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US</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_US-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the US subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Between_the_World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Between the World Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>During the Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Soviet_Bloc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Soviet_Bloc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the Soviet Bloc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Soviet_Bloc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_1991_and_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_1991_and_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>August 1991 and dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_1991_and_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Republican affiliations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Directorates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mode_of_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mode_of_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Mode of operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mode_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_chairmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_chairmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of chairmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_chairmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative_and_award_badges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_and_award_badges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Commemorative and award badges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_and_award_badges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">KGB</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A)" title="لجنة أمن الدولة (الاتحاد السوفيتي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لجنة أمن الدولة (الاتحاد السوفيتي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSR%C4%B0_D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_T%C9%99hl%C3%BCk%C9%99sizlik_Komit%C9%99si" title="SSRİ Dövlət Təhlükəsizlik Komitəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SSRİ Dövlət Təhlükəsizlik Komitəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="কেজিবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেজিবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="СССР Дәүләт именлеге комитеты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="СССР Дәүләт именлеге комитеты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Камітэт дзяржаўнай бяспекі СССР – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камітэт дзяржаўнай бяспекі СССР" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Камітэт дзяржаўнай бясьпекі СССР – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камітэт дзяржаўнай бясьпекі СССР" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0)" title="Комитет за държавна сигурност (СССР) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комитет за държавна сигурност (СССР)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%83%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Επιτροπή για την Κρατική Ασφάλεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιτροπή για την Κρατική Ασφάλεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A8" title="کاگ‌ب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاگ‌ب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%88%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="국가보안위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가보안위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%8D%D5%80%D5%84_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5" title="ԽՍՀՄ Պետական անվտանգության կոմիտե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԽՍՀՄ Պետական անվտանգության կոմիտե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="केजीबी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केजीबी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odbor_dr%C5%BEavne_sigurnosti" title="Odbor državne sigurnosti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odbor državne sigurnosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitato_pri_Statala_Sekureso" title="Komitato pri Statala Sekureso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komitato pri Statala Sekureso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitet_Gosudarstvennoy_Bezopasnosti" title="Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7.%D7%92.%D7%91." title="ק.ג.ב. – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ק.ג.ב." data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სსრკ-ის სახელმწიფო უშიშროების კომიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სსრკ-ის სახელმწიფო უშიშროების კომიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%9E_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="КСРО мемлекеттік қауіпсіздік комитеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="КСРО мемлекеттік қауіпсіздік комитеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissio_Securitatis_Publicae_URSS" title="Commissio Securitatis Publicae URSS – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Commissio Securitatis Publicae URSS" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts_dro%C5%A1%C4%ABbas_komiteja" title="Valsts drošības komiteja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts drošības komiteja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91" title="КГБ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="КГБ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF." title="കെ.ജി.ബി. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കെ.ജി.ബി." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%89" title="كيه جى بى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيه جى بى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%A5%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="ЗХУ-ын Улсыг Аюулаас хамгаалах хороо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="ЗХУ-ын Улсыг Аюулаас хамгаалах хороо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB_(Sovjet-Unie)" title="KGB (Sovjet-Unie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="KGB (Sovjet-Unie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="केजिबी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="केजिबी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E9%80%A3%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="ソ連国家保安委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソ連国家保安委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSR_Davlat_xavfsizlik_qo%CA%BBmitasi" title="SSSR Davlat xavfsizlik qoʻmitasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SSSR Davlat xavfsizlik qoʻmitasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87._%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80._%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80." title="ਕੇ. ਜੀ. ਬੀ. – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੇ. ਜੀ. ਬੀ." data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کے جی بی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کے جی بی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_(KGB)" title="کې جي بي (KGB) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کې جي بي (KGB)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91" title="КГБ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="КГБ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Комитет государственной безопасности СССР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комитет государственной безопасности СССР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дойду көмүскэлин комитета – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дойду көмүскэлин комитета" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitet_gosudarstvennoj_bezopasnosti" title="Komitet gosudarstvennoj bezopasnosti – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Komitet gosudarstvennoj bezopasnosti" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Комитет државне безбедности СССР – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комитет државне безбедности СССР" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="கேஜிபி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேஜிபி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRB_d%C3%A4wl%C3%A4t_iminlek_komit%C3%A4te" title="SSRB däwlät iminlek komitäte – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="SSRB däwlät iminlek komitäte" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF" title="కెజిబి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెజిబి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95)" title="คณะกรรมการความมั่นคงแห่งรัฐ (สหภาพโซเวียต) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะกรรมการความมั่นคงแห่งรัฐ (สหภาพโซเวียต)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Комітет державної безпеки СРСР – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комітет державної безпеки СРСР" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کے جی بی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کے جی بی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB" title="KGB – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="KGB" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%83" title="克格勃 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克格勃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90_%D7%92%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A2" title="קא גע בע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קא גע בע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Main Soviet security agency from 1954 to 1991</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the security service of the Soviet Union. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/KGB_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="KGB (disambiguation)">KGB (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Committee for State Security</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Комитет государственной безопасности<br />(КГБ СССР)</span></span><br /><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti<br />(KGB SSSR)</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_KGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/150px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/225px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/300px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1954<span class="noprint">; 70 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1954-03-13</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> (1917–1922)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a> (1922–1923)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a> (1923–1934)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> (1934–1943)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">NKGB</a> (February–July 1941/1943–1946)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a> (1946–1953)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> (1953–1954)</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-12-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-Republican_Security_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter-Republican Security Service (page does not exist)">MSB</a> (1991)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence Service (page does not exist)">TsSR</a> (1991)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Agency_of_the_RSFSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR (page does not exist)">AFB</a> (1991)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_the_Protection_of_the_State_Border&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for the Protection of the State Border (page does not exist)">KOGG</a> (1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">State committee of union-republican jurisdiction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers</a></li><li>(1954–1990)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li><li>(1990–1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Lubyanka Building</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Lubyanka_Street" title="Bolshaya Lubyanka Street">Bolshaya Lubyanka Street</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Loyalty to the party – Loyalty to the motherland</li><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Верность партии — Верность Родине</span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><b>First:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a>, Chairman</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><b>Last:</b> <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Bakatin" title="Vadim Bakatin">Vadim Bakatin</a>, Chairman</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><b>Foreign intelligence:</b> <a href="/wiki/First_Chief_Directorate" title="First Chief Directorate">First Chief Directorate</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><b>Internal security:</b> Second Chief Directorate</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Ciphering:</b> Eighth Chief Directorate</li><li>Chief Directorate of Border Forces</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Committee for State Security</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Комитет государственной безопасности</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kəmʲɪˈtʲed<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)əj<span class="wrap"> </span>bʲɪzɐˈpasnəsʲtʲɪ]</a></span>), abbreviated as <b>KGB</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">КГБ</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˌkɛɡɛˈbɛ]</a></span>; <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e0\/Ru-KGB.ogg\/Ru-KGB.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen to both"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-KGB.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Ru-KGB.ogg/Ru-KGB.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen to both</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-KGB.ogg" title="File:Ru-KGB.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) was the main <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">security agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from 1954 to 1991. It was the direct successor of preceding Soviet <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> agencies including the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>. Attached to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers</a>, it was the chief government agency of "union-republican jurisdiction", carrying out internal security, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">foreign intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> functions. Similar agencies operated in each of the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republics of the Soviet Union</a> aside from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, where the KGB was headquartered, with many associated ministries, state committees and state commissions. </p><p>The agency was a <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> governed by army laws and regulations, in the same fashion as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">Internal Troops</a>. While most of the KGB archives remain classified, two online documentary sources are available.