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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Kurdistan_in_Mahabad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Kurdistan_in_Mahabad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Republic of Kurdistan in Mahabad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Kurdistan_in_Mahabad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_in_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Return from exile and Qasim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_from_exile_and_Qasim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Military government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ba'ath_coup_of_1968_and_1970_peace_accord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ba'ath_coup_of_1968_and_1970_peace_accord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ba'ath coup of 1968 and 1970 peace accord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ba'ath_coup_of_1968_and_1970_peace_accord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse_of_the_peace_accord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_of_the_peace_accord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Collapse of the peace accord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_of_the_peace_accord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_hostilities_and_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_hostilities_and_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Renewed hostilities and defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_hostilities_and_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exile and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mustafa Barzani</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مصطفى بارزاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصطفى بارزاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_B%C9%99rzani" title="Mustafa Bərzani – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mustafa Bərzani" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustaf%C3%A0_Barzani" title="Mustafà Barzani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mustafà Barzani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مصطفی بارزانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصطفی بارزانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani_(1903-1979)" title="Mustafa Barzani (1903-1979) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mustafa Barzani (1903-1979)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מוסטפא בארזאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוסטפא בארזאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მუსტაფა ბარზანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუსტაფა ბარზანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мустафа әл-Барзани – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мустафа әл-Барзани" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistefa_Barzan%C3%AE" title="Mistefa Barzanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mistefa Barzanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="മുസ്തഫ ബർസാനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുസ്തഫ ബർസാനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="مصطفى البارزانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مصطفى البارزانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مصطفی بارزانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مصطفی بارزانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Барзани, Мустафа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Барзани, Мустафа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%81%D8%A7" title="مەلا مستەفا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەلا مستەفا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Мустафа Барзані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мустафа Барзані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistefa_Barzan%C3%AE" title="Mistefa Barzanî – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mistefa Barzanî" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E4%BC%90%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AD%E5%B0%BC" title="穆斯托伐·巴爾札尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆斯托伐·巴爾札尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mustafa Barzani" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q368858#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></div><div class="fn">Mustafa Barzani</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">مسته‌فا محەمەد بارزانی</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Mela Mustafa Barzanî</i></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Barzani_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mustafa_Barzani_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Barzani_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Mustafa_Barzani_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="359" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Barzani in a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Mahabad Republic</a> uniform</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-03-14</span>)</span>14 March 1903<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Barzan,_Iraq" title="Barzan, Iraq">Barzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Vilayet">Mosul Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1979<span style="display:none">(1979-03-01)</span> (aged 75)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Barzan,_Iraq" title="Barzan, Iraq">Barzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Insurgent and politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term</th><td class="infobox-data">1946–1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (1946–1979)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">10, including <a href="/wiki/Idris_Barzani" title="Idris Barzani">Idris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Barzani" title="Ubaidullah Barzani">Ubaidullah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barzani_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani family">Barzani family</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mustafa Barzani</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">مسته‌فا بارزانی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Mistefa Barzanî</i></span>; 14 March 1903 – 1 March 1979),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Mullah Mustafa</b> (مەلا مستەفا; Mela Mistefa), was a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> nationalist leader and one of the most prominent political figures in modern Kurdish politics. </p><p>In 1946, he was chosen as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP) to lead the <a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">Kurdish revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>. Barzani was the primary political and military leader of the Kurdish separatist movement until his death in March 1979. He led campaigns of armed insurgency against both the Iraqi and Iranian governments.<sup id="cite_ref-MEQuarterly_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEQuarterly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mustafa Barzani was born in 1903 in <a href="/wiki/Barzan,_Iraq" title="Barzan, Iraq">Barzan</a>, a village in southern <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>. Following an insurrection launched by his tribe, he and his family were imprisoned, when Barzani was only three years old. His father, grandfather, and a brother were later executed by the Ottoman authorities for other insurrections.