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bout effect</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: repeated bout effect"> <meta name="keywords" content="repeated bout effect"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="repeated bout effect"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 15270</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: repeated bout effect</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15270</span> Adaptation to Repeated Eccentric Exercise Assessed by Double to Single Twitch Ratio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damian%20Janecki">Damian Janecki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Jask%C3%B3lska"> Anna Jaskólska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaros%C5%82aw%20Marusiak"> Jarosław Marusiak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Artur%20Jask%C3%B3lski"> Artur Jaskólski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to assess double to single twitch ratio after two bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Maximal isometric torque, single and double twitch responses and low-frequency fatigue were assessed on the elbow flexors in 19 untrained male volunteers before, immediately after, 24 and 48 hours following two bouts of eccentric exercise consisted of 30 repetitions of lowering a dumbbell adjusted to ~75% of each individual's maximal isometric torque. Maximal isometric torque and electrically evoked responses decreased significantly in all measurements after the first bout of eccentric exercise (P<0.05). In measurements performed at 24 and 48 hours after the second bout both maximal voluntary isometric torque and electrically evoked contractions were significantly higher than in measurements performed after the fist bout (P<0.05). Although low-frequency fatigue significantly increased up to 48 hours after each bout of eccentric exercise, its values at 24 and 48 hours after the second bout were significantly lower than at respective time points after the first bout (P<0.05). Smaller changes in double to single twitch ratio at 24 and 48 hours after the second bout of eccentric exercise reflects repeated bout effect that confers protection against subsequent exercise-induced muscle damage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biceps%20brachii" title="biceps brachii">biceps brachii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20stimulation" title=" electrical stimulation"> electrical stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lenghtening%20contractions" title=" lenghtening contractions"> lenghtening contractions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20bout%20effect" title=" repeated bout effect "> repeated bout effect </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49190/adaptation-to-repeated-eccentric-exercise-assessed-by-double-to-single-twitch-ratio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15269</span> Effect of Two Bouts of Eccentric Exercise on Knee Flexors Changes in Muscle-Tendon Lengths</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shang-Hen%20Wu">Shang-Hen Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yung-Chen%20Lin"> Yung-Chen Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Song%20Chang"> Wei-Song Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming-Ju%20Lin"> Ming-Ju Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated whether the repeated bout effect (RBE) of knee flexors (KF) eccentric exercise would be changed in muscle-tendon lengths. Eight healthy university male students used their KF of non-dominant leg and performed a bout of 60 maximal isokinetic (30°/s) eccentric contractions (MaxECC1). A week after MaxECC1, all subjects used the same KF to perform a subsequent bout of MaxECC2. Changes in maximal isokinetic voluntary contraction torque (MVC-CON), muscle soreness (SOR), relaxed knee joint angle (RANG), leg circumference (CIR), and ultrasound images (UI; muscle-tendon length and muscle angle) were measured before, immediately after, 1-5 days after each bout. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze all the dependent variables. After MaxECC1, all the dependent variables (e.g. MVC-CON: ↓30%, muscle-tendon length: ↑24%, muscle angle: ↑15%) showed significantly change. Following MaxECC2, all the above dependent variables (e.g. MVC-CON：↓21%, tendon length: ↑16%, muscle angle: ↑6%) were significantly smaller than those of MaxECC1. These results of this study found that protective effect conferred by MaxECC1 against MaxECC2, and changes in muscle damage indicators, muscle-tendon length and muscle angle following MaxECC2 were smaller than MaxECC1. Thus, the amount of shift of muscle-tendon length and muscle angle was related to the RBE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eccentric%20exercise" title="eccentric exercise">eccentric exercise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximal%20isokinetic%20voluntary%20contraction%20torque" title=" maximal isokinetic voluntary contraction torque"> maximal isokinetic voluntary contraction torque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20bout%20effect" title=" repeated bout effect"> repeated bout effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasound" title=" ultrasound"> ultrasound</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70166/effect-of-two-bouts-of-eccentric-exercise-on-knee-flexors-changes-in-muscle-tendon-lengths" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70166.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15268</span> Effect of Submaximal Eccentric versus Maximal Isometric Contraction on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20M.%20Ragab">Mohamed M. Ragab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neveen%20A.%20Abdel%20Raoof"> Neveen A. Abdel Raoof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reham%20H.%20Diab"> Reham H. Diab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is the most common symptom when ordinary individuals and athletes are exposed to unaccustomed physical activity, especially eccentric contraction which impairs athletic performance, ordinary people work ability and physical functioning. A multitude of methods have been investigated to reduce DOMS. One of the valuable method to control DOMS is repeated bout effect (RBE) as a prophylactic method. Purpose: To compare the repeated bout effect of submaximal eccentric contraction versus maximal isometric contraction on induced DOMS. Methods: Sixty normal male volunteers were assigned randomly into three groups of equal number: Group (A) “first study group”: 20 subjects received submaximal eccentric contraction on non-dominant elbow flexors as prophylactic exercise. Group (B) “second study group”: 20 subjects received maximal isometric contraction on non-dominant elbow flexors as prophylactic exercise. Group (C) “control group”: 20 subjects did not receive any prophylactic exercise. Maximal isometric contraction peak torque of elbow flexors and patient related elbow evaluation (PREE) scale were measured for each subject 3 times before, immediately after and 48 hours after induction of DOMS. Results: Post-hoc test for maximal isometric peak torque and PREE scale immediately and 48 hours after induction of DOMS revealed that group (A) and group (B) resulted in significant decrease in maximal isometric strength loss and elbow pain and disability rather than control group (C), but submaximal eccentric group (A) was more effective than maximal isometric group (B) as it showed more rapid recovery of functional strength and less degrees of elbow pain and disability. Conclusion: Both submaximal eccentric contraction and maximal isometric contraction were effective in prevention of DOMS but submaximal eccentric contraction had the greatest protective effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delayed%20onset%20muscle%20soreness" title="delayed onset muscle soreness">delayed onset muscle soreness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximal%20isometric%20peak%20torque" title=" maximal isometric peak torque"> maximal isometric peak torque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20related%20elbow%20evaluation%20scale" title=" patient related elbow evaluation scale"> patient related elbow evaluation scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20bout%20effect" title=" repeated bout effect"> repeated bout effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28794/effect-of-submaximal-eccentric-versus-maximal-isometric-contraction-on-delayed-onset-muscle-soreness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28794.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15267</span> Small-Sided Games in Football: Effect of Field Sizes on Technical Parameters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faruk%20Guven">Faruk Guven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurtekin%20Erkmen"> Nurtekin Erkmen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samet%20Aktas"> Samet Aktas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cengiz%20Taskin"> Cengiz Taskin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to determine effects of field sizes on technical parameters of small-sided games in football players. Eight amateur football players (27.23±3.08 years, heigth: 171.01±5.36 cm, body weigth: 66.86±4.54 kg, sports experience: 12.88±3.28 years) performed 4-a-side small-sided games (SSG) with different field sizes. In SSGs, field sizes were 30 x 40 m and 26 mx24 m. SSGs was conducted as a series of 3 bouts of 6 min with 5 min recovery durations. All SSGs were video recorded using two digital video camcorder positioned on a tripot. Shoot on taget, passes, succesful passes, unsuccesful passes, dripling, tackle, possession in SSGs were counted by Mathball Match Analysis System. The effects of bouts on technical score were examined separately using a Friedman’s test. Mann Whitney U test was applied to analyse differences between field sizes. There were no significant differences in shoots on target, total pass, successful pass, tackle, interception, possession between bouts in 30x40 m field size (p>0.05). Unsuccessful pass in bout 3 for 30x40 m field size was lower than bout 1 and bout 2 (p<0.05) and dripling in bout 3 was lower than bout 2 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in technical actions between bouts for 26x34 m field size (p>0.05). Shoot on target in SSG with 26 x 34 m field size was higher than SSG with 30x40 m field size (p<0.05). Unsuccessful pass for 26x34 m field size in bout 3 was higher than SSG with 30x40 m field size (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in technical actions between field sizes (p>0.05). In conclusion; in this study demonstrates that technical actions in a-4-side SSG are not influenced by different field sizes (for 30x40 m and 26x34 m field sizes). This consequence is same for both total SSG time and each bout. Dripling and unsuccessful pass decrease in bout 3 during SSG in 30 x 40 m field size. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small-sided%20games" title="small-sided games">small-sided games</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=football" title=" football"> football</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20actions" title=" technical actions"> technical actions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sport%20science" title=" sport science"> sport science</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17946/small-sided-games-in-football-effect-of-field-sizes-on-technical-parameters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17946.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">552</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15266</span> The Effects of Chamomile on Serum Levels of Inflammatory Indexes to a Bout of Eccentric Exercise in Young Women</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Azadeh">K. Azadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ghasemi"> M. Ghasemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Fazelifar"> S. Fazelifar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aim: Changes in stress hormones can be modify response of immune system. Cortisol as the most important body corticosteroid is anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive hormone. Normal levels of cortisol in humans has fluctuated during the day, In other words, cortisol is released periodically, and regulate through the release of ACTH circadian rhythm in every day. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of Chamomile on serum levels of inflammatory indexes to a bout of eccentric exercise in young women. Methodology: 32 women were randomly divided into 4 groups: high dose of Chamomile, low dose of Chamomile, ibuprofen and placebo group. Eccentric exercise included 5 set and rest period between sets was 1 minute. For this purpose, subjects warm up 10 min and then done eccentric exercise. Each participant completed 15 repetitions with optional 20 kg weight or until can’t continue moving. When the subject was no longer able to continue to move, immediately decreased 5 kg from the weight and the protocol continued until cause exhaustion or complete 15 repetitions. Also, subjects received specified amount of ibuprofen and Chamomile capsules in target groups. Blood samples in 6 stages (pre of starting pill, pre of exercise protocol, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after eccentric exercise) was obtained. The levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were measured by ELISA way. K-S test to determine the normality of the data and analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to analyze the data. A significant difference in the p < 0/05 accepted. Results: The results showed that Individual characteristics including height, weight, age and body mass index were not significantly different among the four groups. Analyze of data showed that cortisol and ACTH basic levels significantly decreased after supplementation consumption, but then gradually significantly increased in all stages of post exercise. In High dose of Chamomile group, increasing tendency of post exercise somewhat less than other groups, but not to a significant level. The inter-group analysis results indicate that time effect had a significant impact in different stages of the groups. Conclusion: The results of this study, one session of eccentric exercise increased cortisol and ACTH hormone. The results represent the effect of high dose of Chamomile in the prevention and reduction of increased stress hormone levels. As regards use of medicinal plants and ibuprofen as a pain medication and inflammation has spread among athletes and non-athletes, the results of this research can provide information about the advantages and disadvantages of using medicinal plants and ibuprofen. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chamomile" title="chamomile">chamomile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflammatory%20indexes" title=" inflammatory indexes"> inflammatory indexes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eccentric%20exercise" title=" eccentric exercise"> eccentric exercise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=young%20girls" title=" young girls"> young girls</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36069/the-effects-of-chamomile-on-serum-levels-of-inflammatory-indexes-to-a-bout-of-eccentric-exercise-in-young-women" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36069.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15265</span> Cyclic Heating Effect on Hardness of Copper</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahany%20W.%20Sadak">Tahany W. Sadak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Presented work discusses research results concerning the effect of the heat treatment process. Thermal fatigue which expresses repeated heating and cooling processes affect the ductility or the brittleness of the material. In this research, 70 specimens of copper (1.5 mm thickness, 85 mm length, 32 mm width) are subjected to thermal fatigue at different conditions. Heating temperatures T<sub>h</sub> are 100, 300 and 500 °C. Number of repeated cycles N is from 1 to 100. Heating time t<sub>h</sub> =600 Sec, and Cooling time; t<sub>C</sub>= 900 Sec.  Results are evaluated and then compared to each other and to that of specimens without subjected to thermal fatigue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title="copper">copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20analysis" title=" thermal analysis"> thermal analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20treatment" title=" heat treatment"> heat treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardness" title=" hardness"> hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20fatigue" title=" thermal fatigue"> thermal fatigue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47950/cyclic-heating-effect-on-hardness-of-copper" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47950.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15264</span> Viscoelastic Modeling of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) under Repeated Loading by Using Finite Element Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Tabatabaei">S. A. Tabatabaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Aarabi"> S. Aarabi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Predicting the hot mix asphalt (HMA) response and performance is a challenging task because of the subjectivity of HMA under the complex loading and environmental condition. The behavior of HMA is a function of temperature of loading and also shows the time and rate-dependent behavior directly affecting design criteria of mixture. Velocity of load passing make the time and rate. The viscoelasticity illustrates the reaction of HMA under loading and environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture effect. The behavior has direct effect on design criteria such as tensional strain and vertical deflection. In this paper, the computational framework for viscoelasticity and implementation in 3D dimensional HMA model is introduced to use in finite element method. The model was lied under various repeated loading conditions at constant temperature. The response of HMA viscoelastic behavior is investigated in loading condition under speed vehicle and sensitivity of behavior to the range of speed and compared to HMA which is supposed to have elastic behavior as in conventional design methods. The results show the importance of loading time pulse, unloading time and various speeds on design criteria. Also the importance of memory fading of material to storing the strain and stress due to repeated loading was shown. The model was simulated by ABAQUS finite element package <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscoelasticity" title="viscoelasticity">viscoelasticity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20loading" title=" repeated loading"> repeated loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HMA" title=" HMA "> HMA </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16211/viscoelastic-modeling-of-hot-mix-asphalt-hma-under-repeated-loading-by-using-finite-element-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">398</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15263</span> Does Creatine Supplementation Improve Swimming Performance?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catrin%20Morgan">Catrin Morgan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atholl%20Johnston"> Atholl Johnston </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Creatine supplementation should theoretically increase total muscle creatine and so enhance the generation of intramuscular phosphocreatine and subsequent ATP formation. The use of creatine as a potential ergogenic aid in sport has been an area of significant scientific research for a number of years. However the effect of creatine supplementation and swimming performance is a relatively new area of research and is the subject of this review. In swimming creatine supplementation could help maintain maximal power output, aid recovery and increase lean body mass. After investigating the underlying theory and science behind creatine supplementation, a literature review was conducted to identify the best evidence looking at the effect of creatine supplementation on swimming performance. The search identified 27 potential studies, and of these 17 were selected for review. The studies were then categorised into single sprint performance, which involves swimming a short distance race, or repeated interval performance, which involves swimming a series of sprints with intervals of rest between them. None of the studies on the effect of creatine controlled for the multiple confounding factors associated with measurement of swimming performance. The sample size in the studies was limited and this reduced the reliability of the studies and introduced the possibility of bias. The studies reviewed provided insufficient evidence to determine if creatine supplementation is beneficial to swimming performance. However, what data there was supported the use of creatine supplementation in repeated interval swimming rather than in single sprint swimming. From a review of the studies, it was calculated on average, there was a 1.37% increase in swimming performance with the use of creatine for repeated intervals and a 0.86% increase in performance for single sprint. While this may seem minor, it should be remembered that swimming races are often won by much smaller margins. In the 2012 London Olympics the Men’s 100 metres freestyle race was won by a margin of only 0.01 of a second. Therefore any potential benefit could make a dramatic difference to the final outcome of the race. Overall more research is warranted before the benefits of creatine supplementation in swimming performance can be further clarified. