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id="toc-Raft_or_mat_foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raft_or_mat_foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Raft or mat foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raft_or_mat_foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pile_foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pile_foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Pile foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pile_foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strip_foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strip_foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Strip foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strip_foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Formwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falsework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falsework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Falsework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falsework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bar_bending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bar_bending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bar bending</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bar_bending-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bar bending subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bar_bending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concrete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Concrete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Brick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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title="Construction">construction</a> process. The construction method is essential for civil engineers; utilizing it appropriately can help to achieve the desired results. The term <i>building</i> refers to the creation of physical structures such as buildings, bridges or railways. One of the four types of buildings is residential and building methods are easiest to study in these structures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> involves the creation of physical structures such as buildings, bridges or railways. </p><p>Bricks are small rectangular blocks that can be used to form parts of buildings, typically walls. Before 7,000 BC, bricks were formed from hand-molded mud and dried by the sun. During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, mass-produced bricks became a common alternative to stone. Stone was typically more expensive, less predictable and more difficult to handle. Bricks remain in common use. They are small and easy to handle, strong in compression, durable and low maintenance. They can be formed into complex shapes, providing ample opportunity for the construction of aesthetic designs. </p><p>The four basic types of structure are residential, institutional and commercial, industrial, and infrastructure/heavy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Residential">Residential</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Residential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Residential buildings go through five main stages, including foundations, formwork, scaffolding, concrete work and reinforcement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics to support them. There are four types of foundation depending on the bearing capacity. Civil engineers will often determine what type of foundation is suitable for the respective bearing capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foundation construction method depends on considerations such as: </p> <ul><li>The nature of the load requiring support</li> <li>Ground conditions</li> <li>The presence of water</li> <li>Space availability</li> <li>Accessibility</li> <li>Sensitivity to noise and vibration</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shallow_foundation">Shallow foundation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shallow foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shallow_foundation3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shallow_foundation3.png/180px-Shallow_foundation3.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shallow_foundation3.png/270px-Shallow_foundation3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shallow_foundation3.png/360px-Shallow_foundation3.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Shallow foundation</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow foundations</a> are used where the loads forced by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">Deep foundations</a> are needed where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is insufficient. Those loads need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raft_or_mat_foundation">Raft or mat foundation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Raft or mat foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Floating_raft_system" title="Floating raft system">Raft foundations</a> are slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire building footprint. They are suitable where ground conditions are too poor to create individual strip or pad foundations for a large number of individual loads. Raft foundations may combine beams to add support for specific loads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pile_foundation">Pile foundation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pile foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">Pile foundations</a> are rectangular or circular pads used to support loads such as columns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strip_foundation">Strip foundation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Strip foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strip foundations provide a continuous line of support to a linear structure such as a wall. Trench fill foundations are a variation of strip foundations. The trench excavation is almost completely filled with concrete. Rubble trench foundations are a further variation of trench fill foundations and are a traditional construction method that uses loose stone or rubble to minimise the use of concrete and improve drainage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formwork">Formwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">Formwork</a> is used for the process of creating a mold into which concrete is poured and solidified. Traditional formwork is fabricated using wood, but it can employ steel, glass fibre, reinforced plastics and other materials.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formwork for beams takes the form of a box that is supported and propped in the correct position and level. The removal time for the formwork will vary with air temperature, humidity and consequent curing rate. Typical striking times are as follows (using air temperature of 7-16 °C): </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Column-formwork.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Column-formwork.JPG/155px-Column-formwork.JPG" decoding="async" width="155" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Column-formwork.JPG/233px-Column-formwork.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Column-formwork.JPG/310px-Column-formwork.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Form work</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Beam sides: 9–12 hours.</li> <li>Beam soffits: 8–14 days.</li> <li>Beam props: 15–21 days.</li></ul> <p>This consists of a vertical mold of the desired shape and size matching the column to be poured. To keep the material thickness to a minimum, horizontal steel or timber clamps (or yokes) are used for batch filling and at varying centers for filling that is completed in one pour. </p><p>The head of the column can provide support for the beam formwork. Even though this gives good top lateral restraint, it can make the formwork complex. The column can be cast to the underside of the beams. A collar of formwork can be held around the cast column to complete the casting and support the incoming beam. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_Ring_and_Falsework,_1932_(5791715869).