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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Accident analysis</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">11,259 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Accident analysis</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Accident_analysis">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24884089" data-work_id="24884089" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24884089/Vive_la_diversit%C3%A9_High_Reliability_Organisation_HRO_AND_Resilience_Engineering_RE">Vive la diversité! High Reliability Organisation (HRO) AND Resilience Engineering (RE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">High Reliability Organisation (HRO) and Resilience Engineering (RE) are two research traditions which have attracted a wide and diverse readership in the past decade. Both have reached the status of central contributions to the field of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24884089" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">High Reliability Organisation (HRO) and Resilience Engineering (RE) are two research traditions which have attracted a wide and diverse readership in the past decade. Both have reached the status of central contributions to the field of safety while sharing a similar orientation. This is not without creating tensions or questions, as expressed in the call of this special issue. The contention of this article is that these two schools introduce ways of approaching safety which need to be reflected upon in order to avoid simplifications and hasty judgments about their relative strength, weaknesses or degree of overlapping. HRO has gained strength and legitimacy from (1) studying ethnographically, with an organisational angle, high-risk systems, (2) debating about principles producing organisation reliability in face of high complexity and (3) conceptualising some of these principles into a successful generic model of " collective mindfulness " , with both practical and theoretical success. RE has gained strength and legitimacy from (1) harnessing then deconstructing, empirically and theoretically, the notion of 'human error', (2) argued for a system (and complexity) view and discourse about safety/accidents, (3) and supported this view with the help of (graphical) actionable models and methods (i.e. the engineering orientation). In order to show this, one has to go beyond the past 10 years of RE to include a longer time frame going back to the 80s to the early days of Cognitive Engineering (CE). The approach that is followed here includes therefore a strong historical orientation as a way to better understand the present situation, profile each school, promote complementarities while maintaining nuances.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24884089" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e5d014f067765aa95175ebabcb79ebf6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45204109,"asset_id":24884089,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45204109/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5366712" href="https://ineris.academia.edu/jeanchristophelecoze">jean-christophe le coze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5366712" type="text/json">{"id":5366712,"first_name":"jean-christophe","last_name":"le coze","domain_name":"ineris","page_name":"jeanchristophelecoze","display_name":"jean-christophe le coze","profile_url":"https://ineris.academia.edu/jeanchristophelecoze?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5366712/2752682/25648411/s65_jean-christophe.le_coze.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24884089 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24884089"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24884089, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24884089", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24884089]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24884089").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24884089").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24884089"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_Studies">Disaster Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3167" type="text/json">{"id":3167,"name":"Disaster Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_Studies?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3332" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resilience">Resilience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3332" type="text/json">{"id":3332,"name":"Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resilience?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3810" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3810" type="text/json">{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3995" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_risk_management">Disaster risk management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3995" type="text/json">{"id":3995,"name":"Disaster risk management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_risk_management?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24884089]'), work: {"id":24884089,"title":"Vive la diversité! High Reliability Organisation (HRO) AND Resilience Engineering (RE","created_at":"2016-04-29T10:09:33.133-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24884089/Vive_la_diversit%C3%A9_High_Reliability_Organisation_HRO_AND_Resilience_Engineering_RE?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_24884089","summary":"High Reliability Organisation (HRO) and Resilience Engineering (RE) are two research traditions which have attracted a wide and diverse readership in the past decade. Both have reached the status of central contributions to the field of safety while sharing a similar orientation. This is not without creating tensions or questions, as expressed in the call of this special issue. The contention of this article is that these two schools introduce ways of approaching safety which need to be reflected upon in order to avoid simplifications and hasty judgments about their relative strength, weaknesses or degree of overlapping. HRO has gained strength and legitimacy from (1) studying ethnographically, with an organisational angle, high-risk systems, (2) debating about principles producing organisation reliability in face of high complexity and (3) conceptualising some of these principles into a successful generic model of \" collective mindfulness \" , with both practical and theoretical success. RE has gained strength and legitimacy from (1) harnessing then deconstructing, empirically and theoretically, the notion of 'human error', (2) argued for a system (and complexity) view and discourse about safety/accidents, (3) and supported this view with the help of (graphical) actionable models and methods (i.e. the engineering orientation). In order to show this, one has to go beyond the past 10 years of RE to include a longer time frame going back to the 80s to the early days of Cognitive Engineering (CE). The approach that is followed here includes therefore a strong historical orientation as a way to better understand the present situation, profile each school, promote complementarities while maintaining nuances.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45204109,"asset_id":24884089,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5366712,"first_name":"jean-christophe","last_name":"le coze","domain_name":"ineris","page_name":"jeanchristophelecoze","display_name":"jean-christophe le coze","profile_url":"https://ineris.academia.edu/jeanchristophelecoze?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5366712/2752682/25648411/s65_jean-christophe.le_coze.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3167,"name":"Disaster Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_Studies?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":3332,"name":"Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resilience?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":3995,"name":"Disaster risk management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_risk_management?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":4577,"name":"Crew Resource Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crew_Resource_Management?f_ri=650731"},{"id":4699,"name":"Naturalistic Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturalistic_Decision_Making?f_ri=650731"},{"id":4882,"name":"Airworthiness and Aircraft Accident Investigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Airworthiness_and_Aircraft_Accident_Investigation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":5008,"name":"Resilience Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resilience_Engineering?f_ri=650731"},{"id":5056,"name":"Risk regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_regulation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":7671,"name":"Sensemaking (Organizational Behavior)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensemaking_Organizational_Behavior_?f_ri=650731"},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":61853,"name":"High Reliability Organisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Reliability_Organisation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":172287,"name":"Culture and catastrophe theory for sense-making in socially complex situations.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_and_catastrophe_theory_for_sense-making_in_socially_complex_situations?f_ri=650731"},{"id":192205,"name":"HUMAN ERROR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HUMAN_ERROR?f_ri=650731"},{"id":206335,"name":"Human Factors in Medical Errors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors_in_Medical_Errors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":905604,"name":"High Reliability Organizations (HRO´s)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Reliability_Organizations_HRO_s_?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9693171" data-work_id="9693171" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9693171/STOP_para_la_Supervisi%C3%B3n_STOP_para_Todos_STOP_para_el_Petr%C3%B3leo_y_el_Gas_STOP_para_la_Ergonom%C3%ADa">STOP™ para la Supervisión STOP™ para Todos STOP™ para el Petróleo y el Gas STOP™ para la Ergonomía</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9693171" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eb1578cea11169964955486082f2cc58" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35884976,"asset_id":9693171,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35884976/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23215849" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9JuanCisnerosRivera">José Juan Cisneros Rivera</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23215849" type="text/json">{"id":23215849,"first_name":"José Juan","last_name":"Cisneros Rivera","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoséJuanCisnerosRivera","display_name":"José Juan Cisneros Rivera","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9JuanCisnerosRivera?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9693171 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9693171"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9693171, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9693171", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9693171 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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});</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9693171").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9693171"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1649" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1649" type="text/json">{"id":1649,"name":"Ergonomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ergonomics?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="650731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis">Accident analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="650731" type="text/json">{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="986421" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operational_Stress_Injuries">Operational Stress Injuries</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="986421" type="text/json">{"id":986421,"name":"Operational Stress Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operational_Stress_Injuries?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9693171]'), work: {"id":9693171,"title":"STOP™ para la Supervisión STOP™ para Todos STOP™ para el Petróleo y el Gas STOP™ para la Ergonomía","created_at":"2014-12-09T08:39:23.832-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9693171/STOP_para_la_Supervisi%C3%B3n_STOP_para_Todos_STOP_para_el_Petr%C3%B3leo_y_el_Gas_STOP_para_la_Ergonom%C3%ADa?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_9693171","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35884976,"asset_id":9693171,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23215849,"first_name":"José Juan","last_name":"Cisneros Rivera","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoséJuanCisnerosRivera","display_name":"José Juan Cisneros Rivera","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9JuanCisnerosRivera?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1649,"name":"Ergonomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ergonomics?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":986421,"name":"Operational Stress Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operational_Stress_Injuries?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80446078" data-work_id="80446078" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80446078/Ranking_of_Risks_for_Existing_and_New_Building_Works">Ranking of Risks for Existing and New Building Works</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Site safety is one critical factor affecting the sustainability of skyscrapers and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects. Many newly-built skyscrapers exceed 50 storeys in Hong Kong and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80446078" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Site safety is one critical factor affecting the sustainability of skyscrapers and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects. Many newly-built skyscrapers exceed 50 storeys in Hong Kong and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects are widely performed to extend the lifespans of buildings. Although many cities do not contain skyscrapers at present, this will change in the future. Likewise, more decoration, repair, and maintenance projects will emerge. Thus, the present research, which compares the safety risks among the new and DSR projects, provides insights for builders, policymakers, and safety personnel. Moreover, research studies which rank and compare decoration, repair, and maintenance projects and new skyscraper constructions are scarce. The use of the evidence-based practice approach, which aims to narrow the gap between practice and academia in construction safety research, is the first of its kind. In this paper, we firstly provide a systematic literature review fro...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80446078" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f1a4e729f8b3968dce022bfed4f3edc6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86825103,"asset_id":80446078,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86825103/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="288659" href="https://hksyu.academia.edu/RitaLi">Rita Li</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="288659" type="text/json">{"id":288659,"first_name":"Rita","last_name":"Li","domain_name":"hksyu","page_name":"RitaLi","display_name":"Rita Li","profile_url":"https://hksyu.academia.edu/RitaLi?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/288659/58590/2352264/s65_rita.li.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80446078 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80446078"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80446078, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80446078", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80446078]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80446078").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80446078").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80446078"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3105" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Management">Construction Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3105" type="text/json">{"id":3105,"name":"Construction Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Management?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6014" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Law">Construction Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6014" type="text/json">{"id":6014,"name":"Construction Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Law?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6842" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Project_Management">Construction Project Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6842" type="text/json">{"id":6842,"name":"Construction Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Project_Management?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80446078]'), work: {"id":80446078,"title":"Ranking of Risks for Existing and New Building Works","created_at":"2022-06-01T04:43:01.430-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80446078/Ranking_of_Risks_for_Existing_and_New_Building_Works?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_80446078","summary":"Site safety is one critical factor affecting the sustainability of skyscrapers and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects. Many newly-built skyscrapers exceed 50 storeys in Hong Kong and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects are widely performed to extend the lifespans of buildings. Although many cities do not contain skyscrapers at present, this will change in the future. Likewise, more decoration, repair, and maintenance projects will emerge. Thus, the present research, which compares the safety risks among the new and DSR projects, provides insights for builders, policymakers, and safety personnel. Moreover, research studies which rank and compare decoration, repair, and maintenance projects and new skyscraper constructions are scarce. The use of the evidence-based practice approach, which aims to narrow the gap between practice and academia in construction safety research, is the first of its kind. In this paper, we firstly provide a systematic literature review fro...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86825103,"asset_id":80446078,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":288659,"first_name":"Rita","last_name":"Li","domain_name":"hksyu","page_name":"RitaLi","display_name":"Rita Li","profile_url":"https://hksyu.academia.edu/RitaLi?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/288659/58590/2352264/s65_rita.li.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":3105,"name":"Construction Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Management?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":6014,"name":"Construction Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Law?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":6842,"name":"Construction Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Project_Management?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":9629,"name":"Construction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction?f_ri=650731"},{"id":39905,"name":"Repair and Maintenance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Repair_and_Maintenance?f_ri=650731"},{"id":48558,"name":"Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident?f_ri=650731"},{"id":66747,"name":"Building Construction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Building_Construction?f_ri=650731"},{"id":67195,"name":"Refurbishment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refurbishment?f_ri=650731"},{"id":67366,"name":"Occupational health and safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_health_and_safety-2?f_ri=650731"},{"id":68776,"name":"Safety and Health in Workplace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_and_Health_in_Workplace?f_ri=650731"},{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=650731"},{"id":123057,"name":"Construction Health and Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Health_and_Safety-2?f_ri=650731"},{"id":144762,"name":"Construction Law and Dispute Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Law_and_Dispute_Resolution?f_ri=650731"},{"id":185040,"name":"Severe accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Severe_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":258767,"name":"Health and Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_and_Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":271735,"name":"Building Refurbishment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Building_Refurbishment?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1208617,"name":"Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainability?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1317973" data-work_id="1317973" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1317973/Studying_the_effect_of_weather_conditions_on_daily_crash_counts">Studying the effect of weather conditions on daily crash counts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In previous research, significant effects of weather conditions on car crashes have been found. However, most studies use monthly or yearly data and only few studies are available analyzing the impact of weather conditions on daily car... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1317973" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In previous research, significant effects of weather conditions on car crashes have been found. However, most studies use monthly or yearly data and only few studies are available analyzing the impact of weather conditions on daily car crash counts. Furthermore, the studies that are available on a daily level do not model the data in a time-series context, hereby ignoring the temporal serial correlation that may be present in the data. In this paper, we introduce an Integer Autoregressive model for modelling count data with time interdependencies. The model is applied to daily car crash data and metereological data from the Netherlands aiming at examining the risk impact of weather conditions on the observed counts. The results show that several assumptions related to the effect of weather conditions on crash counts are found to be significant in the data and that an appropriate statistical model should be used to account for the existing autocorrelation in the data.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1317973" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7936374876abb6205543a61b79df4740" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":8134881,"asset_id":1317973,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/8134881/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1166890" href="https://aueb.academia.edu/DimitrisKarlis">Dimitris Karlis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1166890" type="text/json">{"id":1166890,"first_name":"Dimitris","last_name":"Karlis","domain_name":"aueb","page_name":"DimitrisKarlis","display_name":"Dimitris Karlis","profile_url":"https://aueb.academia.edu/DimitrisKarlis?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1166890/144014362/133533727/s65_dimitris.karlis.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1317973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1317973"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1317973, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1317973", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1317973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1317973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1317973"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1317973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1317973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1317973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1317973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1317973").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1317973").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1317973"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4456" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Series">Time Series</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4456" type="text/json">{"id":4456,"name":"Time Series","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Series?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate">Climate</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13701" type="text/json">{"id":13701,"name":"Climate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16664" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment">Risk assessment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16664" type="text/json">{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1317973]'), work: {"id":1317973,"title":"Studying the effect of weather conditions on daily crash counts","created_at":"2012-01-30T20:59:47.291-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1317973/Studying_the_effect_of_weather_conditions_on_daily_crash_counts?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_1317973","summary":"In previous research, significant effects of weather conditions on car crashes have been found. However, most studies use monthly or yearly data and only few studies are available analyzing the impact of weather conditions on daily car crash counts. Furthermore, the studies that are available on a daily level do not model the data in a time-series context, hereby ignoring the temporal serial correlation that may be present in the data. In this paper, we introduce an Integer Autoregressive model for modelling count data with time interdependencies. The model is applied to daily car crash data and metereological data from the Netherlands aiming at examining the risk impact of weather conditions on the observed counts. The results show that several assumptions related to the effect of weather conditions on crash counts are found to be significant in the data and that an appropriate statistical model should be used to account for the existing autocorrelation in the data.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":8134881,"asset_id":1317973,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1166890,"first_name":"Dimitris","last_name":"Karlis","domain_name":"aueb","page_name":"DimitrisKarlis","display_name":"Dimitris Karlis","profile_url":"https://aueb.academia.edu/DimitrisKarlis?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1166890/144014362/133533727/s65_dimitris.karlis.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":4456,"name":"Time Series","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Series?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":13701,"name":"Climate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":149428,"name":"Temporal Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporal_Correlation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":171279,"name":"Count data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Count_data?f_ri=650731"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":343667,"name":"Theoretical Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Models?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":622589,"name":"Risk Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment-2?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":991101,"name":"Discrete Time Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrete_Time_Systems?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1156037,"name":"Poisson Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poisson_Distribution?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1231577,"name":"Accident Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_Prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1258839,"name":"Serial Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serial_Correlation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1314262,"name":"Time and Motion Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_and_Motion_Studies?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1993758,"name":"Autoregressive model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoregressive_model?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5044468 coauthored" data-work_id="5044468" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5044468/Relating_safety_productivity_and_company_type_for_motor_manual_logging_operations_in_the_Italian_Alps">Relating safety, productivity and company type for motor-manual logging operations in the Italian Alps</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The study compared the performance of four different logging crews with respect to productivity, organization and safety. To this purpose, the authors developed a data collection method capable of providing a quantitative analysis of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5044468" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The study compared the performance of four different logging crews with respect to productivity, organization and safety. To this purpose, the authors developed a data collection method capable of providing a quantitative analysis of risk-taking behavior. Four crews were tested under the same working conditions, representative of close-to-nature alpine forestry. Motor-manual working methods were applied, since these methods are still prevalent in the specific study area, despite the growing popularity of mechanical processors. Crews from public companies showed a significantly lower frequency of risk-taking behavior. The best safety performance was offered by the only (public) crew that had been administered formal safety training. The study seems to deny the common prejudice that safety practice is inversely proportional to productivity. Instead, productivity is increased by introducing more efficient working methods and equipment. The quantitative analysis of risk-taking behavior developed in this study can be applied to a number of industrial fields besides forestry. Characterizing risk-taking behavior for a given case may eventually lead to the development of custom-made training programmes, which may address problem areas while avoiding that the message is weakened by the inclusion of redundant information. In the specific case of logging crews in the central Alps, the study suggests that current training courses may be weak on ergonomics, and advocates a staged training programme, focusing first on accident reduction and then expanding to the prevention of chronic illness.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5044468" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3141e33cb09969f9cea071fc0422c255" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49473096,"asset_id":5044468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49473096/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6721681" href="https://cnr-it.academia.edu/RaffaeleSpinelli">Raffaele Spinelli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6721681" type="text/json">{"id":6721681,"first_name":"Raffaele","last_name":"Spinelli","domain_name":"cnr-it","page_name":"RaffaeleSpinelli","display_name":"Raffaele Spinelli","profile_url":"https://cnr-it.academia.edu/RaffaeleSpinelli?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6721681/2640194/3069815/s65_raffaele.spinelli.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-5044468">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-5044468"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarolinaLombardini">Carolina Lombardini</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://cnr-it.academia.edu/NatasciaMagagnotti">Natascia Magagnotti</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-5044468'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-5044468').html(); 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To this purpose, the authors developed a data collection method capable of providing a quantitative analysis of risk-taking behavior. Four crews were tested under the same working conditions, representative of close-to-nature alpine forestry. Motor-manual working methods were applied, since these methods are still prevalent in the specific study area, despite the growing popularity of mechanical processors. Crews from public companies showed a significantly lower frequency of risk-taking behavior. The best safety performance was offered by the only (public) crew that had been administered formal safety training. The study seems to deny the common prejudice that safety practice is inversely proportional to productivity. Instead, productivity is increased by introducing more efficient working methods and equipment. The quantitative analysis of risk-taking behavior developed in this study can be applied to a number of industrial fields besides forestry. Characterizing risk-taking behavior for a given case may eventually lead to the development of custom-made training programmes, which may address problem areas while avoiding that the message is weakened by the inclusion of redundant information. In the specific case of logging crews in the central Alps, the study suggests that current training courses may be weak on ergonomics, and advocates a staged training programme, focusing first on accident reduction and then expanding to the prevention of chronic illness.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49473096,"asset_id":5044468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6721681,"first_name":"Raffaele","last_name":"Spinelli","domain_name":"cnr-it","page_name":"RaffaeleSpinelli","display_name":"Raffaele Spinelli","profile_url":"https://cnr-it.academia.edu/RaffaeleSpinelli?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6721681/2640194/3069815/s65_raffaele.spinelli.jpg"},{"id":36753685,"first_name":"Carolina","last_name":"Lombardini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CarolinaLombardini","display_name":"Carolina Lombardini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CarolinaLombardini?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":29452875,"first_name":"Natascia","last_name":"Magagnotti","domain_name":"cnr-it","page_name":"NatasciaMagagnotti","display_name":"Natascia Magagnotti","profile_url":"https://cnr-it.academia.edu/NatasciaMagagnotti?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":1041,"name":"Forestry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forestry?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":2919,"name":"Organizational Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":8968,"name":"Productivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":13590,"name":"Risk Taking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Taking?f_ri=650731"},{"id":22927,"name":"Chronic illness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_illness?f_ri=650731"},{"id":37434,"name":"Quantitative analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":45213,"name":"Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy?f_ri=650731"},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":68802,"name":"Organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organization?f_ri=650731"},{"id":84206,"name":"Working Conditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Conditions?f_ri=650731"},{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=650731"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=650731"},{"id":188242,"name":"Organic production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_production?f_ri=650731"},{"id":289315,"name":"Safety Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Management?f_ri=650731"},{"id":360593,"name":"Logging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logging?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":641216,"name":"Quantitative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Analysis-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1031658,"name":"Wounds and Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wounds_and_Injuries?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1314262,"name":"Time and Motion Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_and_Motion_Studies?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2474611,"name":"Costs and Cost Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Costs_and_Cost_Analysis?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28019298" data-work_id="28019298" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28019298/Predicting_road_crashes_from_a_mathematical_model_of_alertness_regulation_The_Sleep_Wake_Predictor">Predicting road crashes from a mathematical model of alertness regulation—The Sleep/Wake Predictor</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Sleepiness is related to factors such as the time of day, the time since awakening and the duration of prior sleep. The present study investigated whether actual road crashes could be predicted from a mathematical model based on these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28019298" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Sleepiness is related to factors such as the time of day, the time since awakening and the duration of prior sleep. The present study investigated whether actual road crashes could be predicted from a mathematical model based on these three factors (the Sleep/Wake Predictor-SWP). Data were derived from a population-based case-control study of serious injury crashes. Data on accident time (or control sampling time) and start and end of prior sleep were entered into the model (blind). The predicted sleepiness values were used in logistic regressions. The results showed a highly significant odds ratio (OR) = 1.72 (confidence interval = 1.41-2.09) for each incremental step of sleepiness on the output sleepiness scale (nine steps). There was also a significant interaction with blood alcohol level, showing high OR values for high sleepiness levels and alcohol levels above 50 mg% (0.05 g/dl). It was concluded that the model is a good predictor of road crashes beyond that of alcohol level, and that interaction between the two carries a very high risk.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28019298" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="58c317f812a7ea20d7851f1db15f91f7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48326389,"asset_id":28019298,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48326389/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50769722" href="https://otago.academia.edu/AndrewGray">Andrew R Gray</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50769722" type="text/json">{"id":50769722,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Gray","domain_name":"otago","page_name":"AndrewGray","display_name":"Andrew R Gray","profile_url":"https://otago.academia.edu/AndrewGray?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50769722/13878790/14953010/s65_andrew.gray.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28019298 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28019298"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28019298, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28019298", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28019298]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28019298").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28019298").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28019298"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32433" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Regression">Logistic Regression</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32433" type="text/json">{"id":32433,"name":"Logistic Regression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Regression?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86176" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol">Alcohol</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="86176" type="text/json">{"id":86176,"name":"Alcohol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28019298]'), work: {"id":28019298,"title":"Predicting road crashes from a mathematical model of alertness regulation—The Sleep/Wake Predictor","created_at":"2016-08-26T00:13:58.830-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28019298/Predicting_road_crashes_from_a_mathematical_model_of_alertness_regulation_The_Sleep_Wake_Predictor?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_28019298","summary":"Sleepiness is related to factors such as the time of day, the time since awakening and the duration of prior sleep. The present study investigated whether actual road crashes could be predicted from a mathematical model based on these three factors (the Sleep/Wake Predictor-SWP). Data were derived from a population-based case-control study of serious injury crashes. Data on accident time (or control sampling time) and start and end of prior sleep were entered into the model (blind). The predicted sleepiness values were used in logistic regressions. The results showed a highly significant odds ratio (OR) = 1.72 (confidence interval = 1.41-2.09) for each incremental step of sleepiness on the output sleepiness scale (nine steps). There was also a significant interaction with blood alcohol level, showing high OR values for high sleepiness levels and alcohol levels above 50 mg% (0.05 g/dl). It was concluded that the model is a good predictor of road crashes beyond that of alcohol level, and that interaction between the two carries a very high risk.