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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Specific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Convergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>National identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Dutch Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ethnic identity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethnic identity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hollander_vs._Nederlander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollander_vs._Nederlander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hollander vs. Nederlander</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollander_vs._Nederlander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-(Multi)cultural_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#(Multi)cultural_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>(Multi)cultural identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-(Multi)cultural_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greater_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Greater Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Linguistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Linguistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_of_autonym_and_exonym" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_of_autonym_and_exonym"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Etymology of autonym and exonym</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_of_autonym_and_exonym-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tussenvoegsels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tussenvoegsels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Tussenvoegsels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tussenvoegsels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_types_of_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_types_of_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Main types of surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_types_of_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_divergences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_divergences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cultural divergences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_divergences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Dutch_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Dutch_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Northern Dutch culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Dutch_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frisians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frisians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.1</span> <span>Frisians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frisians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Dutch_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Dutch_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Southern Dutch culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Dutch_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flemings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flemings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2.1</span> <span>Flemings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flemings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dutch diaspora</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dutch_diaspora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dutch diaspora subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dutch_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Central and Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Southern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlanders" title="Nederlanders – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nederlanders" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="هولنديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هولنديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandlar" title="Hollandlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hollandlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="هولند‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هولند‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4-l%C3%A2n-l%C3%A2ng" title="Hô-lân-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hô-lân-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Галандцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галандцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Нідэрляндцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нідэрляндцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нидерландци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нидерландци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerlandesos" title="Neerlandesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neerlandesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemci" title="Nizozemci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nizozemci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holl%C3%A6ndere" title="Hollændere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hollændere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederl%C3%A4nder" title="Niederländer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niederländer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandlased" title="Hollandlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hollandlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Ολλανδοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολλανδοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_neerland%C3%A9s" title="Pueblo neerlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo neerlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandanoj" title="Nederlandanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nederlandanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbeheretar" title="Herbeheretar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herbeheretar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مردم هلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم هلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0urlendingar" title="Niðurlendingar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Niðurlendingar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9erlandais_(peuple)" title="Néerlandais (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néerlandais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlanners" title="Nederlanners – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nederlanners" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAitsigh" title="Dúitsigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúitsigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_neerland%C3%A9s" title="Pobo neerlandés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo neerlandés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%B8" title="네덜란드인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네덜란드인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հոլանդացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլանդացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemci" title="Nizozemci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nizozemci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Belanda" title="Orang Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Голландиаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Голландиаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olandesi" title="Olandesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olandesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הולנדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולנדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნიდერლანდელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიდერლანდელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Голландтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Голландтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Голланддар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Голланддар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderlandie%C5%A1i" title="Nīderlandieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīderlandieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olandai" title="Olandai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Olandai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandok" title="Hollandok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hollandok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Холанѓани – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холанѓани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerlandey_(vahoaka)" title="Neerlandey (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Neerlandey (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A" title="डच – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डच" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ნიდერლანდარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიდერლანდარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيديرلانديين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيديرلانديين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Belanda" title="Orang Belanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ဒတ်ချ်လူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒတ်ချ်လူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlanders" title="Nederlanders – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nederlanders" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E4%BA%BA" title="オランダ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オランダ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlendere" title="Nederlendere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nederlendere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollandlar" title="Gollandlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gollandlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holendrzy" title="Holendrzy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Holendrzy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerlandeses" title="Neerlandeses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neerlandeses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerlandezi" title="Neerlandezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neerlandezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Голландцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голландцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_fowk" title="Dutch fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dutch fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandez%C3%ABt" title="Holandezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Holandezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dutch people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holan%C4%8Fania" title="Holanďania – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holanďania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemci" title="Nizozemci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nizozemci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Холанђани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холанђани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemci" title="Nizozemci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nizozemci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollantilaiset" title="Hollantilaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hollantilaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4ndare" title="Nederländare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nederländare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இடச்சு மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடச்சு மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C" title="ชาวดัตช์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวดัตช์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandal%C4%B1lar" title="Hollandalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hollandalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%96" title="Нідерландці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нідерландці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DA%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="ڈچ لوگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈچ لوگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Dutch" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dutch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dutch (disambiguation)">Dutch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Dutch</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="nl"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlanders</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30–35 million</span></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch diaspora and ancestry</a>: <b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 14 million</span></b> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Netherlands<span class="nowrap">     </span> 16,366,000<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Self-identified ethnic Dutch and those legally treated as Dutch, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccans</a> per <a href="/wiki/Faciliteitenwet" title="Faciliteitenwet">Faciliteitenwet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">3,083,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_d"><a href="#endnote_d">[d]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-unpo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unpo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census_2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,112,000<sup id="cite_ref-statcan1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statcan1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">336,000<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">257,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">121,000<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60,000<sup id="cite_ref-FrenchDiplomatie_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrenchDiplomatie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">56,000<sup id="cite_ref-2013_estimates_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_estimates-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">48,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<sup id="cite_ref-joshuaproject.net_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshuaproject.net-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17,000<sup id="cite_ref-joshuaproject.net_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshuaproject.net-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,000<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<sup id="cite_ref-joshuaproject.net_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshuaproject.net-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,200<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,676<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,805<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">other regional languages</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-notofficial_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notofficial-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/BES_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="BES Islands">BES Islands</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taal_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taal-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taal_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taal-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a><sup id="cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbs2016_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs2016-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Historically or traditionally <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">[c]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creationism_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creationism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^a</a></b></span> Including 16 million<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> self-identified ethnically Dutch inhabitants of the Netherlands, 2 million (at most) living abroad, and another 14–15 million who declare Dutch ancestry worldwide, including <a href="/wiki/Expatriates" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates">expatriates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^b</a></b></span> Predominantly of Dutch ancestry.</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c"><b><a href="#ref_c">^c</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Dutch Protestants</a> are mainly <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a>, with notable <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> minorities. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a> also form a sizable minority, especially in the south on the border with <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium#Catholic_Church" title="Religion in Belgium">Catholic stronghold</a>.</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_d"><b><a href="#ref_d">^d</a></b></span> In South Africa, most <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a>) trace their ancestry to the Netherlands, being descendants of Dutch colonisers, who established the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a>. They speak <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> as their native language, which is a mutually intelligible sister language of Dutch that developed in the Colony.</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Dutch</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/Nl-Nederlanders2.ogg\/Nl-Nederlanders2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span title=\"Dutch-language text\"><i lang=\"nl\">Nederlanders<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Nederlanders2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Nl-Nederlanders2.ogg/Nl-Nederlanders2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlanders</i></span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Nederlanders2.ogg" title="File:Nl-Nederlanders2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. They share a common ancestry and culture and speak the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nidi.knaw.nl_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nidi.knaw.nl-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> were situated around the border of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, forming a part of their respective peripheries and the various territories of which they consisted had become virtually autonomous by the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>, the Netherlands were organised into a single administrative unit, and in the 16th and 17th centuries the Northern Netherlands gained independence from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high degree of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanisation</a> characteristic of Dutch society was attained at a relatively early date.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Republic the first series of large-scale Dutch migrations outside of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> took place. </p><p>The traditional arts and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural styles</a> and clothing, some of which are globally recognisable. Internationally, Dutch painters such as <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermeer">Vermeer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gogh">Van Gogh</a> are held in high regard. The predominant religion among the Dutch is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, encompassing both <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. However, in contemporary times, the majority no longer adhere to a particular Christian denomination. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">individual spirituality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_statline_Church_membership_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_statline_Church_membership-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Religion_in_the_Netherlands_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion_in_the_Netherlands-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History of the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History of Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Flanders" title="History of Flanders">History of Flanders</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with all ethnic groups, the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the Dutch (and their predecessors) has been a lengthy and complex process. Though the majority of the defining characteristics (such as language, religion, architecture or cuisine) of the Dutch ethnic group have accumulated over the ages, it is difficult (if not impossible) to clearly pinpoint the exact emergence of the Dutch people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General">General</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></div> <p>In the first centuries CE, the Germanic tribes formed tribal societies with no apparent form of <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> (chiefs only being elected in times of war), had religious beliefs based on <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> and spoke a dialect still closely resembling <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Common Germanic</a>. Following the end of the migration period in the West around 500, with large federations (such as the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>) settling the decaying <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, a series of monumental changes took place within these Germanic societies. Among the most important of these are their <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">conversion</a> from Germanic paganism to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the emergence of a new political system, centered on kings, and a continuing process of emerging mutual unintelligibility of their various dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specific">Specific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Specific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Old Frankish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clovis_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Clovis_crop.jpg/220px-Clovis_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Clovis_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>The conversion of the Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a> to Christianity would have great significance in helping shape the identity of the future Dutch people.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The general situation described above is applicable to most if not all modern European ethnic groups with origins among the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a>, such as the Frisians, Germans, English and the Nordic (Scandinavian) peoples. In the Low Countries, this phase began when the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes (many of them, such as the <a href="/wiki/Batavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavians">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a>, were already living in the Low Countries prior to the forming of the Frankish confederation), began to incur the northwestern provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Eventually, in 358, the <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a>, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> settled the area's Southern lands as <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a>; Roman allies in charge of border defense.