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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nlakaʼpamux_Nation_Tribal_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nlakaʼpamux_Nation_Tribal_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nlakaʼpamux Nation Tribal Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nlakaʼpamux_Nation_Tribal_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scwʼexmx_Tribal_Council_(Originally_Nicola_Tribal_Association_or_NTA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scwʼexmx_Tribal_Council_(Originally_Nicola_Tribal_Association_or_NTA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Scwʼexmx Tribal Council (Originally Nicola Tribal Association or NTA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scwʼexmx_Tribal_Council_(Originally_Nicola_Tribal_Association_or_NTA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unaffiliated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unaffiliated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Unaffiliated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unaffiliated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nlaka'pamux</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_del_Riu_Thompson" title="Salish del Riu Thompson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salish del Riu Thompson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nlaka%27pamux" title="Nlaka'pamux – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nlaka'pamux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_del_R%C3%ADo_Thompson" title="Salish del Río Thompson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salish del Río Thompson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nlaka%27pamux" title="Nlaka'pamux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nlaka'pamux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntlakyapamuk" title="Ntlakyapamuk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ntlakyapamuk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntlakyapamuk" title="Ntlakyapamuk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ntlakyapamuk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nlakapamuklar" title="Nlakapamuklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nlakapamuklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1456870#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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<div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nlakaʼpamux</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">3,105<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2016 census)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Canada (<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>),<br />United States (<a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Nlakaʼpamuctsin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan people">Okanagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicola_people" title="Nicola people">Nicola people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Athapaskans" title="Nicola Athapaskans">Nicola Athapaskans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nlakaʼpamux</b> or <b>Nlakapamuk</b><sup id="cite_ref-refCarlson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refCarlson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ing-klə-<span style="font-size:90%">KAP</span>-mə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Salishan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sal-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[nɬeʔképmx]</a></span>), also previously known as the <i>Thompson</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thompson_River" title="Thompson River">Thompson River</a> Salish</i>, <i>Thompson Salish</i>, <i>Thompson River Indians</i> or <i>Thompson River people</i>, and historically as the <i>Klackarpun</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Haukamaugh</i>, <i>Knife Indians</i>, and <i>Couteau Indians</i>, are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Interior Salish</a> language group in southern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Their traditional territory includes parts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Cascades" title="North Cascades">North Cascades</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_names">Other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nlaka%27pamux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nlaka%27pamux.jpg/220px-Nlaka%27pamux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nlaka%27pamux.jpg/330px-Nlaka%27pamux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nlaka%27pamux.jpg/440px-Nlaka%27pamux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Members of a Nlakaʼpamux community, circa 1914</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_Song_of_the_Thompson_River_Indians.ogg" title="File:Dance Song of the Thompson River Indians.ogg">Dance Song of the Thompson River Indians</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="86" data-mwtitle="Dance_Song_of_the_Thompson_River_Indians.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Dance_Song_of_the_Thompson_River_Indians.ogg/Dance_Song_of_the_Thompson_River_Indians.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Dance_Song_of_the_Thompson_River_Indians.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> recording of song by Nlakaʼpamux in British Columbia, 1897.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Frontier-era histories and maps transliterate the name Nlakaʼpamux as <i>Hakamaugh</i> or <i>Klackarpun</i>; they were also known as the <i>Kootomin</i>, or <i>Couteau</i> (Knife).