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48326389,"asset_id":28019298,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50769722,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Gray","domain_name":"otago","page_name":"AndrewGray","display_name":"Andrew R Gray","profile_url":"https://otago.academia.edu/AndrewGray?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50769722/13878790/14953010/s65_andrew.gray.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":32433,"name":"Logistic Regression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Regression?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":86176,"name":"Alcohol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":116108,"name":"New Zealand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Zealand?f_ri=650731"},{"id":131237,"name":"Cluster Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cluster_Analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":133324,"name":"Sleep","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep?f_ri=650731"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=650731"},{"id":291387,"name":"Mathematical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Model?f_ri=650731"},{"id":294768,"name":"Wakefulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wakefulness?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":910025,"name":"Case Control Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Study?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1294607,"name":"Logistic Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Models?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1318932,"name":"Predictive value of tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predictive_value_of_tests?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1587858,"name":"Confidence Interval","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confidence_Interval?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1772810,"name":"Sleep Stages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep_Stages?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11915398" data-work_id="11915398" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11915398/Using_biological_motion_to_enhance_the_conspicuity_of_roadway_workers">Using biological motion to enhance the conspicuity of roadway workers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study examined whether the conspicuity of road workers at night can be enhanced by distributing retroreflective strips across the body to present a pattern of biological motion (biomotion). Twenty visually normal drivers (mean age =... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11915398" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study examined whether the conspicuity of road workers at night can be enhanced by distributing retroreflective strips across the body to present a pattern of biological motion (biomotion). Twenty visually normal drivers (mean age = 40.3 years) participated in an experiment conducted at two open-road work sites (one suburban and one freeway) at nighttime. At each site, four road workers walked in place wearing a standard road worker night vest either a) alone, b) with additional retroreflective strips on thighs, c) with additional retroreflective strips on ankles and knees, or d) with additional retroreflective strips on eight moveable joints (full biomotion). Participants, seated in stationary vehicles at three different distances (80 m, 160 m, 240 m), rated the relative conspicuity of the four road workers. Road worker conspicuity was maximized by the full biomotion configuration at all distances and at both sites. The addition of ankle and knee markings also provided significant benefits relative to the standard vest alone. The effects of clothing configuration were more evident at the freeway site and at shorter distances. Overall, the full biomotion configuration was ranked to be most conspicuous and the vest least conspicuous. These data provide the first evidence that biomotion effectively enhances conspicuity of road workers at open-road work sites.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11915398" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6689c6ad29791cd8093453c63d9ae44c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46439683,"asset_id":11915398,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46439683/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29493679" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ralphmarszalek">ralph marszalek</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29493679" type="text/json">{"id":29493679,"first_name":"ralph","last_name":"marszalek","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ralphmarszalek","display_name":"ralph marszalek","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ralphmarszalek?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11915398 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11915398"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11915398, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11915398", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11915398 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11915398; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11915398"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11915398 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11915398"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11915398; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11915398]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11915398").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11915398").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11915398"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5359" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception">Visual perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5359" type="text/json">{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7736" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention">Attention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7736" type="text/json">{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13493" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motion_perception">Motion perception</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13493" type="text/json">{"id":13493,"name":"Motion perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motion_perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11915398]'), work: {"id":11915398,"title":"Using biological motion to enhance the conspicuity of roadway workers","created_at":"2015-04-12T18:46:54.779-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11915398/Using_biological_motion_to_enhance_the_conspicuity_of_roadway_workers?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_11915398","summary":"This study examined whether the conspicuity of road workers at night can be enhanced by distributing retroreflective strips across the body to present a pattern of biological motion (biomotion). Twenty visually normal drivers (mean age = 40.3 years) participated in an experiment conducted at two open-road work sites (one suburban and one freeway) at nighttime. At each site, four road workers walked in place wearing a standard road worker night vest either a) alone, b) with additional retroreflective strips on thighs, c) with additional retroreflective strips on ankles and knees, or d) with additional retroreflective strips on eight moveable joints (full biomotion). Participants, seated in stationary vehicles at three different distances (80 m, 160 m, 240 m), rated the relative conspicuity of the four road workers. Road worker conspicuity was maximized by the full biomotion configuration at all distances and at both sites. The addition of ankle and knee markings also provided significant benefits relative to the standard vest alone. The effects of clothing configuration were more evident at the freeway site and at shorter distances. Overall, the full biomotion configuration was ranked to be most conspicuous and the vest least conspicuous. These data provide the first evidence that biomotion effectively enhances conspicuity of road workers at open-road work sites.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46439683,"asset_id":11915398,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29493679,"first_name":"ralph","last_name":"marszalek","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ralphmarszalek","display_name":"ralph marszalek","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ralphmarszalek?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":13493,"name":"Motion perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motion_perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":66843,"name":"Judgment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judgment?f_ri=650731"},{"id":68567,"name":"Queensland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queensland?f_ri=650731"},{"id":86644,"name":"Darkness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Darkness?f_ri=650731"},{"id":101839,"name":"Lighting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lighting?f_ri=650731"},{"id":124302,"name":"Distance Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distance_Perception?f_ri=650731"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=650731"},{"id":144029,"name":"Biological Motion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Motion?f_ri=650731"},{"id":159978,"name":"Visibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visibility?f_ri=650731"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":535415,"name":"Environment Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_Design?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1450093,"name":"Protective Clothing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protective_Clothing?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8537013" data-work_id="8537013" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8537013/Suicidal_ideation_antidepressive_medication_and_car_crash_injury">Suicidal ideation, antidepressive medication and car crash injury</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between suicidal ideation, antidepressive medication and the risk of a car crash resulting in serious injury. Design: This was a population-based case-control study. Cases were... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8537013" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between suicidal ideation, antidepressive medication and the risk of a car crash resulting in serious injury. Design: This was a population-based case-control study. Cases were car drivers who were involved in crashes in which at least one occupant of their car was hospitalised or killed. Controls were selected using a cluster random sample of car drivers on the roads in the same region. Self-reported information on suicidal ideation in the 12 months prior to the crash or roadside survey, current usage of antidepressive medication as well as other crash-related risk factors was obtained from the drivers, or by proxy, using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Setting: The study was conducted in the Auckland region of New Zealand in 1998 and 1999. Results: There was a significant association between drivers who had suicidal ideation but without current antidepressive medication and the risk of an injury crash (OR = 4.16, 95% CI = 2.14-8.10), when compared to drivers without any suicidal ideation. Conclusion: The risk of an injury crash was significantly increased for those drivers who reported to have previous or current suicidal ideation but without current antidepressant medication.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8537013" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ffc9f4eb5a5bdb0c957b0e6a937a2c5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48062675,"asset_id":8537013,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48062675/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17539750" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/ShanthiAmeratunga">Shanthi Ameratunga</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17539750" type="text/json">{"id":17539750,"first_name":"Shanthi","last_name":"Ameratunga","domain_name":"auckland","page_name":"ShanthiAmeratunga","display_name":"Shanthi Ameratunga","profile_url":"https://auckland.academia.edu/ShanthiAmeratunga?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8537013 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8537013"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8537013, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8537013", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8537013 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8537013; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8537013"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8537013 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8537013"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8537013; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8537013]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8537013").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8537013").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8537013"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8207" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk">Risk</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8207" type="text/json">{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide">Suicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8981" type="text/json">{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="116108" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Zealand">New Zealand</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="116108" type="text/json">{"id":116108,"name":"New Zealand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Zealand?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8537013]'), work: {"id":8537013,"title":"Suicidal ideation, antidepressive medication and car crash injury","created_at":"2014-09-28T13:41:12.515-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8537013/Suicidal_ideation_antidepressive_medication_and_car_crash_injury?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_8537013","summary":"Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between suicidal ideation, antidepressive medication and the risk of a car crash resulting in serious injury. Design: This was a population-based case-control study. Cases were car drivers who were involved in crashes in which at least one occupant of their car was hospitalised or killed. Controls were selected using a cluster random sample of car drivers on the roads in the same region. Self-reported information on suicidal ideation in the 12 months prior to the crash or roadside survey, current usage of antidepressive medication as well as other crash-related risk factors was obtained from the drivers, or by proxy, using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Setting: The study was conducted in the Auckland region of New Zealand in 1998 and 1999. Results: There was a significant association between drivers who had suicidal ideation but without current antidepressive medication and the risk of an injury crash (OR = 4.16, 95% CI = 2.14-8.10), when compared to drivers without any suicidal ideation. Conclusion: The risk of an injury crash was significantly increased for those drivers who reported to have previous or current suicidal ideation but without current antidepressant medication.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48062675,"asset_id":8537013,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17539750,"first_name":"Shanthi","last_name":"Ameratunga","domain_name":"auckland","page_name":"ShanthiAmeratunga","display_name":"Shanthi Ameratunga","profile_url":"https://auckland.academia.edu/ShanthiAmeratunga?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":116108,"name":"New Zealand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Zealand?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":157943,"name":"Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depressive_Disorder?f_ri=650731"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":378819,"name":"Suicidal Ideation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicidal_Ideation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47455950" data-work_id="47455950" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47455950/Drugs_related_to_motor_vehicle_crashes_in_northern_European_countries_A_study_of_fatally_injured_drivers">Drugs related to motor vehicle crashes in northern European countries: A study of fatally injured drivers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The aim of this study was to find which drugs and drug combinations were most common in drivers who died, in particular, in single vehicle crashes where the responsibility for the crash would be referred to the driver killed. The study... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47455950" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The aim of this study was to find which drugs and drug combinations were most common in drivers who died, in particular, in single vehicle crashes where the responsibility for the crash would be referred to the driver killed. The study included all available blood samples from drivers, who died within 24 h of the accident, in the years 2001 and 2002 in the five Nordic countries (total population about 24 million inhabitants). The samples were analysed for more than 200 different drugs in addition to alcohol, using a similar analytical programme and cut-off limits in all countries. In three countries (Finland, Norway and Sweden) blood samples were available for more than 70% of the drivers, allowing representative prevalence data to be collected. 60% of the drivers in single vehicle crashes had alcohol and/or drug in their blood samples, compared with 30% of drivers killed in collisions with other vehicles. In single vehicle accidents, 66% of the drivers under 30 years of age had alcohol and/or drugs in their blood (alcohol only -40%; drugs only -12%; alcohol and drugs -14%). The drugs found were mostly illicit drugs and psychoactive medicinal drugs with warning labels (in 57% and 58% respectively of the drivers under 30 with drugs present). Similar findings were obtained for drivers 30-49 years of age (63% with alcohol and/or drugs). In drivers aged 50 years and above, killed in single vehicle crashes (48% with alcohol and/or drugs) illicit drugs were found in only one case, and psychoactive medicinal drugs were detected less frequently than in younger age groups. In 75% of single vehicle crashes, the driver was under 50 years. Thus, the majority of accidents where the drivers must be considered responsible, occurred with drivers who had recently used alcohol, or drugs, alone or in combination. The drugs involved were often illicit and/or psychoactive drugs with warning labels. Therefore a large proportion of single vehicle accidents appear to be preventable, if more effective measures against driving after intake of alcohol and drugs can be implemented.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47455950" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="22574e50bdbe16f8b514bc967c26d0d4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66539791,"asset_id":47455950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66539791/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="98438936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JakobKristinsson">Jakob Kristinsson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="98438936" type="text/json">{"id":98438936,"first_name":"Jakob","last_name":"Kristinsson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JakobKristinsson","display_name":"Jakob Kristinsson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JakobKristinsson?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/98438936/26848610/25318160/s65_jakob.kristinsson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47455950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47455950"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47455950, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47455950", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_47455950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47455950; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_47455950"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_47455950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47455950"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47455950; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47455950]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47455950").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47455950").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47455950"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="103298" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_sampling">Blood sampling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="103298" type="text/json">{"id":103298,"name":"Blood sampling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_sampling?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="110254" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol_Drinking">Alcohol Drinking</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="110254" type="text/json">{"id":110254,"name":"Alcohol Drinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol_Drinking?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult">Young Adult</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="133057" type="text/json">{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47455950]'), work: {"id":47455950,"title":"Drugs related to motor vehicle crashes in northern European countries: A study of fatally injured drivers","created_at":"2021-04-22T08:35:44.183-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47455950/Drugs_related_to_motor_vehicle_crashes_in_northern_European_countries_A_study_of_fatally_injured_drivers?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_47455950","summary":"The aim of this study was to find which drugs and drug combinations were most common in drivers who died, in particular, in single vehicle crashes where the responsibility for the crash would be referred to the driver killed. The study included all available blood samples from drivers, who died within 24 h of the accident, in the years 2001 and 2002 in the five Nordic countries (total population about 24 million inhabitants). The samples were analysed for more than 200 different drugs in addition to alcohol, using a similar analytical programme and cut-off limits in all countries. In three countries (Finland, Norway and Sweden) blood samples were available for more than 70% of the drivers, allowing representative prevalence data to be collected. 60% of the drivers in single vehicle crashes had alcohol and/or drug in their blood samples, compared with 30% of drivers killed in collisions with other vehicles. In single vehicle accidents, 66% of the drivers under 30 years of age had alcohol and/or drugs in their blood (alcohol only -40%; drugs only -12%; alcohol and drugs -14%). The drugs found were mostly illicit drugs and psychoactive medicinal drugs with warning labels (in 57% and 58% respectively of the drivers under 30 with drugs present). Similar findings were obtained for drivers 30-49 years of age (63% with alcohol and/or drugs). In drivers aged 50 years and above, killed in single vehicle crashes (48% with alcohol and/or drugs) illicit drugs were found in only one case, and psychoactive medicinal drugs were detected less frequently than in younger age groups. In 75% of single vehicle crashes, the driver was under 50 years. Thus, the majority of accidents where the drivers must be considered responsible, occurred with drivers who had recently used alcohol, or drugs, alone or in combination. The drugs involved were often illicit and/or psychoactive drugs with warning labels. Therefore a large proportion of single vehicle accidents appear to be preventable, if more effective measures against driving after intake of alcohol and drugs can be implemented.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66539791,"asset_id":47455950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":98438936,"first_name":"Jakob","last_name":"Kristinsson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JakobKristinsson","display_name":"Jakob Kristinsson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JakobKristinsson?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/98438936/26848610/25318160/s65_jakob.kristinsson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":103298,"name":"Blood sampling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_sampling?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":110254,"name":"Alcohol Drinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol_Drinking?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":339393,"name":"Nordic countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nordic_countries?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":512402,"name":"Illicit Drugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Illicit_Drugs?f_ri=650731"},{"id":606036,"name":"Psychotropic Drugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotropic_Drugs?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":964675,"name":"Alcohol Use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol_Use?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1423077,"name":"Substance-Related Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Substance-Related_Disorders?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1470936,"name":"Age Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Groups?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1636293,"name":"Motor vehicles act","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_vehicles_act?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2416882 coauthored" data-work_id="2416882" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2416882/The_impact_of_perceptual_treatments_on_lateral_control_A_study_using_fixed_base_and_motion_base_driving_simulators">The impact of perceptual treatments on lateral control: A study using fixed-base and motion-base driving simulators</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This research was carried out as part of the French national multidisciplinary research project, PREDIT-SARI. Using a driving simulator, it aimed to test the effectiveness of road treatments intended to inform drivers about the risk of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2416882" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research was carried out as part of the French national multidisciplinary research project, PREDIT-SARI. Using a driving simulator, it aimed to test the effectiveness of road treatments intended to inform drivers about the risk of losing control on rural roads with “crest vertical curves” (Landis et al., 2004). [Rosey, F., Auberlet, J.M., Bertrand, J., Plainchault, P., 2008. Impact of perceptual treatments on lateral control during driving on crest vertical curves: a driving simulator study. Accid. Anal. Prev. 40, 1515–1523, Scopus.] used a fixed-base driving simulator to test four perceptual treatments intended to help drivers maintain lateral control when driving on crest vertical curves and found that two of them, rumble strips on both sides of the centerline and sealed shoulders, were more effective than the others. This first study prompted us to ask if non-visual sensory cues (e.g., vestibular or proprioceptive perceptions) could influence driver perception and consequently lateral control. We therefore conducted a second study on a motion-base driving simulator, using the same virtual 3D database. The results showed that: (1) drivers drive closer to the center of their lane when there are rumble strips on both sides of the centerline, or when there are sealed shoulders, than they do with the current marking system (i.e., continuous lines), and (2) the impact of the two tested perceptual treatments was replicated on both types of driving simulator.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2416882" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="daf6309823cc80968a08638b699ea92b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50635243,"asset_id":2416882,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50635243/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="136402" href="https://ifsttar.academia.edu/jmauberlet">jean-michel auberlet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="136402" type="text/json">{"id":136402,"first_name":"jean-michel","last_name":"auberlet","domain_name":"ifsttar","page_name":"jmauberlet","display_name":"jean-michel auberlet","profile_url":"https://ifsttar.academia.edu/jmauberlet?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136402/36198/33252/s65_jean-michel.auberlet.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-2416882">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-2416882"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://univ-valenciennes.academia.edu/MariePierrePacauxLemoine">Marie-Pierre Pacaux-Lemoine</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-2416882'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-2416882').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2416882 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2416882"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2416882; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2416882]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2416882").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2416882").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2416882"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="867" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception">Perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="867" type="text/json">{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2358" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_safety">Road safety</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2358" type="text/json">{"id":2358,"name":"Road safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_safety?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3031" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Auditory_Perception">Auditory Perception</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3031" type="text/json">{"id":3031,"name":"Auditory Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Auditory_Perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2416882]'), work: {"id":2416882,"title":"The impact of perceptual treatments on lateral control: A study using fixed-base and motion-base driving simulators","created_at":"2013-01-16T22:22:31.970-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2416882/The_impact_of_perceptual_treatments_on_lateral_control_A_study_using_fixed_base_and_motion_base_driving_simulators?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_2416882","summary":"This research was carried out as part of the French national multidisciplinary research project, PREDIT-SARI. Using a driving simulator, it aimed to test the effectiveness of road treatments intended to inform drivers about the risk of losing control on rural roads with “crest vertical curves” (Landis et al., 2004). [Rosey, F., Auberlet, J.M., Bertrand, J., Plainchault, P., 2008. Impact of perceptual treatments on lateral control during driving on crest vertical curves: a driving simulator study. Accid. Anal. Prev. 40, 1515–1523, Scopus.] used a fixed-base driving simulator to test four perceptual treatments intended to help drivers maintain lateral control when driving on crest vertical curves and found that two of them, rumble strips on both sides of the centerline and sealed shoulders, were more effective than the others. This first study prompted us to ask if non-visual sensory cues (e.g., vestibular or proprioceptive perceptions) could influence driver perception and consequently lateral control. We therefore conducted a second study on a motion-base driving simulator, using the same virtual 3D database. The results showed that: (1) drivers drive closer to the center of their lane when there are rumble strips on both sides of the centerline, or when there are sealed shoulders, than they do with the current marking system (i.e., continuous lines), and (2) the impact of the two tested perceptual treatments was replicated on both types of driving simulator.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50635243,"asset_id":2416882,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":136402,"first_name":"jean-michel","last_name":"auberlet","domain_name":"ifsttar","page_name":"jmauberlet","display_name":"jean-michel auberlet","profile_url":"https://ifsttar.academia.edu/jmauberlet?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136402/36198/33252/s65_jean-michel.auberlet.jpg"},{"id":7442245,"first_name":"Marie-Pierre","last_name":"Pacaux-Lemoine","domain_name":"univ-valenciennes","page_name":"MariePierrePacauxLemoine","display_name":"Marie-Pierre Pacaux-Lemoine","profile_url":"https://univ-valenciennes.academia.edu/MariePierrePacauxLemoine?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":2358,"name":"Road safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_safety?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":3031,"name":"Auditory Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Auditory_Perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=650731"},{"id":27336,"name":"France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/France?f_ri=650731"},{"id":59770,"name":"Trajectory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trajectory?f_ri=650731"},{"id":88325,"name":"Cues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cues?f_ri=650731"},{"id":244323,"name":"Steering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Steering?f_ri=650731"},{"id":255094,"name":"Computer User Interface Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_User_Interface_Design?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":535415,"name":"Environment Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_Design?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1231577,"name":"Accident Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_Prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2444775,"name":"Psychomotor Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychomotor_Performance?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24824320 coauthored" data-work_id="24824320" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24824320/Relationships_between_psychological_safety_climate_facets_and_safety_behavior_in_the_rail_industry_A_dominance_analysis">Relationships between psychological safety climate facets and safety behavior in the rail industry: A dominance analysis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The goals of this study were twofold: (1) to confirm a relationship between employee perceptions of psychological safety climate and safety behavior for a sample of workers in the rail industry and (2) to explore the relative strengths of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24824320" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The goals of this study were twofold: (1) to confirm a relationship between employee perceptions of psychological safety climate and safety behavior for a sample of workers in the rail industry and (2) to explore the relative strengths of relationships between specific facets of safety climate and safety behavior. Non-management rail maintenance workers employed by a large North American railroad completed a survey (n = 421) regarding workplace safety perceptions and behaviors. Three facets of safety climate (management safety, coworker safety, and work-safety tension) were assessed as relating to individual workers' reported safety behavior. All three facets were significantly associated with safety behavior. Dominance analysis was used to assess the relative importance of each facet as related to the outcome, and work-safety tension evidenced the strongest relationship with safety behavior.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24824320" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fbe98add52da9715994ed529b82cd1fb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45149479,"asset_id":24824320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45149479/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="47864993" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MorrowStephanie">Stephanie Morrow</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="47864993" type="text/json">{"id":47864993,"first_name":"Stephanie","last_name":"Morrow","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MorrowStephanie","display_name":"Stephanie Morrow","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MorrowStephanie?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-24824320">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-24824320"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uconn.academia.edu/JanetBarnesFarrell">Janet Barnes-Farrell</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-24824320'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-24824320').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24824320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24824320"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24824320, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24824320", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24824320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24824320; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24824320"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24824320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24824320"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24824320; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24824320]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24824320").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24824320").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24824320"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2919" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture">Organizational Culture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2919" type="text/json">{"id":2919,"name":"Organizational Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="87372" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maintenance">Maintenance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="87372" type="text/json">{"id":87372,"name":"Maintenance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maintenance?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="153168" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection">Data Collection</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="153168" type="text/json">{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24824320]'), work: {"id":24824320,"title":"Relationships between psychological safety climate facets and safety behavior in the rail industry: A dominance analysis","created_at":"2016-04-27T16:43:53.334-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24824320/Relationships_between_psychological_safety_climate_facets_and_safety_behavior_in_the_rail_industry_A_dominance_analysis?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_24824320","summary":"The goals of this study were twofold: (1) to confirm a relationship between employee perceptions of psychological safety climate and safety behavior for a sample of workers in the rail industry and (2) to explore the relative strengths of relationships between specific facets of safety climate and safety behavior. Non-management rail maintenance workers employed by a large North American railroad completed a survey (n = 421) regarding workplace safety perceptions and behaviors. Three facets of safety climate (management safety, coworker safety, and work-safety tension) were assessed as relating to individual workers' reported safety behavior. All three facets were significantly associated with safety behavior. Dominance analysis was used to assess the relative importance of each facet as related to the outcome, and work-safety tension evidenced the strongest relationship with safety behavior.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45149479,"asset_id":24824320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":47864993,"first_name":"Stephanie","last_name":"Morrow","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MorrowStephanie","display_name":"Stephanie Morrow","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MorrowStephanie?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":1744775,"first_name":"Janet","last_name":"Barnes-Farrell","domain_name":"uconn","page_name":"JanetBarnesFarrell","display_name":"Janet Barnes-Farrell","profile_url":"https://uconn.academia.edu/JanetBarnesFarrell?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":2919,"name":"Organizational Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":87372,"name":"Maintenance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maintenance?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":289315,"name":"Safety Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Management?