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangeliarum_van_Egmond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Evangeliarum_van_Egmond.jpg/220px-Evangeliarum_van_Egmond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Evangeliarum_van_Egmond.jpg/330px-Evangeliarum_van_Egmond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Evangeliarum_van_Egmond.jpg/440px-Evangeliarum_van_Egmond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Egmond_Gospels" title="Egmond Gospels">Egmond Gospels</a> contains the oldest known depiction of Dutch individuals, the count <a href="/wiki/Dirk_II,_Count_of_Holland" title="Dirk II, Count of Holland">Dirk II of Holland</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Flanders" title="Hildegard of Flanders">Hildegard of Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Linguistically <a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Old Frankish</a> gradually evolved into <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was first attested in the 6th century,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas religiously the Franks (beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a>) converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> from around 500 to 700. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded a number of kingdoms, eventually culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. </p><p>However, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a>, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, the Low Countries and Northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Franks in Northern France were assimilated by the general <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> population, and took over their dialects (which became <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), whereas the Franks in the Low Countries retained their language, which would evolve into Dutch. The current Dutch-French language border has (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and the surrounding municipalities in Belgium) remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of <a href="/wiki/Gallicisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallicisation">gallicisation</a> among the Franks.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> remaining with more eastern Germanic populations, a distinct identity in relation to these only gradually developed, largely based on socio-economic and political factors. Large parts of the present Netherlands have populations using Saxon and Frisian dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convergence">Convergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Convergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Dutch_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Dutch Low Countries">History of urban centers in the Dutch Low Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></div> <p>The medieval cities of the Low Countries, especially those of Flanders, Brabant and Holland, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th centuries, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism. As they became increasingly powerful, they used their economic strength to influence the politics of their nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 14th century, beginning in and inspired by the County of Flanders,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cities in the Low Countries gained huge autonomy and generally dominated or greatly influenced the various political affairs of the fief, including marriage succession. </p><p>While the cities were of great political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. Trade flourished, population numbers increased dramatically, and (advanced) education was no longer limited to the clergy. Flanders, Brabant and Holland began to develop a common Dutch <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>. Dutch epic literature such as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Elegast" title="Elegast">Elegast</a></i></span> (1150), the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">Roelantslied</a></i></span> and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Reynard_the_Fox" title="Reynard the Fox">Van den vos Reynaerde</a></i></span> (1200) were widely enjoyed. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of <i><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">water boards</a></i> (in charge of dikes, canals, etc.) in the Dutch delta and coastal regions resulted in an exceptionally high degree of communal organisation. It is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as <i>Diets</i> and <i>Nederlands</i> emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 14th century, the dukes of Burgundy gained a foothold in the Low Countries through the marriage in 1369 of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a> of Burgundy to the heiress of the Count of Flanders. This was followed by a series of marriages, wars, and inheritances among the other Dutch fiefs and around 1450 the most important fiefs were under Burgundian rule, while complete control was achieved after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Guelders_Wars" title="Guelders Wars">Guelders Wars</a> in 1543, thereby unifying the fiefs of the Low Countries under one ruler. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural and linguistic unity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Burgundian_and_Habsburg_acquisitions_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Burgundian and Habsburg acquisitions in the Low Countries">Timeline of Burgundian and Habsburg acquisitions in the Low Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe.jpg/170px-Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe.jpg/255px-Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe.jpg/340px-Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2609" data-file-height="3967" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a>, signed on 26 July 1581, was the formal declaration of independence of the Dutch Low Countries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite their growing linguistic and cultural unity, and (in the case of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>) economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this. During <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a>'s many wars, which were a major economic burden for the Burgundian Netherlands, tensions slowly increased. In 1477, the year of Charles' sudden <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">death at Nancy</a>, the Low Countries rebelled against their new liege, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>, and presented her with a set of demands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The subsequently issued <a href="/wiki/Great_Privilege" title="Great Privilege">Great Privilege</a> met many of these demands, which included that Dutch, not French, should be the administrative language in the Dutch-speaking provinces under Burgundian rule (i.e. Flanders, Brabant and Holland) and that the <a href="/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="States-General of the Netherlands">States-General</a> had the right to hold meetings without the monarch's permission or presence. The overall tenor of the document (which was declared void by Mary's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip IV</a>) aimed for more autonomy for the counties and duchies, but nevertheless all the fiefs presented their demands together, rather than separately. This is evidence that by this time a sense of common interest was emerging among the provinces of the Netherlands. The document itself clearly distinguishes between the Dutch speaking and French speaking provinces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following Mary's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, the Netherlands were now part of the Habsburg lands. Further centralised policies of the Habsburgs (like their Burgundian predecessors) again met with resistance, but, peaking with the formation of the collateral councils of 1531 and the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1549" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1549">Pragmatic Sanction of 1549</a> creating the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a>, were still implemented. The rule of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> sought even further centralist reforms, which, accompanied by religious dictates and excessive taxation, resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>. The Dutch provinces, though fighting alone now, for the first time in their history found themselves fighting a common enemy. This, together with the growing number of Dutch intelligentsia and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Dutch culture</a>, as a whole, gained international prestige, consolidated the Dutch as an ethnic group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_identity">National identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_(4502667274).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg/220px-Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg/330px-Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg/440px-Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Dutch people celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">liberation of the Netherlands</a> at the end of World War II on 7 May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>By the middle of the 16th century an overarching, 'national' (rather than 'ethnic') identity seemed in development in the Habsburg Netherlands, when inhabitants began to refer to it as their 'fatherland' and were beginning to be seen as a collective entity abroad; however, the persistence of language barriers, traditional strife between towns, and provincial particularism continued to form an impediment to more thorough unification.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following excessive <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> together with attempts at diminishing the traditional autonomy of the cities and estates in the Low Countries, followed by the religious oppression after being transferred to <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a>, the Dutch revolted, in what would become the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>. For the first time in their history, the Dutch established their independence from foreign rule.<sup id="cite_ref-GrNed_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrNed-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the war it became apparent that the goal of liberating all the provinces and cities that had signed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>, which roughly corresponded to the Dutch-speaking part of the Spanish Netherlands, was unreachable. The Northern provinces were free, but during the 1580s the South was recaptured by Spain, and, despite various attempts, the armies of the Republic were unable to expel them. In 1648, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace of Münster</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, acknowledged the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, but maintained Spanish control of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>. Apart from a brief reunification from 1815 until 1830, within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (which included the <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophones</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a>) the Dutch have been separated from the "Flemings" to this day. The border between the Netherlands and Belgium is purely contingent, simply reflecting the 1648 cease-fire line. There is a perfect dialect continuum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Empire">Dutch Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dutch Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a></div> <p>The Dutch colonial empire (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Het Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk</i>) comprised the overseas territories and trading posts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies (mainly the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch United East India Company</a>) and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and by the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_identity">Ethnic identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnic identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dutch_street.jpg/170px-Dutch_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dutch_street.jpg/255px-Dutch_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dutch_street.jpg/340px-Dutch_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2540" /></a><figcaption>A typical November scene in the Dutch town <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hollander_vs._Nederlander">Hollander vs. Nederlander</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hollander vs. Nederlander"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Dutch people (<i>Nederlanders</i>) will object to being called <i>Hollanders</i> as a national denominator on much the same grounds as many <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> would object to being called <i><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></i> instead of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> region only comprises two of the twelve provinces, and 40% of the Dutch citizens. The same holds for the country being referred to as <i>Holland</i> instead of <i>The Netherlands</i>. In January 2020, the Dutch government officially dropped its support of the word <i>Holland</i> for the whole country.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="(Multi)cultural_identity"><span id=".28Multi.29cultural_identity"></span>(Multi)cultural identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: (Multi)cultural identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideologies associated with <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic Nationalism">(Romantic) Nationalism</a> of the 19th and 20th centuries never really caught on in the Netherlands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The (re)definition of Dutch cultural identity has become a subject of public debate following the increasing influence of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the influx of non-Western immigrants in the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period. In this debate typically Dutch traditions have been put to the foreground.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In sociological studies and governmental reports, ethnicity is often referred to with the terms <i>autochtoon</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Allochtoon" title="Allochtoon">allochtoon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These legal concepts refer to place of birth and citizenship rather than cultural background and do not coincide with the more fluid concepts of ethnicity used by cultural anthropologists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Greater Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As did many European ethnicities during the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Dutch also saw the emerging of various <a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">pan</a>-movements seeking to unite the Dutch-speaking peoples across the continent, while trying to counteract <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Germanic">Pan-Germanic</a> tendencies. During the first half of the 20th century, there was a prolific surge in writings concerning the subject. One of its most active proponents was the historian <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Pieter Geyl</a>, who wrote <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche stam</i></span> ('The History of the Dutch tribe/people') as well as numerous essays on the subject. </p><p>During World War II, when both Belgium and the Netherlands fell to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">German occupation</a>, fascist elements (such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">NSB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a>) tried to convince the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> into combining the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. The Germans however refused to do so, as this conflicted with their ultimate goal, the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">Neuordnung</a></i></span> ('New Order') of creating a single pan-Germanic racial state.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the entire Nazi occupation, the Germans denied any assistance to Greater Dutch <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>, and, by decree of <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> himself, actively opposed it.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1970s marked the beginning of formal cultural and linguistic cooperation between Belgium (Flanders) and the Netherlands on an international scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total number of Dutch can be defined in roughly two ways. By taking the total of all people with full Dutch ancestry, according to the current CBS definition (both parents born in the Netherlands), resulting in an estimated 16,000,000 Dutch people,<sup id="cite_ref-n1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by the sum of all people worldwide with both full and partial <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch ancestry</a>, which would result in a number around 33,000,000. </p> <table border="0" align="center" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 753.47733832244px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.538163883327px 26.08415062899px 0 0; border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Approximate distribution of native Dutch speakers worldwide. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> Netherlands (70.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> Belgium (27.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> Suriname (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> Caribbean (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Other (0.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> </td> <td><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gray;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 181.89932472811px; border-left-color:FireBrick"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:FireBrick"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:FireBrick"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 82.727194597248px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 32.491969623291px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px 0 0; border-top-color:LightCoral"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightCoral"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:87.630668004386px 48.175367410172px 0 0; border-top-color:PowderBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:PowderBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 524.21835811132px 100px 0; border-right-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>People of (partial) <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch ancestry</a> outside the Netherlands. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> (South) Africa (47%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:PowderBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">USA</a> (20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightCoral; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Canada</a> (7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch people in France">France</a> (6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazilians" title="Dutch Brazilians">Brazil</a> (6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:FireBrick; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Indonesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Indonesians">Indonesia</a> (6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepSkyBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Australia</a> (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch people in Germany">Germany</a> (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch people in Belgium">Belgium</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gray; color:black;"> </span> Other (3%)</div> </div> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A Dutch speaker.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a></div> <p>Dutch is the main language spoken by most Dutch people. It is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic language</a> spoken by around 29 million people. Old Frankish, a precursor of the Dutch standard language, was first attested around 500,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a Frankish legal text, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lex_salica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex salica">Lex salica</a></i></span>, and has a written record of more than 1500 years, although the material before around 1200 is fragmentary and discontinuous. </p><p>As a West Germanic language, Dutch is related to other languages in that group such as <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. Many West Germanic dialects underwent a series of sound shifts. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_nasal_spirant_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law">Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_brightening" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian brightening">Anglo-Frisian brightening</a> resulted in certain early Germanic languages evolving into what are now English and West Frisian, while the <a href="/wiki/Second_Germanic_sound_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Germanic sound shift">Second Germanic sound shift</a> resulted in what would become (High) German. Dutch underwent none of these sound changes and thus occupies a central position in the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> group. </p><p>Standard Dutch has a sound inventory of thirteen vowels, six <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> and twenty-three consonants, of which the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_G_in_Dutch" title="Hard and soft G in Dutch">hard ch</a></i>) is considered a well known sound, perceived as typical for the language. Other relatively well known features of the Dutch language and usage are the frequent use of digraphs like <a href="/wiki/Oo_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oo (digraph)">Oo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ee_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ee (digraph)">Ee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letter_combination_of_uu" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter combination of uu">Uu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aa_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aa (digraph)">Aa</a>, the ability to form <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">long compounds</a> and the use of slang, including <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a>. </p><p>The Dutch language has many dialects. These dialects are usually grouped into six main categories; <a href="/wiki/Hollandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic">Hollandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West-Flemish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brabantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantic">Brabantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a>. The Dutch part of <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low Saxon</a> is sometimes also viewed as a dialect of Dutch as it falls in the area of the Dutch standard language.