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creatine%20supplementation" title="creatine supplementation">creatine supplementation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20interval" title=" repeated interval"> repeated interval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20sprint" title=" single sprint"> single sprint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swimming%20performance" title=" swimming performance "> swimming performance </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25035/does-creatine-supplementation-improve-swimming-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15262</span> Repeated Batch Cultivation: A Novel Empty and Fill Strategy for the Enhanced Production of a Biodegradable Polymer, Polyhydroxy Alkanoate by Alcaligenes latus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geeta%20Gahlawat">Geeta Gahlawat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashok%20Kumar%20Srivastava"> Ashok Kumar Srivastava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, a simple drain and fill protocol strategy of repeated batch was adopted for enhancement in polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production using alcaligenes latus DSM 1124. Repeated batch strategy helped in increasing the longevity of otherwise decaying culture in the bioreactor by supplementing fresh substrates during each cycle of repeated-batch. The main advantages of repeated batch are its ease of operation, enhancement of culture stability towards contamination, minimization of pre-culture effects and maintenance of organism at high growth rates. The cultivation of A. latus was carried out in 7 L bioreactor containing 4 L optimized nutrient medium and a comparison with the batch mode fermentation was done to evaluate the performance of repeated batch in terms of PHAs accumulation and productivity. The statistically optimized medium recipe consisted of: 25 g/L Sucrose, 2.8 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 3.25 g/L KH2PO4, 3.25 g/L Na2HPO4, 0.2 g/L MgSO4, 1.5 mL/L trace element solution. In this strategy, 20% (v/v) of the culture broth was removed from the reactor and supplemented with an equal volume of fresh medium when sucrose concentration inside the reactor decreased below 8 g/L. The fermenter was operated for three repeated batch cycles and fresh nutrient feeding was done at 27 h, 48 h, and 60 h. Repeated batch operation resulted in a total biomass of 27.89 g/L and PHAs concentration 20.55 g/L at the end of 69 h which was a marked improvement as compared to batch cultivation (8.71 g/L biomass and 6.24 g/L PHAs). This strategy demonstrated 3.3 fold and 1.8 fold increase in PHAs concentration and volumetric productivity, respectively as compared to batch cultivation. Repeated batch cultivation strategy had also the benefit of avoiding non-productive time period required for cleaning, refilling and sterilization of bioreactor, thereby increasing the overall volumetric productivity and making the entire process cost-effective too. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alcaligenes" title="alcaligenes">alcaligenes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradation" title=" biodegradation"> biodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyhydroxyalkanoates" title=" polyhydroxyalkanoates"> polyhydroxyalkanoates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20batch" title=" repeated batch"> repeated batch</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37729/repeated-batch-cultivation-a-novel-empty-and-fill-strategy-for-the-enhanced-production-of-a-biodegradable-polymer-polyhydroxy-alkanoate-by-alcaligenes-latus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37729.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">369</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15261</span> Investors’ Misreaction to Subsequent Bad News</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liang-Chien%20Lee">Liang-Chien Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chih-Hsiang%20Chang"> Chih-Hsiang Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying-Shu%20Tseng"> Ying-Shu Tseng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Comparing with prior studies mainly focused on the effect of a certain event (it may be the initial announcement of bad news or the repeated announcements of identical bad news) on stock price, the aim of this study is to explore how investors react to subsequent bad news with identical content. Empirical results show that as a result of behavioral pitfalls, investors underreact to the initial announcement of the bad news (i.e., unknown bad news) and overreact to the repeated announcements of the identical bad news (i.e., known bad news). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsequent%20bad%20news" title="subsequent bad news">subsequent bad news</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20finance" title=" behavioral finance"> behavioral finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Investors%E2%80%99%20misreaction" title=" Investors’ misreaction"> Investors’ misreaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20pitfalls" title=" behavioral pitfalls"> behavioral pitfalls</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43215/investors-misreaction-to-subsequent-bad-news" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15260</span> The Effect of Honeycomb Core Thickness on the Repeated Low-Velocity Impact Behavior of Sandwich Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20H.%20Abo%20Sabah">S. H. Abo Sabah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20B.%20H.%20%20Kueh"> A. B. H. Kueh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20%20Megat%20Johari"> M. A. Megat Johari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20A.%20%20Majid"> T. A. Majid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In a recent study, a new bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beam (BHSB) mimicking the head configuration of the woodpecker was developed. The beam consists of two carbon/epoxy composite face sheets, aluminum honeycomb core, and rubber core to enhance the repeated low-velocity impact resistance of sandwich structures. This paper aims to numerically enhance the repeated low-velocity impact resistance of the BHSB via optimizing the aluminum honeycomb core thickness. The beam was investigated employing three core thicknesses: 20 mm, 25 mm, and 30 mm at three impact energy levels (13.5 J, 15.55 J, 21.43 J). The results revealed that increasing the thickness of the aluminum honeycomb core to a certain level enhances the sandwich beam stiffness. The beam with the 25 mm honeycomb core thickness was the only beam that can sustain five repeated impacts achieving the highest impact resistance efficiency index, especially at high energy levels. Furthermore, the bottom face sheet of this beam developed the lowest stresses indicating that this thickness has a relatively better performance during impact events since it allowed minimal stress to reach the bottom face sheet. Overall, increasing the aluminum core thickness will increase the height of its cells subjecting it to buckling phenomenon. Therefore, this study suggests that the optimal thickness of the aluminum honeycomb core should be 65 % of the overall thickness of the sandwich beam to have the best impact resistance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandwich%20beams" title="sandwich beams">sandwich beams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=core%20thickness" title=" core thickness"> core thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20behavior" title=" impact behavior"> impact behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling "> modeling </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113735/the-effect-of-honeycomb-core-thickness-on-the-repeated-low-velocity-impact-behavior-of-sandwich-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113735.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15259</span> Determinants of Service Quality on Thai Passengers’ Repeated Purchase of Domestic Flight Service with Thai Airways International</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nattapong%20Techarattanased">Nattapong Techarattanased</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research paper aimed to identify determinants of airline service quality on passengers’ repeated purchase of service. The population of this study was Thai passengers flying domestic flights with Thai Airways, making a total of 300 samples. These 300 samples participated in this research by answering a collection of questions by means of a questionnaire. An analysis of means score and multiple regression revealed that perceived service quality for tangible elements, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy had determined repeated purchase of flight service of the passengers at a high level. Moreover, reliability and responsiveness factors could predict the passengers’ repeated purchase of flight service at the percentage of 30.6. The findings gave a signal that Thai Airways may consider a development of route network and fleet strategy as well as an establishment of aircraft and seat qualification to meet passengers’ needs and requirements. Passengers’ level of satisfaction could also be maximized by offering service value through various kinds of special deals and programs, whereas value- added pricing strategy should be considered in order to differentiate from and beat other leading airline competitors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20purchase" title="repeated purchase">repeated purchase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20quality" title=" service quality"> service quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domestic%20flight" title=" domestic flight"> domestic flight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thai%20Airways" title=" Thai Airways"> Thai Airways</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8124/determinants-of-service-quality-on-thai-passengers-repeated-purchase-of-domestic-flight-service-with-thai-airways-international" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8124.