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":434017,"name":"Railroads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Railroads?f_ri=650731"},{"id":648834,"name":"North American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_American?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42224545" data-work_id="42224545" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42224545/How_much_can_driver_assistance_systems_improve_the_road_safety_Was_k%C3%B6nnen_Fahrerassistenzsysteme_im_Unfallgeschehen_leisten_">How much can driver assistance systems improve the road safety? (Was können Fahrerassistenzsysteme im Unfallgeschehen leisten?)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How much can driver assistance systems improve the road safety? Abstract: The Audi Accident Research Unit (AARU) constitutes an interdisciplinary research association between the AUDI AG and the Regensburg University Hospital. AARU is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42224545" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How much can driver assistance systems improve the road safety?<br />Abstract: The Audi Accident Research Unit (AARU) constitutes an interdisciplinary research association between the AUDI AG and the Regensburg University Hospital. AARU is supported by the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior. The analysis of traffic accidents at the AARU includes medical, psychological as well as technical aspects. In order to improve traffic safety, automobile manufacturers focus on the development of active vehicle safety and driver assistance systems (FAS) since more than 90 % of all traffic accident causes are due to human error [1].<br />Therefore, AARU gathers psychological accident by means of standardized interviews. These data summarize and evaluate the pre-crash phase as experienced by the driver. For the FAS effectivity analysis, AARU data have been evaluated by means of a random sample comparable to Bavaria. The result shows that FAS may help to avoid accidents or reduce their severity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42224545" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7f0ef473f079ca4a9f65b7dc41463d15" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62373986,"asset_id":42224545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62373986/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="149645851" href="https://turn-de.academia.edu/ThomasWinkle">Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas Winkle</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="149645851" type="text/json">{"id":149645851,"first_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas","last_name":"Winkle","domain_name":"turn-de","page_name":"ThomasWinkle","display_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas Winkle","profile_url":"https://turn-de.academia.edu/ThomasWinkle?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/149645851/41375549/33556935/s65_thomas.winkle.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42224545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42224545"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42224545, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42224545", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42224545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42224545; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42224545"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42224545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42224545"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42224545; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42224545]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42224545").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42224545").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42224545"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2358" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_safety">Road safety</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2358" type="text/json">{"id":2358,"name":"Road safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_safety?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human-Machine_Interaction">Human-Machine Interaction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="66003" type="text/json">{"id":66003,"name":"Human-Machine Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human-Machine_Interaction?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="79900" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis">Road accident analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="79900" type="text/json">{"id":79900,"name":"Road accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42224545]'), work: {"id":42224545,"title":"How much can driver assistance systems improve the road safety? (Was können Fahrerassistenzsysteme im Unfallgeschehen leisten?)","created_at":"2020-03-15T11:57:24.709-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42224545/How_much_can_driver_assistance_systems_improve_the_road_safety_Was_k%C3%B6nnen_Fahrerassistenzsysteme_im_Unfallgeschehen_leisten_?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_42224545","summary":"How much can driver assistance systems improve the road safety?\nAbstract: The Audi Accident Research Unit (AARU) constitutes an interdisciplinary research association between the AUDI AG and the Regensburg University Hospital. AARU is supported by the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior. The analysis of traffic accidents at the AARU includes medical, psychological as well as technical aspects. In order to improve traffic safety, automobile manufacturers focus on the development of active vehicle safety and driver assistance systems (FAS) since more than 90 % of all traffic accident causes are due to human error [1].\nTherefore, AARU gathers psychological accident by means of standardized interviews. These data summarize and evaluate the pre-crash phase as experienced by the driver. For the FAS effectivity analysis, AARU data have been evaluated by means of a random sample comparable to Bavaria. The result shows that FAS may help to avoid accidents or reduce their severity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62373986,"asset_id":42224545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":149645851,"first_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas","last_name":"Winkle","domain_name":"turn-de","page_name":"ThomasWinkle","display_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas Winkle","profile_url":"https://turn-de.academia.edu/ThomasWinkle?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/149645851/41375549/33556935/s65_thomas.winkle.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":2358,"name":"Road safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_safety?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":66003,"name":"Human-Machine Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human-Machine_Interaction?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":79900,"name":"Road accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=650731"},{"id":84687,"name":"Driver Assistance Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Driver_Assistance_Systems?f_ri=650731"},{"id":116848,"name":"Road Safety, Transportation Planning and Management, Intelligent Transportation Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Safety_Transportation_Planning_and_Management_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems?f_ri=650731"},{"id":185040,"name":"Severe accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Severe_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":242155,"name":"Psychological Perspectives of Road Safety Behaviour, Etiology of Risk Taking Behaviour, Sensation Seeking and Road Safety Behaviour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Perspectives_of_Road_Safety_Behaviour_Etiology_of_Risk_Taking_Behaviour_Sensation_Se?f_ri=650731"},{"id":364885,"name":"Road Traffic Accident Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Traffic_Accident_Research?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":516035,"name":"Automated driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automated_driving?f_ri=650731"},{"id":575150,"name":"Investigación de Accidentes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Investigacion_de_Accidentes?f_ri=650731"},{"id":608107,"name":"Accident Investigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_Investigation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1040927,"name":"Types of Adaptive Cruise Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Types_of_Adaptive_Cruise_Control?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1110235,"name":"Advanced Driver Assistance Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advanced_Driver_Assistance_Systems?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1381998,"name":"Lane Departure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lane_Departure?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1655510,"name":"Advanced Driver Assistance System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advanced_Driver_Assistance_System?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2566246,"name":"Automatic Emergency Braking Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automatic_Emergency_Braking_Systems?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49992735" data-work_id="49992735" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49992735/Crash_reductions_related_to_traffic_signal_removal_in_Philadelphia">Crash reductions related to traffic signal removal in Philadelphia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effect on intersection crashes of converting one-way street intersections in Philadelphia from signal to multiway stop sign control was estimated. Using crash and traffic volume data for a comparison group, regression models were... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49992735" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effect on intersection crashes of converting one-way street intersections in Philadelphia from signal to multiway stop sign control was estimated. Using crash and traffic volume data for a comparison group, regression models were computed to represent the normal crash experience of signal controlled intersections of one-way streets, by impact type, as a function of traffic volume. An empirical Bayesian procedure was used to estimate what would have been the expected number of crashes at the converted intersections had they not been converted. The empirical Bayesian estimates were compared with actual counts of crashes after conversion. Estimates were obtained for different classes of crashes categorized by impact type, day/night condition, and impact severity. Aggregate results indicate that replacing signals by multiway stop signs on oneway streets is associated with a reduction in crashes of approximately 24%, combining all severities, light conditions, and impact types.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49992735" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f12f296f65216678b903e03db2a77256" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68144070,"asset_id":49992735,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68144070/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21320237" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/EzraHauer">Ezra Hauer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21320237" type="text/json">{"id":21320237,"first_name":"Ezra","last_name":"Hauer","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"EzraHauer","display_name":"Ezra Hauer","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/EzraHauer?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21320237/50977226/39029454/s65_ezra.hauer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49992735 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49992735"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49992735, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49992735", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49992735 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49992735; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49992735"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49992735 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49992735"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49992735; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49992735]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49992735").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49992735").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49992735"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety">Safety</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49161" type="text/json">{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73814" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Generalized_linear_mixed_modeling">Generalized linear mixed modeling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="73814" type="text/json">{"id":73814,"name":"Generalized linear mixed modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Generalized_linear_mixed_modeling?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="123230" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis">Regression Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="123230" type="text/json">{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49992735]'), work: {"id":49992735,"title":"Crash reductions related to traffic signal removal in Philadelphia","created_at":"2021-07-16T12:18:49.907-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49992735/Crash_reductions_related_to_traffic_signal_removal_in_Philadelphia?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_49992735","summary":"The effect on intersection crashes of converting one-way street intersections in Philadelphia from signal to multiway stop sign control was estimated. Using crash and traffic volume data for a comparison group, regression models were computed to represent the normal crash experience of signal controlled intersections of one-way streets, by impact type, as a function of traffic volume. An empirical Bayesian procedure was used to estimate what would have been the expected number of crashes at the converted intersections had they not been converted. The empirical Bayesian estimates were compared with actual counts of crashes after conversion. Estimates were obtained for different classes of crashes categorized by impact type, day/night condition, and impact severity. Aggregate results indicate that replacing signals by multiway stop signs on oneway streets is associated with a reduction in crashes of approximately 24%, combining all severities, light conditions, and impact types.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68144070,"asset_id":49992735,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21320237,"first_name":"Ezra","last_name":"Hauer","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"EzraHauer","display_name":"Ezra Hauer","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/EzraHauer?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21320237/50977226/39029454/s65_ezra.hauer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":73814,"name":"Generalized linear mixed modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Generalized_linear_mixed_modeling?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":272273,"name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philadelphia?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":406051,"name":"Regression Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Model?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":490996,"name":"General Linear Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_Linear_Model?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":880279,"name":"Bayes Theorem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bayes_Theorem-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1951089,"name":"Bayesian Estimator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bayesian_Estimator?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1962920,"name":"Safety Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Evaluation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":4002452,"name":"Accidents Traffic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents_Traffic?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23037202" data-work_id="23037202" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23037202/Costs_of_occupational_injuries_in_construction_in_the_United_States">Costs of occupational injuries in construction in the United States</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents costs of fatal and non-fatal injuries for the construction industry using 2002 national incidence data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and a comprehensive cost model that includes direct medical costs, indirect... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23037202" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents costs of fatal and non-fatal injuries for the construction industry using 2002 national incidence data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and a comprehensive cost model that includes direct medical costs, indirect losses in wage and household productivity, as well as an estimate of the quality of life costs due to injury. Costs are presented at the three-digit industry level, by worker characteristics, and by detailed source and event of injury. The total costs of fatal and nonfatal injuries in the construction industry were estimated at $11.5 billion in 2002, 15% of the costs for all private industry. The average cost per case of fatal or nonfatal injury is $27,000 in construction, almost double the per-case cost of $15,000 for all industry in 2002. Five industries accounted for over half the industry's total fatal and non-fatal injury costs. They were miscellaneous special trade contractors (SIC 179), followed by plumbing, heating and air-conditioning (SIC 171), electrical work (SIC 173), heavy construction except highway (SIC 162), and residential building construction (SIC 152), each with over $1 billion in costs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23037202" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="40cdc857ace06f279b86b2942ecc050f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43545337,"asset_id":23037202,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43545337/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32416979" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TedMiller3">Ted Miller</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32416979" type="text/json">{"id":32416979,"first_name":"Ted","last_name":"Miller","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TedMiller3","display_name":"Ted Miller","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TedMiller3?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23037202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23037202"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23037202, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23037202", }); 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Costs are presented at the three-digit industry level, by worker characteristics, and by detailed source and event of injury. The total costs of fatal and nonfatal injuries in the construction industry were estimated at $11.5 billion in 2002, 15% of the costs for all private industry. The average cost per case of fatal or nonfatal injury is $27,000 in construction, almost double the per-case cost of $15,000 for all industry in 2002. Five industries accounted for over half the industry's total fatal and non-fatal injury costs. They were miscellaneous special trade contractors (SIC 179), followed by plumbing, heating and air-conditioning (SIC 171), electrical work (SIC 173), heavy construction except highway (SIC 162), and residential building construction (SIC 152), each with over $1 billion in costs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43545337,"asset_id":23037202,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32416979,"first_name":"Ted","last_name":"Miller","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TedMiller3","display_name":"Ted Miller","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TedMiller3?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":6309,"name":"Metallurgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metallurgy?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":7470,"name":"Quality of life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":29266,"name":"Construction Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Industry?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":66747,"name":"Building Construction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Building_Construction?f_ri=650731"},{"id":74775,"name":"Cost Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Model?f_ri=650731"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=650731"},{"id":116306,"name":"Air Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Conditioning?f_ri=650731"},{"id":190574,"name":"Household Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Household_Production?f_ri=650731"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=650731"},{"id":335647,"name":"Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1031658,"name":"Wounds and Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wounds_and_Injuries?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2647250" data-work_id="2647250" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2647250/Dynamics_of_safety_performance_and_culture_A_group_model_building_approach">Dynamics of safety performance and culture: A group model building approach</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The management of occupational health and safety (OHS) including safety culture interventions is comprised of complex problems that are often hard to scope and define. Due to the dynamic nature and complexity of OHS management, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2647250" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The management of occupational health and safety (OHS) including safety culture interventions is comprised of complex problems that are often hard to scope and define. Due to the dynamic nature and complexity of OHS management, the concept of system dynamics (SD) is used to analyze accident prevention. In this paper, a system dynamics group model building (GMB) approach is used to create a causal loop diagram of the underlying factors influencing the OHS performance of a major drilling and mining contractor in Australia. While the organization has invested considerable resources into OHS their disabling injury frequency rate (DIFR) has not been decreasing. With this in mind, rich individualistic knowledge about the dynamics influencing the DIFR was acquired from experienced employees with operations, health and safety and training background using a GMB workshop. Findings derived from the workshop were used to develop a series of causal loop diagrams that includes a wide range of dynamics that can assist in better understanding the causal influences OHS performance. The causal loop diagram provides a tool for organizations to hypothesize the dynamics influencing effectiveness of OHS management, particularly the impact on DIFR. In addition the paper demonstrates that the SD GMB approach has significant potential in understanding and improving OHS management.► We conducted a system dynamics group modelling workshop for a major drilling and mining contractor in Australia. >Rich individualistic knowledge was acquired in the workshop. ► Causal loop diagrams were created representing the complex factors influencing management of occupational health and safety. ► Paper demonstrates that the group model building approach has significant potential.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2647250" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3afa4e095b1859d4ec4b7b2b6880c1da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50553627,"asset_id":2647250,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50553627/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="159019" href="https://nus.academia.edu/YangMiangGoh">Yang Miang Goh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="159019" type="text/json">{"id":159019,"first_name":"Yang Miang","last_name":"Goh","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"YangMiangGoh","display_name":"Yang Miang Goh","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/YangMiangGoh?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/159019/126699367/116076877/s65_yang_miang.goh.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2647250 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2647250"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2647250, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2647250", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2647250]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2647250").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2647250").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2647250"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2919" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture">Organizational Culture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2919" type="text/json">{"id":2919,"name":"Organizational Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3211" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health">Occupational Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3211" type="text/json">{"id":3211,"name":"Occupational Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4728" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Thinking">Systems Thinking</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4728" type="text/json">{"id":4728,"name":"Systems Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Thinking?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2647250]'), work: {"id":2647250,"title":"Dynamics of safety performance and culture: A group model building approach","created_at":"2013-02-25T08:20:33.170-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2647250/Dynamics_of_safety_performance_and_culture_A_group_model_building_approach?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_2647250","summary":"The management of occupational health and safety (OHS) including safety culture interventions is comprised of complex problems that are often hard to scope and define. Due to the dynamic nature and complexity of OHS management, the concept of system dynamics (SD) is used to analyze accident prevention. In this paper, a system dynamics group model building (GMB) approach is used to create a causal loop diagram of the underlying factors influencing the OHS performance of a major drilling and mining contractor in Australia. While the organization has invested considerable resources into OHS their disabling injury frequency rate (DIFR) has not been decreasing. With this in mind, rich individualistic knowledge about the dynamics influencing the DIFR was acquired from experienced employees with operations, health and safety and training background using a GMB workshop. Findings derived from the workshop were used to develop a series of causal loop diagrams that includes a wide range of dynamics that can assist in better understanding the causal influences OHS performance. The causal loop diagram provides a tool for organizations to hypothesize the dynamics influencing effectiveness of OHS management, particularly the impact on DIFR. In addition the paper demonstrates that the SD GMB approach has significant potential in understanding and improving OHS management.► We conducted a system dynamics group modelling workshop for a major drilling and mining contractor in Australia. \u003eRich individualistic knowledge was acquired in the workshop. ► Causal loop diagrams were created representing the complex factors influencing management of occupational health and safety. ► Paper demonstrates that the group model building approach has significant potential.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50553627,"asset_id":2647250,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":159019,"first_name":"Yang Miang","last_name":"Goh","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"YangMiangGoh","display_name":"Yang Miang Goh","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/YangMiangGoh?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/159019/126699367/116076877/s65_yang_miang.goh.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":2919,"name":"Organizational Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":3211,"name":"Occupational Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":4728,"name":"Systems Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Thinking?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":6697,"name":"Australia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australia?f_ri=650731"},{"id":7300,"name":"Systems Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Theory?f_ri=650731"},{"id":11592,"name":"System Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Dynamics?f_ri=650731"},{"id":19988,"name":"Group Processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Group_Processes?f_ri=650731"},{"id":30932,"name":"Safety Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Culture?f_ri=650731"},{"id":67366,"name":"Occupational health and safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_health_and_safety-2?f_ri=650731"},{"id":258767,"name":"Health and Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_and_Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":289315,"name":"Safety Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Management?f_ri=650731"},{"id":343667,"name":"Theoretical Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Models?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":860351,"name":"Group Model Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Group_Model_Building?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1231577,"name":"Accident Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_Prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1366243,"name":"Occupational Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Injuries?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5412171 coauthored" data-work_id="5412171" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5412171/The_link_between_fatigue_and_safety">The link between fatigue and safety</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The objective of this review was to examine the evidence for the link between fatigue and safety, especially in transport and occupational settings. For the purposes of this review fatigue was defined as 'a biological drive for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5412171" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The objective of this review was to examine the evidence for the link between fatigue and safety, especially in transport and occupational settings. For the purposes of this review fatigue was defined as 'a biological drive for recuperative rest'. The review examined the relationship between three major causes of fatigue -sleep homeostasis factors, circadian influences and nature of task effects -and safety outcomes, first looking at accidents and injury and then at adverse effects on performance. The review demonstrated clear evidence for sleep homeostatic effects producing impaired performance and accidents. Nature of task effects, especially tasks requiring sustained attention and monotony, also produced significant performance decrements, but the effects on accidents and/or injury were unresolved because of a lack of studies. The evidence did not support a direct link between circadian-related fatigue influences and performance or safety outcomes and further research is needed to clarify the link. Undoubtedly, circadian variation plays some role in safety outcomes, but the evidence suggests that these effects reflect a combination of time of day and sleep-related factors. Similarly, although some measures of performance show a direct circadian component, others would appear to only do so in combination with sleep-related factors. The review highlighted gaps in the literature and opportunities for further research.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5412171" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d8ef792f6a5b27783936771db3548c30" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49302283,"asset_id":5412171,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49302283/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7559145" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/DavidLombardi">David A Lombardi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7559145" type="text/json">{"id":7559145,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Lombardi","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"DavidLombardi","display_name":"David A Lombardi","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/DavidLombardi?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7559145/7500169/8425118/s65_david.lombardi.jpg_oh_de3578a2f25e071102005ebf24221e47_oe_554f1b7d___gda___1434573548_37b62c714262b3aba40b0b5585d7ada5"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-5412171">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-5412171"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnWilliamson1">Ann Williamson</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/TheodoreCourtney">Theodore Courtney</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-5412171'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-5412171').html(); 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For the purposes of this review fatigue was defined as 'a biological drive for recuperative rest'. The review examined the relationship between three major causes of fatigue -sleep homeostasis factors, circadian influences and nature of task effects -and safety outcomes, first looking at accidents and injury and then at adverse effects on performance. The review demonstrated clear evidence for sleep homeostatic effects producing impaired performance and accidents. Nature of task effects, especially tasks requiring sustained attention and monotony, also produced significant performance decrements, but the effects on accidents and/or injury were unresolved because of a lack of studies. The evidence did not support a direct link between circadian-related fatigue influences and performance or safety outcomes and further research is needed to clarify the link. Undoubtedly, circadian variation plays some role in safety outcomes, but the evidence suggests that these effects reflect a combination of time of day and sleep-related factors. Similarly, although some measures of performance show a direct circadian component, others would appear to only do so in combination with sleep-related factors. The review highlighted gaps in the literature and opportunities for further research.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49302283,"asset_id":5412171,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7559145,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Lombardi","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"DavidLombardi","display_name":"David A Lombardi","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/DavidLombardi?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7559145/7500169/8425118/s65_david.lombardi.jpg_oh_de3578a2f25e071102005ebf24221e47_oe_554f1b7d___gda___1434573548_37b62c714262b3aba40b0b5585d7ada5"},{"id":32570583,"first_name":"Ann","last_name":"Williamson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnnWilliamson1","display_name":"Ann Williamson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnnWilliamson1?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":37482923,"first_name":"Theodore","last_name":"Courtney","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TheodoreCourtney","display_name":"Theodore Courtney","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TheodoreCourtney?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":1678,"name":"Sustained Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustained_Attention?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":23076,"name":"Fatigue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatigue?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":133324,"name":"Sleep","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":404425,"name":"Circadian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circadian?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24855908" data-work_id="24855908" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24855908/Harnessing_database_resources_for_understanding_the_profile_of_chemical_process_industry_incidents">Harnessing database resources for understanding the profile of chemical process industry incidents</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Analyzing historical databases can provide valuable information on the incident occurrences and their consequences for assessing the safety of the chemical process industry. In this study, the RMP and HSEES databases were utilized to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24855908" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Analyzing historical databases can provide valuable information on the incident occurrences and their consequences for assessing the safety of the chemical process industry. In this study, the RMP and HSEES databases were utilized to understand the patterns and the factors influencing chemical process industry incidents. Frequency exceedance curves were generated by utilizing the different incident consequences from the databases to understand the profile of societal loss from reported incidents. Understanding the statistics and trends of the historical incidents could serve as important lagging indicators in order to assess the probable proximity to major consequences from the low-probability/high-consequence incidents. To this regard, the safety pyramids were also generated to better understand the relationship between the different consequences of the reported incidents. Furthermore, the safety pyramids were analyzed in comparison with the traditional safety pyramid proposed by Heinrich to understand the US process industry incident occurrence trends.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24855908" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6eca5761db541e8c826bdb19053502e8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45179243,"asset_id":24855908,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45179243/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="47926108" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KatherinePrem">Katherine Prem</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="47926108" type="text/json">{"id":47926108,"first_name":"Katherine","last_name":"Prem","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KatherinePrem","display_name":"Katherine Prem","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KatherinePrem?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24855908 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24855908"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24855908, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24855908", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24855908]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24855908").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24855908").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24855908"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="650731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis">Accident analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="650731" type="text/json">{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="812750" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Process_Industry">Chemical Process Industry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="812750" type="text/json">{"id":812750,"name":"Chemical Process Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Process_Industry?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24855908]'), work: {"id":24855908,"title":"Harnessing database resources for understanding the profile of chemical process industry incidents","created_at":"2016-04-28T14:50:46.888-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24855908/Harnessing_database_resources_for_understanding_the_profile_of_chemical_process_industry_incidents?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_24855908","summary":"Analyzing historical databases can provide valuable information on the incident occurrences and their consequences for assessing the safety of the chemical process industry. In this study, the RMP and HSEES databases were utilized to understand the patterns and the factors influencing chemical process industry incidents. Frequency exceedance curves were generated by utilizing the different incident consequences from the databases to understand the profile of societal loss from reported incidents. Understanding the statistics and trends of the historical incidents could serve as important lagging indicators in order to assess the probable proximity to major consequences from the low-probability/high-consequence incidents. To this regard, the safety pyramids were also generated to better understand the relationship between the different consequences of the reported incidents. Furthermore, the safety pyramids were analyzed in comparison with the traditional safety pyramid proposed by Heinrich to understand the US process industry incident occurrence trends.