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these dialects, Hollandic and Dutch Low Saxon are solely spoken by Northerners. Brabantic, East Flemish, <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West-Flemish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a> and Limburgish are cross border dialects in this respect. Lastly, the dialectal situation is characterised by the major distinction between <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_G_in_Dutch" title="Hard and soft G in Dutch">'Hard G' and 'Soft G' speaking areas</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a>). Some linguists subdivide these into approximately 28 distinct dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch immigrants also exported the Dutch language. Dutch was spoken by some settlers in the United States as a native language from the arrival of the first permanent Dutch settlers in 1615, surviving in isolated ethnic pockets until about 1900, when it ceased to be spoken except by first generation Dutch immigrants. The Dutch language nevertheless had a significant impact on the region around <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. For example, the first language of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. president</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> was Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Dutch immigrants of the 20th century quickly began to speak the language of their new country. For example, of the inhabitants of New Zealand, 0.7% say their home language is Dutch,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the percentage of Dutch heritage being considerably higher.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch is currently an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>), Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a> (due to Suriname being a member). In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> is spoken, a daughter language of Dutch, which itself was an official language of South Africa until 1983. The Dutch, Flemish and Surinamese governments coordinate their language activities in the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlandse Taalunie</i></span> ('<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a>'), an institution also responsible for governing the Dutch Standard language, for example in matters of <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_of_autonym_and_exonym">Etymology of autonym and exonym</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Etymology of autonym and exonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theodiscus" title="Theodiscus">Theodiscus</a></div> <p>The origins of the word <i>Dutch</i> go back to Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of all Germanic languages, <span title="Germanic languages collective text">*<i lang="gem">theudo</i></span> (meaning "national/popular"); akin to Old Dutch <span title="Old Dutch-language text"><i lang="odt">dietsc</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">diutsch</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þeodisc</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">þiuda</i></span> all meaning "(of) the common (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>) people". As the tribes among the Germanic peoples began to differentiate its meaning began to change. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> for example gradually stopped referring to themselves as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þeodisc</i></span> and instead started to use <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Englisc</i></span>, after their tribe. On the continent <span title="Germanic languages collective text">*<i lang="gem">theudo</i></span> evolved into two meanings: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Diets</i></span> or <i>Duuts</i> meaning "Dutch (people)" (archaic)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsch</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, meaning "German (people)"). At first the English language used (the contemporary form of) <i>Dutch</i> to refer to any or all of the Germanic speakers on the European mainland (e.g. the Dutch, the Frisians and the Germans). Gradually its <a href="/wiki/Semantic_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic shift">meaning shifted</a> to the Germanic people they had most contact with, both because of their geographical proximity, but also because of the rivalry in trade and overseas territories: the people from the Republic of the Netherlands, the Dutch. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>, the Dutch refer to themselves as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlanders</i></span>. <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlanders</i></span> derives from the Dutch word <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Neder</i></span>, a cognate of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <i>Nether</i> both meaning "<i>low</i>", and "<i>near the sea</i>" (same meaning in both English and Dutch), a reference to the geographical texture of the Dutch homeland; the western portion of the <a href="/wiki/North_European_Plain" title="North European Plain">North European Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (October 2021)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> Although not as old as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Diets</i></span>, the term <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlands</i></span> has been in continuous use since 1250.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch name</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tussenvoegsels">Tussenvoegsels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tussenvoegsels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dutch surnames (and surnames of Dutch origin) are generally easily recognisable. Many Dutch surnames feature a <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Tussenvoegsel" title="Tussenvoegsel">tussenvoegsel</a></i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">between-joiner</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), which is a <a href="/wiki/Family_name_affix" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name affix">family name affix</a> positioned between a person's <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> and the main part of their <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">tussenvoegsels</i></span> are <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Van_(Dutch)" title="Van (Dutch)">van</a></i></span> (e.g. A. <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">van Gogh</a> "from/of"), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">de / der / den / te / ter / ten</i></span> (e.g. A. <a href="/wiki/De_Vries" title="De Vries">de Vries</a>, "the"), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">het / ’t</i></span> (e.g. A. <a href="/wiki/%27t_Hart" title="'t Hart">’t Hart</a>, "the"), and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">van de / van der / van den</i></span> (e.g. A. <a href="/wiki/Van_den_Berg" title="Van den Berg">van den Berg</a>, "from/of the"). These affixes are not merged, nor capitalised by default. The second affix in a Dutch surname is never capitalised (e.g. <i><b>V</b>an <b>d</b>en Berg</i>). The first affix in a Dutch surname is only capitalised if it is not preceded by a first name, initial or other surname.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example <i><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent <b>v</b>an Gogh</a>, V. <b>v</b>an Gogh, mr. <b>V</b>an Gogh, <b>V</b>an Gogh</i> and <i>V. <b>v</b>an Gogh-<b>v</b>an <b>d</b>en Berg</i> are all correct, but <i>Vincent <b>V</b>an Gogh</i> is wrong. Many surnames of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch diaspora</a> (mainly in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a>) are adapted, not only in pronunciation but also in spelling. For example, by merging and capitalising the affixes and main parts of the surnames (e.g. <i>A.</i> <i>van der Bilt</i> becomes <i>A</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_(surname)" title="Vanderbilt (surname)"><i>Vanderbilt</i></a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spelling">Spelling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dutch names can differ greatly in spelling. The surname <i>Baks</i>, for example is also recorded as <i>Backs</i>, <i>Bacxs</i>, <i>Bax</i>, <i>Bakx</i>, <i>Baxs</i>, <i>Bacx</i>, <i>Backx</i>, <i>Bakxs</i> and <i>Baxcs</i>. Though written differently, pronunciation remains identical. Dialectal variety also commonly occurs, with <i>De Smet</i> and <i>De Smit</i> both meaning <i>Smith</i> for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Main_types_of_surnames">Main types of surnames</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Main types of surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several main types of surnames in Dutch: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Patronymic surnames</a>; the name is based on the personal name of the father of the bearer. Historically this has been by far the most dominant form. These type of names fluctuated in form as the surname was not constant. If a man called <a href="/wiki/Willem_Janszoon" title="Willem Janszoon">Willem Janssen</a> (<i>William, John's son</i>) had a son named Jacob, he would be known as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Willemszoon_de_Wet" title="Jacob Willemszoon de Wet">Jacob Willemsen</a> (<i>Jacob, Williams' son</i>). Following civil registry, the form at time of registry became permanent. Hence today many Dutch people are named after ancestors living in the early 19th century when civil registry was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. These names rarely feature <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Tussenvoegsels" class="mw-redirect" title="Tussenvoegsels">tussenvoegsels</a></i></span>. Similar to English names like Johnson.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Toponymic surnames</a>; the name is based on the location on which the bearer lives or lived. In Dutch this form of surname nearly always includes one or several <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">tussenvoegsels</i></span>, mainly <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">van</i></span>, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">van de</i></span> and variants where <i>van</i> is translated as <i>from</i>. Many emigrants removed the spacing and capitalised these words, leading to derived names for well-known people like <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Van</i></span> translated as <i>of</i> (Dutch language does not distinguish between "of" and "from" both indicated by "van"), Dutch surnames can sometimes refer to <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> or aristocratic titles (e.g. <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William, Prince of Orange</a>). However, in Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">van</i></span> mostly reflects the place of origin of the family and not any aristocratic claim to a holding (<i>Van der Bilt</i> – one who comes from <a href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational surname">Occupational surnames</a>; the name is based on the occupation of the bearer. Well known examples include <i>Molenaar</i>, <i>Visser</i> and <i>Smit</i>. This practice is similar to English surnames (the example names translate perfectly to <a href="/wiki/Miller" title="Miller">Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisher_(surname)" title="Fisher (surname)">Fisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smith_(surname)" title="Smith (surname)">Smith</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognominal_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognominal surname">Cognominal surnames</a>; based on nicknames relating to <a href="/wiki/Human_physical_appearance" title="Human physical appearance">physical appearance</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Physical_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical feature">features</a>, on the appearance or character of the bearer (at least at the time of registration). For example <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De Lange</i></span> ('the tall one'), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De Groot</i></span> ('the big one'), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De Dappere</i></span> ('the brave').</li> <li>Other surnames may relate to animals. For example; <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De Leeuw</i></span> ('The Lion'), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Vogels</i></span> ('Birds'), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Koekkoek</i></span> ('Cuckoo') and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Devalck</i></span> ('The Falcon'); to a desired social status; e.g., <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Prins</i></span> ('Prince'), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De Koninck/Koning</i></span> ('King'), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De Keyzer/Keizer</i></span> ('Emperor'); or to colour; e.g. <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Rood</i></span> ('red'), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Blauw/Blaauw</i></span> ('blue'), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De Wit</i></span> ('the white'). There is also a set of made up or descriptive names; e.g. <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Naaktgeboren</i></span> ('born naked').</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5649" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Dutch Proverbs, Bruegel the Elder</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_culture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dutch culture (disambiguation)">Dutch culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch architecture">Dutch architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Dutch customs and etiquette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_festivities" title="Dutch festivities">Dutch festivities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Dutch literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch music">Dutch music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Dutch art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Folklore of the Low Countries">Folklore of the Low Countries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dutch_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dutch religion">History of Dutch religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>Prior to the arrival of Christianity, the ancestors of the Dutch adhered to a form of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> augmented with various <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic elements</a>. At the start of the 6th century, the first (<a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish</a>) missionaries arrived. They were later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Christianity">Anglo-Saxon missionaries</a>, who eventually succeeded in converting most of the inhabitants by the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, Christianity has been the dominant religion in the region. </p><p>In the early 16th century, the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> began to form and soon spread in the <a href="/wiki/Westhoek_(region)" title="Westhoek (region)">Westhoek</a> and the County of Flanders, where secret open-air sermons were held, called <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hagenpreken</i></span> ('<a href="/wiki/Hedge_(barrier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedge (barrier)">hedgerow</a> <a href="/wiki/Oration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oration">orations</a>') in Dutch. The ruler of the Dutch regions, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, felt it was his duty to fight Protestantism and, after <a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">the wave of iconoclasm</a>, sent troops to crush the rebellion and make the Low Countries a Catholic region once more.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protestants in the southern Low Countries fled North <i><a href="/wiki/En_masse" class="mw-redirect" title="En masse">en masse</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Dutch Protestants were now concentrated in the free Dutch provinces north of the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, while the Catholic Dutch were situated in the Spanish-occupied or -dominated South. After the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648, Protestantism did not spread South, resulting in a difference in religious situations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG/220px-Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG/330px-Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG/440px-Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Religion in the Netherlands in 1849. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Contemporary Dutch, according to a 2017 study conducted by Statistics Netherlands, are mostly irreligious with 51% of the population professing no religion. The largest Christian denomination with 24% are the <a href="/wiki/Roman_catholicism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman catholicism in the Netherlands">Roman Catholics</a>, followed by 15% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in the Netherlands">Protestants</a>. Furthermore, there are 5% Muslims and 6% others (among others Buddhists).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of Dutch ancestry in the United States and South Africa are generally more religious than their European counterparts; for example, the numerous Dutch communities of <a href="/wiki/Western_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Michigan">western Michigan</a> remain strongholds of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church</a>, both descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_divergences">Cultural divergences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cultural divergences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One cultural division within Dutch culture is that between the formerly Protestant North and the nowadays Catholic South, which encompasses various cultural differences between the Northern Dutch on one side and the Southern Dutch on the other. This subject has historically received attention from historians, notably <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Pieter Geyl</a> (1887–1966) and Carel Gerretson (1884–1958). The historical pluriformity of the Dutch cultural landscape has given rise to several theories aimed at both identifying and explaining cultural divergences between different regions. One theory, proposed by A.J. Wichers in 1965, sees differences in mentality between the southeastern, or 'higher', and northwestern, or 'lower' regions within the Netherlands, and seeks to explain these by referring to the different degrees to which these areas were feudalised during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, more recent cultural divide is that between the <i>Randstad</i>, the urban agglomeration in the West of the country, and the other provinces of the Netherlands. </p><p>In Dutch, the cultural division between North and South is also referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialism</a> "<i><a href="/wiki/Grote_rivieren" title="Grote rivieren">below/above the great rivers</a></i>" as the rivers <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> roughly form a natural boundary between the Northern Dutch (those Dutch living North of these rivers), and the Southern Dutch (those living South of them). The division is partially caused by (traditional) religious differences, with the North used to be predominantly Protestant and the South still having a majority of Catholics. Linguistic (dialectal) differences (positioned along the Rhine/Meuse rivers) and to a lesser extent, historical economic development of both regions are also important elements in any dissimilarity. </p><p>On a smaller scale cultural pluriformity can also be found; be it in local architecture or (perceived) character. This wide array of regional identities positioned within such a relatively small area, has often been attributed to the fact that many of the current Dutch provinces were de facto independent states for much of their history, as well as the importance of local Dutch dialects (which often largely correspond with the provinces themselves) to the people who speak them.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Dutch_culture">Northern Dutch culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Northern Dutch culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthernDutch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/NorthernDutch.png/220px-NorthernDutch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/NorthernDutch.png/330px-NorthernDutch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/NorthernDutch.png/440px-NorthernDutch.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Northern Dutch cultural area.<sup id="cite_ref-nl.wikipedia.org_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nl.wikipedia.org-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Northern Dutch culture is marked by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>. Though today many do not adhere to Protestantism anymore, or are only nominally part of a congregation, Protestant-(influenced) values and customs are present. Generally, it can be said that the Northern Dutch are more <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatic</a>, favor a direct approach, and display a less-exuberant lifestyle when compared to Southerners.