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an early age he was sent by his older brother Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani" title="Ahmed Barzani">Ahmed Barzani</a> to join with about twenty men the revolt of Kurdish chiefs of <a href="/wiki/Az_Zibar" title="Az Zibar">Az Zibar</a> against the British in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a hundred fighters managed to ambush the British diplomat J.H.H. Bill and his company and the group was divided into two. Bill was killed with three others, while two local Kurdish tribesmen were spared.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the revolt resulted in a raid on <a href="/wiki/Akre" title="Akre">Akre</a>, the contingent of Barzani returned to their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British did not let such an attack on their authority unpunished and destroyed the houses of the Zibari chiefs as well as the ones from the Barzanis.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931 he followed his older brother, the Barzani chieftain (<i>sheikh</i>) <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani" title="Ahmed Barzani">Ahmed Barzani</a>, who led an insurrection against Baghdad's attempts to break up tribal power in the Kurdish regions of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insurrection began when Sheikh Ahmed had entered into a feud with a neighboring tribal chieftain in Baradost after the latter attacked Sheikh Ahmed for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, prompting Iraq to intervene as they had intended to check the Barzani tribe before then. Iraq received help from its British allies, who engaged in aerial warfare against territories in rebellion. The aerial bombardments led to widespread damage and setbacks, leading <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani" title="Ahmed Barzani">Sheikh Ahmed</a> to surrender to Turkish forces on the then-contested border with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in June 1932, while Mustafa Barzani and a brother Muhammad Sadiq continued fighting for another year. On the advice of Sheikh Ahmed, Mustafa Barzani surrendered to Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 1939 he was involved in the formation of the political party <i>Hewa</i> (Hope), the first Kurdish political party in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mustafa Barzani was kept under surveillance until 1943, when he again broke free from his exile in <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> as Iraq underwent the effects of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baghdad again utilized tribal rivalries to defeat Barzani, sending him, Sheikh Ahmad, and about three thousand followers fleeing across the border to Iran, entering <a href="/wiki/Oshnavieh" title="Oshnavieh">Oshnavieh</a> in October 1945, where Kurdish nationalists under the guidance of the Soviet Union were establishing a new Kurdish state.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite differences between <a href="/wiki/Qazi_Muhammad" title="Qazi Muhammad">Qazi Muhammad</a> and Mustafa Barzani, the arrival of Barzani's forces gave a boost to the ability of the nationalists to assert control over the region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Kurdistan_in_Mahabad">Republic of Kurdistan in Mahabad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Republic of Kurdistan in Mahabad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1945 the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> was declared by <a href="/wiki/Qazi_Muhammad" title="Qazi Muhammad">Qazi Muhammad</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a> (northwestern Iran) which was under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> military control. Barzani was appointed as the Minister of Defense and commander of the Kurdish army in the Republic of Kurdistan. As Iranian forces began to engage the forces of the Republic of Mahabad, Barzani quickly proved his reputation as a capable commander with his forces inflicting defeats on the Iranian divisions, and was one of the few who did not surrender or defect to the advancing Iranian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1946 the Soviet troops were withdrawn from Iran and all support for the Republic of Kurdistan was cut, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta Agreement">Yalta Agreement</a>. In December of that year Mahabad was finally overrun by Iranian troops, which was followed with harsh punishments for those involved; the president of the Republic Qazi Muhammad was hanged in public in the "Çwar Çira" square in <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a> city along with his brother and a cousin, and a number of libraries containing Kurdish texts were burned.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_the_Soviet_Union">Exile in the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile in the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barzani and his followers arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian SSR">Armenian SSR</a> and were put in a camp near <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchevan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After appealing to the Soviet Union to help them, Barzani and his followers were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijani SSR</a>, kept in camps near and around <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. Barzani met with <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party">Azerbaijan Communist Party</a> officials, who under orders from Moscow were told to help the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>. </p><p> In November 1947, Barzani met for the first time <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Baghirov" title="Mir Jafar Baghirov">Mir Jafar Baghirov</a>, the First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party, to discuss what the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> could do in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Barzani's followers were organized into a military regiment and received training in military tactics and politics, as well as education to learn to read and write <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Barzani_as_Military_commander_in_Mahabad_in_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mustafa_Barzani_as_Military_commander_in_Mahabad_in_1947.jpg/150px-Mustafa_Barzani_as_Military_commander_in_Mahabad_in_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mustafa_Barzani_as_Military_commander_in_Mahabad_in_1947.jpg/225px-Mustafa_Barzani_as_Military_commander_in_Mahabad_in_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Mustafa_Barzani_as_Military_commander_in_Mahabad_in_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Barzani, 1947</figcaption></figure><p>On 19 January 1948, a conference was held gathering <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds from Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Iran</a> in Baku, where Barzani outlined a plan for the Kurdish movement. This prompted Iran to again demand that the Soviet Union extradite Barzani and his followers to Iran to stand trial, which the Soviet Union rejected. Barzani however fast ran into problems with Baghirov due to differences and stances towards the Kurdish movement. As Baghirov was connected to <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, this gave Baghriov a lot of power in regional affairs, leading to Barzani requesting his followers be transferred out of Azerbaijan fearing Baghirov would act against them.