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<li id="toc-Geographical_expansion_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_expansion_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Geographical expansion and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_expansion_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Schema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_possible_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_possible_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other possible relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_possible_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other possible relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_possible_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rejected_or_controversial_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejected_or_controversial_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rejected or controversial theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejected_or_controversial_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Uralic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiese_tale" title="Turkiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD_%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0%E1%88%A0%E1%89%A5" title="የቱርኪክ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቱርኪክ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Атиурк бызшәақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Атиурк бызшәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات أتراكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات أتراكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_turquicas" title="Luengas turquicas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas turquicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_t%C3%BArquiques" title="Llingües túrquiques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües túrquiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Туркиял мацӀал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркиял мацӀал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dill%C9%99ri" title="Türk dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türk dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تورک دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورک دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="তুর্কীয় ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" title="Төрки телдәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төрки телдәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Цюркскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цюркскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Цюрскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цюрскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тюркски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тюркски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkijski_jezici" title="Turkijski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turkijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_turkek" title="Yezhoù turkek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù turkek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_t%C3%BArquiques" title="Llengües túrquiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües túrquiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тĕрĕк чĕлхисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕрĕк чĕлхисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkick%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Turkické jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkické jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitauro_ye_chiTuruki" title="Mitauro ye chiTuruki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mitauro ye chiTuruki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Tyrcaidd" title="Ieithoedd Tyrcaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Tyrcaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiske_sprog" title="Tyrkiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turksprachen" title="Turksprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turksprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkojske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Turkojske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkojske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgi_keeled" title="Turgi keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Turgi keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Τουρκικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_t%C3%BArquicas" title="Lenguas túrquicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas túrquicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjurka_lingvaro" title="Tjurka lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tjurka lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiar_hizkuntzak" title="Turkiar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkiar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های ترکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ترکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_bhasa" title="Turkic bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkic bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_turciques" title="Langues turciques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues turciques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkske_talen" title="Turkske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Tuircice" title="Teangacha Tuircice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Tuircice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dilleri" title="Türk dilleri – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türk dilleri" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_turcas" title="Linguas turcas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas turcas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Тюркий метташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Тюркий метташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk_Ng%C3%AE-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Turk Ngî-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Turk Ngî-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="튀르크어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르크어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Թյուրքական լեզվախումբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թյուրքական լեզվախումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तुर्की भाषा परिवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्की भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Turkske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkijski_jezici" title="Turkijski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turkijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turka_lingui" title="Turka lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turka lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Turkik" title="Rumpun bahasa Turkik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Turkik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Тюркаг æвзæгтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тюркаг æвзæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrk%C3%ADsk_m%C3%A1l" title="Tyrkísk mál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkísk mál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_turche" title="Lingue turche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue turche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות טורקיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות טורקיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga_basa_Turk" title="Kulawarga basa Turk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulawarga basa Turk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თურქული ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Түркі тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түркі тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kiturki" title="Lugha za Kiturki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kiturki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_tirk%C3%AE" title="Zimanên tirkî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên tirkî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Түрк тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түрк тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Turcicae" title="Linguae Turcicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Turcicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjurku_valodas" title="Tjurku valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tjurku valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Туьрк чӀалар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Туьрк чӀалар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiurk%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Tiurkų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tiurkų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_turcica" title="Linguas turcica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas turcica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_nyelvek" title="Török nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Török nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Туркиски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туркиски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianakaviam-piteny_torkika" title="Fianakaviam-piteny torkika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fianakaviam-piteny torkika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="തുർക്കിക് ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്കിക് ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="तुर्की भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्की भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ترکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ترکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa-bahasa Turki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Түрэг хэлний язгуур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Түрэг хэлний язгуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkse_talen" title="Turkse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="チュルク語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チュルク語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Туьркийн меттанаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туьркийн меттанаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkspriaken" title="Turkspriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Turkspriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tyrkiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyrkiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tyrkiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyrkiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_turquesas" title="Lengas turquesas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas turquesas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Тюрк йылме-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тюрк йылме-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiy_tillar" title="Turkiy tillar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkiy tillar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤੁਰਕੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ترک بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترک بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_turkijskie" title="Języki turkijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki turkijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_turcomanas" title="Línguas turcomanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas turcomanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy_tiller" title="Türkiy tiller – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkiy tiller" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_turcice" title="Limbi turcice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi turcice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_rimaykuna" title="Turku rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turku rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тюркские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тюркские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Түүр тыллара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түүр тыллара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACnguas_turcas" title="Lìnguas turcas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lìnguas turcas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_leids" title="Turkic leids – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkic leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turksproaken" title="Turksproaken – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Turksproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_turkike" title="Gjuhët turkike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët turkike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkick%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Turkické jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turkické jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C5%A1ki_jeziki" title="Turški jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turški jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecke_godki" title="Turecke godki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turecke godki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە تورکییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە تورکییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Туркијски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркијски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkijski_jezici" title="Turkijski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turkijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkkilaiset_kielet" title="Turkkilaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkkilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkspr%C3%A5k" title="Turkspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="துருக்கிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்கிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_titurkiyin" title="Tutlayin titurkiyin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin titurkiyin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Төрки телләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрки телләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กลุ่มภาษาเตอร์กิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาเตอร์กิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои туркӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои туркӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dilleri" title="Türk dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türk dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Түрк дылдар – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Түрк дылдар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Тюрк кылъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тюрк кылъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Тюркські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тюркські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="ترک زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترک زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تۈركىي تىللار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركىي تىللار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Turk" title="Ngữ hệ Turk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Turk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turksche_toaln" title="Turksche toaln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turksche toaln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="突厥语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="突厥语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="突厥語系 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="突厥語系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_T%C4%B1rki" title="Zıwanê Tırki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Tırki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiorku_kalbas" title="Tiorku kalbas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tiorku kalbas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="突厥语系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="突厥语系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_Bahasa_Turkik" title="Rumpun Bahasa Turkik – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rumpun Bahasa Turkik" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34090#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family of Eurasia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language family. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Languages_(journal)" title="Turkic Languages (journal)"><i>Turkic Languages</i> (journal)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Trukic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Trukic languages">Trukic languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: yellowgreen;">Turkic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 million</span> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-Rybatzki_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybatzki-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghuric</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/trk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:trk">trk</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/turk1311">turk1311</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/300px-Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/450px-Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/600px-Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="881" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The distribution of the Turkic languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Turkic languages</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> of more than 35<sup id="cite_ref-Dybo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dybo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> documented languages, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>), and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. The Turkic languages originated in a region of East Asia spanning from <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a> is thought to have been spoken,<sup id="cite_ref-Janhunen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from where they <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">expanded</a> to Central Asia and farther west during the first millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguagesOfTheWorld-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are characterized as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkic languages are spoken by some 200 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybatzki_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybatzki-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>; its native speakers account for about 38% of all Turkic speakers, followed by <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguagesOfTheWorld-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characteristic features such as <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subject-object-verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-object-verb">subject-object-verb</a> order, and lack of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, are almost universal within the Turkic family.<sup id="cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguagesOfTheWorld-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>, upon moderate exposure, among the various <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz languages</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Gagauz Turkish">Balkan Gagauz Turkish</a>, as well as Oghuz-influenced <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Language_Materials_Project_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_Materials_Project-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Turkic languages demonstrate varying amounts of mutual intelligibility within their subgroups as well. Although methods of classification vary, the Turkic languages are usually considered to be divided into two branches: <a href="/wiki/Oghur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghur languages">Oghur</a>, of which the only surviving member is <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a>, which includes all other Turkic languages. </p><p>Turkic languages show many similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a> languages. These similarities have led some linguists (including <a href="/wiki/Tal%C3%A2t_Tekin" title="Talât Tekin">Talât Tekin</a>) to propose an <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic language family</a>, though this proposal is widely rejected by historical linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> even caused these families to be regarded as one for a long time under the <a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural-Altaic">Ural-Altaic</a> hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DRIEM_2001._Page_336_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRIEM_2001._Page_336-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there has not been sufficient evidence to conclude the existence of either of these macrofamilies. The shared characteristics between the languages are attributed presently to extensive prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic languages</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-TurkicLanguages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map-TurkicLanguages.png/330px-Map-TurkicLanguages.