CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Arabic script - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a68021b3-ee7e-4b69-a032-9df01cdc370f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Arabic_script","wgTitle":"Arabic script","wgCurRevisionId":1259493212,"wgRevisionId":1259493212,"wgArticleId":6685329,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from July 2022","All articles needing rewrite","Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Bosnian-language text","Articles containing Tamil-language text","Articles containing Balochi-language text", "Articles containing Burushaski-language text","Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text","Articles containing Kashmiri-language text","Articles containing Kazakh-language text","Articles containing Khowar-language text","Articles containing Kyrgyz-language text","Articles containing Pashto-language text","Articles containing Javanese-language text","Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles containing Punjabi-language text","Articles containing Saraiki-language text","Articles containing Sindhi-language text","Articles containing Kurdish-language text","Articles containing Tatar-language text","Articles containing Urdu-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","Articles containing Uyghur-language text","Articles containing Wolof-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018","All pages needing factual verification", "Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2021","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2020","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from November 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from March 2018","Commons category link from Wikidata","Arabic script","Arabic orthography","Right-to-left writing systems","Abjad writing systems"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Arabic_script","wgRelevantArticleId":6685329,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags" :0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1828555","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arabic-script.png/1200px-Arabic-script.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1027"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arabic-script.png/800px-Arabic-script.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="685"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arabic-script.png/640px-Arabic-script.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="548"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Arabic script - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Arabic_script rootpage-Arabic_script skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arabic+script" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arabic+script" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arabic+script" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arabic+script" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_of_writing_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_writing_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Table of writing styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_writing_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Table of alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Current use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Middle East and Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Former use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia_and_Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia_and_Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Central Asia and Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia_and_Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>South and Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_letters_used_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_letters_used_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional letters used in other languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additional_letters_used_in_other_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additional letters used in other languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additional_letters_used_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assignment_of_phonemes_to_graphemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assignment_of_phonemes_to_graphemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Assignment of phonemes to graphemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assignment_of_phonemes_to_graphemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Letter construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_letter_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_letter_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Table of letter components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_letter_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arabic script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كتابة عربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتابة عربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B8" title="ГӀараб хъвай-хъвагӀи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀараб хъвай-хъвагӀи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="عرب خطی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عرب خطی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_pismo" title="Arapsko pismo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapsko pismo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Arabské písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabské písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Schrift" title="Arabische Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura_%C3%A1rabe" title="Escritura árabe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escritura árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_skrib-sistemo" title="Araba skrib-sistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba skrib-sistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="خط عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabysk-Perzysk_skrift" title="Arabysk-Perzysk skrift – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arabysk-Perzysk skrift" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EA%B3%84_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="아랍계 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍계 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="अरबी लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरबी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_pismo" title="Arapsko pismo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapsko pismo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_arab" title="Alfabet arab – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alfabet arab" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarehin-tsoratra_arabo" title="Tarehin-tsoratra arabo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tarehin-tsoratra arabo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="अरबी लिपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अरबी लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="كتابه عربى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتابه عربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="عربی خط – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عربی خط" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Arab" title="Aksara Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aksara Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အာရဗီအရေးအသား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရဗီအရေးအသား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch_schrift" title="Arabisch schrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabisch schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="अरबी लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अरबी लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_tili_yozuvi" title="Arab tili yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab tili yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਰਬੀ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="عربی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عربی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عربي ليکدود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عربي ليکدود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Арабске писмо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арабске писмо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Арабское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrimi_arab" title="Shkrimi arab – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrimi arab" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%BD" title="عربي اسڪرپٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عربي اسڪرپٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Arabské písmo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabské písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Арапско писмо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапско писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_pismo" title="Arapsko pismo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapsko pismo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabialainen_kirjaimisto" title="Arabialainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabialainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" title="ዓረብኛ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዓረብኛ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_harfleri" title="Arap harfleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap harfleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Арабське