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class="mw-page-title-main">Hai Rui</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i_S%C5%ABi" title="Hái Sūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái Sūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaj_%C5%BDuej" title="Chaj Žuej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chaj Žuej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Rui" title="Hai Rui – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hai Rui" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%84%9C_(%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC)" title="해서 (명나라) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해서 (명나라)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Rui" title="Hai Rui – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hai Rui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%91%9E" title="海瑞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海瑞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Rui" title="Hai Rui – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hai Rui" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Rui" title="Hai Rui – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hai Rui" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Rui" title="Hai Rui – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hai Rui" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Хай Жуй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хай Жуй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Rui" title="Hai Rui – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hai Rui" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2" title="ไห่รุ่ย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไห่รุ่ย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_Th%E1%BB%A5y" title="Hải Thụy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hải Thụy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%91%9E" title="海瑞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海瑞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%91%9E" title="海瑞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海瑞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%91%9E" title="海瑞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海瑞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%91%9E" title="海瑞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海瑞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese politician (1514–1587)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the professional basketball player, see <a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_(basketball)" title="Hai Rui (basketball)">Hai Rui (basketball)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hai Rui</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B5%B7%E9%9D%92%E5%A4%A9%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/%E6%B5%B7%E9%9D%92%E5%A4%A9%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1514-01-23</span>)</span>January 23, 1514<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Haikou_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikou City">Haikou City</a>, Ming China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 13, 1587<span style="display:none">(1587-11-13)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, Ming China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Haikou City</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Chinese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Philosopher, politician</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">海瑞</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hǎi Ruì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hai<sup>3</sup> Jui<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hoi2 Seoi6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hái Sūi</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Courtesy name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">汝賢</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Rǔ Xián</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ru<sup>3</sup> Xian<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jyu5 Jin4</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Art name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">剛峰</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gāng Fēng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gang<sup>1</sup> Feng<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gong1 Fung1</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hai Rui</b> (January 23, 1514 – November 13, 1587), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Ru Xian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">汝賢</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">art name</a> Gang Feng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">剛峰</span></span>), was a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">philosopher and politician</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, remembered as a model of <a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">honesty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a> in office. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hai_Rui&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hairui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hairui.jpg/220px-Hairui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hairui.jpg/330px-Hairui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hairui.jpg/440px-Hairui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Hai Rui</figcaption></figure> <p>Hai Rui, was born in <a href="/wiki/Haikou_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikou City">Haikou City</a>, Hainan on January 23, 1513. His father died when he was three, and he was raised by his Muslim mother.<sup id="cite_ref-ming_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His great-great-grandfather was an Arab named Hai Da-er (Chinese: <span lang="zh">海答兒</span>, <a href="/wiki/Haydar" title="Haydar">Haidar</a>, an Arabic name), and his mother was from a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>) family with ancestry that originated from the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-unger_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hai himself however was noted primarily as a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confucian">Neo-Confucianist</a> and never discussed Islam in his Confucian works.<sup id="cite_ref-ming_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hai took the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a> but was unsuccessful, and his official career only began in 1553, when he was 39, with a humble position as clerk of education in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. He gained a reputation for his uncompromising adherence to upright morality, scrupulous honesty, poverty, and fairness. This won him widespread popular support, evinced among other things by his being enshrined while alive; but he also made many enemies in the bureaucracy. Nevertheless, he was called to the capital Beijing and promoted to the junior position of secretary of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">ministry of Revenue</a>. In 1565, he submitted a memorial strongly criticizing the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a> for the neglect of his duties and bringing disaster to the country,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which he was sentenced to death in 1566. He was released after the Emperor died in early 1567.<sup id="cite_ref-ming_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hai was reappointed as a minor official serving at South Zhili under the <a href="/wiki/Longqing_Emperor" title="Longqing Emperor">Longqing Emperor</a>, son and heir of Jiajing Emperor, but was soon forced to resign in 1570 after complaints were made over his overzealous handling of land-tenure issues. Major moneylenders in the prefecture were accused of lending at exorbitant rates to smaller landowners and tenants, then seizing their lands as collateral. Hai devoted considerable time to investigate these cases, pressing for the lands' return to their previous owners, but was in turn accused by officials of violating procedures and encouraging frivolous complaints and impeached by Tai Feng-Hsiang, a supervising secretary (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">御史</span></span>, yushi).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hai Rui was promoted to censor-in-chief of Nanjing in 1586, but died in office a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-ming_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was given the <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> Zhong Jie (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">忠介</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hai_Rui&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hai_Rui_tomb_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hai_Rui_tomb_01.jpg/220px-Hai_Rui_tomb_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hai_Rui_tomb_01.jpg/330px-Hai_Rui_tomb_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hai_Rui_tomb_01.jpg/440px-Hai_Rui_tomb_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Hai Rui at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Hai_Rui_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tomb_of_Hai_Rui_1.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Hai_Rui_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tomb_of_Hai_Rui_1.