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main functions were <a href="/wiki/Foreign_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign intelligence">foreign intelligence</a>, counter-intelligence, operative-investigative activities, guarding the state border of the USSR, guarding the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Government">Soviet Government</a>, organization and security of government communications as well as combating <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">dissident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-Soviet</a> activities. On 3 December 1991, the KGB was officially dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was succeeded in Russia by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a> (SVR) and what would later become the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB). Following the <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">1991–1992 South Ossetia War</a>, the self-proclaimed Republic of <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> established its own KGB, keeping the unreformed name.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> established its successor to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Committee for State Security of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of the Byelorussian SSR</a> in 1991, the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">Belarusian KGB</a>, keeping the unreformed name. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>, <a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/NKGB" class="mw-redirect" title="NKGB">NKGB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Restructuring" title="Restructuring">Restructuring</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> following the fall of <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a> in June 1953 resulted in the formation of the KGB under <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a> in March 1954. </p><p><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> overthrew <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> in 1964. Brezhnev (in power: 1964–1982) was concerned about ambitious spy-chiefs – the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">communist party</a> had managed Serov's successor, the ambitious KGB Chairman, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Shelepin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Shelepin">Aleksandr Shelepin</a> (in office: 1958–1961), but Shelepin carried out Brezhnev's palace <i>coup d'état</i> against Khrushchev in 1964 (despite Shelepin not then being in the KGB). Brezhnev sacked Shelepin's successor and protégé, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Semichastny" title="Vladimir Semichastny">Vladimir Semichastny</a> (in office: 1961–1967) as KGB Chairman and reassigned him to a <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecure</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. Shelepin found himself demoted from the chairman of the Committee of Party and State Control in 1965 to <a href="/wiki/All-Union_Central_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions">Trade Union Council</a> chairman (in office 1967–1975). </p><p>In the 1980s, the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> provoked KGB Chairman <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a> (in office: 1988–1991) to lead the August <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet <i>coup d'état</i></a> in an attempt to depose President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. The failed <i>coup d'état</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the USSR</a> heralded the end of the KGB on 3 December 1991. The KGB's modern day successors are the FSB (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation</a>) and the SVR (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_US">In the US</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_World_Wars">Between the World Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Between the World Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a> (Foreign military intelligence service of the Soviet Union) recruited the ideological agent <a href="/wiki/Julian_Wadleigh" title="Julian Wadleigh">Julian Wadleigh</a>, who became a State Department diplomat in 1936. The <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>'s first US operation was establishing the legal residency of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Bazarov" title="Boris Bazarov">Boris Bazarov</a> and the illegal residency of <a href="/wiki/Iskhak_Akhmerov" title="Iskhak Akhmerov">Iskhak Akhmerov</a> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999104_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999104-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> (CPUSA) and its General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a>, helped NKVD recruit Americans, working in government, business, and industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other important, low-level and high-level ideological agents were the diplomats <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Duggan" title="Laurence Duggan">Laurence Duggan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Whitney_Straight" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Whitney Straight">Michael Whitney Straight</a> in the State Department, the statistician <a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a>, the economist <a href="/wiki/Lauchlin_Currie" title="Lauchlin Currie">Lauchlin Currie</a> (an FDR advisor), and the "Silvermaster Group", headed by statistician <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Gregory_Silvermaster" title="Nathan Gregory Silvermaster">Greg Silvermaster</a>, in the Farm Security Administration and the Board of Economic Warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999104–105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999104–105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, when <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>, formerly Alger Hiss's courier, approached the Roosevelt Government—to identify the Soviet spies Duggan, White, and others—he was ignored. Hence, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939–45)—at the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran</a> (1943), <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta</a> (1945), and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam</a> (1945) conferences—Big Three Ally Joseph Stalin of the USSR, was better informed about the war affairs of his US and UK allies than they were about his.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999111_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet espionage was at its most successful in collecting scientific and technological intelligence about advances in <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet propulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>, which impressed Moscow, but stealing atomic secrets was the capstone of NKVD espionage against Anglo–American science and technology. To wit, British <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> team physicist <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a> (GRU 1941) was the main agent of the <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a> spy ring.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, the New York City residency infiltrated top secret <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> in New Mexico by recruiting <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a>, a 19-year-old Harvard physicist.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Cold_War">During the Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During the Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The KGB failed to rebuild most of its US illegal resident networks. The aftermath of the Second <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare#'Second_Red_Scare'_(1947–1957)" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> (1947–57) and the crisis in the CPUSA hampered recruitment. The last major illegal resident, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Abel" title="Rudolf Abel">Rudolf Abel</a> (Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher/"Willie" Vilyam Fishers), was betrayed by his assistant, <a href="/wiki/Reino_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4nen" title="Reino Häyhänen">Reino Häyhänen</a>, in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; float:right; u"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef" colspan="2" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Chronology of Soviet<br />security agencies</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:2px solid gray;font-size:smaller"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/60px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/80px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="285" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/60px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/80px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NKVD_Emblem_(Solid_Colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/40px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/60px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/80px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="519" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_KGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/35px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/53px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/70px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="291" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1917–22</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Sovnarkom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1922–23</b></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> of the RSFSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(State Political Directorate)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1923–34</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a></b> of the Sovnarkom of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Joint State Political Directorate)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1934–41</b><br /><b>1941–43</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a></b> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)</span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">GUGB</a></b> of the NKVD of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Main Directorate of State Security)</span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1941</b><br /><b>1943–46</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">NKGB</a></b> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(People's Commissariat for State Security)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1946–53</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)"><b>MGB</b></a> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Ministry of State Security)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1953–54</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)"><b>MVD</b></a> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Ministry of Internal Affairs)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1954–91</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">KGB</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers of the USSR</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Committee for State Security)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template talk:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Recruitment then emphasised mercenary agents, an approach especially successful<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (April 2010)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> in scientific and technical espionage, since private industry practised lax internal security, unlike the US Government. One notable KGB success occurred in 1967, with the walk-in recruitment of <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_warrant_officer" title="Chief warrant officer">Chief Warrant Officer</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Walker" title="John Anthony Walker">John Anthony Walker</a>. Over eighteen years, Walker enabled Soviet Intelligence to decipher some one million US Navy messages, and track the US Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999205_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999205-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late Cold War, the KGB was successful with intelligence coups in the cases of the mercenary walk-in recruits FBI <a href="/wiki/Counter-espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-espionage">counterspy</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a> (1979–2001) and CIA Soviet Division officer <a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a> (1985–1994).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999435_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999435-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Soviet_Bloc">In the Soviet Bloc</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the Soviet Bloc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cell_33_in_KGB_Cells_Museum,_Tartu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cell_33_in_KGB_Cells_Museum%2C_Tartu.jpg/220px-Cell_33_in_KGB_Cells_Museum%2C_Tartu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cell_33_in_KGB_Cells_Museum%2C_Tartu.jpg/330px-Cell_33_in_KGB_Cells_Museum%2C_Tartu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cell_33_in_KGB_Cells_Museum%2C_Tartu.jpg/440px-Cell_33_in_KGB_Cells_Museum%2C_Tartu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Cell doors at the current KGB Cells Museum in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>It was Cold War policy for the KGB of the Soviet Union and the secret services of the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> to extensively monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible revolutionary plots in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>. In supporting those Communist governments, the KGB was instrumental in crushing the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">Socialism with a Human Face</a>" in Czechoslovakia, 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Hungarian revolt the founding member KGB chairman <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a> personally supervised the post-invasion "normalization" of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the KGB monitored the satellite state populations for occurrences of "harmful attitudes" and "hostile acts"; yet, stopping the Prague Spring, deposing a nationalist Communist government, was its greatest achievement. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The KGB prepared the Red Army's route by infiltrating <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> with many illegal residents disguised as Western tourists. They were to gain the trust of and spy upon the most outspoken proponents of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>'s new government. They were to plant subversive evidence, justifying the USSR's invasion, that right-wing groups—aided by Western intelligence agencies—were going to depose the Communist government of Czechoslovakia. Finally, the KGB prepared <a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">hardline</a>, pro-USSR members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> (KSČ), such as <a href="/wiki/Alois_Indra" title="Alois Indra">Alois Indra</a> and Vasiľ Škultéty, to assume power after the Red Army's invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KGB's Czech success in the 1960s was matched with the failed suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> labour movement in 1980s Poland. The KGB had forecast political instability consequent to the election of Archbishop of Kraków <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Karol Wojtyla</a> as the first Polish Pope, John Paul II, whom they had categorised as "subversive" because of his anti-Communist sermons against the one-party régime of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> (PZPR). Despite its accurate forecast of crisis, the PZPR hindered the KGB's destroying the nascent Solidarity-backed political movement, fearing explosive civil violence if they imposed the KGB-recommended martial law. Aided by their Polish counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_(Poland)" title="Security Service (Poland)">Security Service</a> (Służba Bezpieczeństwa—SB), the KGB successfully infiltrated spies to Solidarity and the Catholic Church,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Operation X co-ordinated the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">declaration of martial law</a> with Gen. <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> and the Polish Communist Party;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999531_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999531-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the vacillating, conciliatory Polish approach blunted KGB effectiveness—and Solidarity then fatally weakened the Communist Polish government in 1989. </p><p>Nadezhin saw that China threatened the USSR by claiming a historic right to regions under the USSR's control. China also wanted to displace the USSR as the leader of the international socialist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Filip_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filip-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KGB wanted to infiltrate the Chinese security services with "a sufficient number of agents". Top agents also believed that the KGB needed to do more to ensure the protection of the USSR from Chinese spies.<sup id="cite_ref-Filip_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filip-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_operations">Notable operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>With the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Operation">Trust Operation</a> (1921–1926), the OGPU successfully deceived some leaders of the right-wing, counter-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Guards</a> back to the USSR for execution.</li> <li>NKVD infiltrated and destroyed Trotskyist groups; in 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> agent <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader" title="Ramón Mercader">Ramón Mercader</a> assassinated <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> in Mexico City.</li> <li>KGB favoured <a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">active measures</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>), in discrediting the USSR's enemies.</li> <li>For war-time, KGB had ready <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> operations arms caches in target countries.</li></ul> <p>According to declassified documents, the KGB aggressively recruited former German (mostly <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>) intelligence officers after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT7Jul2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7Jul2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KGB used them to penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Gehlen_Organization" title="Gehlen Organization">West German intelligence service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT7Jul2006_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7Jul2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, acting upon the information of KGB defector <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Golitsyn" title="Anatoliy Golitsyn">Anatoliy Golitsyn</a>, the CIA counter-intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton" title="James Jesus Angleton">James Jesus Angleton</a> believed KGB had <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">moles</a> in two key places—the counter-intelligence section of CIA and the FBI's counter-intelligence department—through whom they would know of, and control, US counter-espionage to protect the moles and hamper the detection and capture of other Communist spies. Moreover, KGB counter-intelligence vetted foreign intelligence sources, so that the moles might "officially" approve an anti-CIA <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agent</a> as trustworthy. In retrospect, the captures of the moles <a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a> proved that Angleton, though ignored as over-aggressive, was correct, despite the fact that it cost him his job at CIA, which he left in 1975.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the mid-1970s, the KGB tried to secretly buy three banks in northern California to gain access to high-technology secrets. Their efforts were thwarted by the CIA. The banks were Peninsula National Bank in Burlingame, the First National Bank of Fresno, and the Tahoe National Bank in South Lake Tahoe. These banks had made numerous loans to advanced technology companies and had many of their officers and directors as clients. The KGB used the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Narodny_Bank_Limited" title="Moscow Narodny Bank Limited">Moscow Narodny Bank Limited</a> to finance the acquisition, and an intermediary, Singaporean businessman Amos Dawe, as the frontman.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 February 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a>, which was led by Yuri Andropov at the time, demanded that KGB members influence <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (which was then newly formed) where <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> was scheduled to win parliamentary elections. During that time, the Soviet secret service tried hard to ensure support for his party and his allies and even predicted an easy victory for him. In June 1975, Mujib formed a new party called <a href="/wiki/BAKSAL" class="mw-redirect" title="BAKSAL">BAKSAL</a> and created a one-party state. Three years later, the KGB in that region increased from 90 to 200, and by 1979 printed more than 100 newspaper articles. In these articles, the KGB officials accused <a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a>, popularly known as "Zia", and his regime of having ties with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndrewMitrokhin2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1979, the KGB accused some officers who were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in an overthrow attempt, and by October, Andropov approved the fabrication of a letter in which he stated that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ghulam_Tawab" title="Muhammad Ghulam Tawab">Muhammad Ghulam Tawab</a>, an Air Vice-Marshal at the time, was the main plotter, which led the Bangladesh, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> press to believe that he was an American spy. Under Andropov's command, Service A, a KGB division, falsified the information in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Moudud_Ahmed" title="Moudud Ahmed">Moudud Ahmed</a> in which it said that he was supported by the American government and by 1981 even sent a letter accusing the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> of plotting to overthrow President Zia and his regime. The letter also mentioned that after Mujib was assassinated the United States contacted <a href="/wiki/Khondaker_Mostaq_Ahmad" title="Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad">Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad</a> to replace him as a short-term President. When the election happened in the end of 1979, the KGB made sure that the Bangladesh Nationalist Party would win. The party received 207 out of 300 seats, but the Zia regime did not last long, falling on 29 May 1981 when after numerous escapes, Zia was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndrewMitrokhin2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KGB_special_operative_Igor_Morozov_on_the_armored_vehicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/KGB_special_operative_Igor_Morozov_on_the_armored_vehicle.jpg/220px-KGB_special_operative_Igor_Morozov_on_the_armored_vehicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/KGB_special_operative_Igor_Morozov_on_the_armored_vehicle.jpg/330px-KGB_special_operative_Igor_Morozov_on_the_armored_vehicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/KGB_special_operative_Igor_Morozov_on_the_armored_vehicle.jpg/440px-KGB_special_operative_Igor_Morozov_on_the_armored_vehicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>KGB special operative <a href="/wiki/Igor_Morozov_(politician)" title="Igor Morozov (politician)">Igor Morozov</a> sits on top of the <a href="/wiki/BTR-60" title="BTR-60">BTR-60</a> armoured vehicle during his assignment to the <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1982</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The KGB started infiltrating Afghanistan as early as 27 April 1978. During that time, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan</a> (PDPA)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was planning the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Mohammed Daoud Khan</a>. Under the leadership of Major General <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Mohammad_Gulabzoy" title="Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy">Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy</a> and Muhammad Rafi – <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code named</a> Mammad and Niruz respectively – the Soviet secret service learned of the imminent uprising. Two days after the uprising, <a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a>, leader of the PDPA, issued a notice of concern to the Soviet ambassador <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Puzanov" title="Alexander Puzanov">Alexander Puzanov</a> and the resident of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>-based KGB embassy Viliov Osadchy that they could have staged a coup three days earlier hence the warning. On that, both Puzanov and Osadchy dismissed Taraki's complaint and reported it to Moscow, which broke a 30-year contract with him soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndrewMitrokhin2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgbafghanistan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The centre then realized that it was better for them to deal with a more competent agent, which at the time was <a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a>, who later accused Taraki of taking bribes and even of having secretly contacted the United States embassy in Kabul. On that, the centre again refused to listen and instructed him to take a position in the Kabul residency by 1974. On 30 April 1978, Taraki, despite being cut off from any support, led the coup which later became known as <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a>, and became the country's leader, with <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a> as vice-chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Afghanistan)" title="Council of Ministers (Afghanistan)">Council of Ministers</a> and vice-chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Council_(Afghanistan)" title="Revolutionary Council (Afghanistan)">Revolutionary Council</a>. On 5 December 1978, Taraki compared the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, which struck<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a>, the FCD chief of that time.<sup id="cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndrewMitrokhin2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgbafghanistan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 March 1979, after losing the city of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> in an <a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">uprising</a>, Amin became the next <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a>, and by 27 July became <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)">Minister of Defense</a> as well. The centre though was concerned of his powers since the same month he issued them a complaint about lack of funds and demanded US$400,000,000. Furthermore, it was discovered that Amin had a master's degree from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and that he preferred to communicate in English instead of Russian. Unfortunately for Moscow's intelligence services, Amin succeeded Taraki and by 16 September <a href="/wiki/Radio_Afghanistan" title="Radio Afghanistan">Radio Kabul</a> announced that the PDPA received a fake request from Taraki concerning health issues among the party members. On that, the centre accused him of "terrorist" activities and expelled him from the party.<sup id="cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndrewMitrokhin2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgbafghanistan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following day General Boris Ivanov, who was behind the mission in Kabul along with General Lev Gorelov and Deputy Defense Minister Ivan Pavlovsky, visited Amin to congratulate him on his election to power. On the same day the KGB decided to imprison Sayed Gulabzoy as well as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Aslam_Watanjar" title="Mohammad Aslam Watanjar">Mohammad Aslam Watanjar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assadullah_Sarwari" title="Assadullah Sarwari">Assadullah Sarwari</a> but while in captivity and under an investigation all three denied the allegation that the current Minister of Defence was an American secret agent. The denial of claims was passed on to <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, who as the main chiefs of the KGB proposed operation Raduga to save the life of Gulabzoy and Watanjar and send them to <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bagram_Airfield" title="Bagram Airfield">Bagram Airfield</a> by giving them fake passports. With that and a sealed container in which an almost breathless Sarwari was laying, they came to Tashkent on 19 September.<sup id="cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndrewMitrokhin2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgbafghanistan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the continued investigation in Tashkent, the three were put under surveillance in one of the rooms for as long as four weeks where they were investigated for the reliability of their claims by the KGB. Soon after, they were satisfied with the results and sent them to <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> for a secret retreat. On 9 October, the Soviet secret service had a meeting in which Bogdanov, Gorelov, Pavlonsky and Puzanov were the main chiefs who were discussing what to do with Amin who was very harsh at the meeting. After the two-hour meeting they began to worry that Amin would establish an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> in Afghanistan and decided to seek a way to put Karmal back in. They brought him and three other ministers secretly to Moscow during which time they discussed how to put him back in power. The decision was to fly him back to Bagram by 13 December. Four days later, Amin's nephew, Asadullah, was taken to Moscow by the KGB for acute food poisoning treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndrewMitrokhin2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgbafghanistan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 November 1979, the KGB had a meeting on which they discussed Operation Cascade, which was launched earlier that year. The operation carried out bombings with the help of <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Chief_Directorate" title="First Chief Directorate">FCD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgbafghanistan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 December, the centre received news that KGB Special Forces Alpha and Zenith Group, supported by the 154th OSN GRU, also known as <i>Muslim battalion</i> and paratroopers from the <a href="/wiki/345th_Independent_Guards_Airborne_Regiment" title="345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment">345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm-333" title="Operation Storm-333">stormed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tajbeg_Palace" title="Tajbeg Palace">Tajbeg Palace</a> and killed Amin and his 100–150 personal guards.