З. Закиев. Тюрко-татарское письмо. История, состояние, перспективы. Москва, "Инсан", 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MsUOAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5">"Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркших языков СССР: Сборник статей"</a>. 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%3A+%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMsUOAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYa%C3%B1alif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurbatov-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurbatov_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurbatov_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurbatov_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКурбатов,_Хәлиф_Рәхим_улы1960" class="citation cs2">Курбатов, Хәлиф Рәхим улы (1960), <i>Татар теленең алфавиты hәм орфография тарихы</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Book_Publishers" title="Tatar Book Publishers">Tatar Book Publishers</a>, p. 71</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%A3+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B+h%D3%99%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B&rft.place=Kazan&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Tatar+Book+Publishers&rft.date=1960&rft.au=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84+%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYa%C3%B1alif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TES-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TES_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TES_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Jaᶇalif/Яңалиф". <i><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Encyclopaedia" title="Tatar Encyclopaedia">Tatar Encyclopaedia</a></i> (in Tatar). <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a> Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ja%E1%B6%87alif%2F%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84&rft.btitle=Tatar+Encyclopaedia&rft.place=Kazan&rft.pub=The+Republic+of+Tatarstan+Academy+of+Sciences.+Institution+of+the+Tatar+Encyclopaedia&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYa%C3%B1alif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFӘхмәров,_Ҡасим_Закир_улы1972" class="citation cs2">Әхмәров, Ҡасим Закир улы (1972), <i>Башҡорт яҙыуы тарихенән</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>: Башҡортостан китап нәшриәте, p. 67</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82+%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BD&rft.place=Ufa&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF+%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.date=1972&rft.au=%D3%98%D1%85%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80+%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYa%C3%B1alif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnegulov" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Minnegulov, Hatip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rus.sptatar.com/istoriya-izucheniya-literatury-zolotoj-ordy-v-tatarstane/">"History of the study of the literature of the Golden Horde in Tatarstan"</a> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+study+of+the+literature+of+the+Golden+Horde+in+Tatarstan&rft.aulast=Minnegulov&rft.aufirst=Hatip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frus.sptatar.com%2Fistoriya-izucheniya-literatury-zolotoj-ordy-v-tatarstane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYa%C3%B1alif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bedretdin, Kadriye (toim.): <i>Tugan Tel – Kirjoituksia Suomen tataareista</i>. Helsinki: Suomen Itämainen Seura, 2011.  <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789519380780" title="Special:BookSources/9789519380780">ISBN 978-951-9380-78-0</a> (p. 288)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdman2024" class="citation web cs1">Erdman, Michael (February 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajammc.com/2024/02/11/latin-lies-arabic-script-turkic/">"Latin Lies: The Lost History of Arabic Script Experimentation in Turkic Languages"</a>. <i>ajam media collective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ajam+media+collective&rft.atitle=Latin+Lies%3A+The+Lost+History+of+Arabic+Script+Experimentation+in+Turkic+Languages&rft.date=2024-02-11&rft.aulast=Erdman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajammc.com%2F2024%2F02%2F11%2Flatin-lies-arabic-script-turkic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYa%C3%B1alif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C3%B1alif&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_alphabet" title="Common Turkic alphabet">Common Turkic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C3%B1alif&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?mova=en&j=tt">Tatar Cyrillic-Latin text and website converter</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yañalif&oldid=1257640366">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yañalif&oldid=1257640366</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tatar_language" title="Category:Tatar language">Tatar language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_alphabets" title="Category:Latin alphabets">Latin alphabets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="Category:Alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets used by Turkic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tatarstan" title="Category:History of Tatarstan">History of Tatarstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanization" title="Category:Romanization">Romanization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_introduced_in_1924" title="Category:Writing systems introduced in 1924">Writing systems introduced in 1924</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_disestablishments_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1940 disestablishments in the Soviet Union">1940 disestablishments in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1924_establishments_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1924 establishments in the Soviet Union">1924 establishments in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Tatar-language_sources_(tt)" title="Category:CS1 Tatar-language sources (tt)">CS1 Tatar-language sources (tt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Tatar_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Tatar IPA">Pages with Tatar IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 23:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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