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45179243,"asset_id":24855908,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":47926108,"first_name":"Katherine","last_name":"Prem","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KatherinePrem","display_name":"Katherine Prem","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KatherinePrem?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":812750,"name":"Chemical Process Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Process_Industry?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7088632" data-work_id="7088632" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7088632/Accident_Analysis_and_Prevention">Accident Analysis and Prevention</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fatigue is a major cause of road traffic accidents. However, due to the blurred concept of fatigue and the lack of reliable testing devices (cf. the breath analyzer for alcohol levels), it is extremely difficult to incorporate fatigue in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7088632" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fatigue is a major cause of road traffic accidents. However, due to the blurred concept of fatigue and the lack of reliable testing devices (cf. the breath analyzer for alcohol levels), it is extremely difficult to incorporate fatigue in operationalized terms into either traffic or criminal law. Even though the Finnish Road Traffic Act explicitly forbids driving while tired, it is done only on a general level among other factors (sickness, etc.) that impair a driver's fitness to drive (Article 63). The present study was done to investigate the circumstances of fatigue driving offenses. From the Finnish Vehicle Administration driver record database we extracted all drivers (N = 768) punished under Article 63 from 2004-2005. Of these drivers, 90.4% committed a fatigue-related traffic offense. Accidents, predominantly single vehicle, were the most common (92.5%) consequence of fatigued driving. Although fatigue-related accidents are thought to be serious, our data shows that most of the accidents (81.6%) did not involve personal injuries. Almost every twentieth driver was punished because his vehicle was drifting on the road. The presence of alcohol or drugs was noted in 13% of the cases. Only 3.1% of the punished drivers officially denied being tired or falling asleep. Young men (≤35 yrs) represented 50% of all punished drivers. Time of day and seasonal effects were clear in this data. This study shows that even without a reliable fatigue detector and unambiguous criteria for recognizing the contribution of fatigue to accident causation, Finnish police and the courts punish a significant number of drivers every year on the basis of fatigue.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7088632" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="66676817d5c8c1303cff32c6f992da87" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48603923,"asset_id":7088632,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48603923/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12170000" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristineLeScanff">Christine Le Scanff</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12170000" type="text/json">{"id":12170000,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Le Scanff","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristineLeScanff","display_name":"Christine Le Scanff","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristineLeScanff?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7088632 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7088632"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7088632, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7088632", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7088632 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7088632; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7088632"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7088632 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7088632"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7088632; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7088632]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7088632").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7088632").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7088632"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23076" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatigue">Fatigue</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23076" type="text/json">{"id":23076,"name":"Fatigue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatigue?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45666" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles">Automobiles</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45666" type="text/json">{"id":45666,"name":"Automobiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46676" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finland">Finland</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46676" type="text/json">{"id":46676,"name":"Finland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finland?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7088632]'), work: {"id":7088632,"title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention","created_at":"2014-05-19T00:30:21.504-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7088632/Accident_Analysis_and_Prevention?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_7088632","summary":"Fatigue is a major cause of road traffic accidents. However, due to the blurred concept of fatigue and the lack of reliable testing devices (cf. the breath analyzer for alcohol levels), it is extremely difficult to incorporate fatigue in operationalized terms into either traffic or criminal law. Even though the Finnish Road Traffic Act explicitly forbids driving while tired, it is done only on a general level among other factors (sickness, etc.) that impair a driver's fitness to drive (Article 63). The present study was done to investigate the circumstances of fatigue driving offenses. From the Finnish Vehicle Administration driver record database we extracted all drivers (N = 768) punished under Article 63 from 2004-2005. Of these drivers, 90.4% committed a fatigue-related traffic offense. Accidents, predominantly single vehicle, were the most common (92.5%) consequence of fatigued driving. Although fatigue-related accidents are thought to be serious, our data shows that most of the accidents (81.6%) did not involve personal injuries. Almost every twentieth driver was punished because his vehicle was drifting on the road. The presence of alcohol or drugs was noted in 13% of the cases. Only 3.1% of the punished drivers officially denied being tired or falling asleep. Young men (≤35 yrs) represented 50% of all punished drivers. Time of day and seasonal effects were clear in this data. This study shows that even without a reliable fatigue detector and unambiguous criteria for recognizing the contribution of fatigue to accident causation, Finnish police and the courts punish a significant number of drivers every year on the basis of fatigue.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48603923,"asset_id":7088632,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12170000,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Le Scanff","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristineLeScanff","display_name":"Christine Le Scanff","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristineLeScanff?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":23076,"name":"Fatigue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatigue?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":45666,"name":"Automobiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":46676,"name":"Finland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finland?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":57433,"name":"Seasonality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasonality?f_ri=650731"},{"id":67360,"name":"Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime?f_ri=650731"},{"id":86176,"name":"Alcohol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol?f_ri=650731"},{"id":294768,"name":"Wakefulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wakefulness?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":649451,"name":"Seasons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasons?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":841223,"name":"Road Traffic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Traffic?f_ri=650731"},{"id":952182,"name":"Motor Vehicle Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Vehicle_Accident?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1294607,"name":"Logistic Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Models?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13679997" data-work_id="13679997" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13679997/Older_drivers_do_not_have_a_high_crash_risk_A_replication_of_low_mileage_bias">Older drivers do not have a high crash risk—A replication of low mileage bias</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The widespread claim that older drivers are overly involved in crashes has apparent support from crash data, especially when distance travelled is used as the exposure measure. However, independent of age, drivers travelling more... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13679997" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The widespread claim that older drivers are overly involved in crashes has apparent support from crash data, especially when distance travelled is used as the exposure measure. However, independent of age, drivers travelling more kilometres will typically have lower crash rates per kilometre than those driving fewer kilometres. This paper uses Dutch travel survey data from a large sample of respondents to confirm previous research findings concerning the association between annual mileages driven and crash involvement. When the crash rates of drivers of different ages were compared after being matched for yearly driving distance, most drivers aged 75 years and above were indicatively safer than all other drivers. Only older drivers travelling less than 3000 km per year (just over 10% of all older drivers in the survey) gave any indication of elevated crash rates.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13679997" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3b98846fbfaa2fcf927a98a3d9469e4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45069110,"asset_id":13679997,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45069110/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32825391" href="https://rug.academia.edu/RobMethorst">Rob Methorst</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32825391" type="text/json">{"id":32825391,"first_name":"Rob","last_name":"Methorst","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"RobMethorst","display_name":"Rob Methorst","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/RobMethorst?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13679997 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13679997"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13679997, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13679997", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13679997 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13679997; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13679997"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13679997 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13679997"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13679997; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13679997]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13679997").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13679997").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13679997"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16664" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment">Risk assessment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16664" type="text/json">{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety">Safety</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49161" type="text/json">{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13679997]'), work: {"id":13679997,"title":"Older drivers do not have a high crash risk—A replication of low mileage bias","created_at":"2015-07-05T23:26:07.901-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13679997/Older_drivers_do_not_have_a_high_crash_risk_A_replication_of_low_mileage_bias?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_13679997","summary":"The widespread claim that older drivers are overly involved in crashes has apparent support from crash data, especially when distance travelled is used as the exposure measure. However, independent of age, drivers travelling more kilometres will typically have lower crash rates per kilometre than those driving fewer kilometres. This paper uses Dutch travel survey data from a large sample of respondents to confirm previous research findings concerning the association between annual mileages driven and crash involvement. When the crash rates of drivers of different ages were compared after being matched for yearly driving distance, most drivers aged 75 years and above were indicatively safer than all other drivers. Only older drivers travelling less than 3000 km per year (just over 10% of all older drivers in the survey) gave any indication of elevated crash rates.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45069110,"asset_id":13679997,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32825391,"first_name":"Rob","last_name":"Methorst","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"RobMethorst","display_name":"Rob Methorst","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/RobMethorst?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":57928,"name":"Travel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel?f_ri=650731"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=650731"},{"id":157892,"name":"Netherlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Netherlands?f_ri=650731"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=650731"},{"id":313195,"name":"Survey data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survey_data?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":622589,"name":"Risk Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment-2?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3472052" data-work_id="3472052" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3472052/LOSS_OF_COOLANT_ACCIDENT_AND_LOSS_OF_FLOW_ACCIDENT_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_ARIES_AT_DESIGN">LOSS OF COOLANT ACCIDENT AND LOSS OF FLOW ACCIDENT ANALYSIS OF THE ARIES-AT DESIGN</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Loss of coolant accident (LOCA) and loss of flow accident (LOFA) analysis is performed for ARIES-AT, an advanced fusion power plant design (1000 MWe). ARIES-AT employs a high performance, high temperature blanket system. It uses the high... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3472052" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Loss of coolant accident (LOCA) and loss of flow accident (LOFA) analysis is performed for ARIES-AT, an advanced fusion power plant design (1000 MWe). ARIES-AT employs a high performance, high temperature blanket system. It uses the high temperature SiC/SiC for structural material and LiPb for coolant-breeder. Due to the large difference between the time scale of plasma shutdown and the coolant or power loss, it is assumed that the plasma is immediately quenched at the onset of the LOCA/LOFA and the chamber components' temperature begins to rise due to the decay heat generated. A 2-D transient finite element model is established to examine the thermal behavior of the in-vessel components to determine the maximum temperature reached, the time, and duration of the peak. The model is axisymmetric in (r-z) around the reactor axis to show the details of temperature distribution in the vertical direction. The vacuum vessel is assumed adiabatic in the inboard side and radiates to the maintenance port located on the outboard side. The maximum temperature of steel in the reactor is about (600°C -700°C) after about 4 days from the onset of the accident. The highest temperature in the reactor is in the divertor region and it reaches ≈1050°C after about 2-3 hours. The analysis indicates that the reactor does not need any special scheme for decay heat removal.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3472052" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd07eba26c7de33beff2d9aa43995f41" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31223359,"asset_id":3472052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31223359/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4067063" href="https://independent.academia.edu/saadabdou">saad abdou</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4067063" type="text/json">{"id":4067063,"first_name":"saad","last_name":"abdou","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"saadabdou","display_name":"saad abdou","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/saadabdou?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3472052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3472052"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3472052, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3472052", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3472052]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3472052").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3472052").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3472052"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="191117" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Temperature">High Temperature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="191117" type="text/json">{"id":191117,"name":"High Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Temperature?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="235663" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature_Distribution">Temperature Distribution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="235663" type="text/json">{"id":235663,"name":"Temperature Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature_Distribution?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="297691" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_performance">High performance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="297691" type="text/json">{"id":297691,"name":"High performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_performance?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="386557" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Element_Model">Finite Element Model</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="386557" type="text/json">{"id":386557,"name":"Finite Element Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Element_Model?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3472052]'), work: {"id":3472052,"title":"LOSS OF COOLANT ACCIDENT AND LOSS OF FLOW ACCIDENT ANALYSIS OF THE ARIES-AT DESIGN","created_at":"2013-05-06T00:12:23.905-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3472052/LOSS_OF_COOLANT_ACCIDENT_AND_LOSS_OF_FLOW_ACCIDENT_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_ARIES_AT_DESIGN?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_3472052","summary":"Loss of coolant accident (LOCA) and loss of flow accident (LOFA) analysis is performed for ARIES-AT, an advanced fusion power plant design (1000 MWe). ARIES-AT employs a high performance, high temperature blanket system. It uses the high temperature SiC/SiC for structural material and LiPb for coolant-breeder. Due to the large difference between the time scale of plasma shutdown and the coolant or power loss, it is assumed that the plasma is immediately quenched at the onset of the LOCA/LOFA and the chamber components' temperature begins to rise due to the decay heat generated. A 2-D transient finite element model is established to examine the thermal behavior of the in-vessel components to determine the maximum temperature reached, the time, and duration of the peak. The model is axisymmetric in (r-z) around the reactor axis to show the details of temperature distribution in the vertical direction. The vacuum vessel is assumed adiabatic in the inboard side and radiates to the maintenance port located on the outboard side. The maximum temperature of steel in the reactor is about (600°C -700°C) after about 4 days from the onset of the accident. The highest temperature in the reactor is in the divertor region and it reaches ≈1050°C after about 2-3 hours. The analysis indicates that the reactor does not need any special scheme for decay heat removal.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31223359,"asset_id":3472052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":31223360,"asset_id":3472052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4067063,"first_name":"saad","last_name":"abdou","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"saadabdou","display_name":"saad abdou","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/saadabdou?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":191117,"name":"High Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Temperature?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":235663,"name":"Temperature Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature_Distribution?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":297691,"name":"High performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_performance?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":386557,"name":"Finite Element Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Element_Model?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1423440,"name":"Fusion Power Plant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fusion_Power_Plant?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18301777 coauthored" data-work_id="18301777" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18301777/Driver_experience_and_cognitive_workload_in_different_traffic_environments">Driver experience and cognitive workload in different traffic environments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How do levels of cognitive workload differ between experienced and inexperienced drivers? In this study we explored cognitive workload and driver experience, using a secondary task method, the peripheral detection task (PDT) in a field... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18301777" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How do levels of cognitive workload differ between experienced and inexperienced drivers? In this study we explored cognitive workload and driver experience, using a secondary task method, the peripheral detection task (PDT) in a field study. The main results showed a large and statistically significant difference in cognitive workload levels between experienced and inexperienced drivers. Inexperienced, low mileage drivers had on average approximately 250 milliseconds (ms) longer reaction times to a peripheral stimulus, than the experienced drivers. It would, therefore, appear that drivers with better training and experience were able to automate the driving task more effectively than their less experienced counterparts in accordance with theoretical psychological models. It has been suggested that increased training and experience may provide attention resource savings that can benefit the driver in handling new or unexpected traffic situations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18301777" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e964f72932b2031bb2a92488976623d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39982285,"asset_id":18301777,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39982285/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38283334" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertKircher">Albert Kircher</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38283334" type="text/json">{"id":38283334,"first_name":"Albert","last_name":"Kircher","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlbertKircher","display_name":"Albert Kircher","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertKircher?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18301777">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18301777"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Joakim%C3%96stlund">Joakim Östlund</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18301777'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18301777').html(); 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In this study we explored cognitive workload and driver experience, using a secondary task method, the peripheral detection task (PDT) in a field study. The main results showed a large and statistically significant difference in cognitive workload levels between experienced and inexperienced drivers. Inexperienced, low mileage drivers had on average approximately 250 milliseconds (ms) longer reaction times to a peripheral stimulus, than the experienced drivers. It would, therefore, appear that drivers with better training and experience were able to automate the driving task more effectively than their less experienced counterparts in accordance with theoretical psychological models. It has been suggested that increased training and experience may provide attention resource savings that can benefit the driver in handling new or unexpected traffic situations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39982285,"asset_id":18301777,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38283334,"first_name":"Albert","last_name":"Kircher","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlbertKircher","display_name":"Albert Kircher","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertKircher?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":38373662,"first_name":"Joakim","last_name":"Östlund","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoakimÖstlund","display_name":"Joakim Östlund","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Joakim%C3%96stlund?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38373662/10684641/11927967/s65_joakim._stlund.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":101839,"name":"Lighting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lighting?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":104621,"name":"Data Display","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Display?f_ri=650731"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=650731"},{"id":125564,"name":"Statistical Significance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Significance?f_ri=650731"},{"id":172784,"name":"Workload","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Workload?f_ri=650731"},{"id":239810,"name":"Field Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Study?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1144102,"name":"Task Performance and Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Task_Performance_and_Analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1213131,"name":"Geographic Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geographic_Information_Systems?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27189301" data-work_id="27189301" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27189301/Sustainability_of_the_effects_of_the_demerit_points_system_on_seat_belt_use_A_region_wide_before_and_after_observational_study_in_Italy">Sustainability of the effects of the demerit points system on seat belt use: A region-wide before-and-after observational study in Italy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To assess the short and long term effects of the demerit points system on seat belt use, we set a region-wide cross-sectional observational study 3 months before, and 3 and 15 months after the introduction of the scheme (July 2003) in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27189301" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To assess the short and long term effects of the demerit points system on seat belt use, we set a region-wide cross-sectional observational study 3 months before, and 3 and 15 months after the introduction of the scheme (July 2003) in the Veneto Region, Italy. We analysed differences in seat belt use by year of observation, gender and position in the vehicle, and obtained adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) through Poisson regression.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27189301" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="80593b434f415f325e8453b2a38f7dbd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47439529,"asset_id":27189301,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47439529/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51263171" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiovanniMilan1">Giovanni Milan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51263171" type="text/json">{"id":51263171,"first_name":"Giovanni","last_name":"Milan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GiovanniMilan1","display_name":"Giovanni Milan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GiovanniMilan1?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27189301 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27189301"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27189301, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27189301", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27189301]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27189301").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27189301").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27189301"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37778" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement">Law Enforcement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37778" type="text/json">{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45213" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy">Italy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45213" type="text/json">{"id":45213,"name":"Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation">Legislation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="88815" type="text/json">{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27189301]'), work: {"id":27189301,"title":"Sustainability of the effects of the demerit points system on seat belt use: A region-wide before-and-after observational study in Italy","created_at":"2016-07-22T14:52:06.793-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27189301/Sustainability_of_the_effects_of_the_demerit_points_system_on_seat_belt_use_A_region_wide_before_and_after_observational_study_in_Italy?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_27189301","summary":"To assess the short and long term effects of the demerit points system on seat belt use, we set a region-wide cross-sectional observational study 3 months before, and 3 and 15 months after the introduction of the scheme (July 2003) in the Veneto Region, Italy. We analysed differences in seat belt use by year of observation, gender and position in the vehicle, and obtained adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) through Poisson regression.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47439529,"asset_id":27189301,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51263171,"first_name":"Giovanni","last_name":"Milan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GiovanniMilan1","display_name":"Giovanni Milan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GiovanniMilan1?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":45213,"name":"Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":129502,"name":"Poisson regression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poisson_regression?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":404000,"name":"Cross Section","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Section?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":413192,"name":"Sex Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":800515,"name":"Long Term Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Effect?f_ri=650731"},{"id":910024,"name":"Observational Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Observational_Study?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1436786,"name":"Seat Belts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seat_Belts?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67473609" data-work_id="67473609" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67473609/Review_of_process_industry_accidents_analysis_towards_safety_system_improvement_and_sustainable_process_designing">Review of process industry accidents analysis towards safety system improvement and sustainable process designing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Risk assessment is the tool for maintaining perfect safety management systems and aiding sustainable process design, with hazard identification as the critical step. This step can be executed by past accidents analysis (PAA) to achieve... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67473609" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Risk assessment is the tool for maintaining perfect safety management systems and aiding sustainable process design, with hazard identification as the critical step. This step can be executed by past accidents analysis (PAA) to achieve the mentioned objectives. Despite of available analyses, the recurring of accidents identifies the shortcomings in PAA and requires a detailed examination as reported in this review. The intensified exploration of accident information will strengthen both the safety management system at existing facilities and process designing in terms of sustainability. Â© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67473609" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="173933277" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MIshaqkhan1">M.Ishaq khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="173933277" type="text/json">{"id":173933277,"first_name":"M.Ishaq","last_name":"khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MIshaqkhan1","display_name":"M.Ishaq khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MIshaqkhan1?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67473609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67473609"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67473609, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67473609", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67473609]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67473609").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67473609").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67473609"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16664" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment">Risk assessment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16664" type="text/json">{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67473609]'), work: {"id":67473609,"title":"Review of process industry accidents analysis towards safety system improvement and sustainable process designing","created_at":"2022-01-06T23:17:06.776-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67473609/Review_of_process_industry_accidents_analysis_towards_safety_system_improvement_and_sustainable_process_designing?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_67473609","summary":"Risk assessment is the tool for maintaining perfect safety management systems and aiding sustainable process design, with hazard identification as the critical step. This step can be executed by past accidents analysis (PAA) to achieve the mentioned objectives. Despite of available analyses, the recurring of accidents identifies the shortcomings in PAA and requires a detailed examination as reported in this review. The intensified exploration of accident information will strengthen both the safety management system at existing facilities and process designing in terms of sustainability. Â© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \u0026amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":173933277,"first_name":"M.Ishaq","last_name":"khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MIshaqkhan1","display_name":"M.Ishaq khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MIshaqkhan1?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":50711,"name":"Risk Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":554780,"name":"Interdisciplinary Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering?f_ri=650731"},{"id":622589,"name":"Risk Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment-2?f_ri=650731"},{"id":630726,"name":"Industrial accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_accidents?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1123382,"name":"Chemical Engineering Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Technology?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17069264" data-work_id="17069264" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17069264/Workplace_and_organisational_factors_in_accident_analysis_within_the_Food_Industry">Workplace and organisational factors in accident analysis within the Food Industry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper focuses on the causes of accidents at work in the Food Industry Sector and it covers both immediate and systemic causation factors, using data collected in Portugal. In the first part, accident data is analysed by looking at... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17069264" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper focuses on the causes of accidents at work in the Food Industry Sector and it covers both immediate and systemic causation factors, using data collected in Portugal. In the first part, accident data is analysed by looking at harmonised variables within the Eurostat recording system, allowing a portrait of the accidents occurred and their immediate causes. To complement the study, a second part was designed to deepen the insight into underlying factors, as well as the relevant organisational conditions; this complementary part comprised an in-depth analysis of 30 accidents, carried out in the field by visiting several enterprises of the sector and conducting interviews with the injured people and their managers. For eliciting and analysing this information, the WAIT method was applied together with its classification schemes. The results are presented and discussed, showing the usefulness of certain new Eurostat variables, such as the deviation and the contact. However, they also demonstrate that the current variables are not yet sufficient to clarify accident mechanisms on which to build up knowledge and develop better prevention strategies. The authors argue for the need of more detailed information and propose an additional variable, associated with the deviation, aimed at promoting the inclusion of specific underlying factors within the local workplace environment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17069264" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="41e42eba992b7b6333cab95b1ae9756f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39325937,"asset_id":17069264,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39325937/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31885502" href="https://xn--til-7na.academia.edu/CarlosGuedesSoares">Carlos Guedes Soares</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31885502" type="text/json">{"id":31885502,"first_name":"Carlos","last_name":"Guedes Soares","domain_name":"xn--til-7na","page_name":"CarlosGuedesSoares","display_name":"Carlos Guedes Soares","profile_url":"https://xn--til-7na.academia.edu/CarlosGuedesSoares?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17069264 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17069264"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17069264, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17069264", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17069264 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17069264; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17069264"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17069264 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17069264"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17069264; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17069264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17069264").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17069264").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17069264"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="153168" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection">Data Collection</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="153168" type="text/json">{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="219495" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Industry">Food Industry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="219495" type="text/json">{"id":219495,"name":"Food Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Industry?