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 11-year-old son died due to shrapnel wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets installed Karmal as Amin's successor. Several other government buildings were seized during the operation, including the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Interior Affairs (Afghanistan)">Interior Ministry</a> building, the Internal Security (<a href="/wiki/KHAD" title="KHAD">KHAD</a>) building, and the General Staff building (<a href="/wiki/Darul_Aman_Palace" title="Darul Aman Palace">Darul Aman Palace</a>). Out of the 54 KGB operators that assaulted the palace, 5 were killed in action, including Colonel Grigori Boyarinov, and 32 were wounded. <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a> call this operation one of the most successful in the group's history. In June 1981, there were 370 members in the Afghan-controlled KGB intelligence service throughout the nation which were under the command of Ahmad Shah Paiya and had received all the training they need in the Soviet Union. By May 1982, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was set up in Afghanistan under the command of KHAD. In 1983, Boris Voskoboynikov became the next head of the KGB while Leonid Kostromin became his Deputy Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgbafghanistan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="August_1991_and_dissolution">August 1991 and dissolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: August 1991 and dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KGB dissolved on December 3, 1991. Its immediate successor agencies were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Agency_of_the_RSFSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR (page does not exist)">Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR</a> (AFB),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-Republican_Security_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter-Republican Security Service (page does not exist)">Inter-Republican Security Service</a> (MSB), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence Service (page does not exist)">Central Intelligence Service</a> (TsSR), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_the_Protection_of_the_State_Border&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for the Protection of the State Border (page does not exist)">Committee for the Protection of the State Border</a> (KOGG).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1993, the KGB was succeeded overall by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Counterintelligence_Service" title="Federal Counterintelligence Service">Federal Counterintelligence Service</a> (FSK) of Russia (itself a direct successor to the AFB),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in-turn was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> of the Russian Federation (FSB).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Committee for State Security was a militarized organization adhering to military discipline and regulations. Its operational personnel held army style ranks, except for the maritime branch of the Border troops, which held navy style ranks. The KGB consisted of two main components - organs and troops. The organs included the services directly involved in the committee's main roles - intelligence, counter-intelligence, military counter-intelligence etc. The troops included military units within the KGB's structure, completely separate from the Soviet armed forces - the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Border Troops</a>, the Governmental Signals Troops (which in addition to providing communications between the central government and the lower administrative levels, also provided the communications between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet General Staff">General Staff</a> and the military districts), the Special Service Troops (which provided <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">EW</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELINT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELINT">ELINT, SIGINT</a> and cryptography) as well as the Spetsnaz of the KGB (the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Regiment" title="Kremlin Regiment">Kremlin Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vympel" title="Vympel">Vympel</a>, etc.). At the time of the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 the KGB had the following structure:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Secretariat</b> (office of the Chairman of the KGB) (<i>Секретариат</i>)</li> <li><b>Group of Consultants to the Chairman of the KGB</b> (<i>Группа консультантов при Председателе КГБ</i>)</li> <li><b>Center for Public Relations</b> (<i>Центр общественных связей</i>)</li> <li><b>1st Main Directorate</b> (External Intelligence) (<i>1-е Главное управление</i> (<i>внешняя разведка</i>))</li> <li><b>2nd Main Directorate</b> (Counter-Intelligence) (<i>2-е Главное управление</i> (<i>контрразведка</i>))</li> <li><b>3rd Main Directorate</b> (Military Counter-Intelligence) (<i>3-е Главное управление</i> (<i>военная контрразведка</i>))</li> <li><b>4th Directorate</b> (Counter-Intelligence Support for the transport and communications infrastructure) (<i>4-е Управление</i> (<i>контрразведывательное обеспечение объектов транспорта и связи</i>))</li> <li><b>5th Directorate</b> (Political police)</li> <li><b>6th Directorate</b> (Counter-Intelligence Support for the economy) (<i>6-е Управление</i> (<i>контрразведывательное обеспечение экономики</i>))</li> <li><b>7th Directorate</b> (External Surveillance) (<i>7-е Управление</i> (<i>наружное наблюдение</i>))</li> <li><b>8th Main Directorate</b> (Cryptography) (<i>8-е Главное управление</i> (<i>шифровальное</i>))</li> <li><b>9th Directorate</b> (Protection of High level party members)</li> <li><b>10th Department</b> (Inventory and Archive) (<i>10-й отдел</i> (<i>учётно-архивный</i>))</li> <li><b>12th Department</b> (Wiretapping and surveillance in enclosed spaces) (<i>12-й отдел</i> (<i>прослушивание телефонов и помещений</i>))</li> <li><b>15th Main Directorate</b> (Wartime government command centers) (<i>15-е Главное управление</i> (<i>обслуживание запасных пунктов управления</i>))</li> <li><b>16th Directorate</b> (<a href="/wiki/ELINT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELINT">ELINT</a>) (<i>16-е Управление</i> (<i>электронная разведка</i>))</li> <li><b>17th Directorate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">RECON</a>) (Special Reconnaissance in the Field)</li> <li><b>Close Protection Service</b> (Close protection, perimeter protection, transport and catering for high-ranking government officials) (<i>Служба охраны</i>)</li> <li><b>Directorate "Z"</b> (Protection of the constitutional order) (<i>Управление «З»</i> (<i>защита конституционного строя</i>))</li> <li><b>Directorate "OP"</b> (Combat against the organized crime) (<i>Управление «ОП»</i> (<i>борьба с организованной преступностью</i>)</li> <li><b>Directorate "SCh"</b>(Сч) Spetsnaz of the KGB.</li> <li><b>Main Directorate of the Border Troops</b> (<i>Главное управление пограничных войск</i>)</li> <li><b>Analytical Directorate</b> (<i>Аналитическое управление</i>)</li> <li><b>Inspection Directorate</b> (<i>Инспекторское управление</i>)</li> <li><b>Operational Technical Directorate</b> (<a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> of special equipment and procedures) (<i>Оперативно-техническое управление</i>)</li> <li><b>Investigative Department</b> (<i>Следственный отдел</i>)</li> <li><b>Directorate of Government Communications</b> (<i>Управление правительственной связи</i>)</li> <li><b>Personnel Directorate</b> (<i>Управление кадров</i>)</li> <li><b>Supply Directorate</b> (<i>Хозяйственное управление</i>)</li> <li><b>Military Construction Directorate</b> (<i>Военно-строительное управление</i>)</li> <li><b>Military Medical Directorate</b> (<i>Военно-медицинское управление</i>)</li> <li><b>Department of Financial Planning</b> (<i>Финансово-плановый отдел</i>)</li> <li><b>Mobilization Department</b> (<i>Мобилизационный отдел</i>)</li> <li><b>Legal Department and Arbitration</b> (<i>Юридический отдел с арбитражем</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_affiliations">Republican affiliations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Republican affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1990_01_12_Gorba%C4%8Diovas%C5%A0iauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1990_01_12_Gorba%C4%8Diovas%C5%A0iauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg/220px-1990_01_12_Gorba%C4%8Diovas%C5%A0iauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1990_01_12_Gorba%C4%8Diovas%C5%A0iauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg/330px-1990_01_12_Gorba%C4%8Diovas%C5%A0iauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1990_01_12_Gorba%C4%8Diovas%C5%A0iauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg/440px-1990_01_12_Gorba%C4%8Diovas%C5%A0iauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Head of KGB in Lithuania <a href="/wiki/Eduardas_Eismuntas" title="Eduardas Eismuntas">Eduardas Eismuntas</a>, January 1990</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Occupations_and_Freedom_Fights_in_Vilnius,_Lithuania,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Museum_of_Occupations_and_Freedom_Fights_in_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania%2C_2021.jpg/220px-Museum_of_Occupations_and_Freedom_Fights_in_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Museum_of_Occupations_and_Freedom_Fights_in_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania%2C_2021.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Occupations_and_Freedom_Fights_in_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Museum_of_Occupations_and_Freedom_Fights_in_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania%2C_2021.jpg/440px-Museum_of_Occupations_and_Freedom_Fights_in_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The former building of the KGB in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet Union was a federal state, consisting of 15 constituent Soviet Socialist Republics, each with its own government closely resembling the central government of the USSR. The republican affiliation offices almost completely duplicated the structural organization of the main KGB. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Belarusian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for State Security of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Belarusian SSR</a> / KDB of Belarus (see <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus</a>)</li> <li>KGB of Ukraine / KDB of Ukraine (see <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_(Ukraine)" title="Committee for State Security (Ukraine)">Committee for State Security (Ukraine)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Moldovan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for State Security of the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Moldovan SSR</a> / CSS of Moldova</li> <li>KGB of Estonian SSR / RJK of Estonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Committee for State Security of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Latvian SSR</a> / LPSR <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Valsts drošības komiteja</i></span> (VDK)</li> <li>KGB of Lithuanian SSR / VSK of Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for State Security of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Georgian SSR</a> / KSU of Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Committee for State Security of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Armenian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Azerbaijani_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for State Security of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Azerbaijan SSR</a> / DTK of Azerbaijan</li> <li>KGB of Kazakh SSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KHAD" title="KHAD">KGB of Afghanistan</a> (local designation: KHAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Kyrgyz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for State Security of the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Kyrgyz SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for State Security of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Uzbek SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Committee for State Security of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Turkmen SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for State Security of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">KGB of Tajik SSR</a></li> <li>KGB of Russian SFSR (created in 1991; see <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairman of the KGB</a>, First Deputy Chairmen (1–2), Deputy Chairmen (4–6). Its policy <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ministry)" title="Collegium (ministry)">Collegium</a> comprised a chairman, deputy chairmen, directorate chiefs, and republican KGB chairmen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directorates">Directorates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Directorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Chief_Directorate" title="First Chief Directorate">First Chief Directorate</a> (Foreign Operations) – foreign espionage (now the Foreign Intelligence Service or SVR in Russian).</li> <li>Second Chief Directorate – counter-intelligence, internal political control.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_counterintelligence_of_the_Soviet_Army" title="Military counterintelligence of the Soviet Army">Third Chief Directorate</a> (Armed Forces) – military counter-intelligence and armed forces political surveillance.</li> <li>Fourth Directorate (Transportation security)</li> <li>Fifth Chief Directorate – censorship and internal security against artistic, political, and religious dissension; renamed "Directorate Z", protecting the Constitutional order, in 1989.</li> <li>Eighteenth Chief Directorate (Investigations) - investigations inside of the Soviet Ministries, preventing corruption and other crimes. Previously named Investigative Department.</li> <li>Sixth Directorate (Economic Counter-intelligence, industrial security)</li> <li>Seventh Directorate (Surveillance) – of Soviet nationals and foreigners.