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barzani and the others were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a> in August 1948, but Baghriov's disputes with Barzani were not forgotten. Despite assurances from both the Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uzbekistan" title="Communist Party of Uzbekistan">Communist Party of Uzbekistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Usman_Yusupov" title="Usman Yusupov">Usman Yusupov</a>, Baghirov's rivalry with Barzani spilled over into <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and resulted in Barzani himself and much of his followers to be separate and spread across the country to do hard labor. For the following three years, Barzani was separated from his followers, prompting them to engage in sit-ins and strikes demanding they be reunited and their cause recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barzani sent numerous letters to Moscow, addressing them to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> himself, requesting that he and his followers be treated better and reunited. Only one of these letters reached the Kremlin and shortly afterwards in March 1951, Soviet officials began investigations to address the concerns of Barzani and his followers. The committee found that Barzani and his followers were unfairly treated, and in August 1951 the Soviet government reunited Barzani and the other Kurds, giving Mustafa Barzani a residence in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> while the rest were given homes in a small community outside of Tashkent. All of them were provided with jobs, education, training, and social services that was given to other Soviet citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Barzani_2003_143–144_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barzani_2003_143–144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barzani would later meet with Soviet figures like <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a><sup id="cite_ref-Primakov_2009_326_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primakov_2009_326-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a><sup id="cite_ref-Barzani_2003_143–144_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barzani_2003_143–144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in May 1953 after the death of Stalin to ensure that the Soviets would continue helping him and his followers. Shortly afterwards, Soviet officials moved Barzani to a residence in Moscow and enrolled him in the Party Higher School. </p><p>Rumors also spread that Barzani was given a rank in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, which appears to have been false. Recounting the story years later to <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Yevgeny Primakov</a>, Barzani recalled that he had bought a uniform at a Voentorg (military supplies) store while in Tashkent in 1951, and took a picture of himself wearing it. This picture somehow fell into the hands of British intelligence, which was the source of rumors of Barzani having been inducted as a member of the Soviet Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Primakov_2009_326_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primakov_2009_326-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time in exile, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdish Democratic Party</a> was founded in Iraq, holding its first Congress on 16 August 1946, in Baghdad, electing Mustafa Barzani as its president. The party would later rename itself to the Kurdistan Democratic Party in January 1953 during its Third Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iraq_and_revolutions">Iraq and revolutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iraq and revolutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></div> <p>Mustafa Barzani, following his return to Iraq in 1958, would engage in numerous insurgencies against Baghdad, often seeking and gaining support from the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">MI6</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>, as well as support from Syria and Jordan depending on which country was opposed to the government in Baghdad at the time, taking advantage of the complexities of the Cold War in the Middle-East.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_from_exile_and_Qasim">Return from exile and Qasim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return from exile and Qasim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barzani_%26_Qasim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Barzani_%26_Qasim.jpg/220px-Barzani_%26_Qasim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Barzani_%26_Qasim.jpg/330px-Barzani_%26_Qasim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Barzani_%26_Qasim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Barzani with <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Republican coup</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> monarchy, the Kurds were granted more rights. In the provisional Iraqi constitution on 27 July 1958 was included that Kurds and Arabs were partners of the same nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following, several Kurds were appointed into high military ranks and Barzani was invited to return to Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1958, Barzani and his followers returned from the Soviet Union, and Barzani quickly established warm ties with Qasim. Qasim hoped to use Barzani as a potential ally in the power struggles in Iraq, as Qasim faced considerable resistance from more nationalist minded Arab officers and intellectuals in the country. Mustafa Barzani faced similar challenges within the KDP, with divisions rising over <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, political position, and alliances with other parties in Iraq such as the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a>. Barzani quickly asserted control over the KDP, ousting the General-Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ahmad" title="Ibrahim Ahmad">Ibrahim Ahmad</a> and replacing him with the pro-Communist Hamza Abdullah in January 1959 and cementing ties with the ICP.