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{"work":{"id":6820674,"created_at":"2014-04-21T04:41:18.185-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-02-14T16:59:41.741-08:00","_data":{"event_date":null,"publication_date":"2013,,","conference_end_date":null,"conference_start_date":null},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"spam","language":"en","title":" A brief overview of the Cuban sugar industry from 1590 to today","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1519124]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div 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class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title"> A brief overview of the Cuban sugar industry from 1590 to today</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1519124" href="https://sciences-po.academia.edu/AlisonVicrobeck"><img alt="Profile image of Alison Vicrobeck" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1519124/538228/1402318/s65_alison.vicrobeck.jpg" />Alison Vicrobeck</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2013</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="8348757" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8348757/Introducing_Cuba_An_Essay_for_American_Students">Introducing Cuba: An Essay for American Students</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="943120" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JulioPino">Julio C . 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A report analyzing the causes, course, and consequences of the revolution, and whether or not it could have been averted.","attachmentId":32567633,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5443309/_3rd_Year_Castro_Cuba_and_the_26th_of_July_Movement_An_Inevitable_Revolution_A_report_analyzing_the_causes_course_and_consequences_of_the_revolution_and_whether_or_not_it_could_have_been_averted","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5443309/_3rd_Year_Castro_Cuba_and_the_26th_of_July_Movement_An_Inevitable_Revolution_A_report_analyzing_the_causes_course_and_consequences_of_the_revolution_and_whether_or_not_it_could_have_been_averted"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="32724850" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32724850/Cooling_heads_under_the_tropics_The_rationalization_of_EU_Cuba_US_relations">'Cooling heads under the tropics' The rationalization of EU-Cuba-US relations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46365422" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LUCASGARDENAL">LUCAS GARDENAL</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study will look at the different processes that brought the EU, the US and Cuba closer to each other with the signature of a Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement between the EU and Cuba in March 2016, and the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and Cuba in July 2015. In order to have a full overview of the relations between these three actors, we will also look at the reasons that pushed Cuba to accept a dialogue with the EU and the US and the evolutions that happened in this country. This work’s hypothesis is that the relations between the US, the EU and Cuba gradually became more rational as they managed to break from historical reflexes, inherited of their common past. Often understudied, emotions, personal relations and history have nevertheless a major role in the definition of one country’s foreign policy. In the present case they even appear to be the main factors behind EU’s and US’s policy toward Cuba and Cuban relations with these two. Therefore, the first part of this work will focus on common historical events (US-Spanish War, the Cuban Revolution and the strengthening of American and European sanctions against Cuba in the 1990’s and 2000’s) and look how they altered policy-makers’ decisions and perceptions, leading to irrational policies being set. This part will also allow us to look for the underlying reasons of Cuba’s ‘unique’ place in international relations. Then, using 2004 - a particularly ‘low point’ in EU-Cuba-US relations - as a starting point, the second part will present the political, economic and international factors that contributed to a gradual rationalization of the three sides, leading to today’s situation. The role of EU Member States, EU institutions, American and Cuban politics, Cuba’s economic situation, Latin American politics as well as the impact of European and American sanctions on Cuba will be discussed in this part. Doing so, we will show how these different factors resulted from or led to more rational behaviors and brought the three sides closer. Finally, as this rapprochement is still ongoing and multiple uncertainties still lay ahead, we will conclude discussing these different hurdles and the future prospects of EU-Cuba-US relations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'Cooling heads under the tropics' The rationalization of EU-Cuba-US relations","attachmentId":52884057,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32724850/Cooling_heads_under_the_tropics_The_rationalization_of_EU_Cuba_US_relations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32724850/Cooling_heads_under_the_tropics_The_rationalization_of_EU_Cuba_US_relations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="2975127" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2975127/Sustainable_Agriculture_and_Food_Security_in_Cuba">Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="631446" href="https://luc.academia.edu/CarmenGonzalez">Carmen Gonzalez</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6420438/Cuba_U_S_Policy_and_Issues_for_the_113th_Congress">Cuba: U.S. Policy and Issues for the 113th Congress</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10109353" href="https://houston.academia.edu/migueltzoc">miguel tzoc</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cuba: U.S. Policy and Issues for the 113th Congress","attachmentId":33224160,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6420438/Cuba_U_S_Policy_and_Issues_for_the_113th_Congress","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6420438/Cuba_U_S_Policy_and_Issues_for_the_113th_Congress"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="976973" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/976973/_La_Ni%C3%B1a_Adorada_del_Mundo_Socialista_Cuba_the_US_and_the_USSR_1959_1962">“La Niña Adorada del Mundo Socialista:” Cuba, the US, and the USSR, 1959-1962</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="366753" href="https://uci.academia.edu/AnitaCasavantesBradford">Anita Casavantes Bradford</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“La Niña Adorada del Mundo Socialista:” Cuba, the US, and the USSR, 1959-1962","attachmentId":5978809,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/976973/_La_Ni%C3%B1a_Adorada_del_Mundo_Socialista_Cuba_the_US_and_the_USSR_1959_1962","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/976973/_La_Ni%C3%B1a_Adorada_del_Mundo_Socialista_Cuba_the_US_and_the_USSR_1959_1962"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="792488" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/792488/Seasons_of_Resistance_Sustainable_Agriculture_and_Food_Security_in_Cuba">Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="631446" href="https://luc.academia.edu/CarmenGonzalez">Carmen Gonzalez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Beginning in the mid-1990s, Cuba embarked upon a transformation of the agricultural sector that has been hailed by some observers as a model of socially equitable and ecologically sustainable agriculture. Cuba shifted from an export-oriented, chemical-intensive agricultural development strategy to one that promoted organic agriculture and encouraged production for the domestic market. This article places Cuba's agricultural reforms in historical context by examining the evolution of Cuban agriculture from the colonial period until the present through the lens of food security and ecological sustainability. The article argues that Cuba, for most of its history, was food insecure and ecologically compromised as a consequence of its dependence on one agricultural commodity (sugar) to generate the bulk of foreign exchange revenues, its reliance on imports to satisfy domestic food needs, its dependence on one primary trading partner (initially Spain, subsequently the United States and the Soviet Union), and its adoption of capital-intensive, chemical-dependent agricultural production techniques. When the collapse of the socialist trading bloc in 1990 plunged the Cuba economy into a state of crisis, the Cuban government implemented as series of reforms that diversified Cuba's economic base, diversified the range of crops cultivated, prioritized domestic food production, and promoted organic and semi-organic farming techniques. 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