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15258</span> Effect of Exercise and Mindfulness on Cognitive and Psycho-Emotional Functioning in Children with ADHD</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hannah%20Bigelow">Hannah Bigelow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcus%20D.%20Gottlieb"> Marcus D. Gottlieb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michelle%20Ogrodnik"> Michelle Ogrodnik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeffrey"> Jeffrey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Graham"> D. Graham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbara%20Fenesi"> Barbara Fenesi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders affecting approximately 6% of children worldwide. ADHD is characterized by a combination of persistent deficits including impaired inhibitory control, working memory and task-switching. Many children with ADHD also have comorbid mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. There are several treatment options to manage ADHD impairments, including drug and behavioural management therapy, but they all have drawbacks, such as worsening mood disturbances or being inaccessible to certain demographics. Both physical exercise and mindfulness meditation serve as alternative options to potentially help mitigate ADHD symptoms. Although there is extensive support for the benefits of long-term physical exercise or mindfulness meditation programs, there is insufficient research investigating how acute bouts (i.e., single, short bouts) can help children with ADHD. Thus, the current study aimed to understand how single, short bouts of exercise and mindfulness meditation impacts executive functioning and psycho-emotional well-being in children with ADHD, as well as to directly compare the efficacy of these two interventions. The study used a a pre- post-test, within-subjects design to assess the effects of a 10-minute bout of moderate intensity exercise versus a 10-minute bout of mindfulness meditation (versus 10 minutes of a reading control) on the executive functioning and psycho-emotional well-being of 16 children and youth with ADHD aged 10-14 (male=11; White=80%). Participants completed all three interventions: 10 minutes of exercise, 10 minutes of mindfulness meditation, and 10 minutes of reading (control). Executive functioning (inhibitory control, working memory, task-switching) and psycho-emotional well-being (mood, self-efficacy) were assessed before and after each intervention. Mindfulness meditation promoted executive functioning, while exercise enhanced positive mood and self-efficacy. Critically, this work demonstrates that a single, short bout of mindfulness meditation session can promote inhibitory control among children with ADHD. This is especially important for children with ADHD as inhibitory control deficits are among the most pervasive challenges that they face. Furthermore, the current study provides preliminary evidence for the benefit of acute exercise for promoting positive mood and general self-efficacy for children and youth with ADHD. These results may increase the accessibility of acute exercise for children with ADHD, providing guardians and teachers a feasible option to incorporate just 10 minutes of exercise to assist children emotionally. In summary, this research supports the use of acute exercise and mindfulness meditation on varying aspects of executive functioning and psycho-emotional well-being in children and youth with ADHD. This work offers important insight into how behavioural interventions could be personalized according to a child’s needs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attention-deficit%20hyperactivity%20disorder%20%28ADHD%29" title="attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)">attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20exercise" title=" acute exercise"> acute exercise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mindfulness%20meditation" title=" mindfulness meditation"> mindfulness meditation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=executive%20functioning" title=" executive functioning"> executive functioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psycho-emotional%20well-being" title=" psycho-emotional well-being"> psycho-emotional well-being</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154907/effect-of-exercise-and-mindfulness-on-cognitive-and-psycho-emotional-functioning-in-children-with-adhd" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154907.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15257</span> Effect of Pregnenolone Supplement on Biological Variables after Plyometric Training for Volleyball Players</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Menan%20M.%20Elsayed">Menan M. Elsayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20A.%20Heshmat"> Hussein A. Heshmat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the study is to determine the effect of 100 mg/d Pregnenolone on biological variables after plyometric training for volleyball players. Methods: 15 male volleyball players participated in this study. Serum levels of testosterone, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate, and glucose were measured before and post-exercise. Results: Testosterone was not altered, while creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate, and glucose levels significantly decreased. It is recommended to use Pregnenolone administration to decreased muscle damage and delayed fatigue for volleyball players after plyometric training. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that oral Pregnenolone administration of 100 mg/d might decrease muscle damage and delayed fatigue which may affect positively the volleyball players after a plyometric training bout. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20variables" title="biological variables">biological variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plyometric%20exercise%20program" title=" plyometric exercise program"> plyometric exercise program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnenolone" title=" pregnenolone"> pregnenolone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volleyball%20player" title=" volleyball player"> volleyball player</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91649/effect-of-pregnenolone-supplement-on-biological-variables-after-plyometric-training-for-volleyball-players" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15256</span> The Comparison of the Effect of Mindfulness-Based Relaxation Training and Trans Cranial Electrical Stimulation and Their Combination on Decreasing Physiological Distress in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gholam%20Hossein%20Javanmard">Gholam Hossein Javanmard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roghayeh%20Mohammadi%20Garegozlo"> Roghayeh Mohammadi Garegozlo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was a randomized three-group double-blind clinical trial with repeated measures designs which aimed to determine the pure effect and combined effect of mindfulness based-relaxation (MBR) technique and Transcranial Electrical Simulation (tCES) on psychological distress decreasing of patients with type-2 diabetes. The sample of the study consisted of 30 patients with type-2 diabetes who were selected from the Diabetes Association of Bonab city in Iran. The participants were matched and then randomly assigned to the three groups of 10 subjects (MBR, CES, MBR+CES). The subjects received interventions related to their group in 10 individual sessions. Pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up were conducted using DASS-42. Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed a significant change in psychological distress. Multivariate covariance analysis and the paired interpersonal comparative test of Ben Foruni indicated that both interventions of MBR and CES have a similar effect on psychological distress decreasing in the post-test and follow-up phase. But, the combined therapy of MBR+CES was more efficient, and it had a more stable effect. However, all three interventions, especially combined intervention of MBR+CES, as efficient and stable treatment, are suggested for improving the psychological status of diabetic patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mindfulness%20based-relaxation" title="mindfulness based-relaxation">mindfulness based-relaxation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transcranial%20electrical%20simulation" title=" transcranial electrical simulation"> transcranial electrical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=type%202%20diabetes" title=" type 2 diabetes"> type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20distress" title=" psychological distress"> psychological distress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115002/the-comparison-of-the-effect-of-mindfulness-based-relaxation-training-and-trans-cranial-electrical-stimulation-and-their-combination-on-decreasing-physiological-distress-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15255</span> An Original and Suitable Induction Method of Repeated Hypoxic Stress by Hydralazine to Investigate the Integrity of an in Vitro Contact Co-Culture Blood Brain Barrier Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morgane%20Chatard">Morgane Chatard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cl%C3%A9mentine%20Puech"> Clémentine Puech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nathalie%20Perek"> Nathalie