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_2005,_304_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall_2005,_304-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the Communists, Barzani and the KDP sided with Qasim during an uprising of Ba'athists and other Arab Nationalists in Mosul in March 1959, entering into the city to fight off the insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_2005,_304_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall_2005,_304-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a <a href="/wiki/1959_Kirkuk_massacre" title="1959 Kirkuk massacre">deadly riot instigated by leftists in Kirkuk in July 1959</a>, Qasim denounced the ICP and Barzani followed suit, seeing the ICP as a rival in northern Iraq. Barzani severed ties with the party and restored Ibrahim Ahmad to his original position and elevated <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> to the politburo during the KDP's fourth Congress in October 1959, ending the KDP's cooperation with the ICP. While welcoming towards the break with the ICP, Ahmad however still held suspicions of Barzani and his policy for the party and remained critical of his leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qasim in time became suspicious of Barzani, worried that his increasing power in Iraqi Kurdistan could allow him to become a potential source of opposition to his power in Iraq and possibly where foreign intelligence could instigate instability in Iraq. Qasim began to capitalize on tribal divisions in the Kurdish region, focusing on those with long-time rivalries with the Barzanis such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zebari_Kurds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zebari Kurds (page does not exist)">Zebaris</a> and the Harki, creating tribal disputes in the autumn of 1960. Other figures within the KDP such as Ahmad and Talabani began to voice more opposition to Qasim through party publications, displeased with the lack of progress towards any autonomy for the Kurds. Qasim severed the government stipend and privileges to Barzani by early 1961, and for much of the year tensions between Barzani and Qasim grew. Qasim suspected Barzani of being a potential avenue for the British to frustrate his take over of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and increased arms to pro-government tribes to keep Barzani from becoming any stronger. On 11 September 1961, Iraqi planes began bombardments on the Kurdish region following an ambush on a military convoy, and on 24 September Qasim ordered the closure of KDP. The following December, Barzani and the KDP severed its agreements with Baghdad and entered into hostilities with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barzani attempted to gain support from the United States, alienating many Iraqi progressives and the ICP, who felt that such a move was a betrayal for everything the KDP stood for. Barzani however managed to lead the <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">peshmerga</a> effectively, inflicting casualties on the military to the point that Qasim offered peace twice in November 1961 and in March 1962, both times rejected by Barzani who raised autonomy requests. Such demands were unfeasible for Qasim who knew that such a concession would damage his image, and the military campaign waged on against Barzani's rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the rest of 1962, Barzani's campaign proved to cause Qasim's position in Baghdad to become increasingly unstable, and he directed the KDP into talks with the Ba'athists and Nasserists, the two factions most likely to succeed Qasim.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_government">Military government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 February 1963, a military coup took place which overthrew and executed Qasim. The Nasserist Colonel <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a> become president of Iraq and the Ba'athist General <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> become prime minister. The latter resulted in a Ba'athist domination in the government, forming the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolutionary_Command_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council">National Council of the Revolutionary Command</a>. </p><p>Not forgetting Barzani's role in quelling the insurrection in Mosul back in 1959, as well as Barzani's contacts with foreign intelligence, the new government was suspicious towards Barzani. Mustafa Barzani and the government would attempt ineffective negotiations, and after Barzani's autonomy request which included much of Iraq's oil fields around Kirkuk and Mosul, the government moved against the KDP in northern Iraq. The campaign faced difficulties though, and allowed for President Arif's power grab in November 1963, ousting the Ba'athists from the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Arif quickly offered Barzani a truce, which he accepted. A subsequent agreement between Barzani and Arif would end hostilities between the government and the Kurds, though autonomy was not included. By this point Barzani turned his attention towards asserting his leadership over the KDP, due to the opposition from various factions, namely the one led by Talabani and Ahmad. Soon, the political divisions evolved into one that saw Barzani leading tribal and conservative elements of Kurdish society on one end with Talabani and Ahmad leading progressive minded leftist intellectual Kurds on the other. Barzani however benefited from his agreement with Arif, which secured him funds and arms from Baghdad to assert his position.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the sixth congress of the KDP in Qala Dizeh in July 1964, Barzani moved against Talabani and Ahmad, tasking his son <a href="/wiki/Idris_Barzani" title="Idris Barzani">Idris</a> with ejecting Talabani, Ahmad, and their supporters from the congress. The move was successful and saw Barzani's opposition flee into Iran, allowing him uncontested control of the KDP.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_2005,_317_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall_2005,_317-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his power secure in the KDP, Barzani raised the demand for autonomy to President Arif, quickly souring relations between the two. In March 1965, hostilities began between Barzani and Baghdad, leading to a massive military operation in northern Iraq that saw nearly 100,000 soldiers deployed by Iraq to fight Barzani and the Peshmerga, as well as other Kurdish factions such as the Talabani-Ahmad faction which had returned to Iraq. The operation was inconclusive, with the government unable to make any significant gains against Barzani and his forces, which were receiving supplies through the Iranian border. The war was further complicated by the winter, which played into the Peshmerga's advantage. The government again utilized divisions among the Kurds in the region, and had begun supporting the Talabani-Ahmad faction of the KDP who entered into hostilities with Barzani and his supporters. Before a major operation that was to take place in March against Barzani's headquarters near the border of Iran, President Arif died in a helicopter crash on 13 April 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_2005,_317_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall_2005,_317-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of Arif prompted a power struggle in Baghdad which gave Barzani time to reorganize, but operations resumed once more by the summer once Arif's brother, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>, became president and vowed to continue the war. The civilian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_al-Bazzaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz">Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz</a> saw the futility of the military operation and instead proposed Barzani a peace offer, which incorporated a number of demands of the KDP, forming the "Bazzaz Declaration". Bazzaz was however forced to resign from his position in August 1966, dashing any hope for the Bazzaz Declaration to be implemented at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Arif would however recognize the troubles the war was bringing, and seeking to cement his own position in Iraq decided to visit Barzani that fall. Barzani accepted Arif's offer of a truce, recognizing the toll the war had taken on the Kurdish people by that point. During the sixth congress of the KDP held in November that year, the KDP decided to accept the terms of the Bazzazz Declaration but indicated that it would still push for autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barzani continued to consolidate his power in Iraqi Kurdistan, which had mostly fallen out of control from Baghdad by that point. His increasing position in the region would plague Baghdad, tying up much of its forces during the Six Day War.