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="603594" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Science">Safety Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="603594" type="text/json">{"id":603594,"name":"Safety Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Science?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17069264]'), work: {"id":17069264,"title":"Workplace and organisational factors in accident analysis within the Food Industry","created_at":"2015-10-20T15:55:30.299-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17069264/Workplace_and_organisational_factors_in_accident_analysis_within_the_Food_Industry?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_17069264","summary":"This paper focuses on the causes of accidents at work in the Food Industry Sector and it covers both immediate and systemic causation factors, using data collected in Portugal. In the first part, accident data is analysed by looking at harmonised variables within the Eurostat recording system, allowing a portrait of the accidents occurred and their immediate causes. To complement the study, a second part was designed to deepen the insight into underlying factors, as well as the relevant organisational conditions; this complementary part comprised an in-depth analysis of 30 accidents, carried out in the field by visiting several enterprises of the sector and conducting interviews with the injured people and their managers. For eliciting and analysing this information, the WAIT method was applied together with its classification schemes. The results are presented and discussed, showing the usefulness of certain new Eurostat variables, such as the deviation and the contact. However, they also demonstrate that the current variables are not yet sufficient to clarify accident mechanisms on which to build up knowledge and develop better prevention strategies. The authors argue for the need of more detailed information and propose an additional variable, associated with the deviation, aimed at promoting the inclusion of specific underlying factors within the local workplace environment.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39325937,"asset_id":17069264,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31885502,"first_name":"Carlos","last_name":"Guedes Soares","domain_name":"xn--til-7na","page_name":"CarlosGuedesSoares","display_name":"Carlos Guedes Soares","profile_url":"https://xn--til-7na.academia.edu/CarlosGuedesSoares?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":219495,"name":"Food Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Industry?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":603594,"name":"Safety Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Science?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":683909,"name":"Occupational Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Accident?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37577469" data-work_id="37577469" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37577469/Biomechanics_of_the_human_chest_abdomen_and_pelvis_in_lateral_impact">Biomechanics of the human chest, abdomen, and pelvis in lateral impact</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fourteen unembalmed cadavers were subjected to 44 blunt lateral impacts at velocities of approximately 4.5,6.7, or 9.4 m/s with a 15 cm flat circular interface on a 23.4 kg pendulum accelerated to impact speed by a pneumatic impactor.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37577469" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fourteen unembalmed cadavers were subjected to 44 blunt lateral impacts at velocities of approximately 4.5,6.7, or 9.4 m/s with a 15 cm flat circular interface on a 23.4 kg pendulum accelerated to impact speed by a pneumatic impactor. Chest and abdominal injuries consisted primarily of rib fractures, with a few cases of lung or liver laceration in the highest severity impacts. There were two cases of pubic ramus fracture in the pelvic impacts. Logist analysis of the biomechanical responses and injury indicated that the maximum Viscous response had a slightly better correlation with injury than maximum compression for chest and abdominal impacts. A tolerance level of VC = 1.47 m/s for the chest and VC = 1.98 m/s for the abdomen were determined for a 25% probability of critical injury. Maximum compression was similarly set at C = 38% for the chest and at C = 44% for the abdomen. The experiments indicate that chest and abdominal injury may occur by a viscous mechanism during the rapid phase of body compression, and that the Viscous and compression responses are effective, complementary measures of injury risk in side impact. Although serious pelvic injury was infrequent, lateral public ramus fracture correlated with compression of the pelvis, not impact force or pelvic acceleration. Pelvic tolerance was set at 27% compression.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37577469" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e7eef5c942d6dee66767cb1b8c7d3674" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57556883,"asset_id":37577469,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57556883/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="56031267" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IanLau7">Ian Lau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="56031267" type="text/json">{"id":56031267,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Lau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IanLau7","display_name":"Ian Lau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IanLau7?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/56031267/20469233/20119083/s65_ian.lau.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37577469 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37577469"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37577469, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37577469", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37577469]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37577469").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37577469").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37577469"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45666" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles">Automobiles</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45666" type="text/json">{"id":45666,"name":"Automobiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="289271" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged">Aged</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="289271" type="text/json">{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="312591" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pelvis">Pelvis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="312591" type="text/json">{"id":312591,"name":"Pelvis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pelvis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37577469]'), work: {"id":37577469,"title":"Biomechanics of the human chest, abdomen, and pelvis in lateral impact","created_at":"2018-10-13T05:52:46.427-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37577469/Biomechanics_of_the_human_chest_abdomen_and_pelvis_in_lateral_impact?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_37577469","summary":"Fourteen unembalmed cadavers were subjected to 44 blunt lateral impacts at velocities of approximately 4.5,6.7, or 9.4 m/s with a 15 cm flat circular interface on a 23.4 kg pendulum accelerated to impact speed by a pneumatic impactor. Chest and abdominal injuries consisted primarily of rib fractures, with a few cases of lung or liver laceration in the highest severity impacts. There were two cases of pubic ramus fracture in the pelvic impacts. Logist analysis of the biomechanical responses and injury indicated that the maximum Viscous response had a slightly better correlation with injury than maximum compression for chest and abdominal impacts. A tolerance level of VC = 1.47 m/s for the chest and VC = 1.98 m/s for the abdomen were determined for a 25% probability of critical injury. Maximum compression was similarly set at C = 38% for the chest and at C = 44% for the abdomen. The experiments indicate that chest and abdominal injury may occur by a viscous mechanism during the rapid phase of body compression, and that the Viscous and compression responses are effective, complementary measures of injury risk in side impact. Although serious pelvic injury was infrequent, lateral public ramus fracture correlated with compression of the pelvis, not impact force or pelvic acceleration. Pelvic tolerance was set at 27% compression.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57556883,"asset_id":37577469,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":56031267,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Lau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IanLau7","display_name":"Ian Lau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IanLau7?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/56031267/20469233/20119083/s65_ian.lau.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":45666,"name":"Automobiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":312591,"name":"Pelvis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pelvis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1902100,"name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanical_Phenomena?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3177702" data-work_id="3177702" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3177702/Distraction_and_pedestrian_safety_How_talking_on_the_phone_texting_and_listening_to_music_impact_crossing_the_street">Distraction and pedestrian safety: How talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music impact crossing the street</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As use of handheld multimedia devices has exploded globally, safety experts have begun to consider the impact of distraction while talking, text-messaging, or listening to music on traffic safety. This study was designed to test how... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3177702" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As use of handheld multimedia devices has exploded globally, safety experts have begun to consider the impact of distraction while talking, text-messaging, or listening to music on traffic safety. This study was designed to test how talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music may influence pedestrian safety. 138 college students crossed an interactive, semi-immersive virtual pedestrian street. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups: crossing while talking on the phone, crossing while texting, crossing while listening to a personal music device, or crossing while undistracted. Participants distracted by music or texting were more likely to be hit by a vehicle in the virtual pedestrian environment than were undistracted participants. Participants in all three distracted groups were more likely to look away from the street environment (and look toward other places, such as their telephone or music device) than were undistracted participants. Findings were maintained after controlling for demographics, walking frequency, and media use frequency. Distraction from multimedia devices has a small but meaningful impact on college students’ pedestrian safety. Future research should consider the cognitive demands of pedestrian safety, and how those processes may be impacted by distraction. Policymakers might consider ways to protect distracted pedestrians from harm and to reduce the number of individuals crossing streets while distracted.► Talking, texting, or listening to music may impact college student pedestrian safety. ► 138 students randomly assigned to cross a virtual street undistracted or distracted. ► Music or texting distraction caused greater likelihood of collision with vehicles. ► All distracted individuals looked away from the street environment more often. ► Multimedia device distraction has small but meaningful impact on pedestrian safety.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3177702" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6b1a270de569791d05617b18ace919b6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50424994,"asset_id":3177702,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50424994/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2674627" href="https://ua-birmingham.academia.edu/DavidSchwebel">David Schwebel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2674627" type="text/json">{"id":2674627,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Schwebel","domain_name":"ua-birmingham","page_name":"DavidSchwebel","display_name":"David Schwebel","profile_url":"https://ua-birmingham.academia.edu/DavidSchwebel?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3177702 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3177702"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3177702, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3177702", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3177702]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3177702").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3177702").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3177702"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="671" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music">Music</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="671" type="text/json">{"id":671,"name":"Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7736" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention">Attention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7736" type="text/json">{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8202" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Phones">Cell Phones</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8202" type="text/json">{"id":8202,"name":"Cell Phones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Phones?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3177702]'), work: {"id":3177702,"title":"Distraction and pedestrian safety: How talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music impact crossing the street","created_at":"2013-03-31T23:34:37.114-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3177702/Distraction_and_pedestrian_safety_How_talking_on_the_phone_texting_and_listening_to_music_impact_crossing_the_street?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_3177702","summary":"As use of handheld multimedia devices has exploded globally, safety experts have begun to consider the impact of distraction while talking, text-messaging, or listening to music on traffic safety. This study was designed to test how talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music may influence pedestrian safety. 138 college students crossed an interactive, semi-immersive virtual pedestrian street. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups: crossing while talking on the phone, crossing while texting, crossing while listening to a personal music device, or crossing while undistracted. Participants distracted by music or texting were more likely to be hit by a vehicle in the virtual pedestrian environment than were undistracted participants. Participants in all three distracted groups were more likely to look away from the street environment (and look toward other places, such as their telephone or music device) than were undistracted participants. Findings were maintained after controlling for demographics, walking frequency, and media use frequency. Distraction from multimedia devices has a small but meaningful impact on college students’ pedestrian safety. Future research should consider the cognitive demands of pedestrian safety, and how those processes may be impacted by distraction. Policymakers might consider ways to protect distracted pedestrians from harm and to reduce the number of individuals crossing streets while distracted.► Talking, texting, or listening to music may impact college student pedestrian safety. ► 138 students randomly assigned to cross a virtual street undistracted or distracted. ► Music or texting distraction caused greater likelihood of collision with vehicles. ► All distracted individuals looked away from the street environment more often. ► Multimedia device distraction has small but meaningful impact on pedestrian safety.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50424994,"asset_id":3177702,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2674627,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Schwebel","domain_name":"ua-birmingham","page_name":"DavidSchwebel","display_name":"David Schwebel","profile_url":"https://ua-birmingham.academia.edu/DavidSchwebel?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":671,"name":"Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":8202,"name":"Cell Phones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Phones?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=650731"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=650731"},{"id":24089,"name":"Causality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causality?f_ri=650731"},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":56132,"name":"Students","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Students?f_ri=650731"},{"id":69542,"name":"Computer Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Simulation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":71258,"name":"Traffic Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traffic_Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":73118,"name":"Walking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Walking?f_ri=650731"},{"id":100231,"name":"Text Messaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Text_Messaging?f_ri=650731"},{"id":102674,"name":"College Students","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/College_Students?f_ri=650731"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=650731"},{"id":255094,"name":"Computer User Interface Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_User_Interface_Design?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16040402 coauthored" data-work_id="16040402" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16040402/The_impact_of_a_novel_educational_curriculum_for_first_time_DUI_offenders_on_intermediate_outcomes_relevant_to_DUI_recidivism">The impact of a novel educational curriculum for first-time DUI offenders on intermediate outcomes relevant to DUI recidivism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Preventing Alcohol-Related Convictions (PARC) program is a novel educational curriculum for first-time DUI offenders, with the ultimate goal of reducing DUI recidivism. It differs from traditional DUI education and prevention programs... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16040402" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Preventing Alcohol-Related Convictions (PARC) program is a novel educational curriculum for first-time DUI offenders, with the ultimate goal of reducing DUI recidivism. It differs from traditional DUI education and prevention programs in that it does not suggest to DUI offenders that they must abstain from alcohol entirely or control their drinking to prevent a future DUI; rather, it teaches students to prevent a future DUI by not driving their cars to drinking events. Thus, the emphasis of the curriculum is on controlling driving rather than controlling drinking to avoid future DUI convictions. The implementation of the program is ongoing throughout the state of Florida. The current randomized study focused on intermediate outcomes relevant for DUI recidivism; specifically, individuals' readiness for change regarding drinking and driving, and their endorsement of a PARC planning and action approach (controlling driving) versus a traditional approach (controlling drinking). The current research demonstrated that the PARC program is effective in moving participants toward more readiness for change and toward a strategy of planning ahead to avoid driving to any venue in which drinking may occur. Future research will assess the ultimate effect on DUI recidivism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16040402" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e068794aaf73f8c04f362b59095cd564" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42774308,"asset_id":16040402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42774308/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35178315" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertVoas">Robert Voas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35178315" type="text/json">{"id":35178315,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Voas","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertVoas","display_name":"Robert Voas","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertVoas?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-16040402">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-16040402"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/TaraKelleybaker">Tara Kelley-baker</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-16040402'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-16040402').html(); 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It differs from traditional DUI education and prevention programs in that it does not suggest to DUI offenders that they must abstain from alcohol entirely or control their drinking to prevent a future DUI; rather, it teaches students to prevent a future DUI by not driving their cars to drinking events. Thus, the emphasis of the curriculum is on controlling driving rather than controlling drinking to avoid future DUI convictions. The implementation of the program is ongoing throughout the state of Florida. The current randomized study focused on intermediate outcomes relevant for DUI recidivism; specifically, individuals' readiness for change regarding drinking and driving, and their endorsement of a PARC planning and action approach (controlling driving) versus a traditional approach (controlling drinking). The current research demonstrated that the PARC program is effective in moving participants toward more readiness for change and toward a strategy of planning ahead to avoid driving to any venue in which drinking may occur. Future research will assess the ultimate effect on DUI recidivism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42774308,"asset_id":16040402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35178315,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Voas","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertVoas","display_name":"Robert Voas","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertVoas?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":35388707,"first_name":"Tara","last_name":"Kelley-baker","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TaraKelleybaker","display_name":"Tara Kelley-baker","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TaraKelleybaker?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":202,"name":"Program Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Program_Evaluation?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":44057,"name":"Curriculum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curriculum?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":66954,"name":"Program Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Program_Development?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":110287,"name":"Florida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Florida?f_ri=650731"},{"id":228860,"name":"Underage Drinking and Driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Underage_Drinking_and_Driving?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":991655,"name":"Formal Social Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Formal_Social_Control?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1246554,"name":"SECONDARY PREVENTION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SECONDARY_PREVENTION?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22066260" data-work_id="22066260" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22066260/Pediatric_short_distance_household_falls_Biomechanics_and_associated_injury_severity">Pediatric short-distance household falls: Biomechanics and associated injury severity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objectives: Short-distance household falls are a common occurrence in young children, but are also a common false history given by caretakers to conceal abusive trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the severity of injuries... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22066260" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objectives: Short-distance household falls are a common occurrence in young children, but are also a common false history given by caretakers to conceal abusive trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the severity of injuries that result from accidental short-distance household falls in children, and to investigate the association of fall environment and biomechanical measures with injury outcomes. Methods: Children aged 0-4 years who presented to the Emergency Department with a history of a short furniture fall were included in the study. Detailed case-based biomechanical assessments were performed using data collected through medical records, interviews, and fall scene investigations. Injuries were rated using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Each case was reviewed by a child abuse expert; cases with a vague or inconsistent history and cases being actively investigated for child abuse were excluded. Results: 79 subjects were enrolled in the study; 15 had no injuries, 45 had minor (AIS 1) injuries, 17 had moderate (AIS 2) injuries, and 2 had serious (AIS 3) injuries. No subjects had injuries classified as AIS 4 or higher, and there were no fatalities. Children with moderate or serious injuries resulting from a short-distance household fall tended to have fallen from greater heights, have greater impact velocities, and have a lower body mass index than those with minor or no injuries. Conclusion: Children aged 0-4 years involved in a short-distance household fall did not sustain severe or life-threatening injuries, and no children in this study had moderate or serious injuries to multiple body regions. Biomechanical measures were found to be associated with injury severity outcomes in short-distance household falls. Knowledge of relationships between biomechanical measures and injury outcomes can aid clinicians when assessing whether a child's injuries were the result of a short-distance fall or some other cause.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22066260" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9181aed38b0d9a91674cf3e0577f7b0c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42742175,"asset_id":22066260,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42742175/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39713091" href="https://louisville.academia.edu/AngelaThompson">Angela Thompson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39713091" type="text/json">{"id":39713091,"first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Thompson","domain_name":"louisville","page_name":"AngelaThompson","display_name":"Angela Thompson","profile_url":"https://louisville.academia.edu/AngelaThompson?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22066260 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22066260"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22066260, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22066260", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22066260]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22066260").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22066260").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22066260"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="91079" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Abuse">Child Abuse</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="91079" type="text/json">{"id":91079,"name":"Child Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Abuse?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="134346" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant">Infant</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="134346" type="text/json">{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="174464" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Environment">Social Environment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="174464" type="text/json">{"id":174464,"name":"Social Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Environment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22066260]'), work: {"id":22066260,"title":"Pediatric short-distance household falls: Biomechanics and associated injury severity","created_at":"2016-02-16T13:16:58.425-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22066260/Pediatric_short_distance_household_falls_Biomechanics_and_associated_injury_severity?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_22066260","summary":"Objectives: Short-distance household falls are a common occurrence in young children, but are also a common false history given by caretakers to conceal abusive trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the severity of injuries that result from accidental short-distance household falls in children, and to investigate the association of fall environment and biomechanical measures with injury outcomes. Methods: Children aged 0-4 years who presented to the Emergency Department with a history of a short furniture fall were included in the study. Detailed case-based biomechanical assessments were performed using data collected through medical records, interviews, and fall scene investigations. Injuries were rated using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Each case was reviewed by a child abuse expert; cases with a vague or inconsistent history and cases being actively investigated for child abuse were excluded. Results: 79 subjects were enrolled in the study; 15 had no injuries, 45 had minor (AIS 1) injuries, 17 had moderate (AIS 2) injuries, and 2 had serious (AIS 3) injuries. No subjects had injuries classified as AIS 4 or higher, and there were no fatalities. Children with moderate or serious injuries resulting from a short-distance household fall tended to have fallen from greater heights, have greater impact velocities, and have a lower body mass index than those with minor or no injuries. Conclusion: Children aged 0-4 years involved in a short-distance household fall did not sustain severe or life-threatening injuries, and no children in this study had moderate or serious injuries to multiple body regions. Biomechanical measures were found to be associated with injury severity outcomes in short-distance household falls. Knowledge of relationships between biomechanical measures and injury outcomes can aid clinicians when assessing whether a child's injuries were the result of a short-distance fall or some other cause.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42742175,"asset_id":22066260,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39713091,"first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Thompson","domain_name":"louisville","page_name":"AngelaThompson","display_name":"Angela Thompson","profile_url":"https://louisville.academia.edu/AngelaThompson?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":91079,"name":"Child Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Abuse?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":174464,"name":"Social Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Environment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":387210,"name":"Kentucky","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kentucky?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":538047,"name":"Young Children","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Children?f_ri=650731"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1031658,"name":"Wounds and Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wounds_and_Injuries?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1902100,"name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanical_Phenomena?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1615276" data-work_id="1615276" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1615276/Speed_maintenance_under_cognitive_load_Implications_for_theories_of_driver_behaviour">Speed maintenance under cognitive load – Implications for theories of driver behaviour</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">No theory of driver behaviour has yet managed to achieve widespread acceptance and use in the field of Traffic Psychology, partly due to the difficulty in testing many of the theories. However, one class of theories, the motivational... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1615276" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">No theory of driver behaviour has yet managed to achieve widespread acceptance and use in the field of Traffic Psychology, partly due to the difficulty in testing many of the theories. However, one class of theories, the motivational theories, can be usefully split into two groups and the differences between them can then be examined. One group posits the constant monitoring and targeting of a certain subjective variable, often risk, as the controlling factor in driving. The other group however states that subjective variables such as risk are only relevant once a certain threshold has been passed.In this study we aimed to examine this difference by manipulating both speed of travel and the amount of cognitive load participants were under. Participants were asked to initially drive at their preferred speed for 1 min in a driving simulator. Participant's speed was then automatically increased or decreased by 10, 20 30 km/h or left unchanged. Participants were then required to maintain the new speed for 1 min. After this 1 min the speed was again automatically changed and had to be maintained for one more minute, but this time participants also carried out a secondary mental arithmetic task. Finally participants were asked to again drive for another 1 min at their preferred speed. This procedure was repeated seven times, once for each speed manipulation; −30, −20, −10, +0, +10, +20 and +30 km/h. After each 1 min interval verbal ratings of task difficulty, effort, feeling of risk and the typicality of the speed were collected.The results show a threshold effect in ratings of task difficulty, effort and feeling of risk, with no significant difference given between the ratings during the baseline period and the experimentally decreased speed periods until after participant's preferred speed of travel had been exceeded. Furthermore, even when under cognitive load the threshold relationship was still apparent, if diminished. Finally it appears that when under cognitive load drivers have difficulty maintaining a travelling speed which is lower than the speed at which they would prefer to drive. However, driving at a speed in excess of their preferred speed appears to be easier to maintain, at least in the short term.► Examines the constant risk/feeling monitoring and threshold accounts of driving. ► Finds support for the threshold account. ► Threshold is crossed when participants first go faster than they would freely choose. ► Threshold perception persists under external cognitive load.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1615276" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="216077d8bfac0e0fcf32c8512b3bc3f5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50902149,"asset_id":1615276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50902149/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1873814" href="https://rug.academia.edu/BenLewisEvans">Ben Lewis-Evans</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1873814" type="text/json">{"id":1873814,"first_name":"Ben","last_name":"Lewis-Evans","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"BenLewisEvans","display_name":"Ben Lewis-Evans","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/BenLewisEvans?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1873814/635327/894155/s65_ben.lewis-evans.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1615276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1615276"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1615276, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1615276", }); 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However, one class of theories, the motivational theories, can be usefully split into two groups and the differences between them can then be examined. One group posits the constant monitoring and targeting of a certain subjective variable, often risk, as the controlling factor in driving. The other group however states that subjective variables such as risk are only relevant once a certain threshold has been passed.In this study we aimed to examine this difference by manipulating both speed of travel and the amount of cognitive load participants were under. Participants were asked to initially drive at their preferred speed for 1 min in a driving simulator. Participant's speed was then automatically increased or decreased by 10, 20 30 km/h or left unchanged. Participants were then required to maintain the new speed for 1 min. After this 1 min the speed was again automatically changed and had to be maintained for one more minute, but this time participants also carried out a secondary mental arithmetic task. Finally participants were asked to again drive for another 1 min at their preferred speed. This procedure was repeated seven times, once for each speed manipulation; −30, −20, −10, +0, +10, +20 and +30 km/h. After each 1 min interval verbal ratings of task difficulty, effort, feeling of risk and the typicality of the speed were collected.The results show a threshold effect in ratings of task difficulty, effort and feeling of risk, with no significant difference given between the ratings during the baseline period and the experimentally decreased speed periods until after participant's preferred speed of travel had been exceeded. Furthermore, even when under cognitive load the threshold relationship was still apparent, if diminished. Finally it appears that when under cognitive load drivers have difficulty maintaining a travelling speed which is lower than the speed at which they would prefer to drive. However, driving at a speed in excess of their preferred speed appears to be easier to maintain, at least in the short term.► Examines the constant risk/feeling monitoring and threshold accounts of driving. ► Finds support for the threshold account. ► Threshold is crossed when participants first go faster than they would freely choose. ► Threshold perception persists under external cognitive load.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50902149,"asset_id":1615276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1873814,"first_name":"Ben","last_name":"Lewis-Evans","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"BenLewisEvans","display_name":"Ben Lewis-Evans","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/BenLewisEvans?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1873814/635327/894155/s65_ben.lewis-evans.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":64351,"name":"Cognitive Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Load?f_ri=650731"},{"id":141099,"name":"Speed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Speed?f_ri=650731"},{"id":201957,"name":"Acceleration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acceleration?f_ri=650731"},{"id":207295,"name":"Task Difficulty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Task_Difficulty?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":598602,"name":"Psychological Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Theory?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1144102,"name":"Task Performance and Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Task_Performance_and_Analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2580929,"name":"deceleration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/deceleration-1?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17622204 coauthored" data-work_id="17622204" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17622204/Predicting_road_crashes_from_a_mathematical_model_of_alertness_regulation_The_Sleep_Wake_Predictor">Predicting road crashes from a mathematical model of alertness regulation—The Sleep/Wake Predictor</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Sleepiness is related to factors such as the time of day, the time since awakening and the duration of prior sleep. The present study investigated whether actual road crashes could be predicted from a mathematical model based on these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17622204" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Sleepiness is related to factors such as the time of day, the time since awakening and the duration of prior sleep. The present study investigated whether actual road crashes could be predicted from a mathematical model based on these three factors (the Sleep/Wake Predictor-SWP). Data were derived from a population-based case-control study of serious injury crashes. Data on accident time (or control sampling time) and start and end of prior sleep were entered into the model (blind). The predicted sleepiness values were used in logistic regressions. The results showed a highly significant odds ratio (OR) = 1.72 (confidence interval = 1.41-2.09) for each incremental step of sleepiness on the output sleepiness scale (nine steps). There was also a significant interaction with blood alcohol level, showing high OR values for high sleepiness levels and alcohol levels above 50 mg% (0.05 g/dl). It was concluded that the model is a good predictor of road crashes beyond that of alcohol level, and that interaction between the two carries a very high risk.