</li> <li>Eighth Chief Directorate – monitored-managed national, foreign, and overseas communications, cryptologic equipment, and research and development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Chief_Directorate_(KGB)" title="Ninth Chief Directorate (KGB)">Ninth Chief Directorate</a> (Guards and KGB Protection Service) – The 40,000-man uniformed bodyguard for the party leaders and families, guarded critical government installations (nuclear weapons, etc.), operated the <a href="/wiki/Metro-2" title="Metro-2">Moscow VIP subway</a>, and secure Government–Party telephony. President Yeltsin transformed it to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Federal Protective Service</a> (FPS).</li> <li>Fifteenth Directorate (Wartime government command centers)</li> <li>Sixteenth Directorate (SIGINT and communications interception) – operated the national and government telephone and telegraph systems.</li> <li>Border Guards Directorate responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a>.</li> <li>Operations and Technology Directorate – research laboratories for recording devices and <a href="/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services" title="Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services">Laboratory 12</a> for poisons and drugs.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_070423-D-7203T-017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Defense.gov_photo_essay_070423-D-7203T-017.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_070423-D-7203T-017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Defense.gov_photo_essay_070423-D-7203T-017.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_070423-D-7203T-017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Defense.gov_photo_essay_070423-D-7203T-017.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_070423-D-7203T-017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>Former KGB officer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a> meets with former CIA director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a>, April 2007.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_units">Other units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>KGB Personnel Department</li> <li>Secretariat of the KGB</li> <li>KGB Technical Support Staff</li> <li>KGB Finance Department</li> <li>KGB Archives</li> <li>KGB Irregulars</li> <li>Administration Department of the KGB, and</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a> Committee</li> <li>KGB <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a>) units such as:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vympel" title="Vympel">Vympel Group</a></li> <li>Zenith Group</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Regiment" title="Kremlin Regiment">Kremlin Guard Force</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium</a>, et al., then became the FSO</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mode_of_operation">Mode of operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mode of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KGB_first_law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/KGB_first_law.jpg/170px-KGB_first_law.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/KGB_first_law.jpg/255px-KGB_first_law.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/KGB_first_law.jpg/340px-KGB_first_law.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukase</a> establishing the KGB</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine article in 1983, reported that the KGB was the world's most effective information-gathering organization.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It operated <a href="/wiki/Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">legal and illegal espionage residencies</a> in target countries where a <i>legal resident</i> gathered intelligence while based at the Soviet embassy or consulate, and, if caught, was protected from prosecution by <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a>. At worst, the compromised spy was either returned to the Soviet Union or was declared <i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a></i> and expelled by the government of the target country. The <i>illegal resident</i> spied, unprotected by diplomatic immunity, and worked independently of Soviet diplomatic and trade missions, (<i>cf.</i> the <a href="/wiki/Non-official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-official cover">non-official cover</a> CIA officer). In its early history, the KGB valued illegal spies more than legal spies, because illegal spies infiltrated their targets with greater ease. The KGB residency executed four types of espionage: (i) political, (ii) economic, (iii) military-strategic, and (iv) <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>, effected with "active measures" (PR Line), <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> and security (KR Line), and scientific–technological intelligence (X Line); quotidian duties included <a href="/wiki/Signal_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal intelligence">SIGINT</a> (RP Line) and illegal support (N Line).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin199938_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin199938-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KGB classified its spies as: </p> <ul><li><i>agents</i> (a person who provides intelligence) and</li> <li><i>controllers</i> (a person who relays intelligence).</li></ul> <p>The false-identity (or <i>legend</i>) assumed by a USSR-born <i>illegal</i> spy was elaborate, using the life of either: </p> <ul><li>a "live double" (a participant to the fabrications) or</li> <li>a "dead double" (whose identity is tailored to the spy).</li></ul> <p>The agent then substantiated his or her false-identity by living in a foreign country, before emigrating to the target country. For example, the KGB would send a US-bound illegal resident via the Soviet embassy in <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia_in_Ottawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Russia in Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tradecraft" title="Tradecraft">Tradecraft</a> included stealing and photographing documents, code-names, contacts, targets, and <a href="/wiki/Dead_drop" title="Dead drop">dead letter boxes</a>, and working as a "friend of the cause" or as <i><a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agents provocateurs</a></i>, who would infiltrate the target group to sow dissension, influence policy, and arrange <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnappings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_chairmen">List of chairmen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of chairmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">List of chairmen of the KGB</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.jpg/250px-%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.jpg/375px-%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.jpg/500px-%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>ID card of the Chairman of the KGB <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Chairman </th> <th>Dates </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov</a> </td> <td>1954–1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Aleksandr Nikolayevich Shelepin</a> </td> <td>1958–1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ivashutin" title="Pyotr Ivashutin">Pyotr Ivashutin</a> </td> <td>act. 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Semichastny" title="Vladimir Semichastny">Vladimir Yefimovich Semichastny</a> </td> <td>1961–1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov</a> </td> <td>1967–1982 (Jan.–May) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Fedorchuk" title="Vitaly Fedorchuk">Vitali Vasilyevich Fedorchuk</a> </td> <td>1982 (May–Dec.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov</a> </td> <td>1982–1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov</a> </td> <td>1988–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Shebarshin" title="Leonid Shebarshin">Leonid Shebarshin</a> </td> <td>act 1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Bakatin" title="Vadim Bakatin">Vadim Viktorovich Bakatin</a> </td> <td>1991 (Aug.–Dec.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorative_and_award_badges">Commemorative and award badges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Commemorative and award badges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Source:</span><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Znak5_GPU.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="5 years Cheka–OGPU, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1923"><img alt="5 years Cheka–OGPU, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1923" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Znak5_GPU.GIF/72px-Znak5_GPU.GIF" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Znak5_GPU.GIF/108px-Znak5_GPU.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Znak5_GPU.GIF/144px-Znak5_GPU.GIF 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">5 years <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>–<a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a>, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1923</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Znak15_OGPU.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="15 years Cheka–OGPU, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1932"><img alt="15 years Cheka–OGPU, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Znak15_OGPU.GIF/72px-Znak15_OGPU.GIF" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Znak15_OGPU.GIF/108px-Znak15_OGPU.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Znak15_OGPU.GIF/144px-Znak15_OGPU.GIF 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">15 years <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>–<a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a>, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NKVD_1940_honored_officer_badge.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Honored Worker of NKVD, 1940"><img alt="Honored Worker of NKVD, 1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NKVD_1940_honored_officer_badge.gif/78px-NKVD_1940_honored_officer_badge.gif" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NKVD_1940_honored_officer_badge.gif/117px-NKVD_1940_honored_officer_badge.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NKVD_1940_honored_officer_badge.gif/156px-NKVD_1940_honored_officer_badge.gif 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="698" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Honored Worker of <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, 1940</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kgb_50years_1967.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="50 years Cheka–KGB, 1967"><img alt="50 years Cheka–KGB, 1967" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kgb_50years_1967.gif/66px-Kgb_50years_1967.gif" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kgb_50years_1967.gif/99px-Kgb_50years_1967.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kgb_50years_1967.gif/132px-Kgb_50years_1967.gif 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">50 years Cheka–KGB, 1967</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kgb_60years_1977.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="60 years Cheka–KGB, 1977"><img alt="60 years Cheka–KGB, 1977" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kgb_60years_1977.gif/66px-Kgb_60years_1977.gif" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kgb_60years_1977.gif/98px-Kgb_60years_1977.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kgb_60years_1977.gif/131px-Kgb_60years_1977.gif 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">60 years Cheka–KGB, 1977</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kgb_70years_1987.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="70 years Cheka–KGB, 1987"><img alt="70 years Cheka–KGB, 1987" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kgb_70years_1987.gif/66px-Kgb_70years_1987.gif" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kgb_70years_1987.gif/100px-Kgb_70years_1987.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kgb_70years_1987.gif/133px-Kgb_70years_1987.gif 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">70 years Cheka–KGB, 1987</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kgb_member_honour_1957.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Honored Worker of State Security, 1957"><img alt="Honored Worker of State Security, 1957" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kgb_member_honour_1957.gif/66px-Kgb_member_honour_1957.gif" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kgb_member_honour_1957.gif/99px-Kgb_member_honour_1957.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kgb_member_honour_1957.gif/132px-Kgb_member_honour_1957.gif 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Honored Worker of State Security, 1957</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OGPU_10_years,_1927.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Anniversary Badge 10 years OGPU, 1927"><img alt="Anniversary Badge 10 years OGPU, 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/OGPU_10_years%2C_1927.gif/92px-OGPU_10_years%2C_1927.gif" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/OGPU_10_years%2C_1927.gif/138px-OGPU_10_years%2C_1927.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/OGPU_10_years%2C_1927.gif 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anniversary Badge 10 years OGPU, 1927</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_1st_class_CCCP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Excellent Border Troop 1st class, 1969"><img alt="Excellent Border Troop 1st class, 1969" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_1st_class_CCCP.jpg/81px-Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_1st_class_CCCP.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_1st_class_CCCP.jpg/121px-Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_1st_class_CCCP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_1st_class_CCCP.jpg/162px-Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_1st_class_CCCP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excellent <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Border Troop</a> 1st class, 1969</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_2nd_class_CCCP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Excellent Border Troop 2nd class, 1969"><img alt="Excellent Border Troop 2nd class, 1969" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_2nd_class_CCCP.jpg/82px-Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_2nd_class_CCCP.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_2nd_class_CCCP.jpg/123px-Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_2nd_class_CCCP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_2nd_class_CCCP.jpg/164px-Excellent_KGB_Border_Troop_2nd_class_CCCP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excellent Border Troop 2nd class, 1969</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:70letpv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="70 years Border Troops KGB, 1988"><img alt="70 years Border Troops KGB, 1988" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/70letpv.jpg/91px-70letpv.