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aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Energetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северна късоопашата земеровка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северна късоопашата земеровка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musaranya_cuacurta_septentrional" title="Musaranya cuacurta septentrional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Musaranya cuacurta septentrional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" title="Blarina brevicauda – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Blarina brevicauda" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6rdliche_Kurzschwanzspitzmaus" title="Nördliche Kurzschwanzspitzmaus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nördliche Kurzschwanzspitzmaus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1hook%C7%ABsd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_ch%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81shn%C3%A9z%C3%AD_tseech%CA%BC%C4%AF%CC%81d%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Náhookǫsdę́ę́ʼ chį́į́shnézí tseechʼį́dígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Náhookǫsdę́ę́ʼ chį́į́shnézí tseechʼį́dígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" title="Blarina brevicauda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Blarina brevicauda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" title="Blarina brevicauda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Blarina brevicauda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="حشره‌خوار دم‌کوتاه شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حشره‌خوار دم‌کوتاه شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" title="Blarina brevicauda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blarina brevicauda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EB%B6%80%EC%A7%A7%EC%9D%80%EA%BC%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%95%83%EC%A5%90" title="북부짧은꼬리땃쥐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북부짧은꼬리땃쥐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celurut_ekor_pendek_utara" title="Celurut ekor pendek utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Celurut ekor pendek utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindilsnj%C3%A1ldra" title="Dindilsnjáldra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dindilsnjáldra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" title="Blarina brevicauda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blarina brevicauda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimkol_(Blarina_brevicauda)" title="Vimkol (Blarina brevicauda) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vimkol (Blarina brevicauda)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A%D9%84" title="النمرة الشماليه قصيرة الذيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النمرة الشماليه قصيرة الذيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortstaartspitsmuis" title="Kortstaartspitsmuis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kortstaartspitsmuis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_kr%C3%B3tkoogonowa" title="Blarina krótkoogonowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blarina krótkoogonowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Обыкновенная короткохвостая бурозубка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обыкновенная короткохвостая бурозубка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyhyth%C3%A4nt%C3%A4p%C3%A4%C3%A4st%C3%A4inen" title="Lyhythäntäpäästäinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyhythäntäpäästäinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" title="Blarina brevicauda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blarina brevicauda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" title="Blarina brevicauda – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Blarina brevicauda" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" title="Blarina brevicauda – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Blarina brevicauda" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" title="Blarina brevicauda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Blarina brevicauda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1766543#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of mammal</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Northern short-tailed shrew<sup id="cite_ref-msw3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Blarina_brevicauda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Blarina_brevicauda.jpg/220px-Blarina_brevicauda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Blarina_brevicauda.jpg/330px-Blarina_brevicauda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Blarina_brevicauda.jpg/440px-Blarina_brevicauda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Blarina" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">Soricidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blarina" title="Blarina"><i>Blarina</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>B. brevicauda</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Blarina brevicauda</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Say" title="Thomas Say">Say</a>, 1823)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Short-tailed_Shrew_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Northern_Short-tailed_Shrew_area.png/220px-Northern_Short-tailed_Shrew_area.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Northern_Short-tailed_Shrew_area.png/330px-Northern_Short-tailed_Shrew_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Northern_Short-tailed_Shrew_area.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="287" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>northern short-tailed shrew</b> (<i><b>Blarina brevicauda</b></i>) is the largest <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrew</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Blarina" title="Blarina">Blarina</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occurs in the northeastern region of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">semifossorial</a>, highly active, and voracious <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivore</a> and is present in a variety of habitats like broadleaved and pine forests among shrubs and hedges as well as grassy river banks.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is notable in that it is one of the few <a href="/wiki/Venomous_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Venomous mammals">venomous mammals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific epithet</a>, <i>brevicauda</i>, is a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>brevis</i> and <i>cauda</i>, meaning "short tail".<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>B. brevicauda</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Red-toothed_shrew" title="Red-toothed shrew">red-toothed shrew</a>, one of three or four <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> (depending on the authority)<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the genus <i>Blarina</i>. It was formerly considered to be a sister <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_short-tailed_shrew" title="Southern short-tailed shrew">southern short-tailed shrew</a> (<i>B. carolinensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species has been divided into 11 subspecies based on <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> characteristics, which are grouped into two <a href="/wiki/Semispecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Semispecies">semispecies</a>: <i>B. b. brevicauda</i> and <i>B. b. talpoides</i>; these groupings were mirrored by a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular systematics</a> study of the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b" title="Cytochrome b">cytochrome b</a> sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-Brant_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brant-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two groups of subspecies are thought to have been kept isolated from each other by <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brant_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brant-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blarina_brevicauda_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Blarina_brevicauda_2.jpg/220px-Blarina_brevicauda_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Blarina_brevicauda_2.jpg/330px-Blarina_brevicauda_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Blarina_brevicauda_2.jpg/440px-Blarina_brevicauda_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Northern short-tailed shrew</figcaption></figure> <p>This shrew has a total length of 108 to 140 mm (4.3 to 5.5 in), of which 18 to 32 mm (0.71 to 1.26 in) is tail; and weighs 15 to 30 g (0.53 to 1.06 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species exhibits slight <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> in size, with the male being slightly larger than the female.