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arch_Ring_and_Falsework%2C_1932_%285791715869%29.jpg/220px-Arch_Ring_and_Falsework%2C_1932_%285791715869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arch_Ring_and_Falsework%2C_1932_%285791715869%29.jpg/330px-Arch_Ring_and_Falsework%2C_1932_%285791715869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arch_Ring_and_Falsework%2C_1932_%285791715869%29.jpg/440px-Arch_Ring_and_Falsework%2C_1932_%285791715869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>False work</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Falsework">Falsework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Falsework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Falsework" title="Falsework">Falsework</a> consists of temporary structures used to support a permanent structure. Falsework need to have accurate calculation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bar_bending">Bar bending</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bar bending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baustelle-H%C3%B6lzla-Rebar-6228085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Baustelle-H%C3%B6lzla-Rebar-6228085.jpg/220px-Baustelle-H%C3%B6lzla-Rebar-6228085.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Baustelle-H%C3%B6lzla-Rebar-6228085.jpg/330px-Baustelle-H%C3%B6lzla-Rebar-6228085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Baustelle-H%C3%B6lzla-Rebar-6228085.jpg/440px-Baustelle-H%C3%B6lzla-Rebar-6228085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3873" data-file-height="2905" /></a><figcaption>Rebar</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">Rebar</a> is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used in reinforced concrete and masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. The surface of rebar is often patterned to improve the quality of the bond with the concrete. Rebar is necessary to add <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">tensile strength</a>, while concrete is strong in <a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compression</a>. It can support tensile loads and increase overall strength by casting rebar into concrete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete">Concrete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Concrete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_site_workers_loading_water,_sand,_ballast_and_cememt_into_a_concrete_mixer_in_Embu,_Kenya_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Construction_site_workers_loading_water%2C_sand%2C_ballast_and_cememt_into_a_concrete_mixer_in_Embu%2C_Kenya_1.jpg/220px-Construction_site_workers_loading_water%2C_sand%2C_ballast_and_cememt_into_a_concrete_mixer_in_Embu%2C_Kenya_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Construction_site_workers_loading_water%2C_sand%2C_ballast_and_cememt_into_a_concrete_mixer_in_Embu%2C_Kenya_1.jpg/330px-Construction_site_workers_loading_water%2C_sand%2C_ballast_and_cememt_into_a_concrete_mixer_in_Embu%2C_Kenya_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Construction_site_workers_loading_water%2C_sand%2C_ballast_and_cememt_into_a_concrete_mixer_in_Embu%2C_Kenya_1.jpg/440px-Construction_site_workers_loading_water%2C_sand%2C_ballast_and_cememt_into_a_concrete_mixer_in_Embu%2C_Kenya_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>construction site workers loading water, sand, ballast and cement into a concrete mixer</figcaption></figure> <p>Concrete is typically used in commercial buildings and civil engineering projects, for its strength and durability. Concrete is a mix of cement and water plus an aggregate such as sand or stone. Its compression strength means it can support heavy weights.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Insulating_concrete_form" title="Insulating concrete form">Insulating concrete forms</a> (ICFs) cam be used for home construction. They are made by pouring concrete between rigid panels, often made out of <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> foam. Rebar can provide additional strength internally, and the exterior panels can remain in place once the concrete sets. It is essential to check the levels of foundation before pouring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brick">Brick</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick_terms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Brick_terms.jpg/207px-Brick_terms.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Brick_terms.jpg/311px-Brick_terms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Brick_terms.jpg/414px-Brick_terms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Brick work</figcaption></figure> <p>Bricks are laid with a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> joint bonding them. The profile of the mortar can be varied depending on exposure or to create a specific visual effect. The most common profiles are flush (rag joint), bucket handle, weather struck, weather struck and cut and recessed. </p><p>The bonding pattern describes the alignment of the bricks. Many standard bond patterns have been defined, including <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">stretcher bond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each stretcher (brick laid lengthwise) is offset by half a brick relative to the courses above and below of English bond. Stretchers and headers are laid with alternating courses aligned to one another. American common bond is similar to the English bond but with one course of headers for every six stretcher courses. <a href="/wiki/Brickwork#English_cross_bond" title="Brickwork">English cross bond</a> has courses of stretchers and headers, but with the alternating stretcher courses offset by half a brick. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flemish_bond" title="Flemish bond">Flemish bond</a> consists of alternating stretchers and headers in each course. Header bond has courses of headers offset by half a brick. Stack bond consists of bricks laid directly on top of one another with joints aligned. This is a weak bond and is likely to require reinforcement. <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Garden wall bond</a> has three courses of stretchers then one course of headers. <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Sussex bond</a> has three stretchers and one header in each course. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_construction_methods&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconstructor.org/building/types-site-selection-residential-building/5995/">"Types of Residential Buildings and Their Site Selection"</a>. <i>The Constructor</i>. 2018-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constructor&rft.atitle=Types+of+Residential+Buildings+and+Their+Site+Selection&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Ftypes-site-selection-residential-building%2F5995%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+construction+methods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandconstruction.com/types-of-foundations.html">"Types of Foundations in Building Construction"</a>. <i>Understand Building Construction</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ASCE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-7029-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-7029-9"><bdi>978-0-7844-7029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Repair+and+Rehabilitation+of+Reinforced+Concrete+Structures%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.pub=ASCE+Publications&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-7029-9&rft.aulast=Silva-Araya&rft.aufirst=Walter+F.&rft.au=Rinc%C3%B3n%2C+Oladis+T.+de&rft.au=Pumarada-O%27Neill%2C+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJh-Zp6Fgt8C%26dq%3DReinforced%2Bconcrete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+construction+methods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constructiontermsx.com/stretcher-bond-definition/">"Stretcher bond definition, description » Construction terms"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Construction_overview" title="Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Construction_overview" title="Template talk:Construction overview"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Construction_overview" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Construction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDIC" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Millwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li>Construction loan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">Damp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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