письмо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабське письмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="عربی رسم الخط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عربی رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="阿拉伯文字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯文字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urup_Arab" title="Urup Arab – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Urup Arab" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="باس عرب – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="باس عرب" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1828555#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Arabic_script" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Arabic_script" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Arabic_script" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&oldid=1259493212" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Arabic_script&id=1259493212&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArabic_script"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArabic_script"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Arabic_script&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Arabic_script" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1828555" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing system for Arabic and several other languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Arabic script as it is used specifically to write Arabic, see <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Arabic_script" title="Talk:Arabic script">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:palegreen;">Arabic script<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic-script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arabic-script.png/300px-Arabic-script.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arabic-script.png/450px-Arabic-script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arabic-script.png/600px-Arabic-script.png 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1238" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> </div> primarily, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century CE to the present<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">Right-to-left script</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1828555?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; line-height: 2.0em; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em;"><div>20 sovereign states</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; padding: 6px 0; background-color: none; text-align: left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </li></ul> </div> <p>Co-official script in: </p> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; line-height: 2.0em; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em;"><div>9 sovereign states</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; padding: 6px 0; background-color: none; text-align: left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </li></ul> </div> <p>Official script at regional level in: </p> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; line-height: 2.0em; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em;"><div>2 sovereign states</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; padding: 6px 0; background-color: none; text-align: left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">See below</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Arabic script</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi script</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Arab</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(160)</span>, Arabic</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Arabic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf">U+0600–U+06FF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Arabic</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf">U+0750–U+077F</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Arabic Supplement</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf">U+08A0–U+08FF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Arabic Extended-A</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0870.pdf">U+0870–U+089F</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Arabic Extended-B</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10EC0.pdf">U+10EC0–U+10EFF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Arabic Extended-C</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf">U+FB50–U+FDFF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Arabic Pres. Forms-A</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf">U+FE70–U+FEFF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Arabic Pres. Forms-B</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf">U+1EE00–U+1EEFF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Arabic Mathematical...</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EC70.pdf">U+1EC70–U+1ECBF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Indic Siyaq Numbers</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1ED00.pdf">U+1ED00–U+1ED4F</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ottoman Siyaq Numbers</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10E60.pdf">U+10E60–U+10E7F</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rumi Numeral Symbols</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="toccolours" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:85%; width:500px; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#0a0;"> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Worldwide use of the Arabic script </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution_-_three_shades.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabic alphabet world distribution"><img alt="Arabic alphabet world distribution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution_-_three_shades.png/400px-Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution_-_three_shades.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution_-_three_shades.png/600px-Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution_-_three_shades.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution_-_three_shades.png/800px-Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution_-_three_shades.png 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>Arabic alphabet world distribution</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Countries where the Arabic script is: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#060;"></td> <td> → </td> <td>the sole official script </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#40b340;"></td> <td> → </td> <td>official alongside other scripts </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#80ff80;"></td> <td> → </td> <td>official at a provincial level (China, India, Tanzania) or a recognized second script of the official language (Malaysia, Tajikistan) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arabic script</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>) and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> writing system in the world (after the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second-most widely used <a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems_by_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of writing systems by adoption">writing system</a> in the world by number of countries using it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese scripts</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, the holy book of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">the religion's spread</a>, it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages still using it are: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Persian">Farsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a>), <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Azerbaijani" class="mw-redirect" title="South Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a> (Torki in Iran), <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a> (Akhar Srak),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Rohingya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 16th century, it was also used for some <a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Spanish</a> texts, and—prior to the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">script reform in 1928</a>—it was the writing system of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The script is written from <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">right to left</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> style, in which most of the letters are written in slightly different forms according to whether they stand alone or are joined to a following or preceding letter. The script does not have <a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">capital letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, the letters transcribe <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>, or consonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabets are <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a>, with the versions used for some languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Sorani_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish dialect of Sorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Mandarin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Bosniak</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a>. It is the basis for