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Knife Indians</i>. In the dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson language</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_Indian_Band" title="Ashcroft Indian Band">Ashcroft Indian Band</a>, the variant <i>Nlʼakapxm</i> is used. </p><p>The Nlakaʼpamux of the <a href="/wiki/Nicola_River" title="Nicola River">Nicola Valley</a>, who are all in the <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Tribal_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicola Tribal Association">Nicola Tribal Association</a> reserves refer to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Scw%CA%BCexmx" title="Scwʼexmx">Scwʼexmx</a> and speak a different dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson language</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Nicola_Band" title="Upper Nicola Band">Spaxomin</a> people, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan people">Okanagan people</a> (Syilx) who live in the upper Nicola valley and also belong to the Nicola Tribal Association, they are collectively known as the Nicola people, or Nicolas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blueberries (<i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtilloides" title="Vaccinium myrtilloides">Vaccinium myrtilloides</a></i>) are traditionally used by them in pies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have used the leaves of sedge (<i><a href="/wiki/Carex" title="Carex">Carex</a></i>) as brushes for cleaning and also as <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> for their livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nlakaʼpamux were the object of both <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> missionary efforts in the nineteenth century, resulting in the vast majority belonging to one of the two denominations by the beginning of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governments">Governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nlaka%CA%BCpamux_Nation_Tribal_Council" title="Nlakaʼpamux Nation Tribal Council">Nlakaʼpamux Nation Tribal Council</a> despite its name does not include all Nlakaʼpamux people, but is one of two main tribal bodies within the region, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Tribal_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicola Tribal Association">Nicola Tribal Association</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lytton_First_Nation" title="Lytton First Nation">Lytton First Nation</a> or Lytton Band, focussed on the town of the same name, which is named <a href="/wiki/Camchin" title="Camchin">Camchin</a> or Kumsheen in the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Nlakaʼpamux language</a> and is one of the largest Nlakaʼpamux communities, does not belong to any of the three tribal associations. While the Upper Nicola Band is affiliated with the Scwʼexmx Tribal Council it is a <a href="/wiki/Syilx" title="Syilx">Syilx</a> community and part of the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Nation_Alliance" title="Okanagan Nation Alliance">Okanagan Nation Alliance</a> it is not Nlakaʼpamux and has a different traditional territory than the other Nlakaʼpamux Bands. </p><p>None of the Nlakaʼpamux governments are in the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Treaty_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia Treaty Commission">British Columbia Treaty Commission</a> process at present.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nlakaʼpamux_Nation_Tribal_Council"><span id="Nlaka.CA.BCpamux_Nation_Tribal_Council"></span>Nlakaʼpamux Nation Tribal Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nlakaʼpamux Nation Tribal Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boothroyd_Indian_Band" title="Boothroyd Indian Band">Boothroyd Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Bar_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Bar Indian Band">Boston Bar Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Jack_Creek_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Jack Creek Indian Band">Oregon Jack Creek Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spuzzum_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Spuzzum Indian Band">Spuzzum Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytton_First_Nation" title="Lytton First Nation">Lytton Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skuppah_Indian_Band" title="Skuppah Indian Band">Skuppah Indian Band</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scwʼexmx_Tribal_Council_(Originally_Nicola_Tribal_Association_or_NTA)"><span id="Scw.CA.BCexmx_Tribal_Council_.28Originally_Nicola_Tribal_Association_or_NTA.29"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scwexmxtribal.com">Scwʼexmx Tribal Council</a> (Originally Nicola Tribal Association or NTA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scwʼexmx Tribal Council (Originally Nicola Tribal Association or NTA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nlaka%27pamux_table_(UBC-2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nlaka%27pamux_table_%28UBC-2010%29.jpg/150px-Nlaka%27pamux_table_%28UBC-2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nlaka%27pamux_table_%28UBC-2010%29.jpg/225px-Nlaka%27pamux_table_%28UBC-2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nlaka%27pamux_table_%28UBC-2010%29.jpg/300px-Nlaka%27pamux_table_%28UBC-2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption>A Nlakaʼpamux table.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shackan_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Shackan Indian Band">Shackan Indian Band</a> (Original NTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooaitch_Indian_Band" title="Nooaitch Indian Band">Nooaitch Indian Band</a> (Original NTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Nicola_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Nicola Indian Band">Upper Nicola Band</a> (Original NTA)(A member of the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Nation_Alliance" title="Okanagan Nation Alliance">Okanagan Nation Alliance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_Indian_Band" title="Coldwater Indian Band">Coldwater Indian Band</a> (Original NTA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unaffiliated">Unaffiliated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unaffiliated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_Indian_Band" title="Ashcroft Indian Band">Ashcroft Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Bar_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanaka Bar Indian Band">Kanaka Bar Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nicola_Indian_Band" title="Lower Nicola Indian Band">Lower Nicola Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siska_Indian_Band" title="Siska Indian Band">Siska Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook%27s_Ferry_Indian_Band" title="Cook's Ferry Indian Band">Cook's Ferry Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomen_Indian_Band" title="Nicomen Indian Band">Nicomen Indian Band</a> (Former member of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Indian_Administration" title="Fraser Canyon Indian Administration">Fraser Canyon Indian Administration</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nlakaʼpamux speak an <a