Perek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%20Roche"> Frédéric Roche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several neurological disorders are linked to repeated hypoxia. The impact of such repeated hypoxic stress, on endothelial cells function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is little studied in the literature. Indeed, the study of hypoxic stress in cellular pathways is complex using hypoxia exposure because HIF 1α (factor induced by hypoxia) has a short half life. Our study presents an innovative induction method of repeated hypoxic stress, more reproducible, which allows us to study its impacts on an in vitro contact co-culture BBB model. Repeated hypoxic stress was induced by hydralazine (a mimetic agent of hypoxia pathway) during two hours and repeated during 24 hours. Then, BBB integrity was assessed by permeability measurements (transendothelial electrical resistance and membrane permeability), tight junction protein expressions (cell-ELISA and confocal microscopy) and by studying expression and activity of efflux transporters. First, this study showed that repeated hypoxic stress leads to a BBB’s dysfunction illustrated by a significant increase in permeability. This loss of membrane integrity was linked to a significant decrease of tight junctions’ protein expressions, facilitating a possible transfer of potential cytotoxic compounds in the brain. Secondly, we demonstrated that brain microvascular endothelial cells had set-up defence mechanism. These endothelial cells significantly increased the activity of their efflux transporters which was associated with a significant increase in their expression. In conclusion, repeated hypoxic stress lead to a loss of BBB integrity with a decrease of tight junction proteins. In contrast, endothelial cells increased the expression of their efflux transporters to fight against cytotoxic compounds brain crossing. Unfortunately, enhanced efflux activity could also lead to reducing pharmacological drugs delivering to the brain in such hypoxic conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BBB%20model" title="BBB model">BBB model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efflux%20transporters" title=" efflux transporters"> efflux transporters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20hypoxic%20stress" title=" repeated hypoxic stress"> repeated hypoxic stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tigh%20junction%20proteins" title=" tigh junction proteins"> tigh junction proteins</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50235/an-original-and-suitable-induction-method-of-repeated-hypoxic-stress-by-hydralazine-to-investigate-the-integrity-of-an-in-vitro-contact-co-culture-blood-brain-barrier-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15254</span> The Effect of Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Arginine, and Citrulline on Repeated Swimming Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun-Fang%20Hsueh">Chun-Fang Hsueh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen-Kang%20Chang"> Chen-Kang Chang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) could reduce cerebral uptake of tryptophan, leading to decreased synthesis of serotonin in the brain. Arginine and citrulline could reduce exercise-induced hyperammonemia by increasing nitric oxide synthesis and the urea cycle. The combination of these supplements could reduce exercise-induced central fatigue. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of BCAA, arginine, and citrulline supplementation on repeated swimming performance in teenage athletes. Methods: Eight male and eight female high school swimmers ingested 0.085 g/kg BCAA, 0.05 g/kg arginine and 0.05 g/kg citrulline (AA trial) or placebo (PL trial) in a randomized cross-over design. One hour after the ingestion, the subjects performed a 50 m sprint with their best style every 2 min for 8 times in an indoor 25 m pool. The subjects were asked to swim with their maximal effort each time. The time, stroke frequency and stroke length in each sprint were recorded. Venous blood samples were collected before and after the exercise. The time for each sprint was analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measurement. Results: When all subjects were pooled together, total time for the AA trial was significantly faster than the PL trial (AA: 244.02 ± 22.94 s; PL: 247.55 ± 24.17 s, p < .001). Individual sprint time showed significant trial (p= .001) and trial x time (p= .004) effects. The post-hoc analysis revealed that the AA trial was significantly faster than the PL trial in the 2nd, 5th, and 6th sprint. In female subjects, there is a significant trial effect (p= .004) with the AA trial being faster in the 1st, 2nd, and 5th sprint. On the other hand, the trial effect was not significant (p= .072) in male subjects. Conclusions: The combined supplementation could improve 8 x 50 m performance in high school swimmers. The blood parameters including BCAA, tryptophan, NH₃, nitric oxide, and urea, as well as the stroke frequency and length in each sprint, are being analyzed. The results will be presented in the conference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20fatigue" title="central fatigue">central fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperammonemia" title=" hyperammonemia"> hyperammonemia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tryptophan" title=" tryptophan"> tryptophan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urea" title=" urea"> urea</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72354/the-effect-of-branched-chain-amino-acids-arginine-and-citrulline-on-repeated-swimming-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72354.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15253</span> Patterns of Change in Perception of Imagined and Physically Induced Pain over the Course of Repeated Thermal Stimulations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boroka%20G%C3%A1cs">Boroka Gács</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tibor%20Szolcs%C3%A1nyi"> Tibor Szolcsányi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%81rpad%20Csath%C3%B3"> Árpad Csathó</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Individuals frequently show habituation to repeated noxious heat. However, given the defensive function of human pain processing, it is reasonable to assume that individuals imagine that they would become increasingly sensitive to repeated thermal pain stimuli. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous studies have, however, been addressed to this assumption. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated how healthy human individuals imagine the intensity of repeated thermal pain stimulations, and compared this with the intensity ratings given after physically induced thermal pain trials. Methods: Healthy participants (N = 20) gave pain intensity ratings in two conditions: imagined and real thermal pain. In the real pain condition thermal pain stimuli of two intensities (minimal and moderate pain) were delivered in four consecutive trials. The duration of the peak temperature was 20s, and stimulation was always delivered to the same location. In each trial, participants rated the pain intensity twice, 5s and 15s after the onset of the peak temperature. In the imagined pain condition, participants were subjected to a reference pain stimulus and then asked to imagine and rate the same sequence of stimulations as in the induced pain condition. Results: Ratings of imagined pain and physically induced pain followed opposite courses over repeated stimulation: Ratings of imagined pain indicated sensitization whereas ratings for physically induced pain indicated habituation. The findings were similar for minimal and moderate pain intensities. Conclusions: The findings suggest that, rather than habituating to pain, healthy individuals imagine that they would become increasingly sensitive to repeated thermal pain stimuli. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=habituation" title="habituation">habituation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imagined%20pain" title=" imagined pain"> imagined pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pain%20perception" title=" pain perception"> pain perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20stimulation" title=" thermal stimulation"> thermal stimulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57897/patterns-of-change-in-perception-of-imagined-and-physically-induced-pain-over-the-course-of-repeated-thermal-stimulations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15252</span> Effect of Pulse Duration and Current to the EDM Process on Allegheny Ludlum D2 Tool Steel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sulaiman">S. Sulaiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Razak"> M. A. Razak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Ibrahim"> M. R. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Khan"> A. A. Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experimental work on the effect of different current and pulse duration on performance of EDM process of Allegheny Ludlum D2 Tool Steel (UNS T30402). The effect of varying the machining parameters on the machining responses such as material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR), and surface roughness (Ra) have been investigated. In this study, triangular shape and circular shape of copper was used as an electrode with surface area of 100 mm². The experiments were repeated for three different values of pulse duration (100 µs, 200 µs and 400 µs) with combination of three different values of discharge current (12 A, 16 A and 24 A). It was found that the pulse duration and current have significant effect on MRR, EWR and Ra. An increase in the pulse durations causes an increase in the MRR and Ra, but a decrease in the EWR. Meanwhile, the effect of currents on EDM performance shows that the increasing currents lead to an increase in the MRR, EWR and Ra. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allegheny%20ludlum%20D2%20tool%20steel" title="allegheny ludlum D2 tool steel">allegheny ludlum D2 tool steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=current" title=" current"> current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EDM" title=" EDM"> EDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20roughness" title=" surface roughness"> surface roughness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulse%20duration" title=" pulse duration"> pulse duration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7844/effect-of-pulse-duration-and-current-to-the-edm-process-on-allegheny-ludlum-d2-tool-steel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7844.