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Hai_Rui_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tomb_of_Hai_Rui_1.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Hai_Rui_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hai Rui memorial in Haikou</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1959, writer and scholar <a href="/wiki/Wu_Han_(historian)" title="Wu Han (historian)">Wu Han</a> became interested in the life of Hai Rui, and wrote several articles on his life and his fearless criticism of the emperor. He then wrote a play for <a href="/wiki/Peking_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking Opera">Peking Opera</a> titled "<a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_Dismissed_from_Office" title="Hai Rui Dismissed from Office">Hai Rui Dismissed from Office</a>", which he revised several times before the final version of 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-ming_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wu's play was interpreted by the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> member <a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a> as an allegorical work, in which the honest, moral official Hai Rui represented the disgraced Chinese communist marshal <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>, who was purged by Mao after criticizing him as corrupt. According to Yao, the corrupt emperor in Wu's play represented <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. The November 10, 1965, an article in a prominent Shanghai newspaper, "A Criticism of the Historical Drama 'Hai Rui Dismissed From Office'" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">评新编历史剧《海瑞罢官》</span></span>), written by Yao, began a propaganda campaign that eventually led to the Cultural Revolution. During the Cultural Revolution, the tomb of Hai Rui was destroyed by red guards.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yao's campaign led to the persecution and death of Wu Han, as well as others involved in related works, such as <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xinfang" title="Zhou Xinfang">Zhou Xinfang</a> for his opera <i>Hai Rui Submits His Memorial</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">海瑞上疏</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-unger_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Wu Han considers Hai Rui to be a moral socialist, this was not necessarily the case. As historian Ray Huang puts it, "Though one might expect the moral interpretation of history to be generally discredited by now, this is not the case. Some modern historians tend to view the Confucian morality in of certain individuals in terms of the own sense of social justice. Wu Han, for instance, praises his hero Hai Jui for 'standing on the side of peasantry' in their conflict with the landlords. He also asserts that Hai, 'despite a hundred setbacks, still continued the struggle to build a socialist society."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a>, the largest city on Hai Rui's home island of Hainan, celebrates Hai Rui's deeds. A memorial has been constructed and his tomb is open for worship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hai_Rui&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ming-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ming_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ming_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ming_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ming_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ming_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich,_L._CarringtonChaoying_Fang1976" class="citation book cs1">Goodrich, L. Carrington; Chaoying Fang, eds. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&pg=PA474"><i>Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644</i></a>. Vol. 1. Columbia University Press. pp. 474–479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231038331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231038331"><bdi>978-0231038331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Ming+Biography%2C+1368%E2%80%931644&rft.pages=474-479&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0231038331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D067On0JgItAC%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHai+Rui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unger-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unger_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unger_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1997" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Rudolf G. (1997). Jonathan Unger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGHxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99"><i>Using the Past to Serve the Present: Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873327480" title="Special:BookSources/9780873327480"><bdi>9780873327480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+the+Past+to+Serve+the+Present%3A+Historiography+and+Politics+in+Contemporary+China&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780873327480&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGHxBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHai+Rui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan_Ta_Sen2009" class="citation book cs1">Tan Ta Sen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA114"><i>Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9812308375" title="Special:BookSources/978-9812308375"><bdi>978-9812308375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheng+Ho+and+Islam+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9812308375&rft.au=Tan+Ta+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIUmU2ytmIIC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHai+Rui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_W._Mote2003" class="citation book cs1">Frederick W. Mote (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA671"><i>Imperial China 900–1800</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674012127" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674012127"><bdi>978-0674012127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+900%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0674012127&rft.au=Frederick+W.+Mote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQWW7QgUH4gC%26pg%3DPA671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHai+Rui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Huang1981" class="citation book cs1">Ray Huang (1981). <i>1587: A Year of No Significance</i>. Yale University. pp. 138–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02884-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02884-9"><bdi>0-300-02884-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1587%3A+A+Year+of+No+Significance&rft.pages=138-140&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-300-02884-9&rft.au=Ray+Huang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHai+Rui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roderick MacFarquhar, <i>The Red Terror: Mao's Last Revolution</i> (Cambridge: Harvard University, 2006) p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_G._Wagner1997" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf G. Wagner (1997). by Jonathan Unger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o_Ujqw4Kh0C&pg=PA102"><i>In Guise of Congratulation</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 46–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873327480" title="Special:BookSources/9780873327480"><bdi>9780873327480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Guise+of+Congratulation&rft.pages=46-102&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780873327480&rft.au=Rudolf+G.+Wagner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o_Ujqw4Kh0C%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHai+Rui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang1974" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Ray (1974). <i>Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxation+and+Governmental+Finance+in+Sixteenth-Century+Ming+China&rft.place=London&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHai+Rui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hai_Rui&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hai_Rui" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hai Rui">Hai Rui</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knit.ucsd.edu/minghistoryinenglish/wp-content/uploads/sites/84/2017/08/19.226.5927-5933-Hai-Rui.pdf">A Preliminary Study of Hai Rui: His Biography in the Ming-Shih</a></li> <li>Coordinates of tomb linking to maps: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hai_Rui&params=20.008528_N_110.292097_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°00′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">110°17′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.008528°N 110.292097°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.008528; 110.292097</span></span></span></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119021420">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82068232">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00751564">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36730584">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p148777104">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/15029268">Norway</a></span></li><li><span 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