the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calligraphy" title="Category:Calligraphy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KeitenAijin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/150px-KeitenAijin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/225px-KeitenAijin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/300px-KeitenAijin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By script</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_calligraphy" title="Turkish calligraphy">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calligraphy" title="Tibetan calligraphy">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_calligraphy" title="Serbian calligraphy">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyaz_(Cyrillic_calligraphy)" title="Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)">Vyaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calligraphy" title="Vietnamese calligraphy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calligraphy" title="Mongolian calligraphy">Mongolian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History of the Arabic alphabet</a></div> <p>The Arabic alphabet is derived either from the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or (less widely believed) directly from the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are both derived from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a>, which, in turn, descended from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>. The Phoenician script also gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (and, therefore, both the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> used in America and most European countries.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, northern Arab tribes emigrated and founded a kingdom centred around <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. These people (now named <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a> from the name of one of the tribes, Nabatu) spoke <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a>, a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language. In the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first known records of the Nabataean alphabet were written in the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic language</a> (which was the language of communication and trade), but included some Arabic language features: the Nabataeans did not write the language which they spoke. They wrote in a form of the Aramaic alphabet, which continued to evolve; it separated into two forms: one intended for <a href="/wiki/Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">inscriptions</a> (known as "monumental Nabataean") and the other, more cursive and hurriedly written and with joined letters, for writing on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cursive form influenced the monumental form more and more and gradually changed into the Arabic alphabet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="floatright" style="text-align:center;"> <caption style="font-size:125%;">the Arabic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;"> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> خ </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ح </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ج </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ث </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ت </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ب </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ا </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E3E6EB;"> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">khā’</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥā’</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">jīm</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">tha’</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">tā’</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">bā’</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ص </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ش </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> س </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ز </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ذ </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E3E6EB;"> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣād</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">shīn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">sīn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">zāy</i></span> / <br /> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">zayn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">rā’</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">dhāl</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">dāl</i></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ق </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ف </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> غ </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ع </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ظ </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ط </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ض </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E3E6EB;"> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fā’</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghayn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">‘ayn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ẓā’</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṭā’</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḍād</i></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ي </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ه </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ن </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> م </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ل </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E3E6EB;"> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">yā’</i></span> </td> <td style="width: 3em;"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">wāw</i></span> </td> <td style="width: 3em;"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hā’</i></span> </td> <td style="width: 3em;"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">nūn</i></span> </td> <td style="width: 3em;"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">mīm</i></span> </td> <td style="width: 3em;"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">lām</i></span> </td> <td style="width: 3em;"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">kāf</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>أ </td> <td>آ </td> <td>إ </td> <td>ئ </td> <td>ؠ </td> <td>ء </td> <td>ࢬ </td></tr> <tr> <td>alif hamza↑ </td> <td>alif madda </td> <td>alif hamza↓ </td> <td>yā’ hamza↑ </td> <td>kashmiri yā’ </td> <td>hamza </td> <td>rohingya yā’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ى </td> <td>ٱ </td> <td>ی </td> <td>ە </td> <td>ً </td> <td>ٌ </td> <td>ٍ </td></tr> <tr> <td>alif maksura </td> <td>alif wasla </td> <td>farsi yā’ </td> <td>ae </td> <td>fathatan </td> <td>dammatan </td> <td>kasratan </td></tr> <tr> <td>َ </td> <td>ُ </td> <td>ِ </td> <td>ّ </td> <td>ْ </td> <td>ٓ </td> <td>ۤ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fatha </td> <td>damma </td> <td>kasra </td> <td>shadda </td> <td>sukun </td> <td>maddah </td> <td>madda </td></tr> <tr> <td>ں </td> <td>ٹ </td> <td>ٺ </td> <td>ٻ </td> <td>پ </td> <td>ٿ </td> <td>ڃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nūn ghunna </td> <td>ttā’ </td> <td>ttāhā’ </td> <td>bāā’ </td> <td>pā’ </td> <td>tāhā’ </td> <td>nyā’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڄ </td> <td>چ </td> <td>ڇ </td> <td>ڈ </td> <td>ڌ </td> <td>ڍ </td> <td>ڎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dyā’ </td> <td>tchā’ </td> <td>tchahā’ </td> <td>ddāl </td> <td>dāhāl </td> <td>ddāhāl </td> <td>duul </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڑ </td> <td>ژ </td> <td>ڤ </td> <td>ڦ </td> <td>ک </td> <td>ڭ </td> <td>گ </td></tr> <tr> <td>rrā’ </td> <td>jā’ </td> <td>vā’ </td> <td>pāḥā’ </td> <td>kāḥā’ </td> <td>ng </td> <td>gāf </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڳ </td> <td>ڻ </td> <td>ھ </td> <td>ہ </td> <td>ة </td> <td>ۃ </td> <td>ۅ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gueh </td> <td>rnūn </td> <td>hā’ doachashmee </td> <td>hā’ goal </td> <td>tā’ marbuta </td> <td>tā’ marbuta goal </td> <td>kirghiz oe </td></tr> <tr> <td>ۆ </td> <td>ۇ </td> <td>ۈ </td> <td>ۉ </td> <td>ۋ </td> <td>ې </td> <td>ے </td></tr> <tr> <td>oe </td> <td>u </td> <td>yu </td> <td>kirghiz yu </td> <td>ve </td> <td>e </td> <td>yā’ barree </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><big><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_arabic_alphabet"><a href="#endnote_arabic_alphabet">(see below for other alphabets)</a></sup></big> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The Arabic script has been adapted for use in a wide variety of languages aside from Arabic, including <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, which are not <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>. Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> that do not appear in Arabic <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>. For example, the Arabic language lacks a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">voiceless bilabial plosive</a> (the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> sound), therefore many languages add their own letter to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> in the script, though the specific letter used varies from language to language. These modifications tend to fall into groups: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> written in the Arabic script tend to use the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian modified letters</a>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">languages of Indonesia</a> tend to imitate those of <a href="/wiki/Jawi_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi (script)">Jawi</a>. The modified version of the Arabic script originally devised for use with Persian is known as the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a> by scholars. </p><p>When the Arabic script is used to write <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, vowels are mandatory. The Arabic script can, therefore, be used as a true <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> as well as an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, although it is often strongly, if erroneously, connected to the latter due to it being originally used only for Arabic. </p><p>Use of the Arabic script in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> languages, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, developed with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. To a certain degree the style and usage tends to follow those of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (for instance the position of the dots in the letters <i><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fāʼ</i></span></a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span></a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-cota_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cota-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brustad,_K._2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brustad,_K._2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> have come into use to facilitate the writing of sounds not represented in the Arabic language. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʻAjamī</i></span></a></i>, which comes from the Arabic root for "foreign", has been applied to Arabic-based orthographies of African languages. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_in_Arabic_script_languages_in_KACST_Office.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wikipedia_in_Arabic_script_languages_in_KACST_Office.svg/600px-Wikipedia_in_Arabic_script_languages_in_KACST_Office.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wikipedia_in_Arabic_script_languages_in_KACST_Office.svg/900px-Wikipedia_in_Arabic_script_languages_in_KACST_Office.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wikipedia_in_Arabic_script_languages_in_KACST_Office.svg/1200px-Wikipedia_in_Arabic_script_languages_in_KACST_Office.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption><i>Wikipedia</i> in Arabic script of five languages</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_writing_styles">Table of writing styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Table of writing styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Script or style </th> <th style="font-size:90%;">Alphabet(s) </th> <th style="font-size:90%;">Language(s) </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th style="width:50em;">Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a>, <br /> & others </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <br /> & others </td> <td>Every region where Arabic scripts are used </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">Sometimes refers to a very <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">specific calligraphic style</a>, but sometimes used to refer more broadly to almost every font that is not <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a>, <br /> & others </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> <br /> & others </td> <td>Southern and Western Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taliq" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliq">Taliq</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;">Used for almost all modern Urdu and Punjabi text, but only occasionally used for Persian. (The term "Nastaliq" is sometimes used by Urdu-speakers to refer to all Perso-Arabic scripts.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taliq" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliq">Taliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>A predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td>Middle East and parts of North Africa </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a> </td> <td>Restricted <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">Mainly historical </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">Omits all diacritics including <a href="/wiki/I%27jam" class="mw-redirect" title="I'jam">i'jam</a>. Digital replication usually requires some special characters. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٮ">ٮ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڡ">ڡ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٯ">ٯ</a></span>‎ (links to Wiktionary). </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_alphabets">Table of alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Table of alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Alphabet </th> <th>Letters </th> <th>Additional <br /> Characters </th> <th>Script or Style </th> <th>Languages </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Derived from: <br /> <small>(or related to)</small> </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_arabic_alphabet"><b><a href="#ref_arabic_alphabet">^(see above)</a></b></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a>, & others </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td>North Africa, West Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;width:400em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a> </td> <td>33 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٻ">ٻ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%9C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:تٜ">تٜ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%B0%D9%9C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:تٰٜ">تٰٜ</a></span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> </td> <td>West Africa, East Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Abjad | documented use likely between the 15th to 18th century for Hausa, Mande, Pulaar, Swahili, Wolof, and Yoruba Languages </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script#African_and_Andalusi_scripts" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi, Andalusi variant</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Old Galician-Portuguese</a> </td> <td>Southwest Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">8th–13th centuries for Andalusi Romance, 14th–16th centuries for the other languages </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a> </td> <td>30 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Bosnian-language text"><span lang="bs-Arab" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڄ">ڄ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ە">ە</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%96%D9%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:اٖى">اٖى</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ي">ي</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڵ">ڵ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BA%D9%9B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ںٛ">ںٛ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۉ">ۉ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۆ">ۆ</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> </td> <td>Southeastern Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Latest stage has full vowel marking </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arwi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arwi alphabet">Arwi alphabet</a> </td> <td>41 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڊ">ڊ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڍ">ڍ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%94" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڔ">ڔ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%9C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:صٜ">صٜ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۻ">ۻ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢳ">ࢳ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڣ">ڣ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢴ">ࢴ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڹ">ڹ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݧ">ݧ</a></span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> </td> <td>Southern India, Sri Lanka </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian Arabic alphabet</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Bosnian-language text"><span lang="bs-Arab" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢮ">ࢮ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢯ">ࢯ</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> </td> <td>Eastern Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">15th / 16th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi Standard Alphabet</a>(s) </td> <td>29 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Balochi-language text"><span lang="bal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٹ">ٹ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڈ">ڈ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۏ">ۏ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%94" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݔ">ݔ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%92" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ے">ے</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> </td