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> fur is thick and velvety, and can be black, brownish black, or silvery gray, with the <a href="/wiki/Ventral#dorsal_and_ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> fur being a bit lighter and grayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shrew <a href="/wiki/Molt" class="mw-redirect" title="Molt">molts</a> from a summer coat which is shorter and paler than the winter <a href="/wiki/Pelage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelage">pelage</a> in October and November, and back again sometime in February through July.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tail is quite short, amounting to less than 25% of the total length.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dental_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental formula">dental formula</a> is <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">I</a> 3-3/1-1, <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">C</a> 1-1/1-1, <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">P</a> 3-3/1-1, <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">M</a> 3-3/3-3 = 16/16 = 32.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three well-developed <a href="/wiki/Scent_gland" title="Scent gland">scent glands</a> are present, one on each side of the animal and one ventral; the scent may be used for marking territories, though the shrew's sense of smell is thought to be poor.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fossil record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most records of <i>B. brevicauda</i> are from the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though one record from the late <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blancan" title="Blancan">Blancan</a> land mammal age) is tentatively attributed to this species.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source indicates the earliest record of the genus <i>Blarina</i> is a specimen of <i>B. b. talpoides</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Blancan" title="Blancan">Blancan</a> (early <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. The species is thought to have arisen in the middle or late <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>B. b. brevicauda</i> subspecies appeared later.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This shrew is found throughout central and eastern North America, from southern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> and south to northern <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas (U.S. state)">Arkansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probably the most common shrew in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population densities usually range from five to 30 shrews per hectare (two to 12 per acre), but rarely exceed 200/ha (80/ac).<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical home range of a shrew is 2.5 ha, and may overlap slightly with the ranges of other shrews.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both disturbed and undisturbed habitats are used by the northern short-tailed shrew, including grasslands, old fields, <a href="/wiki/Fencerow" class="mw-redirect" title="Fencerow">fencerows</a>, marshy areas, <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">forests</a>, and household gardens,<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the preferred habitats are those which are moist with leaf litter or thick plant cover.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burned-over forests are not quickly recolonized by <i>B. brevicauda</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shrews quickly depart <a href="/wiki/Clear-cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear-cut">clear-cuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet">Diet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This shrew consumes up to three times its weight in food each day.<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It eats small quantities of subterranean <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and seeds, though it is mostly <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It prefers insects, <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a> for the bulk of its diet, though <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a> are also eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shrew consumes <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> more often than other shrews do.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shrew mostly forages within a few hours after sunset, though it is also active during cloudy days.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High evaporative water loss requires the shrew to have access to a source of water, though it does obtain water from its food, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shrew often hoards food, especially in the fall and winter, or during a time of prey abundance;<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one study found it <a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(animal_behavior)" title="Hoarding (animal behavior)">caches</a> 87% of the prey it catches, while 9% is eaten immediately and 4% is left where it was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxin">Toxin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Toxin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> of the northern short-tailed shrew contains a <a href="/wiki/Kallikrein" title="Kallikrein">kallikrein</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a>, used to <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyze</a> and subdue its prey.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toxin is strong enough to kill small animals, up to sizes somewhat larger than the shrew itself, and results in painful bites to humans who attempt to handle the shrew.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venomous saliva is secreted from <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" title="Submandibular gland">submaxillary glands</a>, through a duct which opens at the base of the lower <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a>, where the saliva flows along the groove formed by the two incisors, and into the prey.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toxin is very similar in structure to the one produced by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_beaded_lizard" title="Mexican beaded lizard">Mexican beaded lizard</a> (<i>Heloderma horridum</i>) which <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">independently developed</a> its toxin from the same precursor protein.