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ba'ath_coup_of_1968_and_1970_peace_accord"><span id="Ba.27ath_coup_of_1968_and_1970_peace_accord"></span>Ba'ath coup of 1968 and 1970 peace accord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ba'ath coup of 1968 and 1970 peace accord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1968, the Ba'ath Party, supported by the army, overthrew the Arif government and assumed control of Iraq, returning Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr back to power. The Ba'ath realized the toll the military operations in Iraq were taking and signaled its willingness to settle the Kurdish issue peacefully. The Ba'ath initially hoped to seek an agreement with the Talabani-Ahmad faction to bypass Barzani, prompting Barzani to enter into hostilities with the government again, shelling Kirkuk in March 1969. Barzani's receipt of aid from Iran posed challenges for the Ba'ath government, complicating its military efforts in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By May 1969 the government indicated its willingness to negotiate with Barzani, culminating in formal negotiations by December that year. Barzani demanded that the Ba'ath sever ties with pro-government Kurds and the Ahmad-Talabani faction, and recognize him as the sole power within the KDP, as well as terms of autonomy was also discussed. With <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Othman" title="Mahmoud Othman">Mahmoud Othman</a> conducting negotiations on behalf of the KDP, and <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> on behalf of the government, the final agreement was reached on 11 March 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final terms of the agreement recognized the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish people</a> and considered Kurdish language a second official language of the republic with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, along with autonomy in northern Iraq excluding <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, Khanaqin and other Kurdish cities, in exchange of full control of Iraqi army over Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-MEQuarterly_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEQuarterly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse_of_the_peace_accord">Collapse of the peace accord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Collapse of the peace accord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government began reconstruction in northern Iraq and work towards creating an autonomous region, appointed five Kurdish men to junior-level ministries in the government, incorporating the Kurds along with the ICP into the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Front</a> and provided Barzani with a stipend to manage the KDP. Ibrahim Ahmad and Jalal Talabani also reunified with the KDP.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However relations quickly began to deteriorate as Barzani accused Iraq of continuing <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabification</a> to decrease Kurdish standings in contested cities such as Kirkuk and in not being committed to a genuine autonomous zone. An assassination attempt took place against Barzani in September 1971 when Barzani received religious officials in his headquarters. The clerics had thought they were carrying suitcases with recording devices for the benefit of Baghdad, but had instead been wired with explosives. The explosion did not kill Barzani but killed others participating in the meeting, and in the confusion Peshmerga guards rushed in and killed the clerics. The government drivers who drove the clerics tried to salvage the assassination and tossed a grenade, killing a Peshmerga and wounding twelve, but missing Barzani, before they themselves were shot and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the conspirators were not captured, Barzani attributed responsibility for the attack to Saddam Hussein.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following disputes with the Ba'ath regime, Barzani maintained open borders with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, allowing the continued flow of arms and supplies, which increased following the Soviet-Iraqi Treaty of Friendship in April 1972 once the United States was concerned about Iraq entering into the Soviet sphere like Syria. Israel also increased support to Barzani hoping to frustrate the Ba'ath in Iraq. These actions strengthened Barzani's forces but led to criticism from some factions within the KDP and leftist groups supporting Kurdish causes in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_2005,331-332_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall_2005,331-332-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the defectors from the KDP was Barzani's own son Ubeydullah who defected from the movement and preferred to cooperate with the regime in Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through much of 1973, Barzani began to rebuild and reorganize the Peshmerga in anticipation of another conflict with Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 March 1974, the Ba'ath government passed the autonomy law which it presented to Barzani for approval. With Kirkuk not included and his faith in the Ba'ath for a genuine autonomy low, Barzani rejected the agreement. Joining his son Ubeydullah, a number of disillusioned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (June 2021)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mustafa_Barzani" title="Talk:Mustafa Barzani">disputed</a></i>]</sup> members of the KDP, angered with Barzani's opening towards the United States, Israel and Iran, and the perceived betrayal of KDP's socialist origins, defected to Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_2005,331-332_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall_2005,331-332-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_hostilities_and_defeat">Renewed hostilities and defeat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Renewed hostilities and defeat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Agreement_(1975)" class="mw-redirect" title="Algiers Agreement (1975)">1975 Algiers Agreement</a> was signed between Iran and Iraq in March during an <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> conference in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, mediated by Algerian President <a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediène">Houari Boumediène</a> and thus ending the long-running feud between the two states over the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> and other border disputes, with the US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> seeing it as necessary realpolitik to preserve stability in the Middle-East and close opportunities for the Soviet Union to exploit against Iran. The agreement stipulated that Iran end support for the peshmerga as well as no longer transporting supplies sent from other countries, which spelled the end for Barzani's rebellion as it could no longer keep the peshmerga supplied. On 23 March, just a few days after the Algiers Agreement was finalized, Barzani and nearly 100,000 followers left Iraq for Iran, ending the insurrection against Iraq, and allowing the Ba'ath Party to implement its assimilation policies towards the Kurds. Ahmad and Talabani, along with their supporters, later established the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> in June 1975, criticizing Barzani and KDP for what they described as "the inability of the feudalist, tribalist, bourgeois, rightist and capitulationist Kurdish leadership".