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17622204" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5f12e3b2f6faafbc8736e4eee091ba90" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39619362,"asset_id":17622204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39619362/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37480494" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ConnorJennie">Jennie Connor</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37480494" type="text/json">{"id":37480494,"first_name":"Jennie","last_name":"Connor","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ConnorJennie","display_name":"Jennie Connor","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ConnorJennie?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-17622204">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-17622204"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://otago.academia.edu/AndrewGray">Andrew R Gray</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-17622204'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-17622204').html(); 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The present study investigated whether actual road crashes could be predicted from a mathematical model based on these three factors (the Sleep/Wake Predictor-SWP). Data were derived from a population-based case-control study of serious injury crashes. Data on accident time (or control sampling time) and start and end of prior sleep were entered into the model (blind). The predicted sleepiness values were used in logistic regressions. The results showed a highly significant odds ratio (OR) = 1.72 (confidence interval = 1.41-2.09) for each incremental step of sleepiness on the output sleepiness scale (nine steps). There was also a significant interaction with blood alcohol level, showing high OR values for high sleepiness levels and alcohol levels above 50 mg% (0.05 g/dl). It was concluded that the model is a good predictor of road crashes beyond that of alcohol level, and that interaction between the two carries a very high risk.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39619362,"asset_id":17622204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37480494,"first_name":"Jennie","last_name":"Connor","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ConnorJennie","display_name":"Jennie Connor","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ConnorJennie?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":50769722,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Gray","domain_name":"otago","page_name":"AndrewGray","display_name":"Andrew R Gray","profile_url":"https://otago.academia.edu/AndrewGray?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50769722/13878790/14953010/s65_andrew.gray.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":32433,"name":"Logistic Regression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Regression?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":116108,"name":"New Zealand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Zealand?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":131237,"name":"Cluster Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cluster_Analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=650731"},{"id":291387,"name":"Mathematical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Model?f_ri=650731"},{"id":294768,"name":"Wakefulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wakefulness?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":910025,"name":"Case Control Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Study?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1294607,"name":"Logistic Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Models?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1318932,"name":"Predictive value of tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predictive_value_of_tests?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1587858,"name":"Confidence Interval","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confidence_Interval?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1772810,"name":"Sleep Stages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep_Stages?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79622589" data-work_id="79622589" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79622589/FRAM_for_Systemic_Accident_Analysis_A_Matrix_Representation_of_Functional_Resonance">FRAM for Systemic Accident Analysis: A Matrix Representation of Functional Resonance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Due to the inherent complexity of nowadays Air Traffic Management (ATM) system, standard methods looking at an event as a linear sequence of failures might become inappropriate. For this purpose, adopting a systemic perspective, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79622589" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Due to the inherent complexity of nowadays Air Traffic Management (ATM) system, standard methods looking at an event as a linear sequence of failures might become inappropriate. For this purpose, adopting a systemic perspective, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) originally developed by Hollnagel, helps in identifying nonlinear combinations of events and interrelationships. This paper aims to enhance the strength of FRAM-based accident analyses, discussing the Resilience Analysis Matrix (RAM), a user-friendly tool that supports the analyst during the analysis, in order to reduce the complexity of representation of FRAM. The RAM offers a two-dimensional representation which systematically highlights the connections among couplings, and thus even the highly connected group of couplings. As an illustrative case study, this paper develops a systemic accident analysis for the runway incursion happened in February 1991 at LAX airport, involving SkyWest Flight 5569 and USAir F...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79622589" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7f773c67f8f8350f04fb6b91c399ec35" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86274341,"asset_id":79622589,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86274341/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="193763226" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DelpintoGianluca">Gianluca Del pinto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="193763226" type="text/json">{"id":193763226,"first_name":"Gianluca","last_name":"Del pinto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DelpintoGianluca","display_name":"Gianluca Del pinto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DelpintoGianluca?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/0308b02f320ac2e110d4906cdb0dd808?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79622589 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79622589"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79622589, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79622589", }); 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For this purpose, adopting a systemic perspective, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) originally developed by Hollnagel, helps in identifying nonlinear combinations of events and interrelationships. This paper aims to enhance the strength of FRAM-based accident analyses, discussing the Resilience Analysis Matrix (RAM), a user-friendly tool that supports the analyst during the analysis, in order to reduce the complexity of representation of FRAM. The RAM offers a two-dimensional representation which systematically highlights the connections among couplings, and thus even the highly connected group of couplings. As an illustrative case study, this paper develops a systemic accident analysis for the runway incursion happened in February 1991 at LAX airport, involving SkyWest Flight 5569 and USAir F...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86274341,"asset_id":79622589,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":193763226,"first_name":"Gianluca","last_name":"Del pinto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DelpintoGianluca","display_name":"Gianluca Del pinto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DelpintoGianluca?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/0308b02f320ac2e110d4906cdb0dd808?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":892,"name":"Statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistics?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":5008,"name":"Resilience Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resilience_Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":28413,"name":"Air Traffic Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Traffic_Management?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":55293,"name":"Air traffic control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_traffic_control?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2525041,"name":"Fram","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fram?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31897346" data-work_id="31897346" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31897346/Comparative_optimism_among_drivers_An_intergenerational_portrait">Comparative optimism among drivers: An intergenerational portrait</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We describe a large cross-sectional study examining comparative optimism (CO) regarding the risk of car crash in three age cohorts (17-26, 27-64, 65 and older). The participants completed a questionnaire in which they were asked to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31897346" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We describe a large cross-sectional study examining comparative optimism (CO) regarding the risk of car crash in three age cohorts (17-26, 27-64, 65 and older). The participants completed a questionnaire in which they were asked to indicate their personal risk of being in an at-fault crash over nine driving related events in comparison to young drivers, mid-aged drivers, and older drivers. The results indicated that all three age groups exhibited CO, but that the level varied according to the age group on which they had to base their comparative judgment. Interestingly, greater CO was constantly observed when the three age groups compared themselves to older drivers. Also, young males exhibited greater CO than female of the same age group.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31897346" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1fa074b43738e037df794b5ff0d544c1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52182096,"asset_id":31897346,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52182096/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61639882" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArneStinchcombe">Arne Stinchcombe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61639882" type="text/json">{"id":61639882,"first_name":"Arne","last_name":"Stinchcombe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArneStinchcombe","display_name":"Arne Stinchcombe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArneStinchcombe?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31897346 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31897346"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31897346, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31897346", }); 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The participants completed a questionnaire in which they were asked to indicate their personal risk of being in an at-fault crash over nine driving related events in comparison to young drivers, mid-aged drivers, and older drivers. The results indicated that all three age groups exhibited CO, but that the level varied according to the age group on which they had to base their comparative judgment. Interestingly, greater CO was constantly observed when the three age groups compared themselves to older drivers. Also, young males exhibited greater CO than female of the same age group.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52182096,"asset_id":31897346,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61639882,"first_name":"Arne","last_name":"Stinchcombe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArneStinchcombe","display_name":"Arne Stinchcombe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArneStinchcombe?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":50581,"name":"Self Efficacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Efficacy?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":61671,"name":"Optimism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimism?f_ri=650731"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=650731"},{"id":144049,"name":"Attitude","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attitude?f_ri=650731"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=650731"},{"id":327850,"name":"Questionnaires","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Questionnaires?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":966020,"name":"Cross sectional Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_sectional_Study?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1470936,"name":"Age Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Groups?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9429874" data-work_id="9429874" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9429874/Forensic_Engineering_Analysis_of_Motorcycle_Impacts_Using_Rotational_Mechanics_and_Fork_Vehicle_Deformation">Forensic Engineering Analysis of Motorcycle Impacts Using Rotational Mechanics and Fork/Vehicle Deformation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Methods of reconstructing motorcycle collisions have traditionally been limited to speed from skid marks, speeds from scrapes or gouges, speed from rider ejection, speed from linear momentum, or sometimes speed from witness... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9429874" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Methods of reconstructing motorcycle collisions have traditionally been limited to speed from skid <br />marks, speeds from scrapes or gouges, speed from rider ejection, speed from linear momentum, or <br />sometimes speed from witness observations. Oftentimes, the data necessary for analysis is either misunderstood <br />or misinterpreted. This paper tests the applicability of using rotational mechanics and specific <br />models for motorcycle front fork deformation and vehicle deformation when determining motorcycle <br />impact velocity. Additionally, the results of these methods are statistically tested for significance and <br />reliability against independent motorcycle impact test data. NAFE Journal June 2012</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9429874" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a7eade523b9994f1eff9f3cc53a52dc7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35672140,"asset_id":9429874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35672140/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8634705" href="https://ucdenver.academia.edu/JerryOgden">Jerry S Ogden, PhD, PE</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8634705" type="text/json">{"id":8634705,"first_name":"Jerry","last_name":"Ogden, PhD, PE","domain_name":"ucdenver","page_name":"JerryOgden","display_name":"Jerry S Ogden, PhD, PE","profile_url":"https://ucdenver.academia.edu/JerryOgden?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8634705/3276122/11771782/s65_jerry.ogden_phd_pe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9429874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9429874"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9429874, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9429874", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9429874]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9429874").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9429874").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9429874"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7988" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motorcycles">Motorcycles</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7988" type="text/json">{"id":7988,"name":"Motorcycles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motorcycles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48558" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident">Accident</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48558" type="text/json">{"id":48558,"name":"Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="79900" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis">Road accident analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="79900" type="text/json">{"id":79900,"name":"Road accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82598" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents">Accidents</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82598" type="text/json">{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9429874]'), work: {"id":9429874,"title":"Forensic Engineering Analysis of Motorcycle Impacts Using Rotational Mechanics and Fork/Vehicle Deformation","created_at":"2014-11-21T03:05:44.315-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9429874/Forensic_Engineering_Analysis_of_Motorcycle_Impacts_Using_Rotational_Mechanics_and_Fork_Vehicle_Deformation?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_9429874","summary":"Methods of reconstructing motorcycle collisions have traditionally been limited to speed from skid\r\nmarks, speeds from scrapes or gouges, speed from rider ejection, speed from linear momentum, or\r\nsometimes speed from witness observations. Oftentimes, the data necessary for analysis is either misunderstood\r\nor misinterpreted. This paper tests the applicability of using rotational mechanics and specific\r\nmodels for motorcycle front fork deformation and vehicle deformation when determining motorcycle\r\nimpact velocity. Additionally, the results of these methods are statistically tested for significance and\r\nreliability against independent motorcycle impact test data. NAFE Journal June 2012","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35672140,"asset_id":9429874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8634705,"first_name":"Jerry","last_name":"Ogden, PhD, PE","domain_name":"ucdenver","page_name":"JerryOgden","display_name":"Jerry S Ogden, PhD, PE","profile_url":"https://ucdenver.academia.edu/JerryOgden?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8634705/3276122/11771782/s65_jerry.ogden_phd_pe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7988,"name":"Motorcycles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motorcycles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":48558,"name":"Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":79900,"name":"Road accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":185040,"name":"Severe accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Severe_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":258412,"name":"Motorcycle Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motorcycle_Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1107955,"name":"Making Motorcycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Making_Motorcycle?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26411615" data-work_id="26411615" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26411615/Factors_influencing_worker_use_of_personal_protective_eyewear">Factors influencing worker use of personal protective eyewear</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective: To identify and describe the array of factors that influence a workers' decision to wear personal protective eyewear (PPE) and the barriers that exist in preventing their use. Design, setting and participants: A series of focus... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26411615" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective: To identify and describe the array of factors that influence a workers' decision to wear personal protective eyewear (PPE) and the barriers that exist in preventing their use. Design, setting and participants: A series of focus groups enrolled workers and supervisors primarily from manufacturing, construction, or service/retail industries that had potential exposure to eye injury hazards in their job tasks. Focus group sessions were facilitated to collect qualitative and quantitative data in two categories, "sought information" and "emergent themes", related to the factors influencing use of PPE. Results: We conducted a series of 7 groups with 51 participants, 36 (71%) males and 15 (29%) females ranging in age from 19 to 64 years old, from a variety of occupations including construction (24%), production (22%), installation, repair and maintenance (14%), and healthcare (10%). Most were highly experienced in their occupation (>10 years); males (86%) and females (53%), and had received some safety training in the past (82%). The majority of workers in this study were required to wear PPE on their worksite (78%), however only 55% had a dedicated safety officer. A conceptual model that summarizes the "sought information" and "emergent themes" is presented that depicts the decision making process for the factors influencing use of PPE and consists of three primary branches; perceptions of hazards and risks, "barriers" to PPE usage, and enforcement and reinforcement. Lack of comfort/fit, and fogging and scratching of the eyewear were suggested as the most important barriers to PPE usage. Younger age and lack of safety training were other important factors affecting use of PPE. Conclusions: Several potentially modifiable factors identified would lead to an increase in workers' PPE use and encourage supervisors to provide ongoing positive feedback on the continuous use of PPE by workers at risk for an eye injury.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26411615" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d4b0e8d6814a9cdcce26daccedfd2ec8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46710053,"asset_id":26411615,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46710053/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7559145" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/DavidLombardi">David A Lombardi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7559145" type="text/json">{"id":7559145,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Lombardi","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"DavidLombardi","display_name":"David A Lombardi","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/DavidLombardi?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7559145/7500169/8425118/s65_david.lombardi.jpg_oh_de3578a2f25e071102005ebf24221e47_oe_554f1b7d___gda___1434573548_37b62c714262b3aba40b0b5585d7ada5"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26411615 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26411615"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26411615, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26411615", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26411615]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26411615").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26411615").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26411615"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1048" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Behavior">Health Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1048" type="text/json">{"id":1048,"name":"Health Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Behavior?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1085" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1085" type="text/json">{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3211" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health">Occupational Health</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3211" type="text/json">{"id":3211,"name":"Occupational Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26411615]'), work: {"id":26411615,"title":"Factors influencing worker use of personal protective eyewear","created_at":"2016-06-22T09:44:13.732-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26411615/Factors_influencing_worker_use_of_personal_protective_eyewear?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_26411615","summary":"Objective: To identify and describe the array of factors that influence a workers' decision to wear personal protective eyewear (PPE) and the barriers that exist in preventing their use. Design, setting and participants: A series of focus groups enrolled workers and supervisors primarily from manufacturing, construction, or service/retail industries that had potential exposure to eye injury hazards in their job tasks. Focus group sessions were facilitated to collect qualitative and quantitative data in two categories, \"sought information\" and \"emergent themes\", related to the factors influencing use of PPE. Results: We conducted a series of 7 groups with 51 participants, 36 (71%) males and 15 (29%) females ranging in age from 19 to 64 years old, from a variety of occupations including construction (24%), production (22%), installation, repair and maintenance (14%), and healthcare (10%). Most were highly experienced in their occupation (\u003e10 years); males (86%) and females (53%), and had received some safety training in the past (82%). The majority of workers in this study were required to wear PPE on their worksite (78%), however only 55% had a dedicated safety officer. A conceptual model that summarizes the \"sought information\" and \"emergent themes\" is presented that depicts the decision making process for the factors influencing use of PPE and consists of three primary branches; perceptions of hazards and risks, \"barriers\" to PPE usage, and enforcement and reinforcement. Lack of comfort/fit, and fogging and scratching of the eyewear were suggested as the most important barriers to PPE usage. Younger age and lack of safety training were other important factors affecting use of PPE. Conclusions: Several potentially modifiable factors identified would lead to an increase in workers' PPE use and encourage supervisors to provide ongoing positive feedback on the continuous use of PPE by workers at risk for an eye injury.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46710053,"asset_id":26411615,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7559145,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Lombardi","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"DavidLombardi","display_name":"David A Lombardi","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/DavidLombardi?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7559145/7500169/8425118/s65_david.lombardi.jpg_oh_de3578a2f25e071102005ebf24221e47_oe_554f1b7d___gda___1434573548_37b62c714262b3aba40b0b5585d7ada5"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":1048,"name":"Health Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Behavior?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":3211,"name":"Occupational Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":4193,"name":"Focus Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus_Groups?f_ri=650731"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=650731"},{"id":13590,"name":"Risk Taking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Taking?f_ri=650731"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=650731"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=650731"},{"id":327850,"name":"Questionnaires","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Questionnaires?f_ri=650731"},{"id":366742,"name":"Eyes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eyes?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1658699,"name":"Personal protective equipment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personal_protective_equipment?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69890582" data-work_id="69890582" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69890582/Identifying_factors_and_conditions_contributing_to_cyclists_serious_accidents_with_the_use_of_association_analysis">Identifying factors and conditions contributing to cyclists’ serious accidents with the use of association analysis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Being negatively impressed by the data published by the European Commission in CARE (Community database on Accidents on the Roads in Europe), where Poland is presented as the European Country with the highest rate of fatalities in road... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69890582" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Being negatively impressed by the data published by the European Commission in CARE (Community database on Accidents on the Roads in Europe), where Poland is presented as the European Country with the highest rate of fatalities in road crashes involving cyclists during 4 years period (2009–2013), the Authors decided to analyse available data. Bikes become a more and more popular means of transport and the way of active recreation. In Warsaw, the share of bicycle trips rises 1 to 3% per year. The aforementioned, together with increasing traffic density, caused 4233 registered injuries among cyclists in 2018 in Poland. In 286 cases the accidents were direct reasons for the cyclists’ death. Considering these facts, it becomes extremely important to point the most influencing factors and conditions contributing to cyclists’ serious accidents. Onedimensional or two-dimensional statistics are not sufficient to find all important associations between the road conditions and the number of c...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69890582" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8ab55a2e399fb0b989666de1f5621b3a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79814293,"asset_id":69890582,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79814293/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="164173191" href="https://pw.academia.edu/PiotrOlszewski">Piotr Olszewski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="164173191" type="text/json">{"id":164173191,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Olszewski","domain_name":"pw","page_name":"PiotrOlszewski","display_name":"Piotr Olszewski","profile_url":"https://pw.academia.edu/PiotrOlszewski?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/164173191/46671563/35991726/s65_piotr.olszewski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69890582 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69890582"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69890582, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69890582", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69890582]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69890582").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69890582").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69890582"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19636" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pedestrians_and_Cyclists">Pedestrians and Cyclists</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19636" type="text/json">{"id":19636,"name":"Pedestrians and Cyclists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pedestrians_and_Cyclists?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="79900" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis">Road accident analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="79900" type="text/json">{"id":79900,"name":"Road accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="364885" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Traffic_Accident_Research">Road Traffic Accident Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="364885" type="text/json">{"id":364885,"name":"Road Traffic Accident Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Traffic_Accident_Research?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="611635" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Basket_Analysis">Market Basket Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="611635" type="text/json">{"id":611635,"name":"Market Basket Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Basket_Analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69890582]'), work: {"id":69890582,"title":"Identifying factors and conditions contributing to cyclists’ serious accidents with the use of association analysis","created_at":"2022-01-29T02:57:35.490-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69890582/Identifying_factors_and_conditions_contributing_to_cyclists_serious_accidents_with_the_use_of_association_analysis?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_69890582","summary":"Being negatively impressed by the data published by the European Commission in CARE (Community database on Accidents on the Roads in Europe), where Poland is presented as the European Country with the highest rate of fatalities in road crashes involving cyclists during 4 years period (2009–2013), the Authors decided to analyse available data. Bikes become a more and more popular means of transport and the way of active recreation. In Warsaw, the share of bicycle trips rises 1 to 3% per year. The aforementioned, together with increasing traffic density, caused 4233 registered injuries among cyclists in 2018 in Poland. In 286 cases the accidents were direct reasons for the cyclists’ death. Considering these facts, it becomes extremely important to point the most influencing factors and conditions contributing to cyclists’ serious accidents. Onedimensional or two-dimensional statistics are not sufficient to find all important associations between the road conditions and the number of c...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79814293,"asset_id":69890582,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":164173191,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Olszewski","domain_name":"pw","page_name":"PiotrOlszewski","display_name":"Piotr Olszewski","profile_url":"https://pw.academia.edu/PiotrOlszewski?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/164173191/46671563/35991726/s65_piotr.olszewski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":19636,"name":"Pedestrians and Cyclists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pedestrians_and_Cyclists?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":79900,"name":"Road accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":364885,"name":"Road Traffic Accident Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Traffic_Accident_Research?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":611635,"name":"Market Basket Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Basket_Analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":974321,"name":"Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bicycle_and_Pedestrian_Transportation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2138607,"name":"Association Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Association_Analysis?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48011462" data-work_id="48011462" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48011462/Driving_performance_assessment_Effects_of_traffic_accident_location_and_alarm_content">Driving performance assessment: Effects of traffic accident location and alarm content</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">According to accident statistics for Taiwan, the two most common traffic accident locations in urban areas are roadway segments and intersections. On roadway segments, most collisions are due to drivers not noticing the status of leading... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48011462" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">According to accident statistics for Taiwan, the two most common traffic accident locations in urban areas are roadway segments and intersections. On roadway segments, most collisions are due to drivers not noticing the status of leading vehicle. At intersections, most collisions are due to the other driver failing to obey traffic signs. Using a driving simulator equipped with a collision warning system, this study investigated driving performance at different accident locations and between different alarm contents, and identified the relationship between crash occurrences and driving performance. Thirty participants, aged 20-29 years, were recruited in this study. Driving performance measures were perception-reaction time, movement-reaction time, speed and a crash. Experimental results indicated that due to different demands for processing information under different traffic conditions, driving performance differed at the two traffic accident locations. On a roadway segment, perception-reaction time for a beep was shorter than the time for a speech message. Nevertheless, at an intersection, a speech message was a great help to drivers and, thus, perception-reaction time was effectively reduced. In addition, logistic regression analysis indicates that perception-movement time had the greatest influence on crash occurrence.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48011462" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="52383c66b0974a25385e1d20b1017dba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66844725,"asset_id":48011462,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66844725/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44580160" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShunHuiChang">ShunHui Chang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44580160" type="text/json">{"id":44580160,"first_name":"ShunHui","last_name":"Chang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShunHuiChang","display_name":"ShunHui Chang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShunHuiChang?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48011462 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48011462"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48011462, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48011462", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_48011462 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48011462; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_48011462"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_48011462 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48011462"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48011462; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48011462]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48011462").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48011462").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48011462"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13493" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motion_perception">Motion perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13493" type="text/json">{"id":13493,"name":"Motion perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motion_perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68431" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noise">Noise</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="68431" type="text/json">{"id":68431,"name":"Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noise?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="119665" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time">Reaction Time</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="119665" type="text/json">{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48011462]'), work: {"id":48011462,"title":"Driving performance assessment: Effects of traffic accident location and alarm content","created_at":"2021-05-03T22:52:59.095-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48011462/Driving_performance_assessment_Effects_of_traffic_accident_location_and_alarm_content?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_48011462","summary":"According to accident statistics for Taiwan, the two most common traffic accident locations in urban areas are roadway segments and intersections. On roadway segments, most collisions are due to drivers not noticing the status of leading vehicle. At intersections, most collisions are due to the other driver failing to obey traffic signs. Using a driving simulator equipped with a collision warning system, this study investigated driving performance at different accident locations and between different alarm contents, and identified the relationship between crash occurrences and driving performance. Thirty participants, aged 20-29 years, were recruited in this study. Driving performance measures were perception-reaction time, movement-reaction time, speed and a crash. Experimental results indicated that due to different demands for processing information under different traffic conditions, driving performance differed at the two traffic accident locations. On a roadway segment, perception-reaction time for a beep was shorter than the time for a speech message. Nevertheless, at an intersection, a speech message was a great help to drivers and, thus, perception-reaction time was effectively reduced. In addition, logistic regression analysis indicates that perception-movement time had the greatest influence on crash occurrence.