<sup id="cite_ref-aminetzach2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aminetzach2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern short-tailed shrews in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> have been identified as carriers of the newly-discovered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camp_Hills_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camp Hills virus (page does not exist)">Camp Hills virus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> which is related to <a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus" title="Nipah virus">Nipah virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alabama_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alabama-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Researchers at an Auburn University lab collected" the shrew, according to a news report, "that was found with a new species of henipavirus named after the Alabama town where the specimen came from".<sup id="cite_ref-Alabama_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alabama-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research letter appeared in a scholarly publication, but was not <a href="/wiki/Peer_reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer reviewed">peer reviewed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Their sense of smell is thought to be poor, and their eyes are degenerated and vision is thought to be limited to the detection of light,<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the shrew compensates by using <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a> and a fine sense of touch.<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energetics">Energetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Energetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its ability to consume almost anything it can catch allows the northern short-tailed shrew to survive the cold winters of <a href="/wiki/Temperate_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate region">temperate regions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thermoneutral_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoneutral zone">thermoneutral zone</a> of this species is from 25 to 33 °C,<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning no extra energy must be expended by the animal to maintain its <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a> (which averages 38.0–38.5 °C<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) when the ambient temperature is within this range. Food consumption is 43% higher in winter than in summer,<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the shrew must increase its <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rate</a> to maintain its body temperature under the cold conditions. Temperatures at or above 35 °C are lethal for this shrew.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of captive shrews found, though they were primarily nocturnal, the degree of nocturnality changed with the season; that is, during the colder winter, the shrews exhibited more out-of-burrow activity earlier in the evening, but were active later in the night during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seasonal pattern was due to <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> and changing daily temperatures, and it allows the shrews to minimize the energy needed for thermoregulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other winter adaptations include the creation of a lined nest which aids the shrew in conserving heat, the caching of food in case of prey shortages, foraging below the leaf litter or snow where the temperature is milder, and decreasing activity levels during cold periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Merritt_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merritt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with these behavioral adaptations, the northern short-tailed shrew increases its ability to generate body heat during the winter by <a href="/wiki/Thermogenesis#Non-shivering" title="Thermogenesis">nonshivering thermogenesis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue" title="Brown adipose tissue">brown adipose tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merritt_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merritt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other shrews spend more time above ground than does the northern short-tailed shrew, which prefers to tunnel along below ground, through the <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>, or at the snow/ground interface.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bouts of frenzied activity, lasting around five minutes, are followed by longer periods of resting, with the total active time amounting to only 16% of a 24-hour day.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This animal is capable of digging at a rate of 2.5 cm/min, in between resting.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shrew constructs a nest up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter underground or underneath a log, and lines it with leaves or the fur of the <a href="/wiki/Meadow_vole" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadow vole">meadow vole</a> (<i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This nest is kept clean, with wastes deposited outside the nest in a latrine area.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other parts of the burrow system are used for food storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically <a href="/wiki/Solitary_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitary animal">solitary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>B. brevicauda</i> exhibits several aggressive displays and <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">vocalizations</a> to ward off other members of the species when encounters occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pairs of shrews which were introduced to a cage simultaneously coexisted for less than four months before one killed the other, and a new shrew placed in a cage containing an already established shrew will be killed within a few hours.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mating occurs from March through September, though most births occur early or late in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male shrews in captivity were observed to make clicking sounds while courting a female.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a>, the male and female are locked together, and the female drags the male along with her.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gestation lasts 21–24 days, and after birth, the six to eight young are suckled for up to 25 days before the babies are weaned.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two litters per season are typical, though three are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female strengthens the nest when the young are nursing, and is more active to support her increased nutritional needs.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young, which were born hairless and blind and weighing less than a gram, may become sexually mature in as soon as 2–3 months; those born in the spring mature more quickly than those born late in the season, and may themselves reproduce in the same year they were born.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The juvenile pelage is pale and quite similar to the adults' summer fur, and is molted when the young reaches adult size.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predation">Predation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The northern short-tailed shrew has a high mortality rate, though it attempts to escape predation by remaining hidden under vegetation, soil, leaf litter, or snow;<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only 6% of a marked group of shrews survived to the next year,<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and winter mortality of 90% has been recorded, probably due to cold stress.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shrew is consumed by many predators: <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelid">mustelids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> appear to be deterred by the musky odor produced by the shrew's scent glands.