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a global scale, the Northern Dutch have formed the dominant vanguard of the Dutch language and culture since the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp_(1584%E2%80%931585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Antwerp (1584–1585)">fall of Antwerp</a>, exemplified by the use of "Dutch" itself as the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for the country in which they form a majority; the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Linguistically, Northerners speak any of the <a href="/wiki/Hollandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic">Hollandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> dialects natively, or are influenced by them when they speak the Standard form of Dutch. Economically and culturally, the traditional centre of the region have been the provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>, or today; the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>, although for a brief period during the 13th or 14th century it lay more towards the east, when various eastern towns and cities aligned themselves with the emerging <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. The entire Northern Dutch cultural area is located in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, its ethnically Dutch population is estimated to be just under 10,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-n2_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n2-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Dutch culture has been less under French influence than the Southern Dutch culture area.<sup id="cite_ref-Fred_M._Shelley_2013,_page_97_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fred_M._Shelley_2013,_page_97-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Frisians">Frisians</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Frisians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian language</a></div> <p>Frisians, specifically <a href="/wiki/West_Frisians" title="West Frisians">West Frisians</a>, are an ethnic group present in the north of the Netherlands, mainly concentrated in the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>. Culturally, modern Frisians and the (Northern) Dutch are rather similar; the main and generally most important difference being that Frisians speak West Frisian, one of the three sub-branches of the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a>, alongside Dutch, and they find this to be a defining part of their identity as Frisians.<sup id="cite_ref-ynterfryske_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ynterfryske-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 1970 inquiry, West Frisians identified themselves more with the Dutch than with <a href="/wiki/East_Frisians" title="East Frisians">East Frisians</a> or <a href="/wiki/North_Frisians" title="North Frisians">North Frisians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 1984 found that 39% of the inhabitants of Friesland considered themselves "primarily Frisian," although without precluding also being Dutch. A further 36 per cent claimed they were Dutch, but also Frisian, the remaining 25% saw themselves as only Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 study showed that 45% of the population of Friesland saw themselves as "primarily Frisian", again without precluding the possibility of also identifying as Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frisians are not disambiguated from the Dutch people in Dutch official <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Netherlands itself "West-Frisian" refers to the Hollandic dialect, with a Frisian substrate, spoken in the northern part of the province of North-Holland known as West-Friesland, as well as "West-Frisians" referring to its speakers, not to the language or inhabitants of the Frisian part of the country. Historically the whole Dutch North Seacoast was known as Frisia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Dutch_culture">Southern Dutch culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Southern Dutch culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthernDutch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/SouthernDutch.png/220px-SouthernDutch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/SouthernDutch.png/330px-SouthernDutch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/SouthernDutch.png/440px-SouthernDutch.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Southern Dutch cultural area.<sup id="cite_ref-nl.wikipedia.org_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nl.wikipedia.org-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Southern Dutch sphere generally consists of the areas in which the population was traditionally Catholic. During the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> up until the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, the Southern regions were more powerful, as well as more culturally and economically developed.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the Dutch Revolt, it became clear the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> were unable to reconquer the North, while the North's military was too weak to conquer the South, which, under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, had started to develop a political and cultural identity of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern Dutch, including Dutch Brabant and Limburg, remained Catholic or returned to Catholicism. The Dutch dialects spoken by this group are <a href="/wiki/Brabantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantic">Brabantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>. In the Netherlands, an oft-used adage used for indicating this cultural boundary is the phrase <i>boven/onder de rivieren</i> (Dutch: above/below the rivers), in which 'the rivers' refer to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>. Southern Dutch culture has been influenced more by French culture, as opposed to the Northern Dutch culture area.<sup id="cite_ref-Fred_M._Shelley_2013,_page_97_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fred_M._Shelley_2013,_page_97-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Flemings">Flemings</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Flemings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a></div> <p>Within the field of <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a>, it is argued that the Dutch-speaking populations of the Netherlands and Belgium have a number of common characteristics, with a mostly shared <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, some generally similar or identical <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a>, and with no clearly separate <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestral origin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the popular perception of being a single group varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality, and personal background. Generally, the Flemish will seldom identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, especially on a national level.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is partly caused by the popular stereotypes in the Netherlands as well as Flanders, which are mostly based on the "cultural extremes" of both Northern and Southern culture, including in religious identity. Though these stereotypes tend to ignore the transitional area formed by the Southern provinces of the Netherlands and most Northern reaches of Belgium, resulting in overgeneralisations.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This self-perceived split between Flemings and Dutch, despite the common language, may be compared to how <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a> do not consider themselves to be <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">Germans</a>, despite the similarities they share with southern Germans such as <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a>. In both cases, the Catholic Austrians and Flemish do not see themselves as sharing the fundamentally Protestant-based identities of their northern counterparts. </p><p>In the case of Belgium, there is the added influence of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> as the Dutch language and culture <a href="/wiki/Taalstrijd" class="mw-redirect" title="Taalstrijd">were oppressed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">francophone</a> government. This was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Flemish_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish movement">nationalist backlash</a> during the late 19th and early 20th centuries that saw little help from the Dutch government (which for a long time following the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> had a reticent and contentious relationship with the newly formed Belgium and a largely indifferent attitude towards its Dutch-speaking inhabitants)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, hence, focused on pitting "Flemish" culture against French culture, resulting in the forming of the Flemish <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> within Belgium, a consciousness of which can be very marked among some Dutch-speaking Belgians.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NL_PCs_abdellaoui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NL_PCs_abdellaoui.jpg/220px-NL_PCs_abdellaoui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NL_PCs_abdellaoui.jpg/330px-NL_PCs_abdellaoui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NL_PCs_abdellaoui.jpg/440px-NL_PCs_abdellaoui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4483" data-file-height="5372" /></a><figcaption>The three largerst patterns of genome-wide <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">SNP</a> variation in the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest patterns of <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">human genetic variation</a> within the Netherlands show strong correlations with geography and distinguish between: (1) North and South; (2) East and West; and (3) the middle-band and the rest of the country. The distribution of gene variants for eye colour, metabolism, brain processes, body height and immune system show differences between these regions that reflect <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">evolutionary selection pressures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest genetic differences within the Netherlands are observed between the North and the South (with the three <a href="/wiki/Grote_rivieren" title="Grote rivieren">major rivers</a> – Rijn, Waal, Maas – as a border), with the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> showing a mixture of these two ancestral backgrounds. The European North-South cline correlates highly with this Dutch North-South cline and shows several other similarities, such as a correlation with height (with the North being taller on average), blue/brown eye colour (with the North having more blue eyes), and genome-wide homozygosity (with the North having lower <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygosity</a> levels). The correlation with genome-wide homozygosity likely reflects the <a href="/wiki/Serial_founder_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial founder effect">serial founder effect</a> that was initiated with the ancient successive out-of-Africa migrations. This does not necessarily mean that these events (north-ward migration and evolutionary selection pressures) took place within the borders of the Netherlands; it could also be that Southern Europeans have migrated more to the South of the Netherlands, and/or Northern Europeans more to the Northern parts.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The north–south differences were likely maintained by the relatively strong <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">segregation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> South and the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> North during the last centuries. During the last 50 years or so there was a large increase of <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a> individuals in the Netherlands. Their spouses are more likely to come from a different genetic background than those of religious individuals, causing non-religious individuals to show lower levels of genome-wide <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygosity</a> than Catholics or Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_diaspora">Dutch diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Dutch diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch diaspora</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Dutch_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Dutch and their descendants around the world. <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> Netherlands</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#68121d; color:white;"> </span> + 1,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a00a2b; color:white;"> </span> + 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff3b4e; color:black;"> </span> + 10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaeae; color:black;"> </span> + 1,000</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Since World War II, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigrants</a> have mainly departed the Netherlands for Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United States, Belgium, Australia, and South Africa, in that order. Today, large Dutch communities also exist in the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Turkey, and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-Nidi.knaw.nl_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nidi.knaw.nl-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_and_Eastern_Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Central and Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">German eastward expansion</a> (mainly taking place between the 10th and 13th century),<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of Dutchmen moved as well. They settled mainly east of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> rivers, regions largely inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the capture of territory along the Elbe and Havel Rivers in the 1160s, Dutch settlers from flooded regions in <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> used their expertise to build dikes in <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, but also settled in and around major German cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and German regions of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> and Brandenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 13th to the 15th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> invited several waves of Dutch and Frisians to settle throughout <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a>, mainly along the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first place in modern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> where Dutch immigrants settled was <a href="/wiki/Pas%C5%82%C4%99k" title="Pasłęk">Pasłęk</a> in 1297, once renamed <i>Holąd</i> after the settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early-to-mid-16th century, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> began to move from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> delta region, seeking religious freedom and exemption from military service.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territories which they settled were located in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powi%C5%9Ble_(region)" title="Powiśle (region)">Powiśle</a> in northern Poland, and later also in <a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a> in central Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These communities became known as the <a href="/wiki/Ol%C4%99ders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olęders">Olęders</a>, a Polish rendering of the term <i>Hollander</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> authorities took over and its government eliminated exemption from military service on religious grounds. </p><p>The Dutch <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonites</a> also migrated as far as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, where they were offered land along the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>. Some settlers left for <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> in search for fertile land.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian capital itself, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, also had a number of Dutch immigrants, mostly working as craftsmen. Arguably the most famous of which was <a href="/wiki/Anna_Mons" title="Anna Mons">Anna Mons</a>, the mistress of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a>. </p><p>Historically Dutch also lived directly on the eastern side of the German border, most have since been assimilated (apart from ~40,000 recent border migrants), especially since the establishment of Germany itself in 1872. Cultural marks can still be found though. In some villages and towns a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Reformed">Dutch Reformed</a> church is present, and a number of border districts (such as <a href="/wiki/Kleve_(district)" title="Kleve (district)">Cleves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borken_(district)" title="Borken (district)">Borken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viersen_(district)" title="Viersen (district)">Viersen</a>) have towns and village with an etymologically Dutch origin. In the area around <a href="/wiki/Cleves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleves">Cleves</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleve</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Kleef</i></span>) <a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">traditional dialect</a> is Dutch, rather than surrounding <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">(High/</a> <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low) German</a>. More to the South, cities historically housing many Dutch traders have retained Dutch <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonyms</a> for example <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Aken</i></span>) and Cologne/Köln (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Keulen</i></span>) to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutcharchitecture2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Dutcharchitecture2.png/220px-Dutcharchitecture2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Dutcharchitecture2.png/330px-Dutcharchitecture2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Dutcharchitecture2.png/440px-Dutcharchitecture2.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch_architecture" title="Cape Dutch architecture">Cape Dutch architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swellendam" title="Swellendam">Swellendam</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_speaking_population_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa">Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa</a></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> explorers made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> as early as 1488, much of present-day <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> was ignored by Europeans until the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) established its first outpost at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, in 1652.<sup id="cite_ref-vaque1989_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaque1989-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-swapo_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swapo-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch colonisers began arriving shortly thereafter, making the Cape home to the oldest Western-based civilisation south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zastudy_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zastudy-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the earliest mulatto communities in the country were subsequently formed through unions between colonists, enslaved people, and various <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-zimstudy_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimstudy-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the development of a major South African ethnic group, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a>, who adopted the Dutch language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-swapo_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swapo-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the number of Europeans—particularly women—in the Cape swelled, South African whites closed ranks as a community to protect their privileged status, eventually marginalising Coloureds as a separate and inferior racial group.<sup id="cite_ref-roskinstudies_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roskinstudies-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since VOC employees proved inept farmers, tracts of land were granted to married Dutch citizens who undertook to spend at least twenty years in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the revocation of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> in 1685, they were joined by French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> fleeing religious persecution at home, who interspersed among the original freemen.<sup id="cite_ref-vaque1989_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaque1989-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1685 and 1707 the company also extended free passage to any Dutch families wishing to resettle at the Cape.<sup id="cite_ref-Keegan_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keegan-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the eighteenth century there were roughly 600 people of Dutch birth or descent residing in South Africa, and around the end of Dutch rule in 1806 the number had reached 13,360.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica1933_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica1933-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Edwin_Fripp00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Charles_Edwin_Fripp00.jpg/220px-Charles_Edwin_Fripp00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Charles_Edwin_Fripp00.jpg/330px-Charles_Edwin_Fripp00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Charles_Edwin_Fripp00.jpg/440px-Charles_Edwin_Fripp00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Boer <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af"><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Voortrekkers</a></i></span> in South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Some <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">vrijburgers</i></span> eventually turned to cattle ranching as <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af"><a href="/wiki/Trekboers" title="Trekboers">trekboers</a></i></span>, creating their own distinct sub-culture centered around a semi-nomadic lifestyle and isolated patriarchal communities.<sup id="cite_ref-zastudy_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zastudy-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the eighteenth century there had emerged a new people in Africa who identified as <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a></i></span>, rather than Dutchmen, after the land they had colonised.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowden_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowden-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afrikaners are dominated by two main groups, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boers</a>, which are partly defined by different traditions of society, law, and historical economic bases.