href="/wiki/Interior_Salish" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Salish">Interior Salishan</a> language named <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nɬeʔkepmxcín</span></i>, usually transliterated as Nlakaʼpamuxtsn and known in English as the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scw%CA%BCexmx" title="Scwʼexmx">Scwʼexmx</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicola Valley">Nicola Valley</a> speak a dialect also called <i>Scwʼexmx</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Beagan" title="Tara Beagan">Tara Beagan</a>, writer and actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Grisenthwaite" title="G. A. Grisenthwaite">G. A. Grisenthwaite</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Loring" title="Kevin Loring">Kevin Loring</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terese_Marie_Mailhot" title="Terese Marie Mailhot">Terese Marie Mailhot</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_McIvor" title="Sharon McIvor">Sharon McIvor</a>, activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilona_Verley" title="Ilona Verley">Ilona Verley</a>, drag queen and make-up artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_York" title="Annie York">Annie York</a>, writer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scw%CA%BCexmx" title="Scwʼexmx">Scwʼexmx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sxe%CA%BCxn%CA%BCx" title="Sxeʼxnʼx">Sxeʼxnʼx</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110522&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=122&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. Government of Canada, Statistics. 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Ancestry+Responses+%2873%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Aboriginal+Responses+%284%29%2C+Residence+on+or+off+reserve+%283%29%2C+Residence+inside+or+outside+Inuit+Nunangat+%287%29%2C+Age+%288A%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+2016+Census+-+25%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D110522%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2017%26THEME%3D122%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANlaka%27pamux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refCarlson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-refCarlson_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Thor_Carlson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Keith Thor Carlson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/revue/jcha/2007/v18/n2/018228ar.pdf">"Precedent and the Aboriginal Response to Global Incursions: Smallpox and Identity Reformation Among the Coast Salish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 165–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Canadian+Historical+Association+%2F+Revue+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+historique+du+Canada&rft.atitle=Precedent+and+the+Aboriginal+Response+to+Global+Incursions%3A+Smallpox+and+Identity+Reformation+Among+the+Coast+Salish&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-201&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Keith+Thor+Carlson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Frevue%2Fjcha%2F2007%2Fv18%2Fn2%2F018228ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANlaka%27pamux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140123044647/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100022848/1100100022849">"Pronunciation Guide to First Nations in British Columbia"</a>. <i>Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada</i>. 2010-09-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100022848/1100100022849">the original</a> on 2014-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+Affairs+and+Northern+Development+Canada&rft.atitle=Pronunciation+Guide+to+First+Nations+in+British+Columbia&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca%2Feng%2F1100100022848%2F1100100022849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANlaka%27pamux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[on 1859 map by Lieut. R.C. Mayne, Royal Engineers],</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kootomin is a nativized variant of the French <i>couteau</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Thompson River Indians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Thompson_River_Indians">"Thompson River Indians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thompson+River+Indians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANlaka%27pamux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portaec.net/library/firstnations/first_nation_communities_in_bc.html">List of First Communities in BC, BC Treaty Commission</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nlaka%27pamux&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Thompson River Salish Dictionary</i></li></ul> <p>Compiled by Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson </p> <ul><li><i>They Write Their Dreams on the Rock Forever: Rock Writings in the Stein River Valley of British Columbia</i> (with Chris Arnett and Richard Daly</li> <li><i>Spuzzum: Fraser Canyon Histories,</i> with Andrea LaForet</li> <li><i>Historical Atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest</i>, Derek Hayes, Cavendish Books, Vancouver (1999) ISBN</li> <li><i>The Resettlement of British Columbia: Essays on Colonialism & Geographical Change</i>, University of British Columbia Press; New Ed edition (January 1997) ISBN</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley_Sterling1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Sterling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirley Sterling (page does not exist)">Shirley Sterling</a> (1997). <i>My Name is Seepeetza</i>. Douglas and McIntyre, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88899-290-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88899-290-4"><bdi>0-88899-290-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Name+is+Seepeetza&rft.pub=Douglas+and+McIntyre%2C+Inc&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-88899-290-4&rft.au=Shirley+Sterling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANlaka%27pamux" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>NLakaʼpamux Language</i> CD by Barbara Joe(2005){Editor/Producer/Technical: Dr. Shawn E. Swakum D.D}</li> <li><i>Shackan Stories</i> by Jim Toodlican(2006){Editor/Producer/Technical: Shawn E. Swakum D.D}</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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