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map-TurkicLanguages.png/495px-Map-TurkicLanguages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map-TurkicLanguages.png/660px-Map-TurkicLanguages.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Map showing countries and autonomous subdivisions where a language belonging to the Turkic language family has official status</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkic languages are <a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">null-subject languages</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> (with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> due to strong Persian-Tajik influence), <a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">converbs</a>, extensive <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutination</a> by means of <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">postpositions</a>, and lack of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical article">grammatical articles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>. <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">Subject–object–verb</a> word order is universal within the family. In terms of the level of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> in the Turkic language family, <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a> is characterized as almost fully harmonic whereas <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> is the least harmonic or not harmonic at all. Taking into account the documented historico-linguistic development of Turkic languages overall, both inscriptional and textual, the family provides over one millennium of documented stages as well as scenarios in the linguistic evolution of vowel harmony which, in turn, demonstrates harmony evolution along a confidently definable trajectory<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though vowel harmony is a common characteristic of major language families spoken in Inner Eurasia (<a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> and Turkic), the type of harmony found in them differs from each other, specifically, Uralic and Turkic have a shared type of vowel harmony (called <i>palatal vowel harmony</i>) whereas Mongolic and Tungusic represent a different type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history">Pre-history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> and their language is suggested to be somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspia" title="Trans-Caspia">Transcaspian steppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Asia">Northeastern Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with genetic evidence pointing to the region near <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Siberia" title="South Central Siberia">South Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> as the "Inner Asian Homeland" of the Turkic ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly several linguists, including <a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Juha Janhunen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> and Matthew Spriggs, suggest that modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> is the homeland of the early Turkic language.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relying on Proto-Turkic lexical items about the climate, topography, flora, fauna, people's modes of subsistence, Turkologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Peter Benjamin Golden</a> locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern, taiga-steppe zone of the <a href="/wiki/Sayan_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayan mountains">Sayan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Altay_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay mountains">Altay</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extensive contact took place between <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a> approximately during the first millennium BC; the shared cultural tradition between the two <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomadic</a> groups is called the "<a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a>" tradition. The two groups shared a similar religion system, <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>, and there exists a multitude of evident loanwords between Turkic languages and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a>. Although the loans were bidirectional, today Turkic loanwords constitute the largest foreign component in Mongolian vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian historian and philologist <a href="/wiki/Igor_de_Rachewiltz" title="Igor de Rachewiltz">Igor de Rachewiltz</a> noted a significant distinction of the <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash language</a> from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider it an independent Chuvash family similar to Uralic and Turkic languages. Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for the classification purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some lexical and extensive typological similarities between Turkic and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> families, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a> families has in more recent years been instead attributed to prehistoric contact amongst the group, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund#Northeast_Asia" title="Sprachbund">Northeast Asian sprachbund</a>. A more recent (circa first millennium BC) contact between "core Altaic" (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic) is distinguished from this, due to the existence of definitive common words that appear to have been mostly borrowed from Turkic into Mongolic, and later from Mongolic into Tungusic, as Turkic borrowings into Mongolic significantly outnumber Mongolic borrowings into Turkic, and Turkic and Tungusic do not share any words that do not also exist in Mongolic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuli_Chur_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kuli_Chur_inscription.jpg/220px-Kuli_Chur_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kuli_Chur_inscription.jpg/330px-Kuli_Chur_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kuli_Chur_inscription.jpg/440px-Kuli_Chur_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kul-chur_inscription" title="Kul-chur inscription">Kul-chur inscription</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic alphabet">Old Turkic alphabet</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th century</span>). <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6v_Province" title="Töv Province">Töv Province</a>, Mongolia</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkic languages also show some Chinese <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> that point to early contact during the time of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_written_records">Early written records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early written records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irk_bitig_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Irk_bitig_07.jpg/220px-Irk_bitig_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Irk_bitig_07.jpg/330px-Irk_bitig_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Irk_bitig_07.jpg/440px-Irk_bitig_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>The 9th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Irk Bitig</a></i> ("Book of Divination") from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Uyghur language">Old Uyghur language</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon script</a>, is an important <a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">literary source</a> for early <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongol_mythology" title="Mongol mythology">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first established records of the Turkic languages are the eighth century AD <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a> by the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>, recording the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a> language, which were discovered in 1889 in the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Valley" title="Orkhon Valley">Orkhon Valley</a> in Mongolia. The <i>Compendium of the Turkic Dialects</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Divânü Lügati't-Türk</a></i>), written during the 11th century AD by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Kaşgarlı Mahmud</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>, constitutes an early linguistic treatment of the family. The <i>Compendium</i> is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Southwestern branch</a> of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-Soucek_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soucek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Cumanicus" title="Codex Cumanicus">Codex Cumanicus</a> (12th–13th centuries AD) concerning the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Northwestern branch</a> is another early linguistic manual, between the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak language">Kipchak language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, used by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> sent to the Western <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. The earliest records of the language spoken by <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgars</a>, debatably the parent or a distant relative of <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash language</a>, are dated to the 13th–14th centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_expansion_and_development">Geographical expansion and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographical expansion and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuntai_Uyghur_east_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yuntai_Uyghur_east_wall.jpg/220px-Yuntai_Uyghur_east_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yuntai_Uyghur_east_wall.jpg/330px-Yuntai_Uyghur_east_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yuntai_Uyghur_east_wall.jpg/440px-Yuntai_Uyghur_east_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> Buddhist inscription written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Uyghur language">Old Uyghur language</a> with <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a> on the east wall of the <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#Steppe_expansions" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic expansion</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> (c. 6th–11th centuries AD), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. Various terminologies from the Turkic languages have passed into <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Findley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (May 2018)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> since the Ottoman era ranges from the North-East of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to Turkey in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See picture in the box on the right above.) </p><p>For centuries, the Turkic-speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">contact</a> with the surrounding languages, especially the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johanson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johanson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Turkic languages may be divided into six branches:<sup id="cite_ref-historyofturkic_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyofturkic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Turkic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz Turkic</a> (Southwestern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak Turkic</a> (Northwestern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk Turkic</a> (Southeastern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian Turkic</a> (Northeastern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages">Arghu Turkic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghur Turkic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>In this classification, <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghur Turkic</a> is also referred to as Lir-Turkic, and the other branches are subsumed under the title of Shaz-Turkic or <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic">Common Turkic</a>. It is not clear when these two major types of Turkic can be assumed to have diverged.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as <b>West Turkic</b>, the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kipchak, and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as <b>East Turkic</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_Turkic_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_Turkic-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geographically and linguistically, the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hruschka, et al. (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use <a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational phylogenetic">computational phylogenetic</a> methods to calculate a tree of Turkic based on phonological <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LinguisticDiagramTurkic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/LinguisticDiagramTurkic.png/400px-LinguisticDiagramTurkic.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/LinguisticDiagramTurkic.png/600px-LinguisticDiagramTurkic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/LinguisticDiagramTurkic.png/800px-LinguisticDiagramTurkic.png 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>A classification scheme of all the Turkic languages</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schema">Schema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Schema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> are traditionally used in the classification of the Turkic languages:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historyofturkic_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyofturkic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">Rhotacism</a></b> (or in some views, zetacism), e.g. in the last consonant of the word for "nine" *<b>tokkuz</b>. This separates the Oghur branch, which exhibits /r/, from the rest of Turkic, which exhibits /z/. In this case, rhotacism refers to the development of *-/r/, *-/z/, and *-/d/ to /r/,*-/k/,*-/kh/ in this branch.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See Antonov and Jacques (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the debate concerning rhotacism and lambdacism in Turkic.</li> <li><b>Intervocalic *d</b>, e.g. the second consonant in the word for "foot" *hadaq</li> <li><b>Suffix-final -G</b>, e.g. in the suffix *lIG, in e.g. *tāglïg</li></ul> <p>Additional isoglosses include: </p> <ul><li><b>Preservation of word initial *h</b>, e.g. in the word for "foot" *hadaq. This separates Khalaj as a peripheral language.</li> <li><b>Denasalisation of palatal *ń</b>, e.g. in the word for "moon", *āń</li></ul> <div class="noprint"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>isogloss </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></b> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Altay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay language">Altay</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fu-yü Gyrgys</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Sakha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakha language">Sakha/Yakut</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Khalaj_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>z/r</b> (<i>nine</i>) </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">toquz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">dokuz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">dokuz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">doqquz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">doqquz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">toʻqqiz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">toqquz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tuɣïz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">toğyz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">toɣuz </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">toɣus </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">dohghus </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">doɣus </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">toɣïs </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tos </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">toɣus </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">toqquz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tăχăr </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>*h-</b> (<i>foot</i>) </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">adaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ayak </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">aýak </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">oyoq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">aiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">azaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">azïχ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">azaχ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">adaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ataχ </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">hadaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ura </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>*VdV</b> (<i>foot</i>) </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">adaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ayak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aýak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">oyoq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">azaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">azïχ </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">azaχ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">adaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ataχ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">hadaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ura </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>*-ɣ</b> (<i>mountain</i>) </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tāɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">dağ* </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">dag </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">dağ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">daɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">togʻ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tagh </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">taw </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tō </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tū </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">taɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">daχ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">taɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">daɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tıa </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tāɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tu </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>suffix *-lïɣ</b> (<i>mountainous</i>) </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tāɣlïɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">dağlı </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">dagly </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">dağlı </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">daɣlïɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">togʻlik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">taghliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tawlï </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tauly </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tōlū </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tūlu </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">taɣliɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">daɣluɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">χayalaaχ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tullă </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>*In the standard Istanbul dialect of Turkish, the <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%9E" title="Ğ">ğ</a></i> in <i>dağ</i> and <i>dağlı</i> is not realized as a consonant, but as a slight lengthening of the preceding vowel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table is based mainly upon the classification scheme presented by <a href="/wiki/Lars_Johanson" title="Lars Johanson">Lars Johanson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turcologica_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turcologica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="noprint"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="18" bgcolor="#d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a> </td> <td rowspan="16" bgcolor="#d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" style="border-left:none;"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Southwestern Common Turkic<br />(Oghuz)</a> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oghuz_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Oghuz_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/180px-Oghuz_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Oghuz_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/270px-Oghuz_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Oghuz_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/360px-Oghuz_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="338" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" style="border-right:none;">  </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">West Oghuz </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" title="Ajem-Turkic">Ajem-Turkic</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish">Old Anatolian Turkish</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> <small>(evolved into modern Turkish in the early 20th century)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">East Oghuz </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">South Oghuz </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a><sup id="cite_ref-a_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshari Turkic</a><sup id="cite_ref-a_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonqori_dialect" title="Sonqori dialect">Sonqori Turkic</a><sup id="cite_ref-a_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#e4e0f0">(<a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages">Arghu</a>) <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalaj_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Khalaj_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png/130px-Khalaj_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Khalaj_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png/195px-Khalaj_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Khalaj_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png/260px-Khalaj_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="310" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0">  </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" style="border-left:none;"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Northwestern Common Turkic<br />(Kipchak)</a> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kipchak_Map_Labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kipchak_Map_Labeled.png/220px-Kipchak_Map_Labeled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kipchak_Map_Labeled.png/330px-Kipchak_Map_Labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kipchak_Map_Labeled.png/440px-Kipchak_Map_Labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="389" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">West Kipchak </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk-Kipchak_language" title="Mamluk-Kipchak language">Mamluk-Kipchak</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak_language" title="Armeno-Kipchak language">Armeno-Kipchak</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">North Kipchak<br />(Volga–Ural Turkic) </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar">Old Tatar</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">South Kipchak<br />(Aralo-Caspian) </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar language">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">Eastern Kipchak<sup id="cite_ref-turcologica_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turcologica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(Kyrgyz–Kipchak)<sup id="cite_ref-Baskakov1958_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskakov1958-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baskakov1969_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskakov1969-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kormushin_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kormushin-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a><sup id="cite_ref-turcologica_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turcologica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language">Fergana Kipchak</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Southeastern Common Turkic<br />(Karluk)</a> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karluk_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Karluk_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/180px-Karluk_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Karluk_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/270px-Karluk_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Karluk_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/360px-Karluk_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="368" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">West Karluk </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">East Karluk </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu (Abdal)</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic">Khorezmian Turkic</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Turkic_languages" title="Middle Turkic languages">Karakhanid</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Northeastern Common Turkic<br />(Siberian)</a> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Siberian_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Siberian_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/180px-Siberian_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Siberian_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/270px-Siberian_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Siberian_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/360px-Siberian_Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="796" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df">North Siberian </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#f1e9df">South Siberian<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="#f1dfe5">Sayan Turkic </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot-Tsaatan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyot-Tsaatan language">Soyot-Tsaatan</a> <small>(extinct, partly revitalized)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Rassadin_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rassadin-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Altai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Altai language">Altai</a> and Yenisei Turkic </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a><sup id="cite_ref-NorthernAltai_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorthernAltai-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Kumandin<sup id="cite_ref-Kumandin_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumandin-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bitkeeva_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitkeeva-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chelkan<sup id="cite_ref-Tazranova_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tazranova-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tuba</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Altai proper</li> <li>Telengit</li> <li>Teleut<sup id="cite_ref-Nevskaya_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevskaya-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f1dfe5"> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a><sup id="cite_ref-turcologica_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turcologica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Turkic language">Orkhon Turkic</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="#d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghuric</a> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuvash_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chuvash_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png/130px-Chuvash_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chuvash_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png/195px-Chuvash_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chuvash_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png/260px-Chuvash_Turkic_Language_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="259" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a> <small>(extinct)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_comparison">Vocabulary comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocabulary comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a brief comparison of <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> among the basic vocabulary across the Turkic language family (about 60 words). Despite being cognates, some of the words may denote a different meaning. </p><p>Empty cells do not necessarily imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language may be formed from another stem and is not cognate with the other words in the row or that a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> is used in its place. </p><p>Also, there may be shifts in the meaning from one language to another, and so the "Common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases, the form given is found only in some dialects of the language, or a loanword is much more common (e.g. in Turkish, the preferred word for "fire" is the Persian-derived <i>ateş</i>, whereas the native <i>od</i> is dead). Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language">Karakhanid</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Sakha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakha language">Sakha/Yakut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle is-normal" style=""><div style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221560606">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}}</style><i>Relationship</i></div> </td> <td>father, ancestor </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*ata, *kaŋ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ata, apa, qaŋ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">baba, ata </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">baba, ata </td> <td>apa, ata </td> <td>bowa/ata </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ata </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ata, atay <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ata </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ata, atay <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ata </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ata </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ota </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ata <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ağa <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">atte, aśu, aşşĕ <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*ana, *ög </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ana, ög </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ana, anne </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ana </td> <td>ana, ene </td> <td>ana/nänä </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ene </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ana, äni <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ana </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ana, inä(y)/asay <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ana </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ene, ana <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ona, acha </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ana <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iỹe <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">anne, annü, amăşĕ <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>son </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*ogul </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">oɣul </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">oğul </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">oğul </td> <td>oɣul, ohul </td> <td>oğul </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ogul </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ul <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>uvul </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ul </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ul <sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uul <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">oʻgʻil </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">oghul <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uol <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ıvăl, ul <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>man </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*ēr, *érkek </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">er </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">erkek </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ər/erkək </td> <td>erkek </td> <td>kiši </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">erkek </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ir <sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ėr </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ir, irkäk <sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">er, erkek <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>z<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">er, erkek <sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aa<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">erkak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">er <sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ab<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">er <sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ac<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ar/arśın <sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ad<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>girl </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kï̄ŕ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">qïz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kız </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qız </td> <td>qɨz </td> <td>qïz/qez </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gyz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qız <sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ae<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>qɨz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qıð <sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>af<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qyz <sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ag<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qız </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qiz </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qiz <sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ah<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kııs <sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ai<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">hĕr <sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aj<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>person </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kiĺi, *yạlaŋuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">kiši, yalaŋuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kişi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kişi </td> <td>kiši </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kişi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">keşe <sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ak<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>kiši </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">keşe </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kisi <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>al<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kişi <sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>am<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kishi </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kishi <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>an<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kihi <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ao<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">śın <sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ap<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bride </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*gélin </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">kelin </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">gelin </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">gəlin </td> <td>qalɨŋ </td> <td>gälin </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gelin </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kilen <sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aq<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>kelin </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kilen </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kelin <sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ar<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kelin <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>as<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kelin </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kelin <sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>at<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kiyiit <sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>au<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kin <sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>av<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother-in-law </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kaynana </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qaynana </td> <td> </td> <td>qäynänä </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gaýyn ene </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qayın ana <sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aw<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qäynä <sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ax<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qaıyn ene <sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ay<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qaynene <sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>az<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qaynona </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qeyinana <sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ba<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">huńama <sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>bb<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle is-normal" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i>Body parts</i></div> </td> <td>heart </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*yürek </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">yürek </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">yürek </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ürək </td> <td>jürek </td> <td>iräg/üräg </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ýürek </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">yöräk <sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>bc<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>üriak, jürek </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">yöräk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">jürek <sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>bd<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">cürök <sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>be<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">yurak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">yürek </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">sürex <sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>bf<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">çĕre <sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>bg<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kiān </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">qan </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kan </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qan </td> <td>qan </td> <td>qan </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gan </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qan <sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>bh<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>qan </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qan <sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>bi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qan <sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>bj<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qan </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qon </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qan </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">xaan <sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>bk<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">yun </td></tr> <tr> <td>head </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*baĺč </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">baš </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">baş </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">baş </td> <td>baš </td> <td>baš </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">baş </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">baş </td> <td>baš </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">baş </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">bas </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">baş </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">bosh </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">bash </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">bas </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">puś/poś </td></tr> <tr> <td>hair </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*s(i)ač, *kïl </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">sač, qïl </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">saç, kıl </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">saç, qıl </td> <td>sač, qɨl </td> <td>tik/qel </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">saç, gyl </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">çäç, qıl </td> <td>čač, sač, qɨl </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">säs, qıl </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">shash, qyl </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">çaç, qıl </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">soch, qil </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">sach, qil </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">battax, kıl </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">śüś, hul </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*göŕ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">köz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">göz </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">göz </td> <td>köz </td> <td>gez/göz </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">göz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">küz </td> <td>kioź, goz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">küð </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">köz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">köz </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">koʻz </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">köz </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">xarax, kös </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kuś/koś </td></tr> <tr> <td>eyelash </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kirpik </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">kirpik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kirpik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kirpik </td> <td>kirpik </td> <td>kirpig </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kirpik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kerfek </td> <td>kirpik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kerpek </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kirpik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kirpik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kiprik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kirpik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kılaman, kirbii </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">hărpăk </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kulkak </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">qulqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kulak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qulaq </td> <td>qulaq, qulqaq, qulxaq, qulɣaq </td> <td>qulaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gulak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qolaq </td> <td>qulax </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qolaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qulaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qulaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">quloq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qulaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kulgaax </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">hălha </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*burun </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">burun </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">burun </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">burun </td> <td>burun </td> <td>burn </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">burun </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">borın </td> <td>burun </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">moron </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">muryn </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">murun </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">burun </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">burun </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">murun, munnu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">murun </td></tr> <tr> <td>arm </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kol </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">qol </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kol </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qol </td> <td>qol </td> <td>qol </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gol </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qul </td> <td>kol </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qul </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qol </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qol </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qoʻl </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qol </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">хol </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">hul </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*el-ig </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">elig </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">el </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">əl </td> <td>elig </td> <td>äl </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">el </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">alaqan </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">alaqan </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ilik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ilik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ilii </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ală </td></tr> <tr> <td>finger </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*erŋek, *biarŋak </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">erŋek </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">parmak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">barmaq </td> <td>barmaq </td> <td>burmaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">barmaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">barmaq </td> <td>barmax </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">barmaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">barmaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">barmaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">barmoq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">barmaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tarbaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">pürne/porńa </td></tr> <tr> <td>fingernail </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*dïrŋak </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tïrŋaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tırnak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">dırnaq </td> <td>tɨrŋaq </td> <td>dïrnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">dyrnak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tırnaq </td> <td>tɨrnax </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tırnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tyrnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tırmaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tirnoq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tirnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tıngıraq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">çĕrne </td></tr> <tr> <td>knee </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*dīŕ, *dǖŕ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tiz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">diz </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">diz </td> <td>tizle- <p>(to press with one's knees) </p> </td> <td>diz </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">dyz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tez </td> <td>tɨz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">teð </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tize </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tize </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tizza </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tiz </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tobuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">çĕrśi, çerkuśśi </td></tr> <tr> <td>calf </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*baltïr </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">baltïr </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">baldır </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">baldır </td> <td>baldɨr </td> <td>ballïr </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">baldyr </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">baltır </td> <td>baldɨr </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">baltır </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">baltyr </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">baltır </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">boldir </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">baldir </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ballır </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">pıl </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*(h)adak </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">adaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ayak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ayaq </td> <td>aδaq </td> <td>ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aýak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ayaq </td> <td>ajax </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aıaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">but, ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">oyoq, adoq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ayaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ataq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ura </td></tr> <tr> <td>belly </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kạrïn </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">qarïn </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">karın </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qarın </td> <td>qarɨn </td> <td>qarn </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">garyn </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qarın </td> <td>qarɨn </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qarın </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qaryn </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qarın </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qorin </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qerin </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">xarın </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">hırăm </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle is-normal" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i>Animals</i></div> </td> <td>horse </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*(h)at </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">at </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">at </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">at </td> <td>at </td> <td>at </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">at </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">at </td> <td>at </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">at </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">at </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">at </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ot </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">at </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">at </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ut/ot </td></tr> <tr> <td>cattle </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*dabar </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ingek, tabar </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">inek, davar, sığır </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">inək, sığır </td> <td>ingek, ingen; tavar </td> <td>seğer </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">sygyr </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">sıyır </td> <td>sɨjɨr </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">hıyır </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">siyr </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uy, sıyır, inek </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">sigir, inak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">siyir </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ınax </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ĕne </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*ït, *köpek </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ït </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">it, köpek </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">it </td> <td>ɨt </td> <td>kepäg </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">it </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">et </td> <td>it´ </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">et </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ıt </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">it, köbök </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">it </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">it </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ıt </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">yıtă </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*bālïk </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">balïq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">balık </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">balıq </td> <td>balɨq </td> <td>balïq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">balyk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">balıq </td> <td>balɨx </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">balıq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">balyq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">balıq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">baliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">beliq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">balık </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">pulă </td></tr> <tr> <td>louse </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*bït </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">bit </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">bit </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">bit </td> <td>bit </td> <td>bit </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">bit </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">bet </td> <td>bit </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">bet </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">bıt </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">bit </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">bit </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">bit </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">bıt </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">pıytă/puťă </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="18" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle is-normal" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i>Other nouns</i></div> </td> <td>house </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*eb, *bark </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">eb, barq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ev, bark </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ev </td> <td>ev </td> <td>äv </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">öý </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">öy </td> <td>üy, üv </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">öy </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">üı </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">üy </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uy </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">öy </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">śurt </td></tr> <tr> <td>tent </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*otag, *gerekü </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">otaɣ, kerekü </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">çadır, otağ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">çadır; otaq </td> <td>otaɣ, kerekü </td> <td>čador </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">çadyr; otag </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">çatır </td> <td>oda </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">satır </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">shatyr; otau </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">çatır, otoo, otoq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">chodir; oʻtoq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">chadir; otaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">otuu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">çatăr </td></tr> <tr> <td>way </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*yōl </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">yol </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">yol </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">yol </td> <td>jol </td> <td>yol </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ýol </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">yul </td> <td>jol </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">yul </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">jol </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">col </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">yoʻl </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">yol </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">suol </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">śul </td></tr> <tr> <td>bridge </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*köprüg </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">köprüg </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">köprü </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">körpü </td> <td>köprüg </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">köpri </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">küper </td> <td>kiopriu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">küper </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">köpir </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">köpürö </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">koʻprik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kövrük </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kürpe </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kĕper </td></tr> <tr> <td>arrow </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*ok </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">oq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ok </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ox </td> <td>oq </td> <td>ox/tir </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ok </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">uq </td> <td>oq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">oq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">oq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">oʻq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">oq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ox </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">uhă </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*ōt </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ōt </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">od, ateş (Pers.) </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">od </td> <td>ot </td> <td>ot </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ot </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ut </td> <td>ot </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ot </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ot </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">oʻt </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ot </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uot </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">vut/vot </td></tr> <tr> <td>ash </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kül </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">kül </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kül </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kül </td> <td>kül </td> <td>kil/kül </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kül </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">köl </td> <td>kul </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">köl </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kül </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kül </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kul </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kül </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kül </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kĕl </td></tr> <tr> <td>water </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*sub, *sïb </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">sub </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">su </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">su </td> <td>suv </td> <td>su </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">suw </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">su </td> <td>su </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">hıw </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">su </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">suu </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">suv </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">su </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">şıv/şu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ship, boat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*gḗmi </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">kemi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">gemi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">gəmi </td> <td>kemi </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gämi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">köymä </td> <td>gemi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kämä </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">keme </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">keme </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kema </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">keme </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kimĕ </td></tr> <tr> <td>lake </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kȫl </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">köl </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">göl </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">göl </td> <td>köl </td> <td>göl/gel </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">köl </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kül </td> <td>giol´ </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kül </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">köl </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">köl </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">koʻl </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">köl </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">küöl </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">külĕ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun/day </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*güneĺ, *gün </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">kün </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">güneş, gün </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">günəş, gün </td> <td>kün, qujaš </td> <td>gin/gün </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gün </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qoyaş, kön </td> <td>kujaš </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qoyaş, kön </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kün </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kün </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">quyosh, kun </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">quyash, kün </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kün </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">hĕvel, kun </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloud </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*bulït </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">bulut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">bulut </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">bulud </td> <td>bulut </td> <td>bulut </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">bulut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">bolıt </td> <td>bulut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">bolot </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">bult </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">bulut </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">bulut </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">bulut </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">bılıt </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">pĕlĕt </td></tr> <tr> <td>star </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*yultuŕ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">yultuz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">yıldız </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ulduz </td> <td>julduz </td> <td>ulluz </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ýyldyz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">yoldız </td> <td>julduz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">yondoð </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">juldyz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">cıldız </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">yulduz </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">yultuz </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">sulus </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">śăltăr </td></tr> <tr> <td>ground, earth </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*toprak </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">topraq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">toprak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">torpaq </td> <td>topraq </td> <td>torpaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">toprak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tufraq </td> <td>topraq, toprax </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tupraq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">topyraq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">topuraq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tuproq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tupraq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">toburax </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">tăpra </td></tr> <tr> <td>hilltop </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*tepö, *töpö </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">töpü </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tepe </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">təpə </td> <td>tepe </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">depe </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tübä </td> <td>tebe </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tübä </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">töbe </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">döbö, töbö </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tepa </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">töpe </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">töbö </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">tüpĕ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tree/wood </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*ïgač </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">ïɣač </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ağaç </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ağac </td> <td>jɨɣač </td> <td>ağaĵ </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">agaç </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ağaç </td> <td>ahač </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ağas </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ağash </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">baq, daraq, cığaç </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">yogʻoch </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">yahach </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0"><i>mas</i> </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">yıvăś </td></tr> <tr> <td>god (<a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*teŋri, *taŋrï </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">teŋri, burqan </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tanrı </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">tanrı </td> <td>teŋri </td> <td>tarï/Allah/Xoda </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">taňry </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">täñre </td> <td>Tieńri </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">täñre </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">täŋiri </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">teñir </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tangri </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tengri </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tangara </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">tură/toră </td></tr> <tr> <td>sky </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*teŋri, *kȫk </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">kök, teŋri </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">gök </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">göy </td> <td>kök </td> <td>gey/göy </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gök </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kük </td> <td>kök </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kük </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kök </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kök </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">koʻk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kök </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">küöx </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kăvak/koak </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle is-normal" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i>Adjectives</i></div> </td> <td>long </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*uŕïn </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">uzun </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uzun </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uzun </td> <td>uzun </td> <td>uzun </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uzyn </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ozın </td> <td>uzun </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">oðon </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uzyn </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uzun </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uzun </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uzun </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uhun </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">vărăm </td></tr> <tr> <td>new </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*yaŋï, *yeŋi </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">yaŋï </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">yeni </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">yeni </td> <td>jaŋɨ </td> <td>yeŋi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ýaňy </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">yaña </td> <td>jɨŋgɨ </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">yañı </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">jaña </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">cañı </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">yangi </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">yengi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">saña </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">śĕnĕ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*semiŕ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">semiz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">semiz, şişman </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">səmiz </td> <td>semiz </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">semiz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">simez </td> <td>semiz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">himeð </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">semiz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">semiz </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">semiz </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">semiz </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">emis </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">samăr </td></tr> <tr> <td>full </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*dōlï </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tolu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">dolu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">dolu </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>dolu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">doly </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tulı </td> <td>tolɨ </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tulı </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">toly </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">toluq, tolu, toluu, tolo </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">toʻla </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">toluq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">toloru </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">tulli </td></tr> <tr> <td>white </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*āk, *ürüŋ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">āq, ürüŋ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ak, beyaz (Ar.) </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ağ </td> <td>aq </td> <td>aq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aq </td> <td>aq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">oq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ürüñ (үрүҥ) </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">şură </td></tr> <tr> <td>black </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kara </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">qara </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kara, siyah (Pers.) </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qara </td> <td>qara </td> <td>qärä </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gara </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qara </td> <td>qara </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qara </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qara </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qara </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qora </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qara </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">xara </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">hura, hora </td></tr> <tr> <td>red </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*kïŕïl </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">qïzïl </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kızıl, kırmızı (Ar.) </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qızıl </td> <td>qɨzɨl </td> <td>qïzïl </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">gyzyl </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qızıl </td> <td>qɨzɨl </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qıðıl </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qyzyl </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qızıl </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qizil </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qizil </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kıhıl </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">hĕrlĕ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="20" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle is-normal" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><i>Numbers</i></div> </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*bīr </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">bir </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">bir </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">bir </td> <td>bir </td> <td>bir </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">bir </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ber </td> <td>bir, bɨr </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ber </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">bir </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">bir </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">bir </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">bir </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">biir </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">pĕrre </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*éki </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">eki </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iki </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iki </td> <td>ẹki </td> <td>ikki </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iki </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ike </td> <td>eky </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ike </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">eki </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">eki </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ikki </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ikki </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ikki </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ikkĕ </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>*üč </td> <td>üč </td> <td>üç </td> <td>üç </td> <td>üč </td> <td>uǰ, u̇č </td> <td>üç </td> <td>öč </td> <td>üć </td> <td>ös </td> <td>üş </td> <td>üč </td> <td>uch/u̇č </td> <td>üch/üç </td> <td>üs </td> <td>viśśĕ, viśĕ, viś </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*dȫrt </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">tört </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">dört </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">dörd </td> <td>tört </td> <td>derd/dörd </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">dört </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">dürt </td> <td>dört </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">dürt </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tört </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tört </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">toʻrt </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tört </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tüört </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">tăvattă </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>*bēĺ(k) </td> <td>béš </td> <td>beş </td> <td>beş </td> <td>béš </td> <td> </td> <td>bäş </td> <td>beş </td> <td>beš </td> <td>biš </td> <td>bes </td> <td>beş </td> <td>besh/beş </td> <td>besh/beş </td> <td>bies </td> <td>pillĕk </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>*altï </td> <td>altï </td> <td>altı </td> <td>altı </td> <td>altï </td> <td>altï </td> <td>alty (altï) </td> <td>altï </td> <td>altï </td> <td>altï </td> <td>alty </td> <td>altı </td> <td>olti (ålti) </td> <td>altä </td> <td>alta </td> <td>ult, ultă, ulttă </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*yéti </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">yeti </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">yedi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">yeddi </td> <td>jeti </td> <td>yeddi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ýedi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">cide </td> <td>jedi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">yete </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">jeti </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ceti </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">yetti </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">yetti </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">sette </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">śiççe </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>*sekiŕ </td> <td>säkiz </td> <td>sekiz </td> <td>səkkiz </td> <td>sek(k)iz, sik(k)iz </td> <td>sӓkkiz </td> <td>sekiz </td> <td>sigez </td> <td>sekiz </td> <td>higeð </td> <td>segiz </td> <td>segiz </td> <td>säkkiz </td> <td>säkkiz </td> <td>aɣïs </td> <td>sakkăr, sakăr </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>*tokuŕ </td> <td>toquz </td> <td>dokuz </td> <td>doqquz </td> <td>toquz </td> <td>doġġuz </td> <td>dokuz </td> <td>tugïz </td> <td>toɣuz </td> <td>tuɣïð </td> <td>toğyz </td> <td>toğuz </td> <td>to’qqiz </td> <td>toqquz </td> <td>toɣus </td> <td>tăxxăr, tăxăr </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*ōn </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">on </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">on </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">on </td> <td>on </td> <td>on </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">on </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">un </td> <td>on </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">un </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">on </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">on </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">oʻn </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">on </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uon </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">vunnă, vună, vun </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>*yẹgirmi </td> <td>yigirmi/yégirmi </td> <td>yirmi </td> <td>iyirmi </td> <td>yigirmi, yigirme </td> <td>igirmi, iyirmi </td> <td>yigrimi </td> <td>yegerme </td> <td>yigirmi </td> <td>yegerme </td> <td>jiyirma </td> <td>cıyırma </td> <td>yigirmä </td> <td>yigirmä </td> <td>süürbe </td> <td>śirĕm </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>*otuŕ </td> <td>otuz </td> <td>otuz </td> <td>otuz </td> <td>otuz </td> <td>ottiz </td> <td>otuz (otuð) </td> <td>otuz </td> <td>otuz </td> <td>utïð </td> <td>otyz </td> <td>otuz </td> <td>o’ttiz </td> <td>ottuz </td> <td>otut </td> <td>vătăr </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>*kïrk </td> <td>qïrq </td> <td>kırk </td> <td>qırx </td> <td>qïrq </td> <td>ġèrḫ (ɢərx) </td> <td>kyrk (kïrk) </td> <td>qırq (qïrq) </td> <td>kïrx </td> <td>qïrq </td> <td>qyryq </td> <td>qırq </td> <td>qirq </td> <td>qirq </td> <td>tüört uon </td> <td>xĕrĕx </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td>*ellig </td> <td>älig </td> <td>elli </td> <td>ǝlli (älli) </td> <td>el(l)ig </td> <td>älli, ẹlli </td> <td>elli </td> <td>ille </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>elu </td> <td>elüü </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>*altmïĺ </td> <td>altmïš </td> <td>altmış </td> <td>altmış (altmïš) </td> <td>altmïš </td> <td>altmïš </td> <td>altmyş (altmïš) </td> <td>altmïš </td> <td>altïmïš </td> <td>altïmïš </td> <td>alpys </td> <td>altımış </td> <td>oltmish (åltmiš) </td> <td>altmiš </td> <td>alta uon </td> <td>ultmăl </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>*yẹtmiĺ </td> <td>yētmiš/s </td> <td>yetmiş </td> <td>yetmiş </td> <td>yetmiš </td> <td>yetmiš </td> <td>ýetmiş (yetmiš) </td> <td>ǰitmeš </td> <td>yetmiš/s </td> <td>yetmeš </td> <td>jetpis </td> <td>cetimiş </td> <td>yetmiš </td> <td>yätmiš </td> <td>sette uon </td> <td>śitmĕl </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td>*sekiŕ ōn </td> <td>säkiz on </td> <td>seksen </td> <td>sǝksǝn (säksän) </td> <td>seksün </td> <td>sӓɣsen </td> <td>segsen </td> <td>seksen </td> <td>seksen, seksan </td> <td>hikhen </td> <td>seksen </td> <td>seksen </td> <td>sakson (säksån) </td> <td>säksän </td> <td>aɣïs uon </td> <td>sakăr vun(ă) </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 </td> <td>*dokuŕ ōn </td> <td>toquz on </td> <td>doksan </td> <td>doxsan </td> <td>toqsan </td> <td> </td> <td>togsan </td> <td>tuksan </td> <td>toksan, toxsan </td> <td>tukhan </td> <td>toqsan </td> <td>toqson </td> <td>to'qson (tȯksån) </td> <td>toqsan </td> <td>toɣus uon </td> <td>tăxăr vun(ă), tăxăr vunnă </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">*yǖŕ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">yüz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">yüz </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">yüz </td> <td>jüz </td> <td>iz/yüz </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ýüz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">yöz </td> <td>jiz, juz, jüz </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">yöð </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">jüz </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">cüz </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">yuz </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">yüz </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">süüs </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">śĕr </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td>*bïŋ </td> <td>bïŋ </td> <td>bin </td> <td>min </td> <td>miŋ, men </td> <td>min </td> <td>müň (müŋ) </td> <td>meŋ </td> <td>min, bin </td> <td>meŋ </td> <td>myñ </td> <td>miñ </td> <td>ming (miŋ) </td> <td>miŋ </td> <td>tïhïïnča </td> <td>pin </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language">Karakhanid</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Sakha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakha language">Sakha/Yakut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Azerbaijani "ǝ" and "ä": IPA /æ/ </p><p>Azerbaijani "q": IPA /g/, word-final "q": IPA /x/ </p><p>Turkish and Azerbaijani "ı", Karakhanid "ɨ", Turkmen "y", and Sakha "ï": IPA /ɯ/ </p><p>Turkmen "ň", Karakhanid "ŋ": IPA /ŋ/ </p><p>Turkish and Azerbaijani "y",Turkmen "ý" and "j" in other languages: IPA /j/ </p><p>All "ş" and "š" letters: IPA /ʃ/ </p><p>All "ç" and "č" letters: IPA /t͡ʃ/ </p><p>Kyrgyz "c": IPA /d͡ʒ/ </p><p>Kazakh "j": IPA /ʒ/ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_possible_relations">Other possible relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other possible relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Turkic language family is currently regarded as one of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DRIEM_2001._Page_336_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRIEM_2001._Page_336-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkic is one of the main members of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic language family</a>, but Altaic currently lacks support from a majority of linguists. None of the theories linking Turkic languages to other families have a wide degree of acceptance at present. Shared features with languages grouped together as Altaic have been interpreted by most mainstream linguists to be the result of a <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejected_or_controversial_theories">Rejected or controversial theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rejected or controversial theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean">Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The possibility of a genetic relation between Turkic and <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Korean</a>, independently from Altaic, is suggested by some linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Star_Names_Li_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Names_Li-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choi1996_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi1996-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linguist Kabak (2004) of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a> states that Turkic and Korean share similar <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>. Li Yong-Sŏng (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Star_Names_Li_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Names_Li-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggest that there are several <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> between Turkic and <a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a>. He states that these supposed cognates can be useful to reconstruct the early Turkic language. According to him, words related to nature, earth and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">ruling</a> but especially to the <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">sky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> seem to be cognates. </p><p>The linguist Choi<sup id="cite_ref-Choi1996_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi1996-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested already in 1996 a close relationship between Turkic and Korean regardless of any Altaic connections: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In addition, the fact that the morphological elements are not easily borrowed between languages, added to the fact that the common morphological elements between Korean and Turkic are not less numerous than between Turkic and other Altaic languages, strengthens the possibility that there is a close genetic affinity between Korean and Turkic.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Choi Han-Woo, A Comparative Study of Korean and Turkic (Hoseo University)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Many historians also point out a close non-linguistic relationship between <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially close were the relations between the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralic">Uralic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uralic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some linguists suggested a relation to <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, especially to the <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric languages</a>. This view is rejected and seen as obsolete by mainstream linguists. Similarities are because of language contact and borrowings mostly from Turkic into Ugric languages. Stachowski (2015) states that any relation between Turkic and Uralic must be a contact one.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_languages" title="List of Turkic languages">List of Turkic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic-languages_poets" title="List of Turkic-languages poets">List of Turkic-languages poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_words_of_Turkic_origin" title="List of Ukrainian words of Turkic origin">List of Ukrainian words of Turkic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Turkic_languages" title="Middle Turkic languages">Middle Turkic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Nikolai Baskakov</a> and some others believe that the Kyrgyz–Kipchak subgroup originally belonged to the Siberian group, but was significantly influenced by the Kipchak languages and can now be included in the Kipchak group.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskakov1958_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskakov1958-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baskakov1969_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskakov1969-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kormushin_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kormushin-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lars Johanson once considered Kyrgyz language to be a member of South Kipchak.(Johanson 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Äynu contains a very large <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> vocabulary component, and is spoken exclusively by adult men, almost as a <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">cryptolect</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lars Johanson once classified South Siberian group into 4 subgroups (Sayan Turkic, Yenisei Turkic, Chulym Turkic and Altai Turkic). Sayan Turkic consisted of Tuvan (Soyot, Uriankhai) and Tofa (Karagas). Yenisei Turkic consisted of Khakas, Shor and related dialects (Saghay, Qaca, Qizil). Chulym Turkic consisted of dialects such as Küerik. Altai Turkic consisted of Altay (Oirot) and dialects such as Tuba, Qumanda, Qu, Teleut, Telengit. (Johanson 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Lars Johanson, Fuyu Kyrgyz is considered to be closely related to Khakas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Nikolai Baskakov</a> and some others considered Southern Altai language to be a member of Kyrgyz-Kipchak subgroup.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskakov1958_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskakov1958-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baskakov1969_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskakov1969-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kormushin_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kormushin-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ата, атай</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ата, атай</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UEY: ئاتا</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: аҕа</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: атте, аҫу, ашшӗ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ана, әни</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ана, инә(й)/асай</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: эне, ана</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UEY: ئانا</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ij̃e/</span>. Cyrillic: ийэ. The <a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">nasal glide</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j̃/</span> is not distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">oral glide</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> in orthography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: анне, аннӳ, амӑшӗ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ул</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ұл</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: уул</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UEY: ئوغۇل</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: уол</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ывӑл, ул</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ир</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ир, иркәк</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ер, еркек</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: эр, эркек</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UEY: ئەر</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: эр</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ар/арҫын</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: кыз</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ҡыҙ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: қыз</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UEY: قىز</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: кыыс</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: хӗр</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: кеше</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: кісі</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: киши</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UEY: كىشى</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: киһи</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ҫын</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: килен</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: келін</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: келин</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UEY: كەلىن</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: кийиит</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: кин</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: кайын ана</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ҡәйнә</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: қайын ене</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: кайнене</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UEY: قەيىنانا</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: хунама</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: йөрәк</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: жүрек</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: жүрөк</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: сүрэх</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: чӗре</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: кан</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: ҡан</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: қан</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic: хаан</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rybatzki-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rybatzki_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybatzki_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRybatzki2020" class="citation book cs1">Rybatzki, Volker (2020). "Altaic Languages: Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic". In Martine Robbeets; Alexander Savelyev (eds.). <i>The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198804628.003.0003">10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Altaic+Languages%3A+Tungusic%2C+Mongolic%2C+Turkic&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Transeurasian+Languages&rft.pages=22-28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198804628.003.0003&rft.aulast=Rybatzki&rft.aufirst=Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dybo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dybo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDybo_A.V.2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dybo A.V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050311224856/http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf">"ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ТЮРКСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНТАКТЫ РАННИХ ТЮРКОВ"</a> [Chronology of Turkish Languages and Linguistic Contacts of Early Turks] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). p. 766. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A2%D0%AE%D0%A0%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92+%D0%98+%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%AB+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%A2%D0%AE%D0%A0%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92&rft.pages=766&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Dybo+A.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltaica.narod.ru%2FLIBRARY%2Fxronol_tu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janhunen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janhunen_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Janhunen, Juha</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA223">"Personal pronouns in Core Altaic"</a>. In Martine Irma Robbeets; Hubert Cuyckens (eds.). <i>Shared Grammaticalization: With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages</i>. John Benjamins. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027205995" title="Special:BookSources/9789027205995"><bdi>9789027205995</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124027/https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+pronouns+in+Core+Altaic&rft.btitle=Shared+Grammaticalization%3A+With+Special+Focus+on+the+Transeurasian+Languages&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789027205995&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3J_6U8N2Wq8C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LanguagesOfTheWorld-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzner2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Katzner" title="Kenneth Katzner">Katzner, Kenneth</a> (March 2002). <i>Languages of the World, Third Edition</i>. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25004-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25004-7"><bdi>978-0-415-25004-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+an+imprint+of+Taylor+%26+Francis+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2002-03&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25004-7&rft.aulast=Katzner&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenoble2003" class="citation book cs1">Grenoble, L.A. (2003). <i>Language Policy in the Soviet Union</i>. Springer. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402012983" title="Special:BookSources/9781402012983"><bdi>9781402012983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781402012983&rft.aulast=Grenoble&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Language_Materials_Project-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Language_Materials_Project_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011180149/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=67">"Language Materials Project: Turkish"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> International Institute, Center for World Languages. February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004">the original</a> on 11 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Materials+Project%3A+Turkish&rft.pub=UCLA+International+Institute%2C+Center+for+World+Languages&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmp.ucla.edu%2FProfile.aspx%3FLangID%3D67%26menu%3D004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vovin, Alexander (2005). "The end of the Altaic controversy: In memory of Gerhard Doerfer". <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 71–132. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928378">41928378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+end+of+the+Altaic+controversy%3A+In+memory+of+Gerhard+Doerfer&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-132&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41928378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgMichaloveRamerSidwell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Georg, Stefan; Michalove, Peter A.; Ramer, Alexis Manaster; Sidwell, Paul J. (1999). "Telling general linguists about Altaic". <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 65–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226798007312">10.1017/S0022226798007312</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4176504">4176504</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144613877">144613877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Telling+general+linguists+about+Altaic&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-98&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144613877%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4176504%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226798007312&rft.aulast=Georg&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Michalove%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Ramer%2C+Alexis+Manaster&rft.au=Sidwell%2C+Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinor, 1988, p.710</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRIEM_2001._Page_336-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DRIEM_2001._Page_336_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRIEM_2001._Page_336_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George van DRIEM: Handbuch der Orientalistik. Volume 1 Part 10. BRILL 2001. Page 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. A. Castrén, Nordische Reisen und Forschungen. V, St.-Petersburg, 1849</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandishBedauAbbass2023" class="citation book cs1">Standish, Russell K.; Bedau, Mark; Abbass, Hussein A. (25 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=si_KlRbL1XoC&dq=10+vowels+uzbek&pg=PA391"><i>Artificial Life 8</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262692816" title="Special:BookSources/9780262692816"><bdi>9780262692816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Life+8&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2023-08-25&rft.isbn=9780262692816&rft.aulast=Standish&rft.aufirst=Russell+K.