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_and_death">Exile and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exile and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grab_Barzani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grab_Barzani.jpg/220px-Grab_Barzani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grab_Barzani.jpg/330px-Grab_Barzani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grab_Barzani.jpg/440px-Grab_Barzani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Tombs of Barzani and his son <a href="/wiki/Idris_Barzani" title="Idris Barzani">Idris Barzani</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Barzani and his family were settled near <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a>. The KDP went through a chaotic period as it attempted to reorganize itself in face of the defeat at the hands of the Ba'ath in Iraq. Barzani and his aides continued trying to get support from the United States, seeing that the Soviet Union had settled for amicable relations with the new government in Iraq. The United States' support for the Kurdish movement appeared to be primarily strategic, as it focused on countering Iraq's influence rather than advancing Kurdish nationalist goals. The findings of the Pike Commission suggested that the CIA's involvement with the Kurdish movement was primarily strategic, aiming to weaken Iraq rather than support long-term Kurdish autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barzani lived to witness significant geopolitical changes, including the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">overthrow of the Shah</a>, the departure of Henry Kissinger after Gerald Ford's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 U.S. presidential elections</a>, and the death of Algerian President <a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a>, all of which influenced the Kurdish struggle.. Seeking to treat lung cancer, Barzani went to the United States, and died on 1 March 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown University Hospital">Georgetown University Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, while undergoing treatment. He was buried in Iranian Kurdistan in <a href="/wiki/Oshnavieh" title="Oshnavieh">Oshnavieh</a> after his body was flown back from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-MEQuarterly_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEQuarterly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1993, Barzani's remains were brought across the border from Iran to Iraqi Kurdistan, to be reburied in his hometown of Barzan.<sup id="cite_ref-MEQuarterly_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEQuarterly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His son, <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a>, was the leader of the KDP and was re-elected as the President of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> region with 66% of the popular vote in July 2009. A grandson, <a href="/wiki/Nechirvan_Barzani" title="Nechirvan Barzani">Nechirvan Barzani</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Idris_Barzani" title="Idris Barzani">Idris Barzani</a>, was the prime minister of Iraqi Kurdistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_leader_Mustafa_Barzani_with_Egyptian_leader_Jamal_Abdulnasir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mustafa Barzani with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser"><img alt="Mustafa Barzani with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kurdish_leader_Mustafa_Barzani_with_Egyptian_leader_Jamal_Abdulnasir.jpg/120px-Kurdish_leader_Mustafa_Barzani_with_Egyptian_leader_Jamal_Abdulnasir.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kurdish_leader_Mustafa_Barzani_with_Egyptian_leader_Jamal_Abdulnasir.jpg/180px-Kurdish_leader_Mustafa_Barzani_with_Egyptian_leader_Jamal_Abdulnasir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kurdish_leader_Mustafa_Barzani_with_Egyptian_leader_Jamal_Abdulnasir.jpg/240px-Kurdish_leader_Mustafa_Barzani_with_Egyptian_leader_Jamal_Abdulnasir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mustafa Barzani with Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Barzani_in_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mustafa Barzani in 1958"><img alt="Mustafa Barzani in 1958" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mustafa_Barzani_in_1958.jpg/86px-Mustafa_Barzani_in_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mustafa_Barzani_in_1958.jpg/128px-Mustafa_Barzani_in_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mustafa_Barzani_in_1958.jpg/171px-Mustafa_Barzani_in_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mustafa Barzani in 1958</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Barzani_in_Baghdad_in_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mustafa Barzani in Baghdad in 1959"><img alt="Mustafa Barzani in Baghdad in 1959" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mustafa_Barzani_in_Baghdad_in_1959.jpg/120px-Mustafa_Barzani_in_Baghdad_in_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mustafa_Barzani_in_Baghdad_in_1959.jpg/180px-Mustafa_Barzani_in_Baghdad_in_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mustafa_Barzani_in_Baghdad_in_1959.jpg/240px-Mustafa_Barzani_in_Baghdad_in_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mustafa Barzani in Baghdad in 1959</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaka_Ziad_Koya_and_Mustapha_Barzai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Left to right: Mohsin Dizayee, Nafez Jalal, Kaka Ziad Koya, Kemal Mustapha Kerkuki Turkman, Mustafa Barzani, Shafiq Agha, Ali Ko]]"><img alt="Left to right: Mohsin Dizayee, Nafez Jalal, Kaka Ziad Koya, Kemal Mustapha Kerkuki Turkman, Mustafa Barzani, Shafiq Agha, Ali Ko]]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kaka_Ziad_Koya_and_Mustapha_Barzai.jpg/120px-Kaka_Ziad_Koya_and_Mustapha_Barzai.