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15251</span> Failure of Agriculture Soil following the Passage of Tractors </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anis%20Eloud">Anis Eloud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sayed%20Chehaibi"> Sayed Chehaibi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Compaction of agricultural soils as a result of the passage of heavy machinery on the fields is a problem that affects many agronomists and farmers since it results in a loss of yield of most crops. To remedy this, and raise the overall future of the food security challenge, we must study and understand the process of soil degradation. The present review is devoted to understanding the effect of repeated passages on agricultural land. The experiments were performed on a plot of the area of the ESIER, characterized by a clay texture in order to quantify the soil compaction caused by the wheels of the tractor during repeated passages on agricultural land. The test tractor CASE type puissance 110 hp and 5470 kg total mass of 3500 kg including the two rear axles and 1970 kg on the front axle. The state of soil compaction has been characterized by measuring its resistance to penetration by means of a penetrometer and direct manual reading, the density and permeability of the soil. Soil moisture was taken jointly. The measurements are made in the initial state before passing the tractor and after each pass varies from 1 to 7 on the track wheel inflated to 1.5 bar for the rear wheel and broke water to the level of valve and 4 bar for the front wheels. The passages are spaced to the average of one week. The results show that the passage of wheels on a farm tilled soil leads to compaction and the latter increases with the number of passages, especially for the upper 15 cm depth horizons. The first passage is characterized by the greatest effect. However, the effect of other passages do not follow a definite law for the complex behavior of granular media and the history of labor and the constraints it suffers from its formation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheel%20traffic" title="wheel traffic">wheel traffic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tractor" title=" tractor"> tractor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20compaction" title=" soil compaction"> soil compaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheel" title=" wheel"> wheel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19836/failure-of-agriculture-soil-following-the-passage-of-tractors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19836.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">482</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15250</span> Time-Dependent Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams under Sustained and Repeated Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sultan%20Daud">Sultan Daud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20P.%20Forth"> John P. Forth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolaos%20Nikitas"> Nikolaos Nikitas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current study aims to highlight the loading characteristics impact on the time evolution (focusing particularly on long term effects) of the deformation of realized reinforced concrete beams. Namely the tension stiffening code provisions (i.e. within Eurocode 2) are reviewed with a clear intention to reassess their operational value and predicting capacity. In what follows the experimental programme adopted along with some preliminary findings and numerical modelling attempts are presented. For a range of long slender reinforced concrete simply supported beams (4200 mm) constant static sustained and repeated cyclic loadings were applied mapping the time evolution of deformation. All experiments were carried out at the Heavy Structures Lab of the University of Leeds. During tests the mid-span deflection, creep coefficient and shrinkage strains were monitored for duration of 90 days. The obtained results are set against the values predicted by Eurocode 2 and the tools within an FE commercial package (i.e. Midas FEA) to yield that existing knowledge and practise is at times over-conservative. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eurocode2" title="Eurocode2">Eurocode2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=midas%20fea" title=" midas fea"> midas fea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated" title=" repeated"> repeated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustained%20loading." title=" sustained loading."> sustained loading.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35305/time-dependent-behaviour-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-under-sustained-and-repeated-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35305.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15249</span> Low Volume High Intensity Interval Training Effect on Liver Enzymes in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aya%20Gamal%20Khattab">Aya Gamal Khattab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is now the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality; Currently, alanine aminotransferase ALT measurement is not only widely used in detecting the incidence, development, and prognosis of liver disease with obvious clinical symptoms, but also provides reference on screening the overall health status during health check-ups. Exercise is a low-cost, reliable and sustainable therapy for many chronic diseases. Low-volume high intensity interval training HIT is time efficient while also having wider application to different populations including people at risk for chronic inflammatory diseases. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low volume high intensity interval training on ALT, AST in HCV patients. All practical work was done in outpatient physiotherapy clinic of Suez Canal Authority Hospitals. Forty patients both gender (27 male, 13 female), age ranged (40-60) years old submitted to low volume high intensity interval training on treadmill for two months three sessions per week. Each session consisting of five min warming up, two bouts for 10 min each bout consisting of 30 sec - 1 min of high intensity (75%-85%) HRmax then two to four min active recovery at intensity (40%-60%) HRmax, so the sum of high intensity intervals was one to two min for each session and four to eight min active recovery, and ends with five min cooling down. ALT and AST were measured before starting exercise session and 2 months later after finishing the total exercise sessions through blood samples. Results showed significant decrease in ALT, AST with improvement percentage (18.85%), (23.87%) in the study, so the study concluded that low volume high intensity interval training had a significant effect in lowering the level of circulating liver enzymes (ALT, AST) which means protection of hepatic cells and restoration of its function. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alanine%20aminotransferase%20%28ALT%29" title="alanine aminotransferase (ALT)">alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspartate%20aminotransferase%20%28AST%29" title=" aspartate aminotransferase (AST)"> aspartate aminotransferase (AST)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatitis%20C%20%28HCV%29" title=" hepatitis C (HCV)"> hepatitis C (HCV)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20volume%20high%20intensity%20interval%20training" title=" low volume high intensity interval training"> low volume high intensity interval training</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42393/low-volume-high-intensity-interval-training-effect-on-liver-enzymes-in-chronic-hepatitis-c-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15248</span> L-Carnitine Supplementation and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Nakhostin-Roohi">B. Nakhostin-Roohi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Khoshkhahesh"> F. Khoshkhahesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KH.%20Parandak"> KH. Parandak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ramazanzadeh"> R. Ramazanzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The protective effect of antioxidants in diminishing the post-exercise rise of serum CK and LDH in individuals trained for competitive sports has come to light in recent years. This study was conducted to assess the effect of Two-week L-carnitine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage, as well as antioxidant capacity after a bout of strenuous exercise in active healthy young men. Methodology: Twenty active healthy men volunteered for this study. Participants were randomized in a double-blind placebo-controlled fashion into two groups: L-carnitine (C group; n = 10) and placebo group (P group; n = 10). The participants took supplementation (2000 mg L-carnitine) or placebo (2000 mg lactose) daily for 2weeks before the main trial. Then, participants ran 14 km. Blood samples were taken before supplementation, before exercise, immediately, 2h and 24h after exercise. Creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. Results: Serum CK and LDH significantly increased after exercise in both groups (p < 0.05). Serum LDH was significantly lower in C group than P group 2h and 24h after exercise (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CK was significantly lower in C group compared with P group just 24h after exercise (p < 0.05). Plasma TAC increased significantly 14 days after supplementation and 24h after exercise in C group compared with P group (p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusion: These results suggest two-week daily oral supplementation of L-carnitine has been able to promote antioxidant capacity before and after exercise and decrease muscle damage markers through possibly inhibition of exercise-induced oxidative stress. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L-carnitine" title="L-carnitine">L-carnitine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle%20damage" title=" muscle damage"> muscle damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creatine%20kinase" title=" creatine kinase"> creatine kinase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lactate%20dehydrogenase" title=" Lactate dehydrogenase"> Lactate dehydrogenase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30003/l-carnitine-supplementation-and-exercise-induced-muscle-damage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30003.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15247</span> Exploring Framing Effect and Repetition Effect of the Persuasive Message on Moral Decision Making in Conflict of Interests</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sae-Yeon%20Seong">Sae-Yeon Seong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EunSun%20Chung"> EunSun Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dongjoo%20Chin"> Dongjoo Chin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Conflict of interest (COI) is one of the dominant circumstantial factors of moral corruption across various fields. Several management strategies have been proposed to prevent self-interested decision making in COIs. Among these strategies, message persuasion has been considered as a practical and effective approach. Framing and repetition are two of the major factors in the persuasion effect of message. Therefore, their effect on moral decision making in COI should be explored systematically. The purpose of this study was to compare the differential effects of positively framed message and negatively framed message, and secondly, to investigate how the effectiveness of persuasive message changes through repetitive exposures. A total of 63 participants were randomly assigned to one of 3 framing conditions: positive framing, negative framing, and no-message condition. Prior to the online experiment involving a consultation task, the differently framed persuasive message was presented to the participants. This process was repeated four times in a row. The results showed that participants with positive-framing message were less likely to provide self-interested consultation than participants in the no-message condition. Also, a U-shaped quadric relation between repetition and self-interest consultation was found. Implications and limitations are further discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflicts%20of%20interest" title="conflicts of interest">conflicts of interest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persuasive%20message" title=" persuasive message"> persuasive message</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=framing%20effect" title=" framing effect"> framing effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repetition%20effect" title=" repetition effect"> repetition effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-interested%20behavior" title=" self-interested behavior"> self-interested behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97223/exploring-framing-effect-and-repetition-effect-of-the-persuasive-message-on-moral-decision-making-in-conflict-of-interests" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97223.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15246</span> Effects of the Amount of Static Stretching on the Knee Isokinetic Muscle Strength</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chungyu%20Chen">Chungyu Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui-Ju%20Chang"> Hui-Ju Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pei-Shan%20Guo"> Pei-Shan Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huei-Ling%20Jhan"> Huei-Ling Jhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Ping%20Lin"> Yi-Ping Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the amount of acutely static stretching on muscular strength and power. There were 15 males, and 7 females recruited voluntarily as the participants in the study. The mean age, body height, and weight of participants were 23.4 ± 2.8 years old, 171.0 ± 7.2 cm, and 65.7 ± 8.7 kg, respectively. Participants were repeated to stretch hamstring muscles 2 or 6 30-s bouts randomly on a separate day spaced 5-7 days apart in a passive, static, sit-and-reach stretching exercise. Before and after acutely static stretching, the Biodex System 4 Pro was used to acquire the peak torque, power, total work, and range of motion for right knee under the loading of 180 deg/s. The 2 (test-retest) × 2 (number of stretches) repeated measures two-way analysis of variance were used to compare the parameters of muscular strength/power (α = .05). The results showed that the peak torque, power, and total work increased significantly after acutely passive static stretching (ps < .05) in flexor and extensor of knee. But there were no significant differences found between the 2 and 6 30-s bouts hamstring muscles stretching (ps > .05). It indicated that the performance of muscular strength and power in knee flexion and extension do not inhibit following the increase of amount of stretching. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knee" title="knee">knee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexibility" title=" flexibility"> flexibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength" title=" strength"> strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68187/effects-of-the-amount-of-static-stretching-on-the-knee-isokinetic-muscle-strength" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15245</span> The Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Pain, Sleep Quality, and Self-Esteem in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in Jordan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossam%20N.%20Alhawatmeh">Hossam N. Alhawatmeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Areen%20I.%20Albustanji"> Areen I. Albustanji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hemodialysis negatively affects physical and psychological health. Pain, poor sleep quality, and low self-esteem are highly prevalent among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who receive hemodialysis, significantly increasing mortality and morbidity of those patients. Mind-body interventions (MBI), such as mindfulness meditation, have been recently gaining popularity that improved pain, sleep quality, and self-esteem in different populations. However, to our best knowledge, its effects on these health problems in patients receiving hemodialysis have not been studied in Jordan. Thus, the purpose of the study was to examine the effect of mindfulness meditation on pain, sleep quality, and self-esteem in patients with ESR receiving hemodialysis in Jordan. An experimental repeated-measures, randomized, parallel control design was conducted on (n =60) end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis between March and June 2023 in the dialysis center at a public hospital in Jordan. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (n =30) and control groups (n =30) using a simple random assignment method. The experimental group practiced mindfulness meditation for 30 minutes three times per week for five weeks during their hemodialysis treatments. The control group's patients continued to receive hemodialysis treatment as usual for five weeks during hemodialysis sessions. The study variables for both groups were measured at baseline (Time 0), two weeks after intervention (Time 1), and at the end of intervention (Time 3). The numerical rating scale (NRS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES-M), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to measure pain, self-esteem, and sleep quality, respectively. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the study data. The sample was described by frequency, mean, and standard deviation as an appropriate. The repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were run to test the study hypotheses. The results of repeated measures ANOVA (within-subject) revealed that mindfulness meditation significantly decrease pain by the end of the intervention in the experimental group. Additionally, mindfulness meditation improved sleep quality and self-esteem in the experimental group, and these improvements occurred significantly after two weeks of the intervention and at the end of the intervention. The results of repeated measures ANOVA (within and between-subject) revealed that the experimental group, compared to the control group, experienced lower levels of pain and higher levels of sleep quality and self-esteem over time. In conclusion, the results provided substantial evidence supporting the positive impacts of mindfulness meditation on pain, sleep quality, and self-esteem in patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis. These results highlight the potential of mindfulness meditation as an adjunctive therapy in the comprehensive care of this patient population. Incorporating mindfulness meditation into the treatment plan for patients receiving hemodialysis may contribute to improved well-being and overall quality of life. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemodialysis" title="hemodialysis">hemodialysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pain" title=" pain"> pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sleep%20quality" title=" sleep quality"> sleep quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-esteem" title=" self-esteem"> self-esteem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mindfulness" title=" mindfulness"> mindfulness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171187/the-effect-of-mindfulness-meditation-on-pain-sleep-quality-and-self-esteem-in-patients-receiving-hemodialysis-in-jordan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15244</span> Maximum Distance Separable b-Symbol Repeated-Root γ-Constacylic Codes over a Finite Chain Ring of Length 2</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamal%20Laaouine">Jamal Laaouine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Elhassani%20Charkani"> Mohammed Elhassani Charkani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Let p be a prime and let b be an integer. MDS b-symbol codes are a direct generalization of MDS codes. The γ-constacyclic codes of length pˢ over the finite commutative chain ring Fₚm [u]/ < u² > had been classified into four distinct types, where is a nonzero element of the field Fₚm. Let C₃ be a code of Type 3. In this paper, we obtain the b-symbol distance db(C₃) of the code C₃. Using this result, necessary and sufficient conditions under which C₃ is an MDS b-symbol code are given. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constacyclic%20code" title="constacyclic code">constacyclic code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated-root%20code" title=" repeated-root code"> repeated-root code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20distance%20separable" title=" maximum distance separable"> maximum distance separable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MDS%20codes" title=" MDS codes"> MDS codes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=b-symbol%20distance" title=" b-symbol distance"> b-symbol distance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20chain%20rings" title=" finite chain rings"> finite chain rings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131201/maximum-distance-separable-b-symbol-repeated-root-gh-constacylic-codes-over-a-finite-chain-ring-of-length-2" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131201.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15243</span> Memory Consolidation: Application of Retrieval Strategies in the Classroom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Tardif">Eric Tardif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolas%20Meylan"> Nicolas Meylan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent studies suggest that the consolidation of episodic memory is better achieved through repeated retrieval than with the use of concept mapping or repeated study. Although such laboratory results highly appeal to educationalists, it remains to be shown whether they can be directly used in a classroom setting. Forty-five college students (42 girls; mean age 16.1 y/o) were asked to remember pairs of biology-related words (e.g. mitochondria-energy) in two configurations. The first configuration consisted of a three-minute study of pairs of words followed by a final one-minute test in which the first word of a pair was shown and the subject asked to write down the second associated word. This procedure was repeated three times. The second configuration consisted of a one-minute study of a list of pairs of words, which was immediately followed by a one-minute test. This procedure was repeated 6 times. Subjects filled out a small questionnaire assessing their general mood, level of fatigue, stress and motivation to do the exercise. One week later, subjects were given a final test using the same words. A total of 8 lists of words were studied and tested during the semester. Results showed that subjects recalled more correct words when using the second configuration, both within the study period and one week later, confirming laboratory findings. However, the general performance (mean items recalled) as well as the motivation to do the exercise gradually decreased during the semester. Motivation was positively correlated with performance (r=0.77, p<0.05). The results suggest that laboratory findings may provide some applications in education but other variables inherent to the classroom setting must also be considered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long-term" title="long-term">long-term</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=episodic%20memory" title=" episodic memory"> episodic memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consolidation" title=" consolidation"> consolidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retrieval" title=" retrieval"> retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20setting" title=" school setting"> school setting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42558/memory-consolidation-application-of-retrieval-strategies-in-the-classroom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15242</span> A Folk Theorem with Public Randomization Device in Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma under Costly Observation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoshifumi%20Hino">Yoshifumi Hino</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An infinitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma is a typical model that represents teamwork situation. If both players choose costly actions and contribute to the team, then both players are better off. However, each player has an incentive to choose a selfish action. We analyze the game under costly observation. Each player can observe the action of the opponent only when he pays an observation cost in that period. In reality, teamwork situations are often costly observation. Members of some teams sometimes work in distinct rooms, areas, or countries. In those cases, they have to spend their time and money to see other team members if they want to observe it. The costly observation assumption makes the cooperation difficult substantially because the equilibrium must satisfy the incentives not only on the action but also on the observational decision. Especially, it is the most difficult to cooperate each other when the stage-game is prisoner's dilemma because players have to communicate through only two actions. We examine whether or not players can cooperate each other in prisoner’s dilemma under costly observation. Specifically, we check whether symmetric Pareto efficient payoff vectors in repeated prisoner’s dilemma can be approximated by sequential equilibria or not (efficiency result). We show the efficiency result without any randomization device under certain circumstances. It means that players can cooperate with each other without any randomization device even if the observation is costly. Next, we assume that public randomization device is available, and then we show that any feasible and individual rational payoffs in prisoner’s dilemma can be approximated by sequential equilibria under a specific situation (folk theorem). It implies that players can achieve asymmetric teamwork like leadership situation when public randomization device is available. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20observation" title="cost observation">cost observation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=folk%20theorem" title=" folk theorem"> folk theorem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prisoner%27s%20dilemma" title=" prisoner's dilemma"> prisoner's dilemma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20monitoring" title=" private monitoring"> private monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20games." title=" repeated games."> repeated games.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88894/a-folk-theorem-with-public-randomization-device-in-repeated-prisoners-dilemma-under-costly-observation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15241</span> Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Protein Integrity and Quality of Chicken Meat</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nafees%20Ahmed">Nafees Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Izyani%20Kamaruzman"> Nur Izyani Kamaruzman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saralla%20Nathan"> Saralla Nathan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Ezharul%20Hoque%20Chowdhury"> Mohd Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuar%20Zaini%20Md%20Zain"> Anuar Zaini Md Zain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iekhsan%20Othman"> Iekhsan Othman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharifah%20Binti%20Syed%20Hassan"> Sharifah Binti Syed Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Meat quality is always subject to consumer scrutiny when purchasing from retail markets on mislabeling as fresh meat. Various physiological and biochemical changes influence the quality of meat. As a major component of muscle tissue, proteins play a major role in muscle foods. In meat industry, freezing is the most common form of storage of meat products. Repeated cycles of freezing and thawing are common in restaurants, kitchen, and retail outlets and can also occur during transportation or storage. Temperature fluctuation is responsible for physical, chemical, and biochemical changes. Repeated cycles of ‘freeze-thaw’ degrade the quality of meat by stimulating the lipid oxidation and surface discoloration. The shelf life of meat is usually determined by its appearance, texture, color, flavor, microbial activity, and nutritive value and is influenced by frozen storage and subsequent thawing. The main deterioration of frozen meat during storage is due to protein. Due to the large price differences between fresh and frozen–thawed meat, it is of great interest to consumer to know whether a meat product is truly fresh or not. Researchers have mainly focused on the reduction of moisture loss due to freezing and thawing cycles of meat. The water holding capacity (WHC) of muscle proteins and reduced water content are key quality parameters of meat that ultimately changes color and texture. However, there has been limited progress towards understanding the actual mechanisms behind the meat quality changes under the freeze–thaw cycles. Furthermore, effect of freeze-thaw process on integrity of proteins is ignored. In this paper, we have studied the effect of ‘freeze-thawing’ on physicochemical changes of chicken meat protein. We have assessed the quality of meat by pH, spectroscopic measurements, Western Blot. Our results showed that increase in freeze-thaw cycles causes changes in pH. Measurements of absorbance (UV-visible and IR) indicated the degradation of proteins. The expression of various proteins (CREB, AKT, MAPK, GAPDH, and phosphorylated forms) were performed using Western Blot. These results indicated the repeated cycles of freeze-thaw is responsible for deterioration of protein, thus causing decrease in nutritious value of meat. It damges the use of these products in Islamic Sharia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chicken%20meat" title="chicken meat">chicken meat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeze-thaw" title=" freeze-thaw"> freeze-thaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=halal" title=" halal"> halal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein" title=" protein"> protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=western%20blot" title=" western blot"> western blot</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32910/influence-of-freeze-thaw-cycles-on-protein-integrity-and-quality-of-chicken-meat" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right 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