&rft.au=Bedau%2C+Mark&rft.au=Abbass%2C+Hussein+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsi_KlRbL1XoC%26dq%3D10%2Bvowels%2Buzbek%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunusbayevMetspaluMetspaluValeev2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; et al. (21 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405460">"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>11</b> (4): e1005068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005068">10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7390">1553-7390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405460">4405460</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25898006">25898006</a>. <q>The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Legacy+of+the+Expansion+of+Turkic-Speaking+Nomads+across+Eurasia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1005068&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4405460%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7390&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25898006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005068&rft.aulast=Yunusbayev&rft.aufirst=Bayazit&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Ene&rft.au=Valeev%2C+Albert&rft.au=Litvinov%2C+Sergei&rft.au=Valiev%2C+Ruslan&rft.au=Akhmetova%2C+Vita&rft.au=Balanovska%2C+Elena&rft.au=Balanovsky%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4405460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunusbayevMetspaluMetspaluValeev2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; et al. (21 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405460">"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>11</b> (4): e1005068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005068">10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7390">1553-7390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405460">4405460</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25898006">25898006</a>. <q>Thus, our study provides the first genetic evidence supporting one of the previously hypothesized IAHs to be near Mongolia and South Siberia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Legacy+of+the+Expansion+of+Turkic-Speaking+Nomads+across+Eurasia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1005068&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4405460%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7390&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25898006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005068&rft.aulast=Yunusbayev&rft.aufirst=Bayazit&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Ene&rft.au=Valeev%2C+Albert&rft.au=Litvinov%2C+Sergei&rft.au=Valiev%2C+Ruslan&rft.au=Akhmetova%2C+Vita&rft.au=Balanovska%2C+Elena&rft.au=Balanovsky%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4405460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenchSpriggs2003" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48iKiprsRMwC&pg=PA203"><i>Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses</i></a>. Routledge. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134828692" title="Special:BookSources/9781134828692"><bdi>9781134828692</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124027/https://books.google.com/books?id=48iKiprsRMwC&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+II%3A+Archaeological+Data+and+Linguistic+Hypotheses&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134828692&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Spriggs%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48iKiprsRMwC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011). "Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9609971">Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026130626/https://www.academia.edu/9609971/Studies_on_the_Peoples_and_Cultures_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes">Archived</a> 26 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române. pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1980" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Larry V. (1980). "Turkic Loanwords in Mongol, I: The Treatment of Non-initial S, Z, Š, Č". <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Asiatic_Journal" title="Central Asiatic Journal">Central Asiatic Journal</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1/2): 36–59. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927278">41927278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=Turkic+Loanwords+in+Mongol%2C+I%3A+The+Treatment+of+Non-initial+S%2C+Z%2C+%C5%A0%2C+%C4%8C&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=36-59&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41927278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Larry+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rachewiltz, Igor de.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://сувары.рф/node/754">Introduction to Altaic philology: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu</a> / by Igor de Rachewiltz and Volker Rybatzki; with the collaboration of Hung Chin-fu. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 8, Central Asia; 20). — Leiden; Boston, 2010. — P. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansonJohanson2015" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Lars; Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató (29 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&q=turkic+mongolian+related&pg=PA76"><i>The Turkic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136825279" title="Special:BookSources/9781136825279"><bdi>9781136825279</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124027/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&q=turkic+mongolian+related&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkic+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.isbn=9781136825279&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Johanson%2C+%C3%89va+%C3%81gnes+Csat%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7i5CAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dturkic%2Bmongolian%2Brelated%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soucek_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2000" class="citation book cs1">Soucek, Svat (March 2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc"><i>A History of Inner Asia</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65169-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65169-1"><bdi>978-0-521-65169-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-03&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65169-1&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofinneras00souc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansonCsató2021" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003243809/turkic-languages-lars-johanson-%C3%A9va-csat%C3%B3"><i>The Turkic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003243809">10.4324/9781003243809</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003243809" title="Special:BookSources/9781003243809"><bdi>9781003243809</bdi></a>. <q>Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these and Chuvash another.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkic+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003243809&rft.isbn=9781003243809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781003243809%2Fturkic-languages-lars-johanson-%25C3%25A9va-csat%25C3%25B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgyagási2020" class="citation journal cs1">Agyagási, K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338899820">"A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study"</a>. <i>University of Debrecen</i>. <b>3</b>: 9. <q>Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Debrecen&rft.atitle=A+Volga+Bulgarian+Classifier%3A+A+Historical+and+Areal+Linguistic+Study&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Agyag%C3%A1si&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F338899820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoppe1966" class="citation journal cs1">Poppe, Nicolas J. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926932">"A Survey of Studies of Turkic Loan-Words in the Russian Language"</a>. <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 287–310. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9192">0008-9192</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926932">41926932</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128225545/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926932">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Studies+of+Turkic+Loan-Words+in+the+Russian+Language&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=287-310&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41926932%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-9192&rft.aulast=Poppe&rft.aufirst=Nicolas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41926932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Findley-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Findley_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2004" class="citation book cs1">Findley, Carter V. (October 2004). <i>The Turks in World History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517726-8"><bdi>978-0-19-517726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turks+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517726-8&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010">Turkic Language tree</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151437/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010">Archived</a> 14 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking regions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johanson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johanson_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Lars (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/84611709"><i>Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map</i></a>. Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-86884-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-86884-10-7"><bdi>91-86884-10-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discoveries+on+the+Turkic+linguistic+map&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Swedish+Research+Institute+in+Istanbul&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=91-86884-10-7&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F84611709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyofturkic-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyofturkic_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyofturkic_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lars Johanson, The History of Turkic. In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds), The Turkic Languages, London, New York: Routledge, 81–125, 1998.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">Classification of Turkic languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the main article on <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Lir-Turkic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_Turkic-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_Turkic_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Raymond_G._Jr.2005" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010">"Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Turkic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151437/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World%2C+Fifteenth+edition.+Language+Family+Trees+%E2%80%93+Turkic&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_family.asp%3Fsubid%3D90010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> The reliability of <i>Ethnologue</i> lies mainly in its statistics whereas its framework for the internal classification of Turkic is still based largely on Baskakov (1962) and the collective work in Deny et al. (1959–1964). A more up-to-date alternative to classifying these languages on internal comparative grounds is to be found in the work of Johanson and his co-workers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHruschkaBranfordSmithWilkins2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hruschka, Daniel J.; Branford, Simon; Smith, Eric D.; Wilkins, Jon; Meade, Andrew; Pagel, Mark; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291143">"Detecting Regular Sound Changes in Linguistics as Events of Concerted Evolution 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.10.064">10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291143">4291143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532895">25532895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Detecting+Regular+Sound+Changes+in+Linguistics+as+Events+of+Concerted+Evolution+10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.10.064&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4291143%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25532895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.10.064&rft.aulast=Hruschka&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=Branford%2C+Simon&rft.au=Smith%2C+Eric+D.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Jon&rft.au=Meade%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Pagel%2C+Mark&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Tanmoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4291143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСамойлович1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Samoylovich" title="Alexander Samoylovich">Самойлович, А. Н.</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203843/http://xn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889/"><bdi lang="ru">Некоторые дополнения к классификации турецких языков</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889/">the original</a> on 19 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BA+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.+%D0%9D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai%2Fcatalog%2F000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Clark, "Chuvash", in <i>The Turkic Languages</i>, eds. Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (London–NY: Routledge, 2006), 434–452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton Antonov & Guillaume Jacques, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1495118/Turkic_kumus_silver_and_the_lambdaism_vs_sigmatism_debate">"Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124038/https://www.academia.edu/1495118/Turkic_kumus_silver_and_the_lambdaism_vs_sigmatism_debate">Archived</a> 15 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Turkic Languages</i> 15, no. 2 (2012): 151–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lars Johanson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">"The classification of the Turkic languages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124026/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Archived</a> 15 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Martine Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev (eds.), <i>The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages</i>, 2020, Oxford University Press, pp. 105–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turcologica-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turcologica_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turcologica_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turcologica_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turcologica_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">"turcologica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=turcologica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkiclanguages.com%2Fwww%2Fclassification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deviating. Historically developed from Southwestern (Oghuz) (Johanson 1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. 82-83p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/urum1249">Urum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204120635/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/urum1249">Archived</a> 4 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Glottolog</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/krym1236">Krymchak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707180356/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/krym1236">Archived</a> 7 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Glottolog</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baskakov1958-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baskakov1958_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskakov1958_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskakov1958_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskakov1958" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Baskakov, N. A.</a> (1958). "La Classification des Dialectes de la Langue Turque d'Altaï". <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i> (in French). <b>8</b>: 9–15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446">0001-6446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=La+Classification+des+Dialectes+de+la+Langue+Turque+d%27Alta%C3%AF&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0001-6446&rft.aulast=Baskakov&rft.aufirst=N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baskakov1969-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baskakov1969_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskakov1969_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskakov1969_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskakov1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Baskakov, N. A.</a> (1969). <i>Введение в изучение тюркских языков</i> [<i>Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Baskakov&rft.aufirst=N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kormushin-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kormushin_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kormushin_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kormushin_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKormushin,_I._V.2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kormushin, I. V. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/5199785">"Алтайский язык"</a> [Altai language]. <i>Большая российская энциклопедия/<a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> Online</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727181345/https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/5199785">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%2FGreat+Russian+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Kormushin%2C+I.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Flinguistics%2Ftext%2F5199785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ilit1241">Ili Turki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620215057/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ilit1241">Archived</a> 20 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Glottolog</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rassadin-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rassadin_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRassadin,_V.I." class="citation web cs1">Rassadin, V.I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/soiot.shtml">"The Soyot Language"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503111550/https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/soiot.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages+of+Indigenous+Peoples+of+Siberia&rft.atitle=The+Soyot+Language&rft.au=Rassadin%2C+V.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingsib.iea.ras.ru%2Fen%2Flanguages%2Fsoiot.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NorthernAltai-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NorthernAltai_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3869">"Northern Altai"</a>. ELP <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">Endangered Languages Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125141836/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3869">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Altai&rft.pub=ELP+Endangered+Languages+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F3869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumandin-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumandin_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10475">"Kumandin"</a>. ELP <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">Endangered Languages Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127000834/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10475">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kumandin&rft.pub=ELP+Endangered+Languages+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F10475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bitkeeva-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bitkeeva_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitkeeva,_A.N." class="citation web cs1">Bitkeeva, A.N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/kumandy.shtml">"The Kumandin Language"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711183413/https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/kumandy.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages+of+Indigenous+Peoples+of+Siberia&rft.atitle=The+Kumandin+Language&rft.au=Bitkeeva%2C+A.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingsib.iea.ras.ru%2Fen%2Flanguages%2Fkumandy.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tazranova-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tazranova_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTazranova,_A.R." class="citation web cs1">Tazranova, A.