<sup id="cite_ref-zastudy_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zastudy-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their language (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>) and religion remain undeniably linked to that of the Netherlands,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afrikaner culture has been strongly shaped by three centuries in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowden_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowden-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afrikaans, which developed from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language#Modern_Dutch_(15th_century–present)" title="Dutch language">Early Modern Dutch</a>, has been influenced by English, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages#Southeast_Asia" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Malay-Portuguese creole</a>, and various African languages. Dutch was taught to South African students as late as 1914 and a few upper-class Afrikaners used it in polite society, but the first Afrikaans literature had already appeared in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-zastudy_121-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zastudy-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> granted Dutch official status upon its inception, but in 1925 Parliament openly recognised Afrikaans as a separate language.<sup id="cite_ref-zastudy_121-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zastudy-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It differs from Standard Dutch by several pronunciations borrowed from Malay, German, or English, the loss of case and gender distinctions, and in the extreme simplification of grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialects are no longer considered quite mutually intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-kwintessential.co.uk_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwintessential.co.uk-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1950s, Dutch immigration to South Africa began to increase exponentially for the first time in over a hundred years. The country registered a net gain of around 45,000 Dutch immigrants between 1950 and 2001, making it the sixth most popular destination for citizens of the Netherlands living abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Nidi.knaw.nl_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nidi.knaw.nl-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_W.L._Harmsen_met_familie_en_gasten_in_de_tuin_van_zijn_huis_te_Tjikadongdong_TMnr_60052275.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_W.L._Harmsen_met_familie_en_gasten_in_de_tuin_van_zijn_huis_te_Tjikadongdong_TMnr_60052275.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_W.L._Harmsen_met_familie_en_gasten_in_de_tuin_van_zijn_huis_te_Tjikadongdong_TMnr_60052275.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_W.L._Harmsen_met_familie_en_gasten_in_de_tuin_van_zijn_huis_te_Tjikadongdong_TMnr_60052275.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_W.L._Harmsen_met_familie_en_gasten_in_de_tuin_van_zijn_huis_te_Tjikadongdong_TMnr_60052275.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_W.L._Harmsen_met_familie_en_gasten_in_de_tuin_van_zijn_huis_te_Tjikadongdong_TMnr_60052275.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_W.L._Harmsen_met_familie_en_gasten_in_de_tuin_van_zijn_huis_te_Tjikadongdong_TMnr_60052275.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Dutch family in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> c. 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 16th century, there has been a Dutch presence in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, Taiwan, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. In many cases, the Dutch were the first Europeans whom the people living there encountered. Between 1602 and 1796, the VOC sent almost a million Europeans to work in its territories in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority died of disease or made their way back to Europe, but some of them made the Indies their new home.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interaction between the Dutch and the indigenous populations mainly took place in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_period_in_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch period in Ceylon">Sri Lanka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">modern Indonesian Islands</a>. Most of the time, Dutch soldiers married local women and settled in the colonies. Through the centuries, there developed a relatively large Dutch-speaking population of mixed Dutch and Indonesian descent, known as <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indos</a> or Dutch-Indonesians. The expulsion of Dutchmen following the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian Revolt</a> means that currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the majority of this group lives in the Netherlands. Statistics show that Indos are the largest minority group in the Netherlands and number close to half a million (excluding the third generation).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Ghanaian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ghanaian">White Ghanaian</a></div> <p>Though many Ghanaians of European origin are of British origin, there are a small number of Dutch people in Ghana. The forts in Ghana have a small number of Dutch people. Most of the Dutch population is in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, where the Netherlands has its embassy. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Dutch Gold Coast</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/220px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/330px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/440px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Dutch <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">migrants</a> arriving in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 1954</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_European" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand European">New Zealand European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Australian">Dutch Australian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch New Zealander">Dutch New Zealander</a></div> <p>Though the Dutch were the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a> to visit Australia and New Zealand, colonisation did not take place and it was only after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> that a sharp increase in Dutch emigration to Australia occurred. Poor economic prospects for many Dutchmen as well as increasing demographic pressures, in the post-war Netherlands were a powerful incentive to emigrate. Due to Australia experiencing a shortage of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal industry">metal industry</a> workers it, and to a lesser extent New Zealand, seemed an attractive possibility, with the Dutch government actively promoting emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-nederland-australie2006.nl_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nederland-australie2006.nl-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effects of Dutch migration to Australia can still be felt. There are many Dutch associations and a Dutch-language newspaper continues to be published. The Dutch have remained a tightly knit community, especially in the large cities. In total, about 310,000 people of Dutch ancestry live in Australia whereas New Zealand has some 100,000 Dutch descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-nederland-australie2006.nl_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nederland-australie2006.nl-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch Canadians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/220px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/330px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/440px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>Population of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a> per U.S. county according to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch had settled in North America long before the establishment of the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a long time the Dutch lived in Dutch colonies (<a href="/wiki/New_Netherland_settlements" title="New Netherland settlements">New Netherland settlements</a>), owned and regulated by the Dutch Republic, which later became part of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. </p><p>Nevertheless, many Dutch American communities remained virtually isolated towards the rest of North America up until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, in which the Dutch fought for the North and adopted many American ways.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most future waves of Dutch immigrants were quickly assimilated. There have been five U.S. presidents of Dutch descent: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (8th, first president who was not of British descent, first language was Dutch), <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (32nd, elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms), <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (26th), as well as <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (41st) and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (43rd), the latter two descendant from the <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_family" title="Schuyler family">Schuyler family</a>. </p><p>The first Dutch people to come to Canada were <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a> among the <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a>. The largest wave was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when large numbers of Dutch helped settle the <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Canadian west</a>. During this period significant numbers also settled in major cities like <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. </p><p>While interrupted by World War I, this migration returned in the 1920s, but again halted during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and World War II. After the war a large number of Dutch immigrants moved to Canada, including a number of <a href="/wiki/War_bride" title="War bride">war brides</a> of the Canadian soldiers who liberated the Netherlands. There were officially 1,886 Dutch war brides emigrating to Canada, ranking second after British war brides.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war Canada had sheltered <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Crown Princess Juliana</a> and her family. Due to these <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Canada–Netherlands relations">close links</a> during and after the war, Canada became a popular destination for Dutch immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazilians" title="Dutch Brazilians">Dutch Brazilians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Argentines" title="Dutch Argentines">Dutch Argentines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Surinamese" title="Dutch Surinamese">Dutch Surinamese</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_reflexo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/O_reflexo.jpg/220px-O_reflexo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/O_reflexo.jpg/330px-O_reflexo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/O_reflexo.jpg/440px-O_reflexo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>View of the Carambeí Historical Park in <a href="/wiki/Carambe%C3%AD" title="Carambeí">Carambeí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>, Brazil. Mill and houses in Dutch architecture on the left</figcaption></figure> <p>In South America, the Dutch settled mainly in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reg3_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reg3-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holanda_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanda-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch were among the first <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> settling in Brazil during the 17th century. They controlled the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northern</a> coast of Brazil from 1630 to 1654 (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>). A significant number of Dutch immigrants arrived in that period. The state of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_of_Pernambuco" title="Captaincy of Pernambuco">Captaincy of Pernambuco</a>) was once a colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> from 1630 to 1661. There are a considerable number of people who are descendants of the Dutch colonists in <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a> (for example in Frederikstad, today <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba" title="João Pessoa, Paraíba">João Pessoa</a>), Pernambuco, <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th and 20th century, Dutch immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> immigrated to the Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Centro-Sul" title="Centro-Sul">Center-South</a>, where they founded a few cities.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Dutch Brazilians reside in the states of <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-reg1_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reg1-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reg2_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reg2-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also small groups of Dutch Brazilians in <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reg3_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reg3-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Argentina, Dutch immigration has been one of many migration flows from Europe in the country, although it has not been as numerous as in other cases (they failed to account for 1% of total migration received). However, Argentina received a large contingent of Dutch since 1825. The largest community is in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tres_Arroyos" title="Tres Arroyos">Tres Arroyos</a> in the south of the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">province of Buenos Aires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holanda_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanda-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Suriname the Dutch migrant settlers in search of a better life started arriving in the 19th century with the <i>boeroes</i>, poor farmers arriving from the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Dutch provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Surinamese ethnic group, the <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creoles</a>, persons of mixed <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">African-European</a> ancestry, are partially of Dutch descent. Many Dutch settlers left Suriname after independence in 1975, which diminished the white Dutch population in the country. Currently there are around 1000 boeroes left in Suriname, and 3000 outside Suriname. Inside Suriname, they work in several sectors of society and some families still work in the agricultural sector.<sup id="cite_ref-mitrasing_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitrasing-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Notable_Dutch_people_over_the_ages" class="extiw" title="commons:Notable Dutch people over the ages"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Notable Dutch people over the ages</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dutch_proverbs" class="extiw" title="q:Dutch proverbs">Dutch proverbs</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Chilean">Dutch Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mexicans" title="Dutch Mexicans">Dutch Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Dutch customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Surinamese" title="Dutch Surinamese">Dutch Surinamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_people" title="List of Dutch people">List of Dutch people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Germanic peoples">List of Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_(terminology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands (terminology)">Netherlands (terminology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="New Netherlands">New Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch American">Dutch American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_culture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dutch culture (disambiguation)">Dutch culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-n1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the 1950s (the peak of traditional emigration) about 350,000 people left the Netherlands, mainly to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. About one-fifth returned. The maximum Dutch-born emigrant stock for the 1950s is about 300,000 (some have died since). The maximum emigrant stock (Dutch-born) for the period after 1960 is 1.6 million. Discounting pre-1950 emigrants (who would be about 85 or older), at most around 2 million people born in the Netherlands are now living outside the country. Combined with the 13.2 million ethnically Dutch inhabitants of the Netherlands (both parents born in the Netherlands),<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are about 16 million people who are Dutch (of Dutch ancestry), in a minimally accepted sense. <i>Autochtone population at 1 January 2006, Central Statistics Bureau, Integratiekaart 2006</i>, <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n2-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n2_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimate based on the population of the Netherlands, without the southern provinces and non-ethnic Dutch.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> spoken in northeastern Netherlands, is used by people who ethnically identify as "Dutch" despite perceived linguistic differences.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> variety in close proximity to both <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, spoken in southeastern Netherlands is used by people who ethnically identify as Dutch or <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a> and regionally as "Limburgers" despite perceived linguistic differences.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West Frisian is spoken by the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, who may or may not also identify as "Dutch".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Caribbean Netherlands are treated as a municipality of the Netherlands and the inhabitants are considered in law and practice to be "Dutch", even if they might not identify as such personally.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papiamento, a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-based creole">Portuguese-based creole</a>, is spoken by <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Aruba" title="Demographics of Aruba">Arubans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7aoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçaoans">Curaçaoans</a> who may ethnically further also identify as "Dutch".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CBS_Statline-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_Statline_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_Statline_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_Statline_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_Statline_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/03743/table?fromstatweb">"Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd en nationaliteit op 1 januari; 1995-2023"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands</a>. 2 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219223837/https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/03743/table?fromstatweb">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bevolking%3B+geslacht%2C+leeftijd+en+nationaliteit+op+1+januari%3B+1995-2023&rft.pub=Statistics+Netherlands&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F03743%2Ftable%3Ffromstatweb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?g=010XX00US,$0400000&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006">"Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601135230/https://data.census.gov/table?g=010XX00US,$0400000&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Table+B04006+%E2%80%93+People+Reporting+Ancestry+%E2%80%93+2021+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fg%3D010XX00US%2C%240400000%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2021.B04006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unpo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unpo_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Afrikaners constitute nearly three million out of approximately 53 million inhabitants of the Republic of South Africa, plus as many as half a million in diaspora."</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/members/8148">Afrikaner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128102230/http://unpo.org/members/8148">Archived</a> 28 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Afrikaners make up approximately 5.2% of the total South African population based on the number of <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">white South Africans</a> who speak Afrikaans as a first language in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Census_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South African National Census of 2011">South African National Census of 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statcan1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statcan1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables"</a>. <i>Statcan.gc.ca</i>. 25 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027195802/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Immigration+and+Ethnocultural+Diversity+Highlight+Tables&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fimm%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D31%26Geo%3D01%26SO%3D4D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013">"ABS Ancestry"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522180357/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SEF%3A+Relat%C3%B3rio+de+Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2C+Fronteiras+e+Asilo+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sef.pt%2Fpt%2FDocuments%2FRIFA2022%2520vF2a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immigration.go.kr/immigration/1569/subview.do?enc=Zm5jdDF8QEB8JTJGYmJzJTJGaW1taWdyYXRpb24lMkYyMjclMkY1ODg3MTIlMkZhcnRjbFZpZXcuZG8lM0ZwYXNzd29yZCUzRCUyNnJnc0JnbmRlU3RyJTNEJTI2YmJzQ2xTZXElM0QlMjZyZ3NFbmRkZVN0ciUzRCUyNmlzVmlld01pbmUlM0RmYWxzZSUyNnBhZ2UlM0QxJTI2YmJzT3BlbldyZFNlcSUzRCUyNnNyY2hDb2x1bW4lM0QlMjZzcmNoV3JkJTNEJTI2">"2024년 9월 출입국외국인정책 통계월보）"</a> [2024 September Immigration and Foreigner Policy Statistics Monthly Report] (in Korean). 