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/70letpv.jpg/137px-70letpv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/70letpv.jpg/182px-70letpv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="1829" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">70 years Border Troops KGB, 1988</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_70_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9C_%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A-%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="70 years Komsomol Cheka–KGB"><img alt="70 years Komsomol Cheka–KGB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_70_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9C_%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A-%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.JPG/65px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_70_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9C_%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A-%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_70_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9C_%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A-%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.JPG/97px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_70_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9C_%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A-%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_70_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9C_%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A-%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.JPG/130px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_70_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9C_%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A-%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.JPG 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="1015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">70 years <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> Cheka–KGB</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_KGB_(1955%E2%80%931991)" title="Military ranks of the KGB (1955–1991)">Military ranks of the KGB (1955–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Social_Affairs_Department" title="Central Social Affairs Department">Central Social Affairs Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia" title="Dirección de Inteligencia">Dirección de Inteligencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAPSI" title="FAPSI">Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Soviet espionage">History of Soviet espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Soviet Union-related articles">Index of Soviet Union-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_for_Inter-Services_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Laos)">Ministry of Public Security of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam)">Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Archive" title="Mitrokhin Archive">Mitrokhin Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security" title="National Directorate of Security">National Directorate of Security</a> (KHAD successor in Afghanistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_station" title="Numbers station">Numbers station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbornik_KGB_SSSR" title="Sbornik KGB SSSR">Sbornik KGB SSSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">State Security Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">World Peace Council</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRubensteinGribanov" class="citation web cs1">Rubenstein, Joshua; Gribanov, Alexander (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070521130856/http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/sakharov_list.htm">"The KGB File of Andrei Sakharov"</a>. <i>Annals of Communism</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KGB+Backyard+in+the+Caucasus&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft.aulast=Kolev&rft.aufirst=Stoyan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cacianalyst.org%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F5060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999104-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999104_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999">Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2004" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, John Earl (2004). <i>The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Freeman%3A+Ideas+on+Liberty&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999104–105-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999104–105_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999">Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999111-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999111_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999">Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999</a>, pp. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInglis-Arkell2012" class="citation web cs1">Inglis-Arkell, Esther (5 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.com/5948490/the-strange-story-of-klaus-fuchs-the-red-spy-in-the-manhattan-project">"The Strange Story of Klaus Fuchs, the Red Spy in the Manhattan Project"</a>. <i>io9</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Story+of+Klaus+Fuchs%2C+the+Red+Spy+in+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.aulast=Inglis-Arkell&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2F5948490%2Fthe-strange-story-of-klaus-fuchs-the-red-spy-in-the-manhattan-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/venona/inte_19441112.html">"The November 12, 1944 cable: Theodore Alvin Hall and Saville Sax"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rudolph+Ivanovich+Abel+%28Hollow+Nickel+Case%29&rft.pub=FBI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2Ffamous-cases%2Fhollow-nickel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999205-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999205_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999">Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999435-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999435_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999">Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999</a>, p. 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,808640-1,00.html">"Foreign News: The Shadow of Ivan Serov"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 3 December 1956. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+The+Shadow+of+Ivan+Serov&rft.date=1956-12-03&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C808640-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.radio.cz/uk-held-mitrokhin-archives-reveal-details-kgb-operation-against-prague-spring-8289811">"UK-held Mitrokhin archives reveal details of KGB operation against Prague Spring"</a>. <i>Radio Prague International</i>. 19 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Prague+International&rft.atitle=UK-held+Mitrokhin+archives+reveal+details+of+KGB+operation+against+Prague+Spring&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.radio.cz%2Fuk-held-mitrokhin-archives-reveal-details-kgb-operation-against-prague-spring-8289811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStykalin" class="citation journal cs1">Stykalin, Aleksandr. "Reorganization of the Political Police in Hungary after the Suppression of the Revolution of 1956: In Lieu of a Foreword to the Article by M. Baráth". <i>Historia Provinciae: The Journal of Regional History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Provinciae%3A+The+Journal+of+Regional+History&rft.atitle=Reorganization+of+the+Political+Police+in+Hungary+after+the+Suppression+of+the+Revolution+of+1956%3A+In+Lieu+of+a+Foreword+to+the+Article+by+M.+Bar%C3%A1th&rft.aulast=Stykalin&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Jacobson1972" class="citation book cs1">Julius Jacobson (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYFbo5FsnnAC&pg=PA346"><i>Soviet Communism and the Socialist Vision</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: New Politics Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">339–</span>352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-005-0"><bdi>978-0-87855-005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Communism+and+the+Socialist+Vision&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.pub=New+Politics+Publishing&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-87855-005-0&rft.au=Julius+Jacobson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYFbo5FsnnAC%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Day2011" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Day (18 October 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/8831691/Polish-secret-police-how-and-why-the-Poles-spied-on-their-own-people.html">"Polish secret police: how and why the Poles spied on their own people"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/8831691/Polish-secret-police-how-and-why-the-Poles-spied-on-their-own-people.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Polish+secret+police%3A+how+and+why+the+Poles+spied+on+their+own+people&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft.au=Matthew+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fpoland%2F8831691%2FPolish-secret-police-how-and-why-the-Poles-spied-on-their-own-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999531-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999531_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999">Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999</a>, p. 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filip-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filip_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filip_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKovacevic" class="citation web cs1">Kovacevic, Filip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/soviet-chinese-spy-wars-1970s-what-kgb-counterintelligence-knew-part-v">"The Soviet-Chinese Spy Wars in the 1970s: What KGB Counterintelligence Knew, Part V"</a>. <i>www.wilsoncenter.org</i>. The Wilson Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=The+Soviet-Chinese+Spy+Wars+in+the+1970s%3A+What+KGB+Counterintelligence+Knew%2C+Part+V&rft.aulast=Kovacevic&rft.aufirst=Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fsoviet-chinese-spy-wars-1970s-what-kgb-counterintelligence-knew-part-v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT7Jul2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT7Jul2006_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT7Jul2006_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShane2006" class="citation cs2">Shane, Scott (7 June 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/world/americas/07nazi.html">"C.I.A. Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C.I.A.+Knew+Where+Eichmann+Was+Hiding%2C+Documents+Show&rft.date=2006-06-07&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F07%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F07nazi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolchin1986" class="citation news cs1">Tolchin, Martin (16 February 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/16/us/russians-sought-us-banks-to-gain-high-tech-secrets.html">"Russians sought U.S. banks to gain high-tech secrets"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russians+sought+U.S.+banks+to+gain+high-tech+secrets&rft.date=1986-02-16&rft.aulast=Tolchin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F02%2F16%2Fus%2Frussians-sought-us-banks-to-gain-high-tech-secrets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndrewMitrokhin2005-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndrewMitrokhin2005_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Mitrokhin, Vasili</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eSR1rHg5_YC&pg=PA350"><i>The World was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World</i></a>. Basic Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">350–</span>402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00311-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00311-2"><bdi>978-0-465-00311-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+was+Going+Our+Way%3A+The+KGB+and+the+Battle+for+the+Third+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00311-2&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft.au=Mitrokhin%2C+Vasili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eSR1rHg5_YC%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCordovez1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Cordovez" title="Diego Cordovez">Cordovez, Diego</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iFasqHGo3p0C&pg=PA19"><i>Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506294-6"><bdi>978-0-19-506294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Afghanistan%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Soviet+Withdrawal&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506294-6&rft.aulast=Cordovez&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFasqHGo3p0C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kgbafghanistan-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kgbafghanistan_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitrokhinWestad" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Mitrokhin, Vasiliy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Westad, Odd Arne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/WP40-english.pdf">"The KGB in Afghanistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Paper (Cold War International History Project. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/843924202">843924202</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228001834/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/WP40-english.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+KGB+in+Afghanistan&rft.series=Working+Paper+%28Cold+War+International+History+Project&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F843924202&rft.aulast=Mitrokhin&rft.aufirst=Vasiliy&rft.au=Westad%2C+Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FWP40-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley2008" class="citation book cs1">McCauley, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r0V-Oxmy9FQC&pg=PA142"><i>Russia, America and the Cold War: 1949–1991</i></a> (Revised 2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-7430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-7430-4"><bdi>978-1-4058-7430-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+America+and+the+Cold+War%3A+1949%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&rft.edition=Revised+2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-7430-4&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr0V-Oxmy9FQC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8428701.stm">"How Soviet troops stormed Kabul palace"</a>. BBC. 27 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Soviet+troops+stormed+Kabul+palace&rft.date=2009-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F8428701.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSebestyen2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sebestyen" title="Victor Sebestyen">Sebestyen, Victor</a> (20 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/opinion/sunday/the-soviet-coup-that-failed.html?pagewanted=all">"The K.G.B.'s Bathhouse Plot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="International New York Times">International New York Times</a></i>. p. SR4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+K.G.B.