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/chelkan.shtml">"The Chelkan Language"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711092000/https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/chelkan.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages+of+Indigenous+Peoples+of+Siberia&rft.atitle=The+Chelkan+Language&rft.au=Tazranova%2C+A.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingsib.iea.ras.ru%2Fen%2Flanguages%2Fchelkan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevskaya-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nevskaya_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevskaya,_I.A." class="citation web cs1">Nevskaya, I.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/teleut.shtml">"The Teleut Language"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711092004/https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/teleut.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages+of+Indigenous+Peoples+of+Siberia&rft.atitle=The+Teleut+Language&rft.au=Nevskaya%2C+I.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingsib.iea.ras.ru%2Fen%2Flanguages%2Fteleut.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Coene 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124028/https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> 15 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownOgilvie2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1109"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a> (revised ed.). Elsevier. p. 1109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080877754" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080877754"><bdi>978-0080877754</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124042/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1109">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=1109&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0080877754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26pg%3DPA1109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson1998" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Lars, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgNQdljvk70C&pg=PA28"><i>The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994</i></a>. Turcologica Series. Contributor Éva Ágnes Csató. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447038645" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447038645"><bdi>978-3447038645</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124028/https://books.google.com/books?id=cgNQdljvk70C&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mainz+Meeting%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Seventh+International+Conference+on+Turkish+Linguistics%2C+August+3%E2%80%936%2C+1994&rft.series=Turcologica+Series&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3447038645&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgNQdljvk70C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Glottolog, Western Yugur is classified as Enisei-East Siberian Turkic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Janhunen, Juha A. (17 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-042356">"The Unity and Diversity of Altaic"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Linguistics</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 135–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-030521-042356">10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-042356</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F355895">10138/355895</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2333-9683">2333-9683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256126714">256126714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Unity+and+Diversity+of+Altaic&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-154&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F355895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256126714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2333-9683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-030521-042356&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-030521-042356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibata1979" class="citation journal cs1">Sibata, Takesi (1979). "Some syntactic similarities between Turkish, Korean, and Japanese". <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>23</b> (3/4): 293–296. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9192">0008-9192</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927271">41927271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=Some+syntactic+similarities+between+Turkish%2C+Korean%2C+and+Japanese&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=293-296&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41927271%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-9192&rft.aulast=Sibata&rft.aufirst=Takesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Star_Names_Li-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Star_Names_Li_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Star_Names_Li_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">SOME STAR NAMES IN MODERN TURKIC LANGUAGES-I – Yong-Sŏng LI – Academy of Korean Studies Grant funded by the Korean Government (MEST) (AKS-2010-AGC-2101) – Seoul National University 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choi1996-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choi1996_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choi1996_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi1996" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Han-Woo (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/CHOI/choi1996.pdf">"A comparative study of Korean and Turkic: Is Korean Altaic?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Central Asian Studies</i>. <b>1</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212190618/http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/CHOI/choi1996.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+comparative+study+of+Korean+and+Turkic%3A+Is+Korean+Altaic%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Han-Woo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltaica.ru%2FLIBRARY%2FCHOI%2Fchoi1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabayar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Babayar, Gaybullah (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713025335/http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/15_779-2047-1-PB.pdf">"On the ancient relations between the Turkic and Korean peoples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Turkic Civilization Studies</i> (1): 151–155. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/15_779-2047-1-PB.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Turkic+Civilization+Studies&rft.atitle=On+the+ancient+relations+between+the+Turkic+and+Korean+peoples&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-155&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Babayar&rft.aufirst=Gaybullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.manas.edu.kg%2Fmjtc%2Foldarchives%2F2004%2F15_779-2047-1-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTae-Don2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tae-Don, Noh (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/646472">"Relations between ancient Korea and Turkey: An examination of contacts between Koguryŏ and the Turkic Khaganate"</a>. <i>Seoul Journal of Korean Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 361–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fseo.2016.0017">10.1353/seo.2016.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10371%2F164838">10371/164838</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2331-4826">2331-4826</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151445857">151445857</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424183833/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/646472">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Journal+of+Korean+Studies&rft.atitle=Relations+between+ancient+Korea+and+Turkey%3A+An+examination+of+contacts+between+Kogury%C5%8F+and+the+Turkic+Khaganate&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=361-369&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10371%2F164838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151445857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2331-4826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fseo.2016.0017&rft.aulast=Tae-Don&rft.aufirst=Noh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F646472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachowski2015" class="citation journal cs1">Stachowski, Marek (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12022061">"Turkic pronouns against a Uralic background"</a>. <i>Iran and the Caucasus</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 79–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20150106">10.1163/1573384X-20150106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124081956/https://www.academia.edu/12022061">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Turkic+pronouns+against+a+Uralic+background&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-86&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573384X-20150106&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft.aulast=Stachowski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12022061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabdulkhay_Akhatov" title="Gabdulkhay Akhatov">Akhatov G. Kh.</a> 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li>Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Baskakov, N. A.</a> (1962, 1969). <i>Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages</i>. Moscow. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li>Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. <i>Turkic languages in contact</i>. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-05212-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-05212-0">3-447-05212-0</a></li> <li>Clausen, Gerard. 1972. <i>An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. <i>Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</li> <li>Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. <i>Parlons qashqay.</i> In: collection "<i>parlons</i>". Paris: <a href="/wiki/L%27Harmattan" title="L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>.</li> <li>Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).</li> <li>Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).</li> <li>Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 2022. <i>The Turkic Languages</i>. Second edition. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-73856-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-73856-9">978-0-415-73856-9</a>.</li> <li>Johanson, Lars. 2022. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 83–120.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623115154/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages">Archived</a> 23 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Menges, K. H. 1968. <i>The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</li> <li>Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14198-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14198-2">0-415-14198-2</a></li> <li>Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. <i>Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages</i>. Petrograd.</li> <li>Savelyev, Alexander and <a href="/wiki/Martine_Robbeets" title="Martine Robbeets">Martine Robbeets</a>. (2019). lexibank/savelyevturkic: Turkic Basic Vocabulary Database (Version v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3556518">10.5281/zenodo.3556518</a></li> <li>Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." <i>Turkic Languages</i> 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.</li> <li>Schönig, Claus. "The Internal Division of Modern Turkic and Its Historical Implications". In: <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>, vol. 52, no. 1, 1999, pp. 63–95. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43391369">http://www.jstor.org/stable/43391369</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103004444/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43391369">Archived</a> 3 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 3 Jan. 2023.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Starostin" title="Sergei Starostin">Starostin, Sergei A.</a>, Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages.</i> Leiden: Brill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13153-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13153-1">90-04-13153-1</a></li> <li>Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. <i>Classification and index of the World's languages</i>. New York: Elsevier.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Turkic_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Turkic Swadesh lists">Appendix:Turkic Swadesh lists</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkdilleri.com/en/map/1/turkic-languages-map">Interactive map of Turkic languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediafire.com/view/6iami4gg48peq66/Turkic_Languages_Verb_Comparison.pdf">Turkic Languages Verb Comparison</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkdilleri.com/en/home">Turkic Language Portal (English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gokturkanitlari.appspot.com/">Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002180329/http://gokturkanitlari.appspot.com/">Archived</a> 2 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511132136/http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/langres_turkic.html">Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/turk/turklm.htm">Map of Turkic languages</a> by <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiclanguages.com/">Classification of Turkic Languages</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lars_Johanson" title="Lars Johanson">Lars Johanson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkdilleri.com/en/charts/number-of-speakers-and-groupping">Grouping chart of Turkic Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.yulghun.com/">Online Uyghur–English Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517093328/http://www.tdk.org.tr/lehceler/Default.aspx">Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pauctle.com">Pauctle.com</a> dictionaries of various Turkic Languages and games for learning words by <a href="/wiki/Pamukkale_University" title="Pamukkale University">Pamukkale University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710073607/http://www.gaspirali.com/ksozluk/">A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages</a> <i>Open Project</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkic-languages.scienceontheweb.net/">The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112121251/http://turkic-languages.scienceontheweb.net/">Archived</a> 12 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> with illustrations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3556954">Turkic basic vocabularies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Zenodo" title="Zenodo">Zenodo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altaica.ru/e_index.php">Monumenta Altaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626060818/https://altaica.ru/e_index.php">Archived</a> 26 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Grammar and other sources by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkic-interlingua.org/">Turkic Interlingua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">NLP</a> project for Turkic languages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkic.elegantlexicon.com/">Turkic Database</a> at Elegant Lexicon (Comprehensive lexical database for Turkic languages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turklang.net/en/">TurkLang Conference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622162427/http://www.turklang.net/en/">Archived</a> 22 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925132543/http://www.e-zerde.kz/zerde/index.php/ru/struktura-4/struktura-6">Astana, Kazakhstan, 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turklang.itu.edu.tr/">Istanbul, Turkey, 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171316/http://www.turklang.itu.edu.tr/">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925133912/http://turklang.antat.ru/">Kazan, Tatarstan, 2015</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Altaic_languages" title="Template:Altaic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Altaic_languages" title="Template talk:Altaic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Altaic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Altaic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Altaic_hypothesis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic hypothesis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Altaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Altaic language">Proto-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Japonic">Proto-Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_languages" title="Template talk:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language"><i>Proto-Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages">Argu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages"><i>Argu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Northern Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Southern Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoton_language" title="Khoton language">Khoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Old</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language"><i>Chagatai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language"><i>Karakhanid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic"><i>Khorezmian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaibak_dialect" title="Nagaibak dialect">Nagaibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar"><i>Old Tatar</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak_language" title="Armeno-Kipchak language"><i>Armeno-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language"><i>Cuman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk-Kipchak_language" title="Mamluk-Kipchak language"><i>Mamluk-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyz</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language"><i>Fergana Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_dialect" title="Baraba dialect">Baraba</a></li> <li>Tom</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telengit_language" title="Telengit language">Telengit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleut_language" title="Teleut language">Teleut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nogai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobol-Irtysh_dialect" title="Tobol-Irtysh dialect">Tobol-Irtysh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trukhmen_dialect" title="Trukhmen dialect">Trukhmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonqori_dialect" title="Sonqori dialect">Sonqori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#North_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">North Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#South_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">South Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" title="Ajem-Turkic"><i>Ajem-Turkic</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_language" title="Balkan Gagauz language">Balkan Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs#Language" title="Karapapakhs"><i>Karapapakh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish"><i>Karamanli Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish"><i>Old Anatolian Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish"><i>Ottoman Turkish</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steppe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot_language" title="Soyot language">Soyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yenisei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkan_language" title="Chelkan language">Chelkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandin_language" title="Kumandin language">Kumandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubalar_language" title="Tubalar language">Tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur"><i>Old Uyghur</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Turkic language"><i>Orkhon Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghur languages">Oghur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language"><i>Bulgar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language"><i>Khazar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language"><i>Pecheneg</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially Turkic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)"><i>Di</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language"><i>Hunnic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language"><i>Jie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Language" title="Pannonian Avars"><i>Pannonian Avar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language"><i>Tuoba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun#Language" title="Wusun"><i>Wusun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language"><i>Xiongnu</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbet_language" title="Kurbet language">Kurbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br /> <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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