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The northern short-tailed shrew is considered a species of least concern in the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>, as it is widespread, abundant, and its population is not declining.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-msw3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msw3_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHutterer2005" class="citation book cs1">Hutterer, R. (2005). <a href="/wiki/Don_E._Wilson" title="Don E. Wilson">Wilson, D.E.</a>; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a> (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Hutterer&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+short-tailed+shrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassola,_F.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41451/115187102">"<i>Blarina brevicauda</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T41451A115187102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41451A22292945.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41451A22292945.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Blarina+brevicauda&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T41451A115187102&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41451A22292945.en&rft.au=Cassola%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F41451%2F115187102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+short-tailed+shrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-261-01-0001.pdf">"Mammalian Species Accounts: Northern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mammalian+Species+Accounts%3A+Northern+Short-tailed+Shrew+%28Blarina+brevicauda%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.smith.edu%2Fdepartments%2FBiology%2FVHAYSSEN%2Fmsi%2Fpdf%2Fi0076-3519-261-01-0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+short-tailed+shrew" class="Z3988"></span> Includes a range map.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADW-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Blarina_brevicauda.html">"Animal Diversity Web: Blarina brevicauda"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animal+Diversity+Web%3A+Blarina+brevicauda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu%2Fsite%2Faccounts%2Finformation%2FBlarina_brevicauda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+short-tailed+shrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurta-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_5-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurta1995" class="citation book cs1">Kurta, Allen (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofgreatla00kurt_0/page/46"><i>Mammals of the Great Lakes Region</i></a></span>. 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(1983), "Daily Activity of Short-tailed Shrews (Blarina brevicauda) in Simulated Natural Conditions", <i>American Midland Naturalist</i>, <b>109</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">136–</span>144, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2425523">10.2307/2425523</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2425523">2425523</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Midland+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Daily+Activity+of+Short-tailed+Shrews+%28Blarina+brevicauda%29+in+Simulated+Natural+Conditions&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2425523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2425523%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Irwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+short-tailed+shrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merritt-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merritt_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merritt_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerritt1986" class="citation cs2">Merritt, Joseph F. (1986), "Winter Survival Adaptations of the Short-tailed Shrew (<i>Blarina brevicauda</i>) in an Appalachian Montane Forest", <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>, <b>67</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">450–</span>464, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1381276">10.2307/1381276</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1381276">1381276</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.atitle=Winter+Survival+Adaptations+of+the+Short-tailed+Shrew+%28Blarina+brevicauda%29+in+an+Appalachian+Montane+Forest&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E450-%3C%2Fspan%3E464&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1381276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1381276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Merritt&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+short-tailed+shrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1980" class="citation cs2">Martin, Irwin G. 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(1981), "Tolerance of Conspecifics by Short-Tailed Shrews (<i>Blarina brevicauda</i>) in Simulated Natural Conditions", <i>American Midland Naturalist</i>, <b>106</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">206–</span>208, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2425153">10.2307/2425153</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2425153">2425153</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Midland+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Tolerance+of+Conspecifics+by+Short-Tailed+Shrews+%28Blarina+brevicauda%29+in+Simulated+Natural+Conditions&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2425153&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2425153%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Irwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+short-tailed+shrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Aminetzach, Yael T.; Srouji, John R.; Kong, Chung Yin & Hoekstra, Hopi E. (2009): Convergent Evolution of Novel Protein Function in Shrew and Lizard Venom. <i>Current Biology</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.09.022">10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.022</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Blarina brevicauda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766543" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1766543">Q1766543</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Blarina_brevicauda" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Blarina brevicauda">Blarina brevicauda</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Blarina_brevicauda/">Blarina_brevicauda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12562">12562</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/M22V">M22V</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/327368">327368</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BLARBR">BLARBR</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2435862">2435862</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/63113">63113</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10590502">10590502</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179967">179967</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/41451">41451</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1004120">1004120</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13700342">13700342</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104671/">2.104671</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9387">9387</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=54160">54160</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=44538">44538</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Blarina-brevicauda">Blarina-brevicauda</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&oldid=1275168183">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_short-tailed_shrew&oldid=1275168183</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List 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