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66844725,"asset_id":48011462,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44580160,"first_name":"ShunHui","last_name":"Chang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShunHuiChang","display_name":"ShunHui Chang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShunHuiChang?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":13493,"name":"Motion perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motion_perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":68431,"name":"Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noise?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=650731"},{"id":212320,"name":"Logistic Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Regression_Analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":992851,"name":"Traffic Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traffic_Accident?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1144102,"name":"Task Performance and Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Task_Performance_and_Analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1294607,"name":"Logistic Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Models?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42220903" data-work_id="42220903" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42220903/Rechtliche_Anforderungen_an_automatisiertes_Fahren_Erkenntnisse_aus_Verkehrsgerichtstagen_mit_Verkehrsunfallbeispielen_Legal_requirements_for_automated_driving_findings_from_the_German_Verkehrsgerichtstag_with_examples_of_traffic_accidents_">Rechtliche Anforderungen an automatisiertes Fahren – Erkenntnisse aus Verkehrsgerichtstagen mit Verkehrsunfallbeispielen (Legal requirements for automated driving - findings from the German "Verkehrsgerichtstag" with examples of traffic accidents)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Rechtlichen Anforderungen an automatisiertes Fahren basieren unter anderem auf dem Wiener Übereinkommen über den Straßenverkehr von 1968, das einen Rechtsrahmen für nationale Straßenverkehrsgesetze vorgibt. In Deutschland erfolgte mit... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42220903" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Rechtlichen Anforderungen an automatisiertes Fahren basieren unter anderem auf dem Wiener Übereinkommen über den Straßenverkehr von 1968, das einen Rechtsrahmen für nationale Straßenverkehrsgesetze vorgibt. In Deutschland erfolgte mit Wirkung vom 21. Juni 2017 die Ergänzung der Paragraphen 1a und 1b in das Straßenverkehrsgesetz (StVG). Entsprechend dem § 1a Absatz 1 StVG ist der Betrieb eines Kraftfahrzeugs „mittels hoch- oder vollautomatisierter Fahrfunktion“ grundsätzlich zulässig, unter der Bedingung, dass die Funktion bestimmungsgemäß verwendet wird. Wegen der Bedeutsamkeit des Themas hatten sich 2015, 2018 und 2019 Arbeitskreise beim deutschen Verkehrsgerichtstag für Empfehlungen zum automatisierten Fahren ausgetauscht. <br />Hier wurde auch auf den bereits mehrfach von dem Juristen Prof. Dr. Dr. Hilgendorf zitierten „Aschaffenburger Fall“ von Januar 2012 hingewiesen. Dabei wurde davon ausgegangen, dass ein wegen Schlaganfall bewusstloser Fahrzeugführer durch einen aktivierten Lenkassistent in einen Ort eingefahren ist und im Anschluss zwei Menschen getötet hat. Das Fahrzeug entsprach dem Stand der Technik und Hilgendorf begrenzt in diesem konkreten Fall die Sorgfaltspfl icht des Herstellers durch den Grundsatz des erlaubten Risikos. Im Rahmen der Produktbeobachtungspflicht müssen jedoch seiner Meinung nach zukünftige Neuentwicklungen Konsequenzen aus diesem nun bekannten Verkehrsunfall ziehen. Als weiteres Beispiel wurde der tödliche Unfall in Tempe im US-Staat Arizona angesprochen, bei dem ein Uber-Testfahrzeug im selbstfahrenden autonomen Modus mit einer Fußgängerin und ihrem Fahrrad kollidierte. Es handelt sich dabei um den ersten aufgezeichneten tödlichen Fußgängerunfall mit einem selbstfahrenden Uber-Testfahrzeug. Auf der Basis von veröffentlichten Fotos des Deformierten Volvo XC90, der Unfallstelle mit den Endlagen konnte vom Verfasser eine Unfallrekonstruktion mit PC-Crash angefertigt werden. Unter Annahme einer Geschwindigkeit von 64 km/h (17,8 m/s) und einer sofort wirkenden Notbremsung 1,3 Sekunden vor Kollision mit einer Verzögerung von 6,8 m/s2 wäre der Unfall vermieden worden. <br />Als Basis für systematische Unfallanalysen mit künstlicher Intelligenz und Risikobewertungsmethoden (beispielsweise AcciMap, das Systems-Theoretical Accident and Process Model - STAMP und die Functional Resonance Analysis Method - FRAM) im Rahmen der Produktbeobachtung, dem Freigabeprozess und der Entwicklung von automatisierten empfiehlt sich eine flächendeckende Speicherung der Unfall-, Verkehrsfluss-, Wetter- und Fahrzeugbetriebsdaten. <br /> <br />Legal requirements for automated driving are based, amongst others, on the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of 1968, which provides a legal framework for national road traffic laws pretends. In Germany, paragraphs 1a and 1b were added to the Road Traffic Act (StVG) with effect from 21 June 2017. According to Section 1a, Paragraph 1 of the StVG, the operation of a motor vehicle "by means of a highly or fully automated driving function" is generally permissible, provided that the function is used as intended. Due to the importance of the topic, working groups had exchanged recommendations for automated driving at the German Traffic Court Conference in 2015, 2018 and 2019. <br />Here reference was also made to the "Aschaffenburg case" of January 2012, which has already been quoted several times by the lawyer Prof. Dr. Dr. Hilgendorf. This case was based on the assumption that a driver who was unconscious due to a stroke had entered a town by means of an activated steering assistant and subsequently killed two people. The vehicle was state of the art and Hilgendorf limited the manufacturer's duty of care in this specific case by the principle of permissible risk. In his opinion, however, future new developments must draw consequences from this now known traffic accident within the framework of the product monitoring obligation. As a further example, the fatal accident in Tempe in the US state of Arizona was mentioned, in which an Uber test vehicle collided with a pedestrian and her bicycle in self-propelled autonomous mode. This is the first recorded fatal pedestrian accident involving a self-propelled Uber test vehicle. On the basis of published photos of the deformed Volvo XC90, the accident site with the end positions, the author was able to make an accident reconstruction with PC-Crash. Assuming a speed of 64 km/h (17.8 m/s) and an immediately effective emergency braking 1.3 seconds before collision with a deceleration of 6.8 m/s2 the accident would have been avoided. <br />As a basis for systematic accident analyses and risk assessment or Artificial Intelligence methods (e.g. AcciMap, the Systems-Theoretical Accident and Process Model - STAMP and the Functional Resonance Analysis Method - FRAM) in the context of product monitoring, the release process and the development of automated ones, it is recommended that accident, traffic flow, weather and vehicle operating data be stored area-wide.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42220903" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="31bebf03e30a6094f5a28d9455b215ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62370776,"asset_id":42220903,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62370776/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="149645851" href="https://turn-de.academia.edu/ThomasWinkle">Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas Winkle</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="149645851" type="text/json">{"id":149645851,"first_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas","last_name":"Winkle","domain_name":"turn-de","page_name":"ThomasWinkle","display_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas Winkle","profile_url":"https://turn-de.academia.edu/ThomasWinkle?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/149645851/41375549/33556935/s65_thomas.winkle.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42220903 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42220903"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42220903, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42220903", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42220903 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42220903; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42220903"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42220903 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42220903"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42220903; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42220903]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42220903").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42220903").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42220903"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="85" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Engineering">Safety Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="85" type="text/json">{"id":85,"name":"Safety Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2043" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_Robotics">Mobile Robotics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2043" type="text/json">{"id":2043,"name":"Mobile Robotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_Robotics?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3252" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traffic_Simulation">Traffic Simulation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3252" type="text/json">{"id":3252,"name":"Traffic Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traffic_Simulation?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42220903]'), work: {"id":42220903,"title":"Rechtliche Anforderungen an automatisiertes Fahren – Erkenntnisse aus Verkehrsgerichtstagen mit Verkehrsunfallbeispielen (Legal requirements for automated driving - findings from the German \"Verkehrsgerichtstag\" with examples of traffic accidents)","created_at":"2020-03-15T03:26:44.347-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42220903/Rechtliche_Anforderungen_an_automatisiertes_Fahren_Erkenntnisse_aus_Verkehrsgerichtstagen_mit_Verkehrsunfallbeispielen_Legal_requirements_for_automated_driving_findings_from_the_German_Verkehrsgerichtstag_with_examples_of_traffic_accidents_?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_42220903","summary":"Rechtlichen Anforderungen an automatisiertes Fahren basieren unter anderem auf dem Wiener Übereinkommen über den Straßenverkehr von 1968, das einen Rechtsrahmen für nationale Straßenverkehrsgesetze vorgibt. In Deutschland erfolgte mit Wirkung vom 21. Juni 2017 die Ergänzung der Paragraphen 1a und 1b in das Straßenverkehrsgesetz (StVG). Entsprechend dem § 1a Absatz 1 StVG ist der Betrieb eines Kraftfahrzeugs „mittels hoch- oder vollautomatisierter Fahrfunktion“ grundsätzlich zulässig, unter der Bedingung, dass die Funktion bestimmungsgemäß verwendet wird. Wegen der Bedeutsamkeit des Themas hatten sich 2015, 2018 und 2019 Arbeitskreise beim deutschen Verkehrsgerichtstag für Empfehlungen zum automatisierten Fahren ausgetauscht.\r\nHier wurde auch auf den bereits mehrfach von dem Juristen Prof. Dr. Dr. Hilgendorf zitierten „Aschaffenburger Fall“ von Januar 2012 hingewiesen. Dabei wurde davon ausgegangen, dass ein wegen Schlaganfall bewusstloser Fahrzeugführer durch einen aktivierten Lenkassistent in einen Ort eingefahren ist und im Anschluss zwei Menschen getötet hat. Das Fahrzeug entsprach dem Stand der Technik und Hilgendorf begrenzt in diesem konkreten Fall die Sorgfaltspfl icht des Herstellers durch den Grundsatz des erlaubten Risikos. Im Rahmen der Produktbeobachtungspflicht müssen jedoch seiner Meinung nach zukünftige Neuentwicklungen Konsequenzen aus diesem nun bekannten Verkehrsunfall ziehen. Als weiteres Beispiel wurde der tödliche Unfall in Tempe im US-Staat Arizona angesprochen, bei dem ein Uber-Testfahrzeug im selbstfahrenden autonomen Modus mit einer Fußgängerin und ihrem Fahrrad kollidierte. Es handelt sich dabei um den ersten aufgezeichneten tödlichen Fußgängerunfall mit einem selbstfahrenden Uber-Testfahrzeug. Auf der Basis von veröffentlichten Fotos des Deformierten Volvo XC90, der Unfallstelle mit den Endlagen konnte vom Verfasser eine Unfallrekonstruktion mit PC-Crash angefertigt werden. Unter Annahme einer Geschwindigkeit von 64 km/h (17,8 m/s) und einer sofort wirkenden Notbremsung 1,3 Sekunden vor Kollision mit einer Verzögerung von 6,8 m/s2 wäre der Unfall vermieden worden. \r\nAls Basis für systematische Unfallanalysen mit künstlicher Intelligenz und Risikobewertungsmethoden (beispielsweise AcciMap, das Systems-Theoretical Accident and Process Model - STAMP und die Functional Resonance Analysis Method - FRAM) im Rahmen der Produktbeobachtung, dem Freigabeprozess und der Entwicklung von automatisierten empfiehlt sich eine flächendeckende Speicherung der Unfall-, Verkehrsfluss-, Wetter- und Fahrzeugbetriebsdaten. \r\n\r\nLegal requirements for automated driving are based, amongst others, on the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of 1968, which provides a legal framework for national road traffic laws pretends. In Germany, paragraphs 1a and 1b were added to the Road Traffic Act (StVG) with effect from 21 June 2017. According to Section 1a, Paragraph 1 of the StVG, the operation of a motor vehicle \"by means of a highly or fully automated driving function\" is generally permissible, provided that the function is used as intended. Due to the importance of the topic, working groups had exchanged recommendations for automated driving at the German Traffic Court Conference in 2015, 2018 and 2019.\r\nHere reference was also made to the \"Aschaffenburg case\" of January 2012, which has already been quoted several times by the lawyer Prof. Dr. Dr. Hilgendorf. This case was based on the assumption that a driver who was unconscious due to a stroke had entered a town by means of an activated steering assistant and subsequently killed two people. The vehicle was state of the art and Hilgendorf limited the manufacturer's duty of care in this specific case by the principle of permissible risk. In his opinion, however, future new developments must draw consequences from this now known traffic accident within the framework of the product monitoring obligation. As a further example, the fatal accident in Tempe in the US state of Arizona was mentioned, in which an Uber test vehicle collided with a pedestrian and her bicycle in self-propelled autonomous mode. This is the first recorded fatal pedestrian accident involving a self-propelled Uber test vehicle. On the basis of published photos of the deformed Volvo XC90, the accident site with the end positions, the author was able to make an accident reconstruction with PC-Crash. Assuming a speed of 64 km/h (17.8 m/s) and an immediately effective emergency braking 1.3 seconds before collision with a deceleration of 6.8 m/s2 the accident would have been avoided. \r\nAs a basis for systematic accident analyses and risk assessment or Artificial Intelligence methods (e.g. AcciMap, the Systems-Theoretical Accident and Process Model - STAMP and the Functional Resonance Analysis Method - FRAM) in the context of product monitoring, the release process and the development of automated ones, it is recommended that accident, traffic flow, weather and vehicle operating data be stored area-wide. \r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62370776,"asset_id":42220903,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":149645851,"first_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas","last_name":"Winkle","domain_name":"turn-de","page_name":"ThomasWinkle","display_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas Winkle","profile_url":"https://turn-de.academia.edu/ThomasWinkle?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/149645851/41375549/33556935/s65_thomas.winkle.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":85,"name":"Safety Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":2043,"name":"Mobile Robotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_Robotics?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":3252,"name":"Traffic Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traffic_Simulation?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":4424,"name":"Post-conflict Reconstruction and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-conflict_Reconstruction_and_Development?f_ri=650731"},{"id":9442,"name":"Road Traffic Crashes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Traffic_Crashes?f_ri=650731"},{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=650731"},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":50690,"name":"Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobility?f_ri=650731"},{"id":71258,"name":"Traffic Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traffic_Safety?f_ri=650731"},{"id":73069,"name":"Legal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal?f_ri=650731"},{"id":75127,"name":"Automotive Crash analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automotive_Crash_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":84688,"name":"Autonomous Vehicles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomous_Vehicles?f_ri=650731"},{"id":113706,"name":"Autonomous Mobile Robots","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomous_Mobile_Robots?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":516035,"name":"Automated driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automated_driving?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1223686,"name":"Artificial Intelligent and Soft Computing Methodologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligent_and_Soft_Computing_Methodologies?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1628963,"name":"Connected and Autonomous Vehicles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Connected_and_Autonomous_Vehicles?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2989248,"name":"legal issues of autonomous driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/legal_issues_of_autonomous_driving?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18024217" data-work_id="18024217" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18024217/Analysis_of_injury_severity_and_vehicle_occupancy_in_truck_and_non_truck_involved_accidents">Analysis of injury severity and vehicle occupancy in truck- and non-truck-involved accidents</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The impact that large trucks have on accident severity has long been a concern in the accident analysis literature. One important measure of accident severity is the most severely injured occupant in the vehicle. Such data are routinely... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18024217" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The impact that large trucks have on accident severity has long been a concern in the accident analysis literature. One important measure of accident severity is the most severely injured occupant in the vehicle. Such data are routinely collected in state accident data files in the U.S. Among the many risk factors that determine the most severe level of injury sustained by vehicle occupants, the number of occupants in the vehicle is an important factor. These effects can be significant because vehicles with higher occupancies have an increased likelihood of having someone seriously injured. This paper studies the occupancy/injury severity relationship using Washington State accident data. The effects of large trucks, which are shown to have a significant impact on the most severely injured vehicle occupant, are accounted for by separately estimating nested logit models for truck-involved accidents and for non-truck-involved accidents. The estimation results uncover important relationships between various risk factors and occupant injury. In addition, by comparing the accident characteristics between truck-involved accidents and non-truck-involved accidents, the risk factors unique to large trucks are identified along with the relative importance of such factors. The findings of this study demonstrate that nested logit modeling, which is able to take into account vehicle occupancy effects and identify a broad range of factors that influence occupant injury, is a promising methodological approach. : S 0 0 0 1 -4 5 7 5 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 1 4 -7</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18024217" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="231f3a67365fd1948b4b474047b7738b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39834458,"asset_id":18024217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39834458/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37955601" href="https://usf.academia.edu/FredMannering">Fred Mannering</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37955601" type="text/json">{"id":37955601,"first_name":"Fred","last_name":"Mannering","domain_name":"usf","page_name":"FredMannering","display_name":"Fred Mannering","profile_url":"https://usf.academia.edu/FredMannering?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18024217 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18024217"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18024217, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18024217", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18024217]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18024217").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18024217").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18024217"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45666" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles">Automobiles</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45666" type="text/json">{"id":45666,"name":"Automobiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="192721" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors">Risk factors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="192721" type="text/json">{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="271876" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Washington">Washington</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="271876" type="text/json">{"id":271876,"name":"Washington","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Washington?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18024217]'), work: {"id":18024217,"title":"Analysis of injury severity and vehicle occupancy in truck- and non-truck-involved accidents","created_at":"2015-11-09T07:44:52.531-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18024217/Analysis_of_injury_severity_and_vehicle_occupancy_in_truck_and_non_truck_involved_accidents?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_18024217","summary":"The impact that large trucks have on accident severity has long been a concern in the accident analysis literature. One important measure of accident severity is the most severely injured occupant in the vehicle. Such data are routinely collected in state accident data files in the U.S. Among the many risk factors that determine the most severe level of injury sustained by vehicle occupants, the number of occupants in the vehicle is an important factor. These effects can be significant because vehicles with higher occupancies have an increased likelihood of having someone seriously injured. This paper studies the occupancy/injury severity relationship using Washington State accident data. The effects of large trucks, which are shown to have a significant impact on the most severely injured vehicle occupant, are accounted for by separately estimating nested logit models for truck-involved accidents and for non-truck-involved accidents. The estimation results uncover important relationships between various risk factors and occupant injury. In addition, by comparing the accident characteristics between truck-involved accidents and non-truck-involved accidents, the risk factors unique to large trucks are identified along with the relative importance of such factors. The findings of this study demonstrate that nested logit modeling, which is able to take into account vehicle occupancy effects and identify a broad range of factors that influence occupant injury, is a promising methodological approach. : S 0 0 0 1 -4 5 7 5 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 1 4 -7","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39834458,"asset_id":18024217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37955601,"first_name":"Fred","last_name":"Mannering","domain_name":"usf","page_name":"FredMannering","display_name":"Fred Mannering","profile_url":"https://usf.academia.edu/FredMannering?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":45666,"name":"Automobiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":271876,"name":"Washington","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Washington?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":447469,"name":"Washington State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Washington_State?f_ri=650731"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1031658,"name":"Wounds and Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wounds_and_Injuries?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1294607,"name":"Logistic Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Models?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1636293,"name":"Motor vehicles act","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_vehicles_act?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1641070,"name":"Logit Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logit_Model?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12574073 coauthored" data-work_id="12574073" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12574073/Case_Analysis_Rupture_of_Piney_Point_Oil_Pipeline_and_Release_of_Fuel_Oil_Maryland_SERM_Project_">Case Analysis. Rupture of Piney Point Oil Pipeline and Release of Fuel Oil, Maryland (SERM Project)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The presented report will analyze the accident occurred at the Chalk Point Generating Station of the Piney Point Oil Pipeline system in southeastern Prince George's Country, Maryland in April 2000. Several failures during the pipeline... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12574073" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The presented report will analyze the accident occurred at the Chalk Point Generating Station of the Piney Point Oil Pipeline system in southeastern Prince George's Country, Maryland in April 2000. Several failures during the pipeline monitoring procedures resulted in occurrence of crack in the line followed by leakage of 3,089 barrels of oil to the wetland. The paper will review a chronology of events, root causes and circumstances of failures, and consequences and effects that followed the accident. This will be followed by examination of actions taken and lessons learned after the rupture of oil pipeline. Analysis of the accident revealed personal failure, expiration time of pipeline section, failure of the alarm system, adverse weather conditions and external human influences to be the causes of the crash. Even though the accident did not lead to human loses, it had a significant negative impact on the environment, resulted in huge financial loss and affected the decrease of reputation of the Potomac Electric Power Company, owner of the Piney Point Oil Pipeline system. Nevertheless, the Maryland accident left a positive trace in the oil transportation industry as it served as a severe example and forced to reconsider and reexamine the existing safety precautions and standards in this field, revealed the effectiveness of implementation of Incident Command System, importance of providing any updated information during the recovery procedures, importance of trainings aimed to improve communication between personnel, the necessity of introducing National pipeline wrinkles recognition criteria and effective pipeline monitoring system.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12574073" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="edc80869d17e25122deb0ea699fc28b9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37728076,"asset_id":12574073,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37728076/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33138583" href="https://nu-kz.academia.edu/ZhomartKanissov">Zhomart Kanissov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33138583" type="text/json">{"id":33138583,"first_name":"Zhomart","last_name":"Kanissov","domain_name":"nu-kz","page_name":"ZhomartKanissov","display_name":"Zhomart Kanissov","profile_url":"https://nu-kz.academia.edu/ZhomartKanissov?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12574073">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12574073"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://nu-kz.academia.edu/YerkebulanSaparov">Yerkebulan Saparov</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://nu-kz.academia.edu/NurlanZhakin">Nurlan Zhakin</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12574073'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12574073').html(); 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Rupture of Piney Point Oil Pipeline and Release of Fuel Oil, Maryland (SERM Project)","created_at":"2015-05-25T02:25:05.120-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12574073/Case_Analysis_Rupture_of_Piney_Point_Oil_Pipeline_and_Release_of_Fuel_Oil_Maryland_SERM_Project_?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_12574073","summary":"The presented report will analyze the accident occurred at the Chalk Point Generating Station of the Piney Point Oil Pipeline system in southeastern Prince George's Country, Maryland in April 2000. Several failures during the pipeline monitoring procedures resulted in occurrence of crack in the line followed by leakage of 3,089 barrels of oil to the wetland. The paper will review a chronology of events, root causes and circumstances of failures, and consequences and effects that followed the accident. This will be followed by examination of actions taken and lessons learned after the rupture of oil pipeline. Analysis of the accident revealed personal failure, expiration time of pipeline section, failure of the alarm system, adverse weather conditions and external human influences to be the causes of the crash. Even though the accident did not lead to human loses, it had a significant negative impact on the environment, resulted in huge financial loss and affected the decrease of reputation of the Potomac Electric Power Company, owner of the Piney Point Oil Pipeline system. Nevertheless, the Maryland accident left a positive trace in the oil transportation industry as it served as a severe example and forced to reconsider and reexamine the existing safety precautions and standards in this field, revealed the effectiveness of implementation of Incident Command System, importance of providing any updated information during the recovery procedures, importance of trainings aimed to improve communication between personnel, the necessity of introducing National pipeline wrinkles recognition criteria and effective pipeline monitoring system.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37728076,"asset_id":12574073,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33138583,"first_name":"Zhomart","last_name":"Kanissov","domain_name":"nu-kz","page_name":"ZhomartKanissov","display_name":"Zhomart Kanissov","profile_url":"https://nu-kz.academia.edu/ZhomartKanissov?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":3327534,"first_name":"Yerkebulan","last_name":"Saparov","domain_name":"nu-kz","page_name":"YerkebulanSaparov","display_name":"Yerkebulan Saparov","profile_url":"https://nu-kz.academia.edu/YerkebulanSaparov?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3327534/9306794/10373525/s65_yerkebulan.saparov.jpg"},{"id":31599038,"first_name":"Nurlan","last_name":"Zhakin","domain_name":"nu-kz","page_name":"NurlanZhakin","display_name":"Nurlan Zhakin","profile_url":"https://nu-kz.academia.edu/NurlanZhakin?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3995,"name":"Disaster risk management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_risk_management?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":4702,"name":"Case Study Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study_Research?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":15645,"name":"Pipeline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pipeline?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":27404,"name":"Risk Assessment \u0026 Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment_and_Risk_Management?f_ri=650731"},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=650731"},{"id":210652,"name":"Maryland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maryland?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":882173,"name":"Case Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Analysis?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17659766" data-work_id="17659766" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17659766/i_MODELLI_DI_PROIEZIONE_DEL_PEDONE_COLLISO">i MODELLI DI PROIEZIONE DEL PEDONE COLLISO</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">VIENE DESCRITTO LO STATO DELL'ARTE DEI PRINCIPALI MODELLI PRESENTI IN LETTERATURA PER LA PREVISIONE DELLA  PROIEZIONE DEI PEDONI.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17659766" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="425441c59d2a1410bd2d6260b4860522" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39641256,"asset_id":17659766,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39641256/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21564963" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrancescoAViola">Francesco Viola</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21564963" type="text/json">{"id":21564963,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Viola","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FrancescoAViola","display_name":"Francesco Viola","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FrancescoAViola?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21564963/6097624/20244575/s65_francesco.viola.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17659766 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17659766"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17659766, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17659766", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17659766 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden 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'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17659766]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17659766").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17659766").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17659766"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="650731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis">Accident analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="650731" type="text/json">{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17659766]'), work: {"id":17659766,"title":"i MODELLI DI PROIEZIONE DEL PEDONE COLLISO","created_at":"2015-11-03T08:11:59.633-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17659766/i_MODELLI_DI_PROIEZIONE_DEL_PEDONE_COLLISO?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_17659766","summary":"VIENE DESCRITTO LO STATO DELL'ARTE DEI PRINCIPALI MODELLI PRESENTI IN LETTERATURA PER LA PREVISIONE DELLA PROIEZIONE DEI PEDONI. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39641256,"asset_id":17659766,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21564963,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Viola","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FrancescoAViola","display_name":"Francesco Viola","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FrancescoAViola?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21564963/6097624/20244575/s65_francesco.viola.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42223291" data-work_id="42223291" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42223291/Accident_data_analysis_GIDAS_area_of_action_analysis_Selected_simTD_use_cases_to_represent_a_maximum_area_of_action_Unfalldatenanalyse_GIDAS_Wirkfeldanalyse_ausgew%C3%A4hlter_simTD_Anwendungsf%C3%A4lle_zur_Darstellung_eines_maximal_anzunehmenden_Wirkfeldes_">Accident data analysis - GIDAS area of action analysis: Selected simTD use cases to represent a maximum area of action (Unfalldatenanalyse GIDAS-Wirkfeldanalyse ausgewählter simTD-Anwendungsfälle zur Darstellung eines maximal anzunehmenden Wirkfeldes)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">English summary: An area of action analysis for 13 jointly selected application cases has been performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of simTD systems with direct influence on safety of road traffic concerning accident scenarios... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42223291" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">English summary: <br />An area of action analysis for 13 jointly selected application cases has been performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of simTD systems with direct influence on safety of road traffic concerning accident scenarios with injuries (Prioritisation of emergency vehicles, breakdown vehicles, slow vehicle warning, construction site warning, obstacle on road, traffic jam warning, road weather warning, emergency vehicle warning, ignoring traffic signs, ignoring "red light" warning, electronic brake light, cross traffic assistant and left turn assistant). The GIDAS accident data from the years 2001 to 2008 form the basis for the analysis. GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) is a suitable basis, since the incorporated accident data (environment, vehicles, persons, injury data including accident scenario and photographs) are very detailed and comprehensive. The version used for the analysis comprises of 13821 accidents. <br />Weighting of the accidents collected in the areas of Hanover and Dresden is required for the estimation of all German road traffic accidents. Weighting is performed by means of four parameters used by GIDAS as well as the Federal Statistics. A description of the weighting process is given in chapter 1.2. Area of action analyses are the initial evaluation for the maximal achievable efficiency of systems. The actual efficiency of a system may be significantly less depending on the degree of efficiency. Detailed information on system specification, system limits and driver behaviour are required in order to evaluate the degree of efficiency. <br />In a simTD/GIDAS workshop on 09 March 2009 the areas of action have been discussed and determined by the persons responsible. <br />Since area of action analyses of the application cases often severely overlap, it is difficult to summarise the results. The effect of efficiency prediction overlap may be noticed for instance when combining application cases „intersection assistant“ resp. „left turning assistant“ and „Warning Disregarding Traffic Signs“. Approximately 8 % of all accidents in Germany could be influenced by both application cases simultaneously. <br />Would all application cases in road traffic be applied, an efficiency of 0 up to maximal 36 % depending on the degree of efficiency could be expected. The determination of a degree of efficiency is only completed by the end of the simTD project. <br /> <br />Zusammenfassung: <br />Zur Abschätzung der Effizienz von simTD - Systemen mit direktem Sicherheitseinfluss auf den Straßenverkehr hinsichtlich des Unfallgeschehens mit Personenschaden wurden Wirkfeldanalysen für 13 abgestimmte Anwendungsfälle durchgeführt (Priorisierung von Einsatzfahrzeugen, Liegengebliebene Fahrzeuge, Warnung vor langsamem Fahrzeug, Baustellenwarnung, Hindernis auf Fahrbahn, Stauendewarnung, Straßenwetterwarnung, Warnung vor Einsatzfahrzeug, Nichtbeachten Verkehrszeichen, Warnung Nichtbeachtung „Rot“, elektronisches Bremslicht, Querverkehrsassistent und Linksabbiegeassistent). Datengrundlage hierfür sind die von GIDAS erhobenen Unfalldaten aus den Jahren 2001 bis 2008. GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) bildet dafür eine geeignete Grundlage, da die darin enthaltenen realen Unfalldaten (Umwelt-, Fahrzeug-, Personen-, Verletzungsdaten inkl. Unfallskizze und Bilddaten) sehr detailliert und umfangreich vorhanden sind. Die für die Auswertung verwendete Version enthält 13821 erfasste Unfälle. <br />Für eine Aussage bezüglich des gesamtdeutschen Unfallgeschehens ist eine Gewichtung dieser im Raum Hannover und Dresden erhobenen Unfälle erforderlich. Diese Gewichtung erfolgt mittels vier Variablen (Ortslage, Unfalltyp, Unfallkategorie1 und Unfallsjahr), die sowohl in GIDAS als auch in der amtlichen Bundesstatistik vorliegen. Eine Beschreibung der Gewichtung ist in Kapitel 1.2 zu finden. <br />Wirkfeldanalysen stellen eine erste Abschätzung für die maximal erreichbare Effizienz von Systemen dar. Die tatsächliche Effizienz eines Systems kann je nach Wirkungsgrad deutlich geringer sein. Aus diesem Grund ist die Wirkfeldanalyse zur Nutzen/Kostenanalyse nur bedingt verwendbar bzw. liefert den Nutzen eines idealen Systems ohne definierte Systemgrenzen. Um einer bessere Nutzenanalyse eines bestimmten Systems durchzuführen, muss deshalb der Wirkungsgrad bestimmt werden. <br />Für eine Ermittlung des Wirkungsgrads sind detaillierte Informationen über die Systemspezifikationen, Systemgrenzen und das Verhalten der Fahrer erforderlich. <br />Die Definitionen der Wirkfelder mittels GIDAS-Variablen und der simTD-relevanten Fahrzeuge wurden in einem simTD/GIDAS-Workshop am 09.03.2009 gemeinschaftlich mit den Funktionsverantwortlichen abgestimmt und festgelegt. <br />Da sich die Wirkfelder der Anwendungsfälle teilweise stark überschneiden, lassen sich die Ergebnisse nicht einfach aufsummieren. Der Effekt von Wirkfeldüberschneidungen ist beispielsweise bei der Kombination der Anwendungsfälle „Querverkehrsassistent“ bzw. „Linksabbiegeassistent“ und „Warnung Nichtbeachten Verkehrszeichen“ festzustellen. Ca. 8 % aller Unfälle in Deutschland könnten gleichzeitig von beiden Anwendungsfällen beeinflusst werden. <br />Würden alle Anwendungsfälle zum Einsatz kommen, so ist heute mit einer Effizienz, je nach Wirkungsgrad, von 0 bis maximal 36 % zu rechnen. <br />Eine genauere Eingrenzung des Wirkfeldes ist erst mit der Ermittlung von Wirkungsgraden möglich. <br />Daher werden im Projektverlauf mit den Funktionsentwicklungsteams, TP4 und TP5 Abstimmungen statt finden, um das weitere Vorgehen der Nutzenbewertung festzulegen. Die Methode der Wirkgradanalyse wird auf die besonderen Anforderungen von simTD angepasst werden. Da die Wirkungsgradanalysen auch auf Ergebnissen kommender Versuche basieren können, ist die Nutzenbewertung erst zum Projektende von simTD endgültig abgeschlossen.