%27s+Bathhouse+Plot&rft.pages=SR4&rft.date=2011-08-20&rft.aulast=Sebestyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F21%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fthe-soviet-coup-that-failed.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/468">"Указ Президента РСФСР от 26.11.1991 г. № 233"</a>. <i>Президент России</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+26.11.1991+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+233&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkremlin.ru%2Facts%2Fbank%2F468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/791">"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 24.01.1992 г. № 42"</a>. <i>Президент России</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+24.01.1992+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+42&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkremlin.ru%2Facts%2Fbank%2F791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna38308948">"KGB's Successor Gets 'Draconian' Powers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 19 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=KGB%27s+Successor+Gets+%27Draconian%27+Powers&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna38308948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shieldandsword.mozohin.ru/kgb5491/structure.htm">"Структура"</a>. <i>shieldandsword.mozohin.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shieldandsword.mozohin.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshieldandsword.mozohin.ru%2Fkgb5491%2Fstructure.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Kohan1983" class="citation news cs1">John Kohan (14 February 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601201222/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953701-6,00.html">"Eyes of the Kremlin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953701-6,00.html">the original</a> on 1 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eyes+of+the+Kremlin&rft.date=1983-02-14&rft.au=John+Kohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C953701-6%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin199938-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin199938_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999">Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327044025/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol19no3/html/v19i3a01p_0001.htm">"Soviet Use of Assassination and Kidnapping"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol19no3/html/v19i3a01p_0001.htm">the original</a> on 27 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Use+of+Assassination+and+Kidnapping&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fkent-csi%2Fvol19no3%2Fhtml%2Fv19i3a01p_0001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.memo.ru/history/nkvd/znaki/index.htm">"Ведомственные награды в КГБ"</a>. <i>old.memo.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old.memo.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.memo.ru%2Fhistory%2Fnkvd%2Fznaki%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goodcoins.su/pochetznak/avers8-39.html">"ЗНАКИ ОРГАНОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ (ВЧК, ОГПУ, КГБ)"</a>. <i>Коллекционер антиквариата</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%93%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A3%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%99+%D0%91%D0%95%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98+%28%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A%2C+%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9F%D0%A3%2C+%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoodcoins.su%2Fpochetznak%2Favers8-39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Mitrokhin, Vasili</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C&pg=PA531"><i>The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9"><bdi>978-0-465-00312-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00312-9&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mitrokhin%2C+Vasili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TWUAQ7Xof8C%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, <i>The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West</i>, Gardners Books (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7">0-14-028487-7</a>; Basic Books (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00310-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00310-9">0-465-00310-9</a>; trade (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00312-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00312-5">0-465-00312-5</a></li> <li>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, <i>The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World</i>, Basic Books (2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00311-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00311-7">0-465-00311-7</a></li> <li>John Barron, <i>KGB: The Secret Work of Soviet Secret Agents</i>, Reader's Digest Press (1974) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88349-009-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88349-009-9">0-88349-009-9</a></li> <li>Amy Knight, <i>The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union</i>, Unwin Hyman (1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-445718-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-445718-9">0-04-445718-9</a></li> <li>Richard C.S. Trahair and Robert Miller, <i>Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations</i>, Enigma Books (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-75-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-75-9">978-1-929631-75-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pseudology.org/abel/KRSlovar2.pdf"><bdi lang="ru">Контрразведывательный словарь</bdi></a> [<i>Counterintelligence dictionary</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Moscow: Высшая краснознаменная школа Комитета Государственной Безопасности при Совете Министров СССР им. Ф. Э. Дзержинского [The Higher Red Banner School of the State Security Committee at the Dzerzhinsky Council of Ministers of the USSR]. 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323001821/http://www.pseudology.org/abel/KRSlovar2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B8%D0%BC.+%D0%A4.+%D0%AD.+%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%5BThe+Higher+Red+Banner+School+of+the+State+Security+Committee+at+the+Dzerzhinsky+Council+of+Ministers+of+the+USSR%5D&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pseudology.org%2Fabel%2FKRSlovar2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFПетров_Н._В.,_Кокурин_А._И.1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Петров Н. В., Кокурин А. И. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/docs/0/pdf/lubyanka1917-1960_idf.pdf"><bdi lang="ru">ВЧК-ОГПУ-НКВД-НКГБ-МГБ-МВД-КГБ. 1917–1960. Справочник</bdi></a> [<i>Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB. 1917–1960. Handbook</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Moscow: Международный фонд "Демократия". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89511-004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-89511-004-1"><bdi>978-5-89511-004-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227210610/http://militera.lib.ru/docs/0/pdf/lubyanka1917-1960_idf.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A-%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9F%D0%A3-%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94-%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%91-%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94-%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.+1917%E2%80%931960.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%22%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%22&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-5-89511-004-1&rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9D.+%D0%92.%2C+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%90.+%D0%98.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fdocs%2F0%2Fpdf%2Flubyanka1917-1960_idf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFПетров_Н._В.,_Кокурин_А._И.2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Петров Н. В., Кокурин А. И. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/uploads/files/724.pdf"><bdi lang="ru">Лубянка. Органы ВЧК-ОГПУ-НКВД-НКГБ-МГБ-МВД-КГБ. 1917–1991. Справочник</bdi></a> [<i>Lubyanka. Organs of Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB. 1917–1991. Handbook</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Moscow: Международный фонд "Демократия". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-85646-109-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-85646-109-0"><bdi>978-5-85646-109-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019175200/http://memo.ru/uploads/files/724.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A-%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9F%D0%A3-%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94-%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%91-%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94-%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91.+1917%E2%80%931991.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%22%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%22&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-5-85646-109-0&rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9D.+%D0%92.%2C+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%90.+%D0%98.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memo.ru%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2F724.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFПетров_Н._В.2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Петров Н. В. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/uploads/files/845.pdf"><bdi lang="ru">Кто руководил органами Госбезопасности. 1941–1954 гг. Справочник</bdi></a> [<i>Who headed the organs of the State Security. 1941–1954. Handbook</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Moscow: Звенья. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019175213/http://memo.ru/uploads/files/845.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.+1941%E2%80%931954+%D0%B3%D0%B3.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F&rft.date=2010&rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9D.+%D0%92.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memo.ru%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2F845.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJong,_Ben_de2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jong, Ben de (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/the-kgb-in-eastern-europe-during-the-cold-war-on-agents-and-confidential-contacts(894e0fb4-f794-4740-8243-69d695c20b90).html">"The KGB in Eastern Europe during the Cold War: on agents and confidential contacts"</a>. <i>Journal of Intelligence History</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F16161262.2005.10555111">10.1080/16161262.2005.10555111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220331155">220331155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intelligence+History&rft.atitle=The+KGB+in+Eastern+Europe+during+the+Cold+War%3A+on+agents+and+confidential+contacts&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F16161262.2005.10555111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220331155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Jong%2C+Ben+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.uva.nl%2Fpersonal%2Fpure%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fthe-kgb-in-eastern-europe-during-the-cold-war-on-agents-and-confidential-contacts%28894e0fb4-f794-4740-8243-69d695c20b90%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShlapentokh,_Vladimir1998" class="citation journal cs1">Shlapentokh, Vladimir (Winter 1998). "Was the Soviet Union run by the KGB? Was the West duped by the Kremlin? (A critical review of Vladimir Bukovsky's <i>Jugement à Moscou</i>)". <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian History">Russian History</a></i>. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">453–</span>461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633198X00211">10.1163/187633198X00211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-288X">0094-288X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+History&rft.atitle=Was+the+Soviet+Union+run+by+the+KGB%3F+Was+the+West+duped+by+the+Kremlin%3F+%28A+critical+review+of+Vladimir+Bukovsky%27s+Jugement+%C3%A0+Moscou%29&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633198X00211&rft.issn=0094-288X&rft.au=Shlapentokh%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Солженицын, А.И. (1990). Архипелаг ГУЛАГ: 1918 - 1956. Опыт художественного исследования. Т. 1 - 3. Москва: Центр "Новый мир". (in Russian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgenia_Albats" title="Yevgenia Albats">Yevgenia Albats</a> and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, <i>The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia — Past, Present, and Future</i> Farrar Straus Giroux (1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52738-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52738-5">0-374-52738-5</a>.</li> <li>John Barron, <i>KGB: The Secret Works of Soviet Secret Agents</i> Bantam Books (1981) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-23275-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-23275-4">0-553-23275-4</a></li> <li>Vadim J. Birstein. <i>The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science.</i> Westview Press (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4280-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-4280-5">0-8133-4280-5</a></li> <li>John Dziak <i>Chekisty: A History of the KGB</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a> (1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-10258-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-669-10258-1">978-0-669-10258-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight,_Amy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, Amy (Winter 2003). "The KGB, perestroika, and the collapse of the Soviet Union". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a></i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F152039703320996722">10.1162/152039703320996722</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57567130">57567130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+KGB%2C+perestroika%2C+and+the+collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57567130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F152039703320996722&rft.au=Knight%2C+Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheymov1993" class="citation book cs1">Sheymov, Victor (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towerofsecretsre00shey/page/420"><i>Tower of Secrets</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towerofsecretsre00shey/page/420">420</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-764-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-764-8"><bdi>978-1-55750-764-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+of+Secrets&rft.pages=420&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-764-8&rft.aulast=Sheymov&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftowerofsecretsre00shey%2Fpage%2F420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKGB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> Бережков, Василий Иванович (2004). Руководители Ленинградского управления КГБ : 1954–1991. Санкт-Петербург: Выбор, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93518-035-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-93518-035-9">5-93518-035-9</a></li> <li>Кротков, Юрий (1973). «КГБ в действии». Published in «Новый журнал» No.111, 1973 (in Russian)</li> <li>Рябчиков, С. В. (2004). Размышляя вместе с Василем Быковым // Открытый міръ, No. 49, с. 2–3. (in Russian)(ФСБ РФ препятствует установлению мемориальной доски на своем здании, в котором ВЧК - НКВД совершала массовые преступления против человечности. Там была установлена "мясорубка", при помощи которой трупы сбрасывались чекистами в городскую канализацию.