CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134fdf19e4ea8c7',cH: 'qrbpsn2cxijfZ6rpLmhvO33hXPPBWG80xREgyRrvWE8-1739787072-1.2.1.1-6QAgiduRLrxJZzjU3f6zqYA8UYCsjrESph5qxl98PSfbOuEvVoUBaOcZDkYlPhui',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=copper&__cf_chl_tk=woQ05OAeal37fOHZHd2bGaQcRBYndkPo4AxO7alynQA-1739787072-1.0.1.1-7iyFo2tWrJ1d9mh8WAz4fUbloBBJRQNy97e2c0H3zus",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739787072',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=copper&__cf_chl_f_tk=woQ05OAeal37fOHZHd2bGaQcRBYndkPo4AxO7alynQA-1739787072-1.0.1.1-7iyFo2tWrJ1d9mh8WAz4fUbloBBJRQNy97e2c0H3zus",md: "9S0WMahUxVtfXKFFRUzVMRK562BQ9bCakD3rLGaVIG8-1739787072-1.2.1.1-zea8YXaFjZoUBNFDCObmV_s.HxjFMHyeOPP6SombxLF0c2rofZFRnWSULNrWwarCQeKu4glzat1GQPDt6FU89HEd4FgCXxirQxlplfHFLQ8ItSDfU63m3mNhUdgkuzWBwwtkM7LvwJ638i1CmekAAp2fPLN26N6ENNcUnTofhg41bb5IHsXkKtQ9T1i9z7Yjqji_smClzKX9TzIPZ7CPQRGF62ffAl6p0Rrvf3_98y7m.hQIvjlf.hR6iptXOApo.MyvT2Ad93arwMl7qy9jd69nig1JVjIGsoF77MotPoNlozzOmOA79OBTLfK0x8w0_9REV20LhH5MbDP8pEc4crwVcWVee6OJ..Ou.9V3B5wclenSEYT2Nr2BfDIAtNqmAXCAPwBGwp1y2gNbXLA_V9Bor1XscnXGffefljdIABNWCOrtc9q.dPxtWpq_W7tdrrMhsYxyTX.Yet149OFZcYhQP0ScSrxIqWN1IFbzhtlPz9tUxvTyNvz1BzBGL2gYzpV84zL1DGg4WZIY2i_aR.YOxJJCEgrVbaASqD6q3OjrRAdxYL_LEFXU8HuzPb3Avm2xhZzSMd.PrMYMAzovOkxmZIP5I1J.Z8WtWJyne8_ydOizV4DqrK46tt0solmLkuFcz8h2xjBBa6d8qpAq2CuF1PaDvUfnjrEru8varfBljqQcomG1RPp9yPpYLrFqg4KJScBT03mQIpZw2WMXlvP.Gz8yKk95NMEgtkSXwyDdvoceFCJ6FhcGMfFJXTSGh33yHS1XFT64pzh.yY8KKs5ATRi4tcdYXedJb38yuMtVi4FAaL2TsAUA6W8ItpGUwhwXH0HJDBiIGSLMFYUM4UWmV6UcUTpcpfm5t.Ui81MDm9VhpdTvXKyI0cfl0SDKIKj0TKibXCvQ85mp5JpdoEiR1iGsqMs0AS66p0YPehOkISTY.Q1c3INETq5YmWu4TVYHV_Ie3Yh845lv49xlmbST0n084_xkD8MpS4I0gykugsQA5IhdPpstjDz_mPUNt23nfTkxoMdYHbdyW4_PEugH8h9IDfSWhdTG1GV23Ad49A_Ngs4VDvEzWOLG3HFIslWb3hNo0m0BkqFhblm.OjjG5ysb2XueZIhGYnJn6qAtxq5fH3g7h9kj8oSUJz6Q_Vupi4fjwdXiCEjYXAgFiWymD9HXU1rU4Ofh9JHQl9gPmB..1N9LQWVcmPcC32rn.ty_FLTmqq1O_RhoQDTucPRxRStvqW5KDcWSVKWjFy4j6XdbqXdGkzZIgamznFioeb9d9kI5lm_6VXDreqFfIhI.lT4W8UT.KAUlPBYdmtW17KtPvDX.4qM3N4isotMMJzldN78rC6u3UFgQJo38iAAv2.vUPM3YZrX5R_BhorN8mgKOyT5NZALqAK9eaagH0GAJFYsEBzYLNKj_5pDTTuD66.K6xgAe1TIMFbjtdYIxvWbVOeheQmQyGZyObQaKvcuYtpFOu3Fz4HWVp7ZQULjSKqrgobBdmUI3mhruNj.b842BbP09OyVTVX3HZorBB.WvB3R2PqlNY1iSeJWCzjSCxaoH3EC5j_BWDoFwfhkO0Qhyn7ceh6aWOZkIzCAh9hJtgNcjW6_kHut8N5pR3t1AXUtEe9K_SnE9OOeq2yFMlufztotE8NR1EVJcrgrDNriRscxYaXWQHI6QTwOUytygj_zW5aVgKlL02m6ojQPEZdEbCdTbL1ruc03jJjrUiiq9_2pV_z_lZFjwshGaPw_EOLAmPBtmdCZYuMC0B.9E5hvyD0i6_7HUP2g7MC9EToj923URZ8sGkAWjTe3r9TK7nTlIkiIabOt9sGNN5c97fqtLQXmhWh4YagysHG1otNuP41j4SKZE._88p4gcpZNN90keOor5eRXHVRQqz0jH2X1uOhi1dtQYbhbeQYrAyKrmY5HUI_4eWD6RKtpykA",mdrd: "MGJWeFppPdXaCUlLrfzUaHDiT142Ziq1RLhVDePW5lU-1739787072-1.2.1.1-mpu8VOPBascOPbyXvf.EUFyT23AB_VQAGvkorqMRY1aD7MNDDo6kf1IAr.j7no8Mc7Xj2fWr7nTIdCNvguGeMnwoezQWa9kBmmoaKbKohD3HGXWAAsYLeF7bN_iQ8F4JHVb8CUEbdgxEAbhgeqfDL8p.GLsy8mKOsfnCTAijkE.yQC9JsvvUPzLPsyAbcdW3b4CJNg3sWgAZECZE6IaaNBGpC16X5TTHv953whxs2_Ni1.kF7OQVinPYgn30uis.c0Z0PuO30dQtH4K_ePtUMI70ttWp9qLiC7FxsBeAQU57Ld0teG7CghkzMkWVIUDMkUI8wivSc1FOeObzNGwe1F5ItokloiMnBZwyvCT4OHFNehB_GUZaPigJmBn83mnKfuEyiUHQkhJN3e1rV6jI_cgCvc9v5SLW4AcRfNPQl9xzGx_bQWXsXzptfCcQhgHTm2ZXfu0ErnvOVqNOsga9GW80sLJefnkgpHwkdtq.i27.vxvSq1bfpnnm9Wia2_9uFMmvHIz6DoGXUkO8PkD_gGSj4h.bJW496ULMrc.6YvTR.SOw8VTozxosuUsC5kDUxcOqFUr7s00.D8jwZBUT7b3oz02xAyZy93JpzjtDY2usvFolyMxAbvUNt_sg0lZMLBPBEYOtgWYCO.NMtT5jp0ubsTCvqxHHby5sYrJk77a4wlhv1o31i7NLM8vkjcKSx3QYfF4.zxD7bOd9xvBYAbc8dA1EO5q_bJpO_cx7JcKjSwsWYwNQjTnL67erDn12K.TBkkiFDK0TP2QQR6GXX75JlZNmetoz_roR0RxZBdMcWOdaYngjTB_wute0pP3HdCg0pYzFfkH9kx8ry9WUlM4d0E.1ma3J.JPp1Q7WZ3VbDy8WSSTk6OTQ54WrwilvrzrKnKItrxiwmKedB_BgOI_497eK5DLl6OLe8mBejvijDp6Ci9kL9x6j1_z5DIZXRfroRae9HxC.2QYfTHshvssOsN9Rc9ylcAgvBMMmwWHn_sg1EF88_g2Vi_r_UB5BfJtmse4QRyDmhOivIA8PosbisD74aluiBbtBmz7CdD1hHZnwdx1EiFCfhGnYL47dsecemhScJHudif.enTuLvpKv9E8oEJIVGQZcUTQqiRhc7Rlo6PPXt9N9TRCJ3bERFN_1D4Gg5BpdLc6.J7p7q4QipXie8lLvTzdu0wg07MDHKE16UlWzjkRV_rZFTVorSkriqo4ZigFTlAJsIHVrm7V9g_nTxMzLxrZ__pXgoLGFPbt.6s2gTVlKLZU9RKyhYB.QRUn26LxkIgTT2ApK1lZcqcnpFqKTQ_Jd6hUaLXfgHjw.sIe_JZk.hx_fVfsQqVZOyXgh7tJ_Lz7n5gGwPrpC0v6qJ_X9oonXzKlUC2m3L8EKHR9egPZOfiOVqlBfpG3A3XtAtirigJRPkkcrjwsoYW51EAs21MGEYeul4BzFK3yFxEZEY8vLD6SVgo3esr7sfgXmNJxiMazTKJYKMX983Mxu6rsWGpdui0h6qaXEu_gUfSo89DjCEvsYikLKMGC6xN0dSQyvGdbU4ioFmY.9.14jVqgC2aSGh3xSV5t0j6l_XgiUXklnEDAzQ54Fqbw.Np_qpti0LzfStEyDflexQfzKhoqwhUHKy0sOwddJNgqbU8Oa9d1DE3F1u3FVo.5RYwFTZ7_cfakkSXp4z25pEFORpn.xTEnnkvh_VTNKkQNJq6E5FWnt9JkTj81v082fNxk65hOk1IxjqZtPn4yYjEc7CUBUHQmOlocaZLmmmccAevXAqIG6orcgzT4nDKQHdMeBdYiWq1c5Q7CvvtcJT4A9r4uFFxZjP2rSrAE5P9M3fEfMXYF.FfjqqaR6C.Alp0FSscany28dXnOLPtgBSNY7VV3T8o4Ur4fU4IWA.A.kpo7uM3zztrJDV73o9G5iusB89h3vMq430NGwk0zGr8dZ2phOYhvHei5AczTY6eqjS96mlZY62aFc0BfX"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134fdf19e4ea8c7';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=copper&__cf_chl_rt_tk=woQ05OAeal37fOHZHd2bGaQcRBYndkPo4AxO7alynQA-1739787072-1.0.1.1-7iyFo2tWrJ1d9mh8WAz4fUbloBBJRQNy97e2c0H3zus" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>