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kaka_Ziad_Koya_and_Mustapha_Barzai.jpg/180px-Kaka_Ziad_Koya_and_Mustapha_Barzai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kaka_Ziad_Koya_and_Mustapha_Barzai.jpg/240px-Kaka_Ziad_Koya_and_Mustapha_Barzai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="845" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left to right: Mohsin Dizayee, Nafez Jalal, Kaka Ziad Koya, Kemal Mustapha Kerkuki Turkman, Mustafa Barzani, Shafiq Agha, Ali Ko]]</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani" title="Ahmed Barzani">Ahmed Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzani_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Family">Barzani Family</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHistory_of_KDP" class="citation web cs1">History of KDP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910183327/http://www.kdp.se/">"KDP"</a>. <i>www.kdp.se</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kdp.se/">the original</a> on 10 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kdp.se&rft.atitle=KDP&rft.au=History+of+KDP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdp.se%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurdistani2014" class="citation book cs1">Kurdistani, Besar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxExAwAAQBAJ&dq=Mustafa+Barzani+1+march&pg=PA45"><i>Eagles Land</i></a>. PartridgeIndia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482820195" title="Special:BookSources/9781482820195"><bdi>9781482820195</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005035239/https://books.google.com/books?id=YxExAwAAQBAJ&dq=Mustafa+Barzani+1+march&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagles+Land&rft.pub=PartridgeIndia&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781482820195&rft.aulast=Kurdistani&rft.aufirst=Besar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxExAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMustafa%2BBarzani%2B1%2Bmarch%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEQuarterly-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MEQuarterly_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEQuarterly_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEQuarterly_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEQuarterly_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Korn, David (1994-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/article/220"><i>"The Last Years of Mustafa Barzani."</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222171543/http://www.meforum.org/article/220">Archived</a> 22 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/meq/">Middle East Quarterly.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708091611/https://www.meforum.org/meq/">Archived</a> 8 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2008" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Quil (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invisiblenationh00lawr/page/16"><i>Invisible Nation: How the Kurds' quest for Statehood is shaping Iraq and the Middle East</i></a></span> (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Walker & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invisiblenationh00lawr/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1611-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1611-8"><bdi>978-0-8027-1611-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+Nation%3A+How+the+Kurds%27+quest+for+Statehood+is+shaping+Iraq+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=1st+U.S.&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1611-8&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Quil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvisiblenationh00lawr%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJwaideh2006" class="citation book cs1">Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). <i>The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development</i>. Syracuse University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081563093X" title="Special:BookSources/081563093X"><bdi>081563093X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+National+Movement%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=081563093X&rft.aulast=Jwaideh&rft.aufirst=Wadie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jwaideh, Wadie (2006), pp.154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jwaideh, Wadie (2006), p.155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Kurdish Minority Problem</i>, p.11, Dec. 1948, ORE 71-48, <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308123142/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000258376/0000258376_0014.gif">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000258376/0000258376_0014.gif">the original</a> on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foia.cia.gov%2Fdocs%2FDOC_0000258376%2F0000258376_0014.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall2005" class="citation book cs1">McDowall, David (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernhistorykur00mcdo"><i>A Modern History of the Kurds</i></a></span> (3. revised and upd. ed., repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Tauris. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernhistorykur00mcdo/page/n194">178</a>–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-416-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-416-0"><bdi>978-1-85043-416-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=178-180&rft.edition=3.+revised+and+upd.+ed.%2C+repr.&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-416-0&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernhistorykur00mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBashkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Bashkin, Orit (20 November 2008). <i>The Other Iraq: Pluralism and Culture in Hashemite Iraq</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804774154" title="Special:BookSources/9780804774154"><bdi>9780804774154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Iraq%3A+Pluralism+and+Culture+in+Hashemite+Iraq&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.isbn=9780804774154&rft.aulast=Bashkin&rft.aufirst=Orit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, pp. 290–293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quil 2008, pp. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, pp. 241–243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hussein Tahiri: <i>The Structure of Kurdish Society and the Struggle for a Kurdish State</i>, Costa Mesa 2007, Mazda Books. pp.93 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarzani2003" class="citation book cs1">Barzani, Massoud, and Ahmed Ferhadi (2003). <i>Mustafa Barzani and the Kurdish Liberation Movement, 1931–1961</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29316-1"><bdi>978-0-312-29316-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustafa+Barzani+and+the+Kurdish+Liberation+Movement%2C+1931%E2%80%931961&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29316-1&rft.aulast=Barzani&rft.aufirst=Massoud%2C+and+Ahmed+Ferhadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barzani 2003, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barzani 2003, pp. 136–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barzani 2003, pp. 139–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barzani_2003_143–144-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barzani_2003_143–144_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barzani_2003_143–144_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barzani 2003, pp. 143–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Primakov_2009_326-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Primakov_2009_326_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Primakov_2009_326_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrimakov2009" class="citation book cs1">Primakov, Yevgeny (2009). <i>Russia and the Arabs: Behind the Scenes in the Middle East from the Cold War to the Present</i>. New York: Basic Books. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00475-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00475-1"><bdi>978-0-465-00475-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Arabs%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+in+the+Middle+East+from+the+Cold+War+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00475-1&rft.aulast=Primakov&rft.aufirst=Yevgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, pp. 296–297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quil 2008, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhareebGhareeb1981" class="citation book cs1">Ghareeb, Edmund; Ghareeb, Adjunct Professor of History Edmund (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVNtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Kurdish Question in Iraq</i></a> (1st ed.). Syracuse University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0164-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0164-6"><bdi>0-8156-0164-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419102313/https://books.google.com/books?id=CVNtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Question+in+Iraq&rft.pages=38&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8156-0164-6&rft.aulast=Ghareeb&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Ghareeb%2C+Adjunct+Professor+of+History+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVNtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowall_2005,_304-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_2005,_304_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_2005,_304_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, pp. 308–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, pp. 311–312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, pp. 312–313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, pp. 314–315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowall_2005,_317-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_2005,_317_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_2005,_317_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, pp. 318–319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quil 2008, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quil 2008, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Primakov 2009, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowall_2005,331-332-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_2005,331-332_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_2005,331-332_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, pp. 331–332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Helen Chapin Metz</a>, <i>Iraq A Country Study</i>, 272 pp., Kessinger Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-2671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-2671-0">978-1-4191-2671-0</a>, 2004. (see p.180)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall 2005, p. 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Congress._House._Select_Committee_on_Intelligence1992" class="citation book cs1">United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Intelligence (1992). Gregory Andrade Diamond (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://students.washington.edu/trevorg/pdfs/Domestic%20Intelligence/PikeReport-Domestic.pdf"><i>The unexpurgated Pike report : report of the House Select Committee on Intelligence, 1976</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: McGraw – Hill. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016728-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016728-5"><bdi>978-0-07-016728-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unexpurgated+Pike+report+%3A+report+of+the+House+Select+Committee+on+Intelligence%2C+1976&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=McGraw+%E2%80%93+Hill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-07-016728-5&rft.au=United+States.+Congress.+House.+Select+Committee+on+Intelligence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudents.washington.edu%2Ftrevorg%2Fpdfs%2FDomestic%2520Intelligence%2FPikeReport-Domestic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>"Paramilitary support by the CIA to the Kurdish rebellion against the Iraqi government from 1972 to 1975, which cost some $16 million, was initiated at the request of the Shah of Iran, then engaged in a border dispute with Iraq. Once the Iraqis agreed to a settlement favorable to Iran, the Shah had the support to the Kurds cut off. The rebellion collapsed, over 200,000 Kurds became refugees, and neither Iran nor the US set up adequate refugee assistance. As one high ranking but unidentified witness told the Select Committee, 'covert action should not be confused with missionary work'".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Mango2005" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Mango (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925130201/http://bookzz.org/ireader/889212"><i>Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone (Contemporary Security Studies)</i></a>. Routledge. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415350026" title="Special:BookSources/0415350026"><bdi>0415350026</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookzz.org/ireader/889212">the original</a> on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+and+the+War+on+Terror%3A+For+Forty+Years+We+Fought+Alone+%28Contemporary+Security+Studies%29&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415350026&rft.au=Andrew+Mango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookzz.org%2Fireader%2F889212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Barzani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barzani, Massoud, and Ahmed Ferhadi (2004). <i>Mustafa Barzani and the Kurdish Liberation Movement, 1931–1961</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29316-1">978-0-312-29316-1</a>.</li> <li>Lawrence, Quil (2008). <i>Invisible Nation: How the Kurds' Quest for Statehood is Shaping Iraq and the Middle East</i> (1st U.S. ed. ed.). New York: Walker & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1611-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1611-3">0-8027-1611-3</a>.</li> <li>McDowall, David (2005). <i>A Modern History of the Kurds</i> (3. revised and upd. ed., repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Tauris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-416-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-416-0">978-1-85043-416-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Barzani&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mustafa_Barzani" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113033855/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013565">Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912200158/http://www.xs4all.nl/~tank/kurdish/htdocs/lib/barzani.html">Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000915155534/http://www.kdp-ankara.org.tr/remembrances.html">More Biographical Information</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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