21 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024%EB%85%84+9%EC%9B%94+%EC%B6%9C%EC%9E%85%EA%B5%AD%EC%99%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85+%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EC%9B%94%EB%B3%B4%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2024-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immigration.go.kr%2Fimmigration%2F1569%2Fsubview.do%3Fenc%3DZm5jdDF8QEB8JTJGYmJzJTJGaW1taWdyYXRpb24lMkYyMjclMkY1ODg3MTIlMkZhcnRjbFZpZXcuZG8lM0ZwYXNzd29yZCUzRCUyNnJnc0JnbmRlU3RyJTNEJTI2YmJzQ2xTZXElM0QlMjZyZ3NFbmRkZVN0ciUzRCUyNmlzVmlld01pbmUlM0RmYWxzZSUyNnBhZ2UlM0QxJTI2YmJzT3BlbldyZFNlcSUzRCUyNnNyY2hDb2x1bW4lM0QlMjZzcmNoV3JkJTNEJTI2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&tclass1=000001060399&tclass2val=0&metadata=1&data=1">"在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）"</a> [Statistics on foreign residents (formerly registered statistics on foreigners)] (in Japanese). 15 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%A8%E7%95%99%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%EF%BC%88%E6%97%A7%E7%99%BB%E9%8C%B2%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-stat.go.jp%2Fstat-search%2Ffiles%3Fpage%3D1%26layout%3Ddatalist%26toukei%3D00250012%26tstat%3D000001018034%26cycle%3D1%26tclass1%3D000001060399%26tclass2val%3D0%26metadata%3D1%26data%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notofficial-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-notofficial_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213155318/http://taal.phileon.nl/nedersaksisch.php">"Taal in Nederland .:. Nedersaksisch"</a>. <i>taal.phileon.nl</i> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taal.phileon.nl/nedersaksisch.php">the original</a> on 13 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taal.phileon.nl&rft.atitle=Taal+in+Nederland+.%3A.+Nedersaksisch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaal.phileon.nl%2Fnedersaksisch.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0027230/geldigheidsdatum_28-10-2014">"Regeling – Instellingsbesluit Consultatief Orgaan Fries 2010 – BWBR0027230"</a>. <i>Wetten.overheid.nl</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106091450/http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0027230/geldigheidsdatum_28-10-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wetten.overheid.nl&rft.atitle=Regeling+%E2%80%93+Instellingsbesluit+Consultatief+Orgaan+Fries+2010+%E2%80%93+BWBR0027230&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0027230%2Fgeldigheidsdatum_28-10-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213173522/http://taal.phileon.nl/fries.php">"Taal in Nederland .:. Fries"</a>. <i>taal.phileon.nl</i> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taal.phileon.nl/fries.php">the original</a> on 13 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taal.phileon.nl&rft.atitle=Taal+in+Nederland+.%3A.+Fries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaal.phileon.nl%2Ffries.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taal-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taal_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taal_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/">"Regeling – Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba – BWBR0028063"</a>. <i>Wetten.overheid.nl</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225202512/https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/2021-01-01">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wetten.overheid.nl&rft.atitle=Regeling+%E2%80%93+Invoeringswet+openbare+lichamen+Bonaire%2C+Sint+Eustatius+en+Saba+%E2%80%93+BWBR0028063&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0028063%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028142/HoofdstukIII/AfdelingVI/2/Artikel111/geldigheidsdatum_28-10-2014">"Regeling – Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba – BWBR0028142"</a>. <i>Wetten.overheid.nl</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106171911/http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028142/HoofdstukIII/AfdelingVI/2/Artikel111/geldigheidsdatum_28-10-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wetten.overheid.nl&rft.atitle=Regeling+%E2%80%93+Wet+openbare+lichamen+Bonaire%2C+Sint+Eustatius+en+Saba+%E2%80%93+BWBR0028142&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0028142%2FHoofdstukIII%2FAfdelingVI%2F2%2FArtikel111%2Fgeldigheidsdatum_28-10-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmeets2016" class="citation book cs1">Schmeets, Hans (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_pdf/2016/51/religie-regionaal-2010-2015.pdf"><i>De religieuze kaart van Nederland, 2010–2015</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Centraal Bureau voor der Statistiek. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044705/https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_pdf/2016/51/religie-regionaal-2010-2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+religieuze+kaart+van+Nederland%2C+2010%E2%80%932015&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Centraal+Bureau+voor+der+Statistiek&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schmeets&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2F-%2Fmedia%2F_pdf%2F2016%2F51%2Freligie-regionaal-2010-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbs2016-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbs2016_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2016/51/helft-nederlanders-is-kerkelijk-of-religieus">"Helft Nederlanders is kerkelijk of religieus"</a>. <i>Cbs.nl</i> (in Dutch). 22 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714153332/https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2016/51/helft-nederlanders-is-kerkelijk-of-religieus">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cbs.nl&rft.atitle=Helft+Nederlanders+is+kerkelijk+of+religieus&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fnieuws%2F2016%2F51%2Fhelft-nederlanders-is-kerkelijk-of-religieus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creationism-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Creationism_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers2014" class="citation book cs1">Numbers, Ronald L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSuhBQAAQBAJ&q=netherlands+protestant+country&pg=PA65"><i>Creationism in Europe</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1562-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1562-8"><bdi>978-1-4214-1562-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153944/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSuhBQAAQBAJ&q=netherlands+protestant+country&pg=PA65#v=snippet&q=netherlands%20protestant%20country&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creationism+in+Europe&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1562-8&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSuhBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnetherlands%2Bprotestant%2Bcountry%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated7-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">Canada 2001 Census</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/demo26a.htm">Link</a> to Canadian statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050225041540/http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/demo26a.htm">Archived</a> 25 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/AD2222ECE5AD4396CA25712500161734/$File/29330_2001.pdf">"2001CPAncestryDetailed (Final)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130907131827/http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/AD2222ECE5AD4396CA25712500161734/$File/29330_2001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001CPAncestryDetailed+%28Final%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausstats.abs.gov.au%2FAusstats%2Fsubscriber.nsf%2F0%2FAD2222ECE5AD4396CA25712500161734%2F%24File%2F29330_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nidi.knaw.nl-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nidi.knaw.nl_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nidi.knaw.nl_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nidi.knaw.nl_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholaasSprangers" class="citation web cs1">Nicholaas, Han; Sprangers, Arno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611114005/http://www.nidi.knaw.nl/en/output/demos/2005/demos-21-04-nicolaas.pdf/">"Dutch-born 2001, Figure 3 in DEMOS, 21, 4. Nederlanders over de grens"</a>. Nidi.knaw.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nidi.knaw.nl/en/output/demos/2005/demos-21-04-nicolaas.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch-born+2001%2C+Figure+3+in+DEMOS%2C+21%2C+4.+Nederlanders+over+de+grens&rft.pub=Nidi.knaw.nl&rft.aulast=Nicholaas&rft.aufirst=Han&rft.au=Sprangers%2C+Arno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidi.knaw.nl%2Fen%2Foutput%2Fdemos%2F2005%2Fdemos-21-04-nicolaas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated8-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_DP2&-ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on">Factfinder.census.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200211183222/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_DP2&-ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on">Archived</a> 11 February 2020 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Winkler Prins Geschiedenis der Nederlanden</i></span> I (1977), p. 150; I.H. Gosses, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Handboek tot de staatkundige geschiedenis der Nederlanden</i></span> I (1974 [1959]), 84 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The actual independence was accepted by in the 1648 treaty of Munster, in practice the Dutch Republic had been independent since the last decade of the 16th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.J. Noordam, "<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Demografische ontwikkelingen in West-Europa van de vijftiende tot het einde van de achttiende eeuw</i></span>", in H.A. Diederiks e.a., <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Van agrarische samenleving naar verzorgingsstaat</i></span> (Leiden 1993), 35–64, esp. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS_statline_Church_membership-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBS_statline_Church_membership_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=37944&D1=a&HD=080528-1938&HDR=T&STB=G1">"CBS statline Church membership"</a>. Statline.cbs.nl. 15 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923085617/http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=37944&D1=a&HD=080528-1938&HDR=T&STB=G1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+statline+Church+membership&rft.pub=Statline.cbs.nl&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2FStatWeb%2Fpublication%2F%3FVW%3DT%26DM%3DSLNL%26PA%3D37944%26D1%3Da%26HD%3D080528-1938%26HDR%3DT%26STB%3DG1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion_in_the_Netherlands-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religion_in_the_Netherlands_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rivm.nl/vtv/object_map/o1204n22742.html">Religion in the Netherlands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116014436/http://www.rivm.nl/vtv/object_map/o1204n22742.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/wat-maakt-nederland-tot-nederland-over-identiteit-blijken-we-verrassend-eensgezind~bae096a49/">"Wat maakt Nederland tot Nederland? Over identiteit blijken we verrassend eensgezind"</a>. trouw.nl. 26 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wat+maakt+Nederland+tot+Nederland%3F+Over+identiteit+blijken+we+verrassend+eensgezind&rft.pub=trouw.nl&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fwat-maakt-nederland-tot-nederland-over-identiteit-blijken-we-verrassend-eensgezind~bae096a49%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Clovis' conversion to Christianity, regardless of his motives, is a turning point in Dutch history as the elite now changed their beliefs. Their choice would way down its way on the common folk, of whom many (especially in the Frankish heartland of Brabant and Flanders) were less enthusiastic than the ruling class." Taken from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse stam</i></span>, part I: till 1648. Page 203, 'A new religion', by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Pieter Geyl</a>. <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Wereldbibliotheek Amsterdam/Antwerp</i></span> 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica: "They were divided into three groups: the Salians, the Ripuarians, and the Chatti, or Hessians."(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217113/Frank">Link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503050633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217113/Frank">Archived</a> 3 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215035711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Archived</a> 15 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;<i>The Franks, who had settled in Toxandria, in Brabant, were given the job of defending the border areas, which they did until the mid-5th century</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, Paul (26 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZBKEAAAQBAJ"><i>A History of the Low Countries</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-61188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-61188-8"><bdi>978-1-137-61188-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Low+Countries&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.isbn=978-1-137-61188-8&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZBKEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409930/Dutch-language">Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'Dutch language' 10 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426092441/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409930/Dutch-language">Archived</a> 26 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; "<i>It derives from Low Franconian, the speech of the Western Franks, which was restructured through contact with speakers of North Sea Germanic along the coast.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640154/West-Germanic-languages/74783/Characteristics">Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'West Germanic languages'. 10 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830053437/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640154/West-Germanic-languages/74783/Characteristics">Archived</a> 30 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;<i>restructured Frankish—i.e., Dutch;</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onzetaal.nl/kalender/records/r2308.php">W. Pijnenburg, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & D. Wortel, Oudnederlands Woordenboek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119045215/http://www.onzetaal.nl/kalender/records/r2308.php">Archived</a> 19 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215035711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Archived</a> 15 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; "The administrative organization of the Low Countries ... was basically the same as that of the rest of the Frankish empire."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215035711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Archived</a> 15 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; "During the 6th century, Salian Franks had settled in the region between the Loire River in present-day France and the Coal Forest in the south of present-day Belgium. From the late 6th century, Ripuarian Franks pushed from the Rhineland westward to the Schelde. Their immigration strengthened the Germanic faction in that region, which had been almost completely evacuated by the Gallo-Romans."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209945/Fleming">Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'Fleming and Walloon'. 12 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428143941/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209945/Fleming">Archived</a> 28 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; "The northern Franks retained their Germanic language (which became modern Dutch), whereas the Franks moving south rapidly adopted the language of the culturally dominant Romanized Gauls, the language that would become French. The language frontier between northern Flemings and southern Walloons has remained virtually unchanged ever since."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Encyclopædia Britannica Online (use fee site); entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215035711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Archived</a> 15 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;<i>Thus, the town in the Low Countries became a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">communitas</i></span> (sometimes called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">corporatio</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">universitas</i></span>)—a community that was legally a corporate body, could enter into alliances and ratify them with its own seal, could sometimes even make commercial or military contracts with other towns, and could negotiate directly with the prince.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215035711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Archived</a> 15 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;<i>The development of a town's autonomy sometimes advanced somewhat spasmodically because of violent conflicts with the prince. The citizens then united, forming <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">conjurationes</i></span> (sometimes called communes)—fighting groups bound together by an oath—as happened during a Flemish crisis in 1127–28 in Ghent and Brugge and in Utrecht in 1159.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215035711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Archived</a> 15 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;<i>All the towns formed a new, non-feudal element in the existing social structure, and from the beginning merchants played an important role. The merchants often formed guilds, organizations that grew out of merchant groups and banded together for mutual protection while traveling during this violent period, when attacks on merchant caravans were common.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215035711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349677/history-of-Low-Countries">Archived</a> 15 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;<i>The achievements of the Flemish partisans inspired their colleagues in Brabant and Liège to revolt and raise similar demands; Flemish military incursions provoked the same reaction in Dordrecht and Utrecht</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands</i></span>, entry <i>"Diets"</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2006" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Uwe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3cxooRES2sC&q=Johan+Huizinga+1960:62&pg=PA183"><i>J. Huizinga (1960: 62)</i></a>. Het Spinhuis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-275-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-275-4"><bdi>978-90-5589-275-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153951/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3cxooRES2sC&q=Johan+Huizinga+1960:62&pg=PA183">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+Huizinga+%281960%3A+62%29&rft.pub=Het+Spinhuis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5589-275-4&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3cxooRES2sC%26q%3DJohan%2BHuizinga%2B1960%3A62%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. G. Parker, <i>The Dutch Revolt</i> (1985), 33–36, and Knippenberg & De Pater, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De eenwording van Nederland</i></span> (1988), 17 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrNed-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrNed_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source, the aforementioned 3rd chapter (p3), together with the initial paragraphs of chapter 4, on the establishment of the Dutch Republic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOostendorp2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oostendorp, Marc van (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/06/nederland-of-holland/">"Nederland of Holland?"</a>. <i>Neerlandistiek</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901205308/https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/06/nederland-of-holland/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neerlandistiek&rft.atitle=Nederland+of+Holland%3F&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=Oostendorp&rft.aufirst=Marc+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneerlandistiek.nl%2F2018%2F06%2Fnederland-of-holland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2316869-wennen-aan-the-netherlands-want-holland-bestaat-niet-langer">"Wennen aan The Netherlands, want Holland bestaat niet langer"</a>. <i>nos.nl</i> (in Dutch). 31 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901205307/https://nos.nl/artikel/2316869-wennen-aan-the-netherlands-want-holland-bestaat-niet-langer">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nos.nl&rft.atitle=Wennen+aan+The+Netherlands%2C+want+Holland+bestaat+niet+langer&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fartikel%2F2316869-wennen-aan-the-netherlands-want-holland-bestaat-niet-langer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmargoD2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">margoD (3 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wheninholland.com/weetjes/het-verschil-tussen-holland-en-nederland/">"Wat is het verschil tussen Holland en Nederland?"</a>. <i>When in Holland</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901205312/https://wheninholland.com/weetjes/het-verschil-tussen-holland-en-nederland/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=When+in+Holland&rft.atitle=Wat+is+het+verschil+tussen+Holland+en+Nederland%3F&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft.au=margoD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwheninholland.com%2Fweetjes%2Fhet-verschil-tussen-holland-en-nederland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shetter (2002), 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Knipscheer and R. Kleber, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Psychologie en de multiculturele samenleving</i></span> (Amsterdam 2005), 76 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> and many other <a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Greater state movements</a> of the day.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmQ-gj50D4kC&dq=%22nederlanders+en+Vlamingen%22&pg=PA92"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Het nationaal-socialistische beeld van de geschiedenis der Nederlanden</i></span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232150/https://books.google.com/books?id=SmQ-gj50D4kC&dq=%22nederlanders+en+Vlamingen%22&pg=PA92">Archived</a> 27 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by I. Schöffer. Amsterdam University Press. 2006. Page 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example he gave explicit orders not to create a voluntary Greater Dutch <a href="/wiki/Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a> division composed of soldiers from the Netherlands and Flanders. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/esk01/images/esk02c.html">Link to documents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322031659/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/esk01/images/esk02c.html">Archived</a> 22 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span title="Old Dutch-language text"><i lang="odt">Maltho thi afrio lito</i></span>" is the oldest attested <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">(Old) Dutch</a> sentence, found in the Salic Law, a legal text written around 500. (Source: the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8e1HAAAAMAAJ&q=Maltho+thi+afrio+lito">Old Dutch dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232153/https://books.google.com/books?id=8e1HAAAAMAAJ&q=Maltho+thi+afrio+lito">Archived</a> 27 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taalunieversum.org/taal/vragen/antwoord/8/"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Taaluniversum</i></span> website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153948/https://taalunie.org/">Archived</a> 28 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the Dutch dialects and main groupings. <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHüning" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hüning, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210172052/http://www.ned.univie.ac.at/publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/nl/dialkarte.htm">"Kaart van de Nederlandse dialecten"</a> [Map of Dutch dialects]. <i>University of Vienna</i> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ned.univie.ac.at/publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/nl/dialkarte.htm">the original</a> on 10 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Vienna&rft.atitle=Kaart+van+de+Nederlandse+dialecten&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCning&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ned.univie.ac.at%2Fpublicaties%2Ftaalgeschiedenis%2Fnl%2Fdialkarte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicoline_Sijs_van_der2009" class="citation book cs1">Nicoline Sijs van der (2009). <i>Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages</i>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 50. <q>Martin van Buren's mother tongue was Dutch</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cookies%2C+Coleslaw%2C+and+Stoops%3A+The+Influence+of+Dutch+on+the+North+American+Languages&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Nicoline+Sijs+van+der&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_L._Widmer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Widmer" title="Edward L. Widmer">Edward L. Widmer</a> (2005). <i>Martin Van Buren</i>. The American Presidents Series. Times Books. pp. 6–7. <q>Van Buren grew up speaking Dutch, a relic of the time before the Revolution when the inland waterways of North America were a polyglot blend of non-Anglophone communities. His family has resisted intermarriage with Yankees for five generations, and Van Buren trumpeted the fact proudly in his autobiography</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren&rft.series=The+American+Presidents+Series&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Edward+L.+Widmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2006 New Zealand Census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Dutch/4/en">As many as 100,000 New Zealanders are estimated to have Dutch blood in their veins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501140842/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Dutch/4/en">Archived</a> 1 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (some 2% of the current population of New Zealand).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Until World War II, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlander</i></span> was used synonym with <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Diets</i></span>. However the similarity to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsch</i></span> resulted in its disuse when the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands (1939-1945)">German occupiers</a> and Dutch <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascists</a> extensively used that name to stress the Dutch as an ancient Germanic people. (Source: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Etymologisch Woordenboek</i></span>) <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See J. Verdam, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Middelnederlandsch handwoordenboek</i></span> (The Hague 1932 (reprinted 1994)): "<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlant, znw. o. I) Laag of aan zee gelegen land. 2) het land aan den Nederrijn; Nedersaksen, -duitschland.</i></span>" <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.pandora.be/michel.vanhalme/hermes29.htm">"Hermes in uitbreiding"</a>. <i>Users.pandora.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607142148/http://users.pandora.be/michel.vanhalme/hermes29.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Users.pandora.be&rft.atitle=Hermes+in+uitbreiding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.pandora.be%2Fmichel.vanhalme%2Fhermes29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">neder-</i></span> corresponds with the English <i>nether-</i>, which means "low" or "down".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206145915/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nether">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nether">the original</a> on 6 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dnether&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoitink2005" class="citation web cs1">Hoitink, Y. (10 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dutchgenealogy.nl/prefixes-in-surnames">"Prefixes in surnames"</a>. Dutch Genealogy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807144206/https://www.dutchgenealogy.nl/prefixes-in-surnames/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prefixes+in+surnames&rft.pub=Dutch+Genealogy&rft.date=2005-04-10&rft.aulast=Hoitink&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchgenealogy.nl%2Fprefixes-in-surnames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onzetaal.nl/taalloket/hoofdletters-namen-nederland">"Hoofdletters in namen: Nynke van der Sluis / Nynke Van der Sluis"</a>. <i>Onze Taal</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201163302/https://onzetaal.nl/taalloket/hoofdletters-namen-nederland">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onze+Taal&rft.atitle=Hoofdletters+in+namen%3A+Nynke+van+der+Sluis+%2F+Nynke+Van+der+Sluis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonzetaal.nl%2Ftaalloket%2Fhoofdletters-namen-nederland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDBNL" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">DBNL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa014196001_01/_taa014196001_01_0070.php">"[Nummer 12], Onze Taal. Jaargang 29"</a>. <i>DBNL</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919141820/https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa014196001_01/_taa014196001_01_0070.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DBNL&rft.atitle=%5BNummer+12%5D%2C+Onze+Taal.+Jaargang+29&rft.au=DBNL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F_taa014196001_01%2F_taa014196001_01_0070.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the history section of the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilt family</a> article, or visit this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://longislandgenealogy.com/vanderbilt/surnames.htm">link</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060520223532/http://longislandgenealogy.com/vanderbilt/surnames.htm">Archived</a> 20 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is a common mistake of Americans, or <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">anglophones</a> in general, to think that the '<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">van</i></span>' in front of a Dutch name signifies nobility." (<b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.last-names.net/Articles/Place.asp">Source.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142832/http://www.last-names.net/Articles/Place.asp">Archived</a> 11 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></b>); "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Von</i></span> may be observed in German names denoting nobility while the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">van</i></span>, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">van der</i></span>, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">van de</i></span> and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">van den</i></span> (whether written separately or joined, capitalized or not) stamp the bearer as Dutch and merely mean 'at', 'at the', 'of', 'from' and 'from the'" (<b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogy.com/18_smith.html">Source: Genealogy.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622103344/http://www.genealogy.com/18_smith.html">Archived</a> 22 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></b>), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/nfd/component.php?act=detail&naam=van+de+/+den+/+der">Institute for Dutch surnames</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108232636/http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/nfd/component.php?act=detail&naam=van+de+/+den+/+der">Archived</a> 8 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most common names of occupational origin. Source 1947 Dutch census. <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01505a.htm">The Anglo-Saxon Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512105643/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01505a.htm">Archived</a> 12 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> article</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Dutch Republic Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820734-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820734-4">0-19-820734-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150521/https://www.cbs.nl/nr/rdonlyres/775b8373-86f8-4a17-8872-c4ecfbcb2766/0/2006a3pub.pdf">"Meer dan de helft Nederlanders niet religieus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cbs.nl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2018/43/meer-dan-de-helft-nederlanders-niet-religieus">the original</a> on 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cbs.nl&rft.atitle=Meer+dan+de+helft+Nederlanders+niet+religieus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fnieuws%2F2018%2F43%2Fmeer-dan-de-helft-nederlanders-niet-religieus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.M. van der Woude, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederland over de schouder gekeken</i></span> (Utrecht 1986), 11–12. <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutch Culture in a European Perspective; by D. Fokkema, 2004, Assen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nl.wikipedia.org-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nl.wikipedia.org_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nl.wikipedia.org_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This image is based on the rough definition given by in the 2005 " number 3" edition of the magazine "Neerlandia" by the <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeen_Nederlands_Verbond" class="extiw" title="nl:Algemeen Nederlands Verbond">ANV</a>; it states the dividing line between both areas lies where "the great rivers divide the Brabantic from the Hollandic dialects and where Protestantism traditionally begins".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Voor wie Nederland en Vlaanderen wil leren kennen</i></span>. 1978 By J. Wilmots</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fred_M._Shelley_2013,_page_97-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fred_M._Shelley_2013,_page_97_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fred_M._Shelley_2013,_page_97_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred M. Shelley, Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders, 2013, page 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ynterfryske-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ynterfryske_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fryskerie.frl/ynterfryske-ferklearring/">"Ynterfryske ferklearring (Inter-Frisian Declaration)"</a>. <i>De Fryske Rie (The Frisian Council)</i> (in Western Frisian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927170559/https://fryskerie.frl/ynterfryske-ferklearring/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>Wy wolle ús taal, dy't foar ús identiteit beskiedend is, befoarderje en útbouwe. (We want to promote and develop our language, which is defining for our identity)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Fryske+Rie+%28The+Frisian+Council%29&rft.atitle=Ynterfryske+ferklearring+%28Inter-Frisian+Declaration%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffryskerie.frl%2Fynterfryske-ferklearring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frisia. 'Facts and fiction' (1970), by D. Tamminga. <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoodArmstrong1992" class="citation journal cs1">Mahmood, Cynthia; Armstrong, Sharon L K (January 1992). "Do Ethnic Groups Exist?: A Cognitive Perspective on the Concept of Cultures". <i>Ethnology</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773438">10.2307/3773438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773438">3773438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=Do+Ethnic+Groups+Exist%3F%3A+A+Cognitive+Perspective+on+the+Concept+of+Cultures&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3773438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3773438%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Sharon+L+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetten2013" class="citation book cs1">Betten, Erik (June 2013). <i>De Friezen: Op syk nei de Fryske identiteit</i>. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Friezen%3A+Op+syk+nei+de+Fryske+identiteit&rft.pages=168&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Betten&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?fromstatweb">"Bevolking (Population)"</a>. <i>CBS Statline</i>. cbs.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214744/https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?fromstatweb">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Statline&rft.atitle=Bevolking+%28Population%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F37325%2Ftable%3Ffromstatweb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Geoffrey Parker, <i>The Dutch Revolt</i>: "Gradually a consistent attitude emerged, a sort of 'collective identity' which was distinct and able to resist the inroads, intellectual as well as military, of both the Northern Dutch (especially during the crisis of 1632) and the French. This embryonic 'national identity' was an impressive monument to the government of the archdukes, and it survived almost forty years of grueling warfare (1621–59) and the invasions of Louis XIV until, in 1700, the Spanish Habsburgs died out." (Penguin edition 1985, p. 260). See also J. Israel, <i>The Dutch Republic, 1477–1806</i>, 461–463 (Dutch language version).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National minorities in Europe, W. Braumüller, 2003, page 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nederlandse en Vlaamse identiteit, Civis Mundi 2006 by S.W Couwenberg. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5573-688-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-5573-688-0">90-5573-688-0</a>. Page 62. Quote: "Er valt heel wat te lachen om de wederwaardigheden van Vlamingen in Nederland en Nederlanders in Vlaanderen. Ze relativeren de verschillen en beklemtonen ze tegelijkertijd. Die verschillen zijn er onmiskenbaar: in taal, klank, kleur, stijl, gedrag, in politiek, maatschappelijke organisatie, maar het zijn stuk voor stuk varianten binnen één taal-en cultuurgemeenschap." The opposite opinion is stated by L. Beheydt (2002): "Al bij al lijkt een grondiger analyse van de taalsituatie en de taalattitude in Nederland en Vlaanderen weinig aanwijzingen te bieden voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit. Dat er ook op andere gebieden weinig aanleiding is voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit is al door Geert Hofstede geconstateerd in zijn vermaarde boek <i>Allemaal andersdenkenden</i> (1991)." L. Beheydt, "Delen Vlaanderen en Nederland een culturele identiteit?", in P. Gillaerts, H. van Belle, L. Ravier (eds.), <i>Vlaamse identiteit: mythe én werkelijkheid</i> (Leuven 2002), 22–40, esp. 38. <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: Accounting for the past, 1650–2000; by D. Fokkema, 2004, Assen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden</i></span>, by J.C.H Blom and E. Lamberts, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5574-475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5574-475-6">978-90-5574-475-6</a>; page 383. <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightKelly-Holmes1995" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Sue; Kelly-Holmes, Helen (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BNnm-Bog4awC&q=Flemish+monolinguals&pg=PA50"><i>Languages in contact and conflict ... – Google Books</i></a>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-278-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-278-2"><bdi>978-1-85359-278-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153950/https://books.google.com/books?id=BNnm-Bog4awC&q=Flemish+monolinguals&pg=PA50#v=snippet&q=Flemish%20monolinguals&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+contact+and+conflict+...+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-278-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft.au=Kelly-Holmes%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBNnm-Bog4awC%26q%3DFlemish%2Bmonolinguals%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdellaouiHottengade_KnijffNivard2013" class="citation journal cs1">Abdellaoui, Abdel; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; de Knijff, Peter; Nivard, Michel; Xiangjun, Xiao; Scheet, Paul; Brooks, Andrew; Ehli, Erik; Hu, Yueshan; Davies, Gareth; Hudziak, James; Sullivan, Patrick; van Beijsterveldt, Toos; Willemsen, Gonneke; de Geus, Eco; Penninx, Brenda; Boomsma, Dorret (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798851">"Population structure, migration, and diversifying selection in the Netherlands"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>21</b> (11): 1277–1285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.48">10.1038/ejhg.2013.48</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798851">3798851</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23531865">23531865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Population+structure%2C+migration%2C+and+diversifying+selection+in+the+Netherlands&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1277-1285&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3798851%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23531865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.48&rft.aulast=Abdellaoui&rft.aufirst=Abdel&rft.au=Hottenga%2C+Jouke-Jan&rft.au=de+Knijff%2C+Peter&rft.au=Nivard%2C+Michel&rft.au=Xiangjun%2C+Xiao&rft.au=Scheet%2C+Paul&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ehli%2C+Erik&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yueshan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Gareth&rft.au=Hudziak%2C+James&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Patrick&rft.au=van+Beijsterveldt%2C+Toos&rft.au=Willemsen%2C+Gonneke&rft.au=de+Geus%2C+Eco&rft.au=Penninx%2C+Brenda&rft.au=Boomsma%2C+Dorret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3798851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdellaouiHottengaXiangjunScheet2013" class="citation journal cs1">Abdellaoui, Abdel; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercator-education.org/research-projects/endangered-languages/immigrants-from-the-netherlands-in-siberia">the original</a> on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pretoria: Varama Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-620-14537-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-620-14537-4"><bdi>0-620-14537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+plot+against+South+Africa&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Varama+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-620-14537-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swapo-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swapo_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swapo_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryxell" class="citation book cs1">Fryxell, Cole. <i>To Be Born a Nation</i>. pp. 9–327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be+Born+a+Nation&rft.pages=9-327&rft.aulast=Fryxell&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zastudy-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zastudy_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zastudy_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zastudy_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zastudy_121-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zastudy_121-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Irving. <i>Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa</i>. pp. 42–591.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+the+Republic+of+South+Africa&rft.pages=42-591&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zimstudy-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zimstudy_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Harold. <i>Zimbabwe: A Country Study</i>. pp. 237–317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=237-317&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roskinstudies-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roskinstudies_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskin" class="citation book cs1">Roskin, Roskin. <i>Countries and concepts: an introduction to comparative politics</i>. pp. 343–373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countries+and+concepts%3A+an+introduction+to+comparative+politics&rft.pages=343-373&rft.aulast=Roskin&rft.aufirst=Roskin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt1-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunt1_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, John (2005). Campbell, Heather-Ann (ed.). <i>Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 13–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904744-95-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904744-95-5"><bdi>978-1-904744-95-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+South+Africa%3A+Early+Settlers+at+the+Cape%2C+1652%E2%80%931708&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=13-35&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904744-95-5&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1996" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, Timothy (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg"><i>Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order</i></a></span> (1996 ed.). David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg/page/15">15–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1735-1"><bdi>978-0-8139-1735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+South+Africa+and+the+Origins+of+the+Racial+Order&rft.pages=15-37&rft.edition=1996&rft.pub=David+Philip+Publishers+%28Pty%29+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1735-1&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialsouthafr0000keeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1933-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1933_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry: Cape Colony. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowden-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowden_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowden_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowden,_Richard2010" class="citation book cs1">Dowden, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africaalteredsta00rich/page/380"><i>Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles</i></a>. Portobello Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africaalteredsta00rich/page/380">380–415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-753-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-753-9"><bdi>978-1-58648-753-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%3A+Altered+States%2C+Ordinary+Miracles&rft.pages=380-415&rft.pub=Portobello+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-753-9&rft.au=Dowden%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricaalteredsta00rich%2Fpage%2F380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624025204/http://www.dutchtoday.com/content/view/20/25/">"Is Afrikaans Dutch?"</a>. DutchToday.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutchtoday.com/content/view/20/25/">the original</a> on 24 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Afrikaans+Dutch%3F&rft.pub=DutchToday.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchtoday.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F20%2F25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language">"Afrikaans language – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831105055/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afrikaans+language+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F8437%2FAfrikaans-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kwintessential.co.uk-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kwintessential.co.uk_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120907035914/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/language/about/afrikaans.html">"The Afrikaans Language | about | language"</a>. Kwintessential.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/language/about/afrikaans.html">the original</a> on 7 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Afrikaans+Language+%26%23124%3B+about+%26%23124%3B+language&rft.pub=Kwintessential.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwintessential.co.uk%2Flanguage%2Fabout%2Fafrikaans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081217030156/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22635/11546101681netherlands_voc_archives.doc/netherlands+voc+archives.doc">"Data"</a>. <i>portal.unesco.org</i>. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portal.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fci%2Fen%2Ffiles%2F22635%2F11546101681netherlands_voc_archives.doc%2Fnetherlands%2Bvoc%2Barchives.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814022910/http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/press/Easternization.html">"Easternization of the West: Children of the VOC"</a>. Dutchmalaysia.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/press/Easternization.html">the original</a> on 14 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Easternization+of+the+West%3A+Children+of+the+VOC&rft.pub=Dutchmalaysia.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchmalaysia.net%2Fpress%2FEasternization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> Willems, Wim, '<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De uittocht uit Indie</i></span> <i>1945–1995</i>' (Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1">90-351-2361-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nederland-australie2006.nl-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nederland-australie2006.nl_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nederland-australie2006.nl_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nederland-australie2006.nl/geschiedenis/au/html/landverhuizers_index.html">Nederland-Australie 1606–2006 on Dutch emigration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628051331/http://www.nederland-australie2006.nl/geschiedenis/au/html/landverhuizers_index.html">Archived</a> 28 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The U.S. declared its independence in 1776. The first Dutch settlement was built in 1614: Fort Nassau, where presently Albany, New York is positioned.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516103243/http://library.thinkquest.org/C005615/data/english_text/vanraalte8.html">"How the Dutch became Americans, American Civil War. (includes reference on fighting for the North)"</a>. Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/C005615/data/english_text/vanraalte8.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Dutch+became+Americans%2C+American+Civil+War.+%28includes+reference+on+fighting+for+the+North%29&rft.pub=Library.thinkquest.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2FC005615%2Fdata%2Fenglish_text%2Fvanraalte8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanzevoort1983" class="citation book cs1">Ganzevoort, Herman (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130708191805/http://www.ourfutureourpast.ca/loc_hist/page.aspx?id=3765239"><i>Dutch immigration to North America</i></a>. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919045-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-919045-15-4"><bdi>0-919045-15-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourfutureourpast.ca/loc_hist/page.aspx?id=3765239">the original</a> on 8 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+immigration+to+North+America&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Multicultural+History+Society+of+Ontario&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-919045-15-4&rft.aulast=Ganzevoort&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourfutureourpast.ca%2Floc_hist%2Fpage.aspx%3Fid%3D3765239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNTR" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">NTR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anderetijden.nl/aflevering/542/Emigratie-naar-Canada">"Emigratie naar Canada"</a>. <i>Andere Tijden</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304213036/https://anderetijden.nl/aflevering/542/Emigratie-naar-Canada">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andere+Tijden&rft.atitle=Emigratie+naar+Canada&rft.au=NTR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanderetijden.nl%2Faflevering%2F542%2FEmigratie-naar-Canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reg3-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reg3_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reg3_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806223321/http://www.histedbr.fae.unicamp.br/navegando/glossario/verb_c_imigr_holandesa.htm">"Imigração Holandesa no Brasil. Glossário. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil – HISTEDBR – Faculdade de Educação – UNICAMP"</a>. <i>Histedbr.fae.unicamp.br</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histedbr.fae.unicamp.br/navegando/glossario/verb_c_imigr_holandesa.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Histedbr.fae.unicamp.br&rft.atitle=Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Holandesa+no+Brasil.+Gloss%C3%A1rio.+Hist%C3%B3ria%2C+Sociedade+e+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+Brasil+%E2%80%93+HISTEDBR+%E2%80%93+Faculdade+de+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%E2%80%93+UNICAMP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histedbr.fae.unicamp.br%2Fnavegando%2Fglossario%2Fverb_c_imigr_holandesa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holanda-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holanda_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holanda_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbajada_del_Reino_de_los_Países_Bajos_en_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Embajada del Reino de los Países Bajos en Buenos Aires, Argentina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814160220/http://argentina.nlembajada.org/you-and-netherlands/holandeses-en-argentina.html">"Holandeses en Argentina"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://argentina.nlembajada.org/you-and-netherlands/holandeses-en-argentina.html">the original</a> on 14 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holandeses+en+Argentina&rft.au=Embajada+del+Reino+de+los+Pa%C3%ADses+Bajos+en+Buenos+Aires%2C+Argentina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fargentina.nlembajada.org%2Fyou-and-netherlands%2Fholandeses-en-argentina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasileirosnaholanda.com/entrevista/eduardofonseca.htm">"Brasileiros na Holanda -"</a>. <i>Brasileirosnaholanda.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227043647/http://www.brasileirosnaholanda.com/entrevista/eduardofonseca.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brasileirosnaholanda.com&rft.atitle=Brasileiros+na+Holanda+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasileirosnaholanda.com%2Fentrevista%2Feduardofonseca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507080309/http://agenciact.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/21496.html?toPrint=yes">"Agência CT – Ministério da Ciência & Tecnologia"</a>. <i>Agenciat.mct.gov.br</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agenciact.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/21496.html?toPrint=yes">the original</a> on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenciat.mct.gov.br&rft.atitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+CT+%E2%80%93+Minist%C3%A9rio+da+Ci%C3%AAncia+%26+Tecnologia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagenciact.mct.gov.br%2Findex.php%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F21496.html%3FtoPrint%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223193108/http://www.parceria.nl/Holanda/sp050428Beatrix_reinado/do05032_Beatrix_Brasil/es030402comunidade_holandes.html">"Holandeses no Brasil – Radio Nederland, a emissora internacional e independente da Holanda – Português"</a>. <i>Parceria.nl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parceria.nl/Holanda/sp050428Beatrix_reinado/do05032_Beatrix_Brasil/es030402comunidade_holandes.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parceria.nl&rft.atitle=Holandeses+no+Brasil+%E2%80%93+Radio+Nederland%2C+a+emissora+internacional+e+independente+da+Holanda+%E2%80%93+Portugu%C3%AAs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parceria.nl%2FHolanda%2Fsp050428Beatrix_reinado%2Fdo05032_Beatrix_Brasil%2Fes030402comunidade_holandes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reg1-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reg1_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bemparana.com.br/noticia/43266/cidades-preservam-tradicoes-dos-colonos">"Cidades preservam tradições dos colonos"</a> [Cities preserve traditions of colonists] (in Portuguese). Bem Paraná. 20 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423134314/http://www.bemparana.com.br/noticia/43266/cidades-preservam-tradicoes-dos-colonos">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cidades+preservam+tradi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+dos+colonos&rft.pub=Bem+Paran%C3%A1&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bemparana.com.br%2Fnoticia%2F43266%2Fcidades-preservam-tradicoes-dos-colonos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reg2-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reg2_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429195910/http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/influenc/holanda.html">"Imigrantes: Holandeses"</a>. <i>Terrabrasileira.net</i>. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrabrasileira.net&rft.atitle=Imigrantes%3A+Holandeses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrabrasileira.net%2Ffolclore%2Finfluenc%2Fholanda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FIGUEIREDO, Raquel de Freitas. Estudo de SNPs do cromossomo Y na população do Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil. 2012. 66 f. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/87818">"Estudo de SNPs do cromossomo Y na população do Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil"</a>. <i>Base.repositorio.unesp.br</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214015029/http://base.repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/87818">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Base.repositorio.unesp.br&rft.atitle=Estudo+de+SNPs+do+cromossomo+Y+na+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Estado+do+Espirito+Santo%2C+Brasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.repositorio.unesp.br%2Fhandle%2F11449%2F87818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>America Desde Otra Frontera. La </i>Guayana Holandesa<i> – Surinam : 1680–1795</i>, Ana Crespo Solana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitrasing-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mitrasing_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.E.M._Mitrasing1979" class="citation book cs1">F.E.M. Mitrasing (1979). <i>Suriname, Land of Seven Peoples: Social Mobility in a Plural Society, an Ethno-historical Study</i>. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suriname%2C+Land+of+Seven+Peoples%3A+Social+Mobility+in+a+Plural+Society%2C+an+Ethno-historical+Study&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1979&rft.au=F.E.M.+Mitrasing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Blom, J. C. H. and E. Lamberts, eds. <i>History of the Low Countries</i> (2006) 504pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1845452720">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224154737/https://www.amazon.com/dp/1845452720">Archived</a> 24 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1379132">complete edition online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222754/https://www.questia.com/read/1379132">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bolt, Rodney.<i>The Xenophobe's Guide to the Dutch</i>. Oval Projects Ltd 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902825-25-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-902825-25-X">1-902825-25-X</a></li> <li>Boxer. Charles R. <i>The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654</i>. By The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1957, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-208-01338-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-208-01338-5">0-208-01338-5</a></li> <li>Burke, Gerald L. <i>The making of Dutch towns: A study in urban development from the 10th–17th centuries</i> (1960)</li> <li>De Jong, Gerald Francis. <i>The Dutch in America, 1609–1974</i>.Twayne Publishers 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-3214-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-3214-4">0-8057-3214-4</a></li> <li>Hunt, John. <i>Dutch South Africa: early settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708</i>. By John Hunt, Heather-Ann Campbell. Troubador Publishing Ltd 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904744-95-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-904744-95-8">1-904744-95-8</a>.</li> <li>Koopmans, Joop W., and Arend H. Huussen Jr. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands</i> (2nd ed. 2007)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Netherlands-Dictionaries-Europe/dp/0810856271/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224154727/https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Netherlands-Dictionaries-Europe/dp/0810856271/">Archived</a> 24 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kossmann-Putto, J. A. and E. H. Kossmann. <i>The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands</i> (1987)</li> <li>Kroes, Rob. <i>The Persistence of Ethnicity: Dutch Calvinist pioneers</i>. By University of Illinois Press 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01931-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01931-8">0-252-01931-8</a></li> <li>Stallaerts, Robert. <i>The A to Z of Belgium</i> (2010), a historical encyclopedia</li> <li>White & Boucke. <i><a href="/wiki/The_UnDutchables" title="The UnDutchables">The UnDutchables</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888580-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888580-44-0">978-1-888580-44-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_people&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dutch_people" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Dutch people">Dutch people</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_and_national_groups_in_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Ethnic and national groups in the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Angolans in the Netherlands">Angolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Netherlands" title="Arabs in the Netherlands">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Egyptians in the Netherlands">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Moroccans in the Netherlands">Moroccans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cape Verdeans in the Netherlands">Cape Verdeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Nigerians in the Netherlands">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Somalis in the Netherlands">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africans_in_the_Netherlands" title="South Africans in the Netherlands">South Africans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Asians in the Netherlands">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Chinese people in the Netherlands">Chinese</a> （<a href="/wiki/Hongkongers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Hongkongers in the Netherlands">Hongkongers</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Japanese people in the Netherlands">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Koreans in the Netherlands">Koreans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_the_Netherlands" title="South Asians in the Netherlands">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghans in the Netherlands">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in the Netherlands">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalis in the Netherlands">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in the Netherlands">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in the Netherlands">Tamils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_the_Netherlands" title="Filipinos in the Netherlands">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Indonesians#Netherlands" title="Overseas Indonesians">Indonesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people#The_Netherlands" title="Indo people">Indos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moluccan_diaspora#The_Netherlands" title="Moluccan diaspora">Moluccans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Vietnamese people in the Netherlands">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Netherlands" title="Arabs in the Netherlands">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Iraqis in the Netherlands">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_people_of_Lebanese_descent" title="List of Dutch people of Lebanese descent">Lebanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Armenians in the Netherlands">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Assyrians in the Netherlands">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Iranians in the Netherlands">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands">Sephardim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Turks in the Netherlands">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Albanians in the Netherlands">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons_in_the_Netherlands" title="Walloons in the Netherlands">Walloons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutchmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#Netherlands" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Greeks in the Netherlands">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians#Netherlands" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_Netherlands" title="Portuguese in the Netherlands">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arubans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Arubans in the Netherlands">Arubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7aoans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Curaçaoans in the Netherlands">Curaçaoans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Surinamese people in the Netherlands">Surinamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Uruguayans in the Netherlands">Uruguayans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Netherlands_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Netherlands_topics" title="Template talk:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Netherlands_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">Development urban centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian Freedom">Frisian Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazi invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Dutch Liberation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of birds of the Netherlands">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of earthquakes in the Netherlands">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of extreme points of the Netherlands">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of islands of the Netherlands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of lakes of the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of mammals of the Netherlands">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of rivers of the Netherlands">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of volcanoes in the Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_Netherlands" title="Homelessness in the Netherlands">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the Netherlands">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law Firms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public transport in the Netherlands">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road transport in the Netherlands">Road transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations and medals of the Netherlands">Decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_knighthood_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood in the Netherlands">Orders of knighthood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_Netherlands" title="Pornography in the Netherlands">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic_Lion" title="Dutch Republic Lion">Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline of the Netherlands">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands" title="Category:Netherlands">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200569#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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