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergeiRjabchikov/Papers/696439/Razmyshlyaya_vmeste_s_Vasilem_Bykovym">Razmyshlyaya vmeste s Vasilem Bykovym</a></li> <li>Рябчиков, С. В. (2008). Великий химик Д. И. Рябчиков // Вiсник Мiжнародного дослiдного центру "Людина: мова, культура, пiзнання", т. 18(3), с. 148–153. (in Russian) (об организации КГБ СССР убийства великого русского ученого)</li> <li>Рябчиков, С. В. (2011). Заметки по истории Кубани (материалы для хрестоматии) // Вiсник Мiжнародного дослiдного центру "Людина: мова, культура, пiзнання", 2011, т. 30(3), с. 25–45. (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergeiRjabchikov/Papers/1322526/Zametki_po_istorii_Kubani_materialy_dlya_khrestomatii_">Zametki po istorii Kubani (materialy dlya khrestomatii)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGB&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:KGB" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:KGB">KGB</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>For Cold War KGB activity in the US, see Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/alexander-vassilievs-notebooks-and-the-documentation-soviet-intelligence-operations-the-unit-0">from the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thechekistmonitor.blogspot.com/">The Chekist Monitor Blog</a> English Translation of Russian Publications on Soviet Intelligence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552673">Soviet Technospies</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li>Viktor M. Chebrikov et al., eds. <i>Istoriya sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti</i> ("History of the Soviet Organs of State Security"). (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/documents.htm">www.fas.harvard.edu</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513043020/http://www.yabloko.ru/Publ/Raby/rab.html"><i>Slaves of KGB. 20th Century. The religion of betrayal</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shchekochikhin" title="Yuri Shchekochikhin">Yuri Shchekochikhin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Electrical Power and Electrification">Electrical Power and Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electronic_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Electronic Industry">Electronics Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Electrotechnical_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Electrotechnical Industry (page does not exist)">Electrotechnical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Environmental Protection (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Environmental Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ferrous_Metallurgy_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy (Soviet Union)">Ferrous Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Fishing_Industry" title="Ministry of the Fishing Industry">Fishing Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Economic_Relations_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations (Soviet Union)">Foreign Economic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Forestry" title="Ministry of Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Forestry_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Forestry Industry">Forestry Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Fruits_and_Vegetables&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Fruits and Vegetables (page does not exist)">Fruits and Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Gas_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Gas Industry">Gas Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Machine-Building" title="Ministry of General Machine-Building">General Machine-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Geology_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Geology (Soviet Union)">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Grain_Products_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Grain Products (Soviet Union)">Grain Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Housing_and_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Housing and Architecture (page does not exist)">Housing and Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Heavy_Machine_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Heavy Machine Building">Heavy Machine Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Heavy_and_Transport_Machines_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machines Construction">Heavy and Transport Machines Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Higher Education (Soviet Union)">Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Industrial_Construction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Industrial Construction (page does not exist)">Industrial Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Installation_and_Special_Construction_Work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Installation and Special Construction Work (page does not exist)">Installation and Special Construction Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Instrument-Making,_Automation_and_Control_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems">Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Iron_and_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Iron and Steel (page does not exist)">Iron and Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Light_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Light Industry (Soviet Union)">Light Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Land_Reclamation_and_Water_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources (page does not exist)">Land Reclamation and Water Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building (page does not exist)">Machine Building</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building_for_Animal_Husbandry_and_Fodder_Products&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products (page does not exist)">Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building_for_Light_and_Food_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building for Light and Food Industry (page does not exist)">Machine Building for Light and Food Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Machine_Tool_and_Tool_Building_Industry" title="Ministry of Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry">Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machinery_for_Stock_Raising_and_Feeding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding (page does not exist)">Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Manufacture_of_Communication_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Manufacture of Communication Media">Manufacture of Communication Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Meat_and_Dairy_Industry" title="Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry">Meat and Dairy Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Medical_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Medical Industry">Medical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Medical_and_Microbiologiacal_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry (page does not exist)">Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Medium_Machine-Building" title="Ministry of Medium Machine-Building">Medium Machine-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Merchant_Marine_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Merchant Marine (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Mineral_Fertilizer_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Mineral Fertilizer Production">Mineral Fertilizer Production</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Metallurgy_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Metallurgy (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Non-Ferrous_Metallurgy" title="Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy">Non-Ferrous Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Nuclear_Power_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Nuclear Power Industry (page does not exist)">Nuclear Power Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_Industry" title="Ministry of Oil Industry">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Oil_and_Gas_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Oil and Gas Industry (page does not exist)">Oil and Gas Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Oil_Processing_and_Petrochemical_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry (page does not exist)">Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_and_Electrification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Power and Electrification">Power and Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Pulp_and_Paper_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Pulp and Paper Industry (page does not exist)">Pulp and Paper Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Radio_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Radio Industry">Radio Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Railways (Soviet Union)">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Rubber_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Rubber Industry (page does not exist)">Rubber Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Shipbuilding_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Shipbuilding (Soviet Union)">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Farms" title="Ministry of State Farms">State Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">State Security</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Technical_Cultivation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Technical Cultivation (page does not exist)">Technical Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Textile_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Textile Industry (page does not exist)">Textile Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Timber_Industry" title="Ministry of Timber Industry">Timber Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Timber,_Paper_and_Wood_Processing_Industry" title="Ministry of Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry">Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Tool_and_Tool_Building_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Tool and Tool Building Industry (page does not exist)">Tool and Tool Building Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Internal_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Internal Trade (page does not exist)">Internal Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tractors_and_Agricultural_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Tractors and Agricultural Machines">Tractors and Agricultural Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_Construction" title="Ministry of Transport Construction">Transport Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Urban_Construction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Urban Construction (page does not exist)">Urban Construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Eastern_Regions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Eastern Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Eastern Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Far_East_and_Transbaikal_Regions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Northern_and_Western_Regions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Northern and Western Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Northern and Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Southern_Regions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Southern Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Southern Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Urals_and_West_Siberian_Regions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of the Soviet Union">State Committees</a><br />and commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Building_Materials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Building Materials (page does not exist)">Building Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Cinematography" title="State Committee for Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Construction" title="State Committee for Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Defense_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Defense Technology (page does not exist)">Defense Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supervisory_Commission_for_Flight_Safety" title="State Supervisory Commission for Flight Safety">Flight Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Fuel_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Fuel Industry (page does not exist)">Fuel Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Labour_and_Social_Issues" title="State Committee for Labour and Social Issues">Labour and Social Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossnab" title="Gossnab">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Control_Commission" title="People's Control Commission">People's Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_Prices" title="State Committee on Prices">Prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Publishing" title="State Committee for Publishing">Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Metallurgy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Metallurgy (page does not exist)">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State of Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Science_and_Technology" title="State Committee for Science and Technology">Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosstandart" title="Gosstandart">Standards and Product Quality Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">State Planning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goskomstat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goskomstat">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of Television and Radio Broadcasting of the Soviet Union">Television and Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_of_Timber_and_Paper_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee of Timber and Paper Industry (page does not exist)">Timber and Paper Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_of_Transport_Construction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee of Transport Construction (page does not exist)">Transport Construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16204" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Caribbean Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_period_and_cessation_of_the_existence_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transition period and cessation of the existence of the Soviet Union">Transition period and cessation of the existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession,_continuity_and_legacy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Succession, continuity and legacy of the Soviet Union">Succession, continuity and legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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