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42223291" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9f60b40593ba8fc424dc138cfbf3ae19" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62373480,"asset_id":42223291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62373480/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="149645851" href="https://turn-de.academia.edu/ThomasWinkle">Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas Winkle</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="149645851" type="text/json">{"id":149645851,"first_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas","last_name":"Winkle","domain_name":"turn-de","page_name":"ThomasWinkle","display_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas Winkle","profile_url":"https://turn-de.academia.edu/ThomasWinkle?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/149645851/41375549/33556935/s65_thomas.winkle.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42223291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42223291"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42223291, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42223291", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42223291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42223291; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42223291"); 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The GIDAS accident data from the years 2001 to 2008 form the basis for the analysis. GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) is a suitable basis, since the incorporated accident data (environment, vehicles, persons, injury data including accident scenario and photographs) are very detailed and comprehensive. The version used for the analysis comprises of 13821 accidents.\r\nWeighting of the accidents collected in the areas of Hanover and Dresden is required for the estimation of all German road traffic accidents. Weighting is performed by means of four parameters used by GIDAS as well as the Federal Statistics. A description of the weighting process is given in chapter 1.2. Area of action analyses are the initial evaluation for the maximal achievable efficiency of systems. The actual efficiency of a system may be significantly less depending on the degree of efficiency. Detailed information on system specification, system limits and driver behaviour are required in order to evaluate the degree of efficiency.\r\nIn a simTD/GIDAS workshop on 09 March 2009 the areas of action have been discussed and determined by the persons responsible.\r\nSince area of action analyses of the application cases often severely overlap, it is difficult to summarise the results. The effect of efficiency prediction overlap may be noticed for instance when combining application cases „intersection assistant“ resp. „left turning assistant“ and „Warning Disregarding Traffic Signs“. Approximately 8 % of all accidents in Germany could be influenced by both application cases simultaneously.\r\nWould all application cases in road traffic be applied, an efficiency of 0 up to maximal 36 % depending on the degree of efficiency could be expected. The determination of a degree of efficiency is only completed by the end of the simTD project.\r\n\r\nZusammenfassung:\r\nZur Abschätzung der Effizienz von simTD - Systemen mit direktem Sicherheitseinfluss auf den Straßenverkehr hinsichtlich des Unfallgeschehens mit Personenschaden wurden Wirkfeldanalysen für 13 abgestimmte Anwendungsfälle durchgeführt (Priorisierung von Einsatzfahrzeugen, Liegengebliebene Fahrzeuge, Warnung vor langsamem Fahrzeug, Baustellenwarnung, Hindernis auf Fahrbahn, Stauendewarnung, Straßenwetterwarnung, Warnung vor Einsatzfahrzeug, Nichtbeachten Verkehrszeichen, Warnung Nichtbeachtung „Rot“, elektronisches Bremslicht, Querverkehrsassistent und Linksabbiegeassistent). Datengrundlage hierfür sind die von GIDAS erhobenen Unfalldaten aus den Jahren 2001 bis 2008. GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) bildet dafür eine geeignete Grundlage, da die darin enthaltenen realen Unfalldaten (Umwelt-, Fahrzeug-, Personen-, Verletzungsdaten inkl. Unfallskizze und Bilddaten) sehr detailliert und umfangreich vorhanden sind. Die für die Auswertung verwendete Version enthält 13821 erfasste Unfälle.\r\nFür eine Aussage bezüglich des gesamtdeutschen Unfallgeschehens ist eine Gewichtung dieser im Raum Hannover und Dresden erhobenen Unfälle erforderlich. Diese Gewichtung erfolgt mittels vier Variablen (Ortslage, Unfalltyp, Unfallkategorie1 und Unfallsjahr), die sowohl in GIDAS als auch in der amtlichen Bundesstatistik vorliegen. Eine Beschreibung der Gewichtung ist in Kapitel 1.2 zu finden.\r\nWirkfeldanalysen stellen eine erste Abschätzung für die maximal erreichbare Effizienz von Systemen dar. Die tatsächliche Effizienz eines Systems kann je nach Wirkungsgrad deutlich geringer sein. Aus diesem Grund ist die Wirkfeldanalyse zur Nutzen/Kostenanalyse nur bedingt verwendbar bzw. liefert den Nutzen eines idealen Systems ohne definierte Systemgrenzen. Um einer bessere Nutzenanalyse eines bestimmten Systems durchzuführen, muss deshalb der Wirkungsgrad bestimmt werden.\r\nFür eine Ermittlung des Wirkungsgrads sind detaillierte Informationen über die Systemspezifikationen, Systemgrenzen und das Verhalten der Fahrer erforderlich.\r\nDie Definitionen der Wirkfelder mittels GIDAS-Variablen und der simTD-relevanten Fahrzeuge wurden in einem simTD/GIDAS-Workshop am 09.03.2009 gemeinschaftlich mit den Funktionsverantwortlichen abgestimmt und festgelegt.\r\nDa sich die Wirkfelder der Anwendungsfälle teilweise stark überschneiden, lassen sich die Ergebnisse nicht einfach aufsummieren. Der Effekt von Wirkfeldüberschneidungen ist beispielsweise bei der Kombination der Anwendungsfälle „Querverkehrsassistent“ bzw. „Linksabbiegeassistent“ und „Warnung Nichtbeachten Verkehrszeichen“ festzustellen. Ca. 8 % aller Unfälle in Deutschland könnten gleichzeitig von beiden Anwendungsfällen beeinflusst werden.\r\nWürden alle Anwendungsfälle zum Einsatz kommen, so ist heute mit einer Effizienz, je nach Wirkungsgrad, von 0 bis maximal 36 % zu rechnen.\r\nEine genauere Eingrenzung des Wirkfeldes ist erst mit der Ermittlung von Wirkungsgraden möglich.\r\nDaher werden im Projektverlauf mit den Funktionsentwicklungsteams, TP4 und TP5 Abstimmungen statt finden, um das weitere Vorgehen der Nutzenbewertung festzulegen. Die Methode der Wirkgradanalyse wird auf die besonderen Anforderungen von simTD angepasst werden. Da die Wirkungsgradanalysen auch auf Ergebnissen kommender Versuche basieren können, ist die Nutzenbewertung erst zum Projektende von simTD endgültig abgeschlossen.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62373480,"asset_id":42223291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":149645851,"first_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. 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The excess mortality and morbidity registered by 15 to 24-year-old drivers is well known. Several... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27179914" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Provinces and in several states of the United States the minimal legal age to drive a motor vehicle is 16 years old and in some. it is 15. The excess mortality and morbidity registered by 15 to 24-year-old drivers is well known. Several studies have reported that accident rates decrease with experience, but the effect of the age of new drivers has not been well documented.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27179914" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9cfc99d45910e3ec1afc86f5f7f3a91d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47429267,"asset_id":27179914,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47429267/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51251689" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertBourbeau">Robert Bourbeau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51251689" type="text/json">{"id":51251689,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Bourbeau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertBourbeau","display_name":"Robert Bourbeau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertBourbeau?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27179914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27179914"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27179914, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27179914", }); 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The excess mortality and morbidity registered by 15 to 24-year-old drivers is well known. 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According to one... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36924826" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What happened, in the years leading up to Valentine's Day 2014, that made a canister of nuclear waste burst open and spew out fire underground at a US facility for the long-term disposal of radioactive military waste? According to one widely publicized scenario, a simple run-of-the-mill typo led to organic kitty litter mistakenly being used to soak up liquid in the drum instead of another kind of absorbent material. This ultimately led to a reaction that made heat and pressure build up in the drum, causing it to erupt. But was that "simple" clerical error symptomatic of a much deeper, system-wide problem-- involving a US Energy Department plan to rush the pace of nuclear waste disposal? What were the political, social, and financial elements involved in making Los Alamos' waste drum #68660 erupt that February night? What can be done to prevent similar accidents – which can have price tags of hundreds of millions of dollars or more – from happening again in the future? A cultural anthropologist spent 10 weeks onsite after the event, logging 43 interviews and trying to answer these questions. Here is what he found.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36924826" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a66b64e2f1a76c2b6cb0b249c7755068" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56909761,"asset_id":36924826,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56909761/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5226561" href="https://cornell.academia.edu/VincentIalenti">Vincent Ialenti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5226561" type="text/json">{"id":5226561,"first_name":"Vincent","last_name":"Ialenti","domain_name":"cornell","page_name":"VincentIalenti","display_name":"Vincent Ialenti","profile_url":"https://cornell.academia.edu/VincentIalenti?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5226561/2301439/133902711/s65_vincent.ialenti.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36924826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36924826"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36924826, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36924826", }); 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10453983/Attending_overtaking_cars_and_motorcycles_through_the_mirrors_before_changing_lanes">Attending overtaking cars and motorcycles through the mirrors before changing lanes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Right of way violation crashes are the most common type of accidents that motorcyclists face. This study assessed right of way decisions in scenarios which require noticing whether there is traffic from behind that is about to overtake. A... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10453983" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Right of way violation crashes are the most common type of accidents that motorcyclists face. This study assessed right of way decisions in scenarios which require noticing whether there is traffic from behind that is about to overtake. A test was created which presents participants clips with a wide field of vision (from a driver's perspective in a moving vehicle), with mirror information inset that allows either cars or motorcycles that are about to overtake, to be attended. Novice and experienced car drivers, and dual drivers (with both car and motorcycle experience), watched these clips while their eye movements were monitored. The results indicated that in the rear-view and the right-side mirrors, and in the right hand lane, conflicting motorcycles garnered more attention than conflicting cars. This pattern however was particularly driven by the dual drivers group. Additionally, novice drivers and dual drivers made more use of the right side mirror than the experienced drivers. Dual drivers also made more use of the rear view mirror than experienced drivers. Finally, significant positive correlations that were found between percentages of safe manoeuvres and measures of visual search provide direct evidence demonstrating that the frequency of risky manoeuvres was indeed larger in those cases where less time was spent gazing at the mirrors, indicating that the additional attention devoted to process conflicting vehicles contributes to reduce risky manoeuvres. The general pattern of results also provides some indirect support that nonmotorcyclists drivers are more likely to have Look But Fail To See errors with conflicting motorcycles than motorcyclist drivers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10453983" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ea043c1f23ed6f4dc1d9f1b1a6da8911" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47382516,"asset_id":10453983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47382516/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25662708" href="https://nottinghamtrent.academia.edu/DCrundall">David Crundall</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25662708" type="text/json">{"id":25662708,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Crundall","domain_name":"nottinghamtrent","page_name":"DCrundall","display_name":"David Crundall","profile_url":"https://nottinghamtrent.academia.edu/DCrundall?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10453983 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10453983"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10453983, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10453983", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10453983]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10453983").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10453983").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10453983"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5359" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception">Visual perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5359" type="text/json">{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7736" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention">Attention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7736" type="text/json">{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7988" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motorcycles">Motorcycles</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7988" type="text/json">{"id":7988,"name":"Motorcycles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motorcycles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10453983]'), work: {"id":10453983,"title":"Attending overtaking cars and motorcycles through the mirrors before changing lanes","created_at":"2015-02-02T06:18:38.993-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10453983/Attending_overtaking_cars_and_motorcycles_through_the_mirrors_before_changing_lanes?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_10453983","summary":"Right of way violation crashes are the most common type of accidents that motorcyclists face. This study assessed right of way decisions in scenarios which require noticing whether there is traffic from behind that is about to overtake. A test was created which presents participants clips with a wide field of vision (from a driver's perspective in a moving vehicle), with mirror information inset that allows either cars or motorcycles that are about to overtake, to be attended. Novice and experienced car drivers, and dual drivers (with both car and motorcycle experience), watched these clips while their eye movements were monitored. The results indicated that in the rear-view and the right-side mirrors, and in the right hand lane, conflicting motorcycles garnered more attention than conflicting cars. This pattern however was particularly driven by the dual drivers group. Additionally, novice drivers and dual drivers made more use of the right side mirror than the experienced drivers. Dual drivers also made more use of the rear view mirror than experienced drivers. Finally, significant positive correlations that were found between percentages of safe manoeuvres and measures of visual search provide direct evidence demonstrating that the frequency of risky manoeuvres was indeed larger in those cases where less time was spent gazing at the mirrors, indicating that the additional attention devoted to process conflicting vehicles contributes to reduce risky manoeuvres. The general pattern of results also provides some indirect support that nonmotorcyclists drivers are more likely to have Look But Fail To See errors with conflicting motorcycles than motorcyclist drivers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47382516,"asset_id":10453983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25662708,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Crundall","domain_name":"nottinghamtrent","page_name":"DCrundall","display_name":"David Crundall","profile_url":"https://nottinghamtrent.academia.edu/DCrundall?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":7988,"name":"Motorcycles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motorcycles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":13590,"name":"Risk Taking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Taking?f_ri=650731"},{"id":143507,"name":"Eye Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye_Movements?f_ri=650731"},{"id":197351,"name":"Awareness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Awareness?f_ri=650731"},{"id":291274,"name":"Great Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Britain?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":563992,"name":"Visual Fields","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Fields?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1540546,"name":"Video Recording","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Video_Recording?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2248971,"name":"Automobile driving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_driving?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24493083" data-work_id="24493083" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24493083/A_study_of_factors_affecting_highway_accident_rates_using_the_random_parameters_tobit_model">A study of factors affecting highway accident rates using the random-parameters tobit model</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A large body of previous literature has used a variety of count-data modeling techniques to study factors that affect the frequency of highway accidents over some time period on roadway segments of a specified length. An alternative... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24493083" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A large body of previous literature has used a variety of count-data modeling techniques to study factors that affect the frequency of highway accidents over some time period on roadway segments of a specified length. An alternative approach to this problem views vehicle accident rates (accidents per mile driven) directly instead of their frequencies. Viewing the problem as continuous data instead of count data creates a problem in that roadway segments that do not have any observed accidents over the identified time period create continuous data that are left-censored at zero. Past research has appropriately applied a tobit regression model to address this censoring problem, but this research has been limited in accounting for unobserved heterogeneity because it has been assumed that the parameter estimates are fixed over roadway-segment observations. Using 9-year data from urban interstates in Indiana, this paper employs a random-parameters tobit regression to account for unobserved heterogeneity in the study of motorvehicle accident rates. The empirical results show that the random-parameters tobit model outperforms its fixed-parameters counterpart and has the potential to provide a fuller understanding of the factors determining accident rates on specific roadway segments.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24493083" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9225450efb8021aa5063ecfa104a3ff7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44825779,"asset_id":24493083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44825779/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="47205637" href="https://buffalo.academia.edu/panastas">Panagiotis Anastasopoulos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="47205637" type="text/json">{"id":47205637,"first_name":"Panagiotis","last_name":"Anastasopoulos","domain_name":"buffalo","page_name":"panastas","display_name":"Panagiotis Anastasopoulos","profile_url":"https://buffalo.academia.edu/panastas?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24493083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24493083"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24493083, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24493083", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24493083]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24493083").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24493083").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24493083"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16664" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment">Risk assessment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16664" type="text/json">{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39920" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parameter_estimation">Parameter estimation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="39920" type="text/json">{"id":39920,"name":"Parameter estimation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parameter_estimation?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24493083]'), work: {"id":24493083,"title":"A study of factors affecting highway accident rates using the random-parameters tobit model","created_at":"2016-04-17T10:43:25.806-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24493083/A_study_of_factors_affecting_highway_accident_rates_using_the_random_parameters_tobit_model?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_24493083","summary":"A large body of previous literature has used a variety of count-data modeling techniques to study factors that affect the frequency of highway accidents over some time period on roadway segments of a specified length. An alternative approach to this problem views vehicle accident rates (accidents per mile driven) directly instead of their frequencies. Viewing the problem as continuous data instead of count data creates a problem in that roadway segments that do not have any observed accidents over the identified time period create continuous data that are left-censored at zero. Past research has appropriately applied a tobit regression model to address this censoring problem, but this research has been limited in accounting for unobserved heterogeneity because it has been assumed that the parameter estimates are fixed over roadway-segment observations. Using 9-year data from urban interstates in Indiana, this paper employs a random-parameters tobit regression to account for unobserved heterogeneity in the study of motorvehicle accident rates. The empirical results show that the random-parameters tobit model outperforms its fixed-parameters counterpart and has the potential to provide a fuller understanding of the factors determining accident rates on specific roadway segments.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44825779,"asset_id":24493083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":47205637,"first_name":"Panagiotis","last_name":"Anastasopoulos","domain_name":"buffalo","page_name":"panastas","display_name":"Panagiotis Anastasopoulos","profile_url":"https://buffalo.academia.edu/panastas?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":39920,"name":"Parameter estimation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parameter_estimation?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":52819,"name":"Indiana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indiana?f_ri=650731"},{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":171279,"name":"Count data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Count_data?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":406051,"name":"Regression Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Model?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":423509,"name":"Tobit Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tobit_Model?f_ri=650731"},{"id":535415,"name":"Environment Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_Design?f_ri=650731"},{"id":570668,"name":"Urban Population","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Population?f_ri=650731"},{"id":622589,"name":"Risk Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment-2?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":952182,"name":"Motor Vehicle Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Vehicle_Accident?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1294607,"name":"Logistic Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Models?f_ri=650731"},{"id":2445972,"name":"Random Parameters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Random_Parameters?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9430161" data-work_id="9430161" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9430161/Low_Speed_Impact_Analysis_Mathematics_Appendix">Low Speed Impact Analysis Mathematics Appendix</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Accompanying appendix to presentation July 2013 to the National Academy of Forensic Engineers Advanced Accident Reconstruction Special Seminar. Appendix demonstrates methodology presented, calculation methods and statistical evaluation of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9430161" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Accompanying appendix to presentation July 2013 to the National Academy of Forensic Engineers Advanced Accident Reconstruction Special Seminar. Appendix demonstrates methodology presented, calculation methods and statistical evaluation of methodology to actual collision tests.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9430161" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="23eecd7fd8f0a3119d59ccb1ade58022" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35672382,"asset_id":9430161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35672382/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8634705" href="https://ucdenver.academia.edu/JerryOgden">Jerry S Ogden, PhD, PE</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8634705" type="text/json">{"id":8634705,"first_name":"Jerry","last_name":"Ogden, PhD, PE","domain_name":"ucdenver","page_name":"JerryOgden","display_name":"Jerry S Ogden, PhD, PE","profile_url":"https://ucdenver.academia.edu/JerryOgden?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8634705/3276122/11771782/s65_jerry.ogden_phd_pe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9430161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9430161"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9430161, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9430161", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9430161]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9430161").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9430161").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9430161"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48558" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident">Accident</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48558" type="text/json">{"id":48558,"name":"Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65305" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vehicle_Collision_Avoidance">Vehicle Collision Avoidance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="65305" type="text/json">{"id":65305,"name":"Vehicle Collision Avoidance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vehicle_Collision_Avoidance?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="79900" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis">Road accident analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="79900" type="text/json">{"id":79900,"name":"Road accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82598" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents">Accidents</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82598" type="text/json">{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9430161]'), work: {"id":9430161,"title":"Low Speed Impact Analysis Mathematics Appendix","created_at":"2014-11-21T03:32:43.538-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9430161/Low_Speed_Impact_Analysis_Mathematics_Appendix?f_ri=650731","dom_id":"work_9430161","summary":"Accompanying appendix to presentation July 2013 to the National Academy of Forensic Engineers Advanced Accident Reconstruction Special Seminar. Appendix demonstrates methodology presented, calculation methods and statistical evaluation of methodology to actual collision tests.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35672382,"asset_id":9430161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8634705,"first_name":"Jerry","last_name":"Ogden, PhD, PE","domain_name":"ucdenver","page_name":"JerryOgden","display_name":"Jerry S Ogden, PhD, PE","profile_url":"https://ucdenver.academia.edu/JerryOgden?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8634705/3276122/11771782/s65_jerry.ogden_phd_pe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48558,"name":"Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":65305,"name":"Vehicle Collision Avoidance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vehicle_Collision_Avoidance?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":79900,"name":"Road accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_accident_analysis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":171868,"name":"COLLISION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/COLLISION?f_ri=650731"},{"id":190532,"name":"Collisions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collisions?f_ri=650731"},{"id":364885,"name":"Road Traffic Accident Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Traffic_Accident_Research?f_ri=650731"},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":423652,"name":"Low Speed Collision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Speed_Collision?f_ri=650731"},{"id":608107,"name":"Accident Investigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_Investigation?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":992851,"name":"Traffic Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traffic_Accident?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13175073" data-work_id="13175073" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13175073/Biomechanics_of_the_human_chest_abdomen_and_pelvis_in_lateral_impact">Biomechanics of the human chest, abdomen, and pelvis in lateral impact</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fourteen unembalmed cadavers were subjected to 44 blunt lateral impacts at velocities of approximately 4.5,6.7, or 9.4 m/s with a 15 cm flat circular interface on a 23.4 kg pendulum accelerated to impact speed by a pneumatic impactor.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13175073" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fourteen unembalmed cadavers were subjected to 44 blunt lateral impacts at velocities of approximately 4.5,6.7, or 9.4 m/s with a 15 cm flat circular interface on a 23.4 kg pendulum accelerated to impact speed by a pneumatic impactor. Chest and abdominal injuries consisted primarily of rib fractures, with a few cases of lung or liver laceration in the highest severity impacts. There were two cases of pubic ramus fracture in the pelvic impacts. Logist analysis of the biomechanical responses and injury indicated that the maximum Viscous response had a slightly better correlation with injury than maximum compression for chest and abdominal impacts. A tolerance level of VC = 1.47 m/s for the chest and VC = 1.98 m/s for the abdomen were determined for a 25% probability of critical injury. Maximum compression was similarly set at C = 38% for the chest and at C = 44% for the abdomen. The experiments indicate that chest and abdominal injury may occur by a viscous mechanism during the rapid phase of body compression, and that the Viscous and compression responses are effective, complementary measures of injury risk in side impact. Although serious pelvic injury was infrequent, lateral public ramus fracture correlated with compression of the pelvis, not impact force or pelvic acceleration. Pelvic tolerance was set at 27% compression.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13175073" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ddabae1fae7c1c3af0932158e9d0aeda" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45687481,"asset_id":13175073,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45687481/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32430517" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulBegeman">Paul Begeman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32430517" type="text/json">{"id":32430517,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Begeman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaulBegeman","display_name":"Paul Begeman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaulBegeman?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13175073 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13175073"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13175073, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13175073", }); 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Chest and abdominal injuries consisted primarily of rib fractures, with a few cases of lung or liver laceration in the highest severity impacts. There were two cases of pubic ramus fracture in the pelvic impacts. Logist analysis of the biomechanical responses and injury indicated that the maximum Viscous response had a slightly better correlation with injury than maximum compression for chest and abdominal impacts. A tolerance level of VC = 1.47 m/s for the chest and VC = 1.98 m/s for the abdomen were determined for a 25% probability of critical injury. Maximum compression was similarly set at C = 38% for the chest and at C = 44% for the abdomen. The experiments indicate that chest and abdominal injury may occur by a viscous mechanism during the rapid phase of body compression, and that the Viscous and compression responses are effective, complementary measures of injury risk in side impact. Although serious pelvic injury was infrequent, lateral public ramus fracture correlated with compression of the pelvis, not impact force or pelvic acceleration. Pelvic tolerance was set at 27% compression.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45687481,"asset_id":13175073,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32430517,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Begeman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaulBegeman","display_name":"Paul Begeman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaulBegeman?f_ri=650731","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":45666,"name":"Automobiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":312591,"name":"Pelvis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pelvis?f_ri=650731","nofollow":true},{"id":399641,"name":"Accident analysis and prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis_and_prevention?f_ri=650731"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=650731"},{"id":650731,"name":"Accident analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accident_analysis?f_ri=650731"},{"id":1902100,"name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomechanical_Phenomena?f_ri=650731"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22733584" data-work_id="22733584" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22733584/Understanding_accidents_from_root_causes_to_performance_variability">Understanding accidents-from root causes to performance variability</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">When an accident happens, it is obviously important to understand what caused it in order to take effective preventive measures. Accident analysis always implies an accident model, i.e., a set of assumptions of what the underlying... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22733584" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">When an accident happens, it is obviously important to understand what caused it in order to take effective preventive measures. Accident analysis always implies an accident model, i.e., a set of assumptions of what the underlying "mechanisms" are. Over the last 50-75 years there have been significant changes in accident models, leading to changes in the methods and goals of accident analysis. In parallel to this development the understanding of the role of humans in accidents, and of the nature of "human error", has also changed. This paper provides an overview of the developments, and outlines the consequences for contemporary accident analysis and prevention.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22733584" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="74dd8117bdad867de343251297f8d3a0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43301400,"asset_id":22733584,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43301400/download_file?st=MTc0MDU3NTMyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44228850" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ErikHollnagel">Erik Hollnagel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44228850" type="text/json">{"id":44228850,"first_name":"Erik","last_name":"Hollnagel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ErikHollnagel","display_name":"Erik Hollnagel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ErikHollnagel?f_ri=650731","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44228850/18295798/18264271/s65_erik.hollnagel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22733584 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22733584"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22733584, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22733584", }); 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Accident analysis always implies an accident model, i.e., a set of assumptions of what the underlying \"mechanisms\" are. Over the last 50-75 years there have been significant changes in accident models, leading to changes in the methods and goals of accident analysis. In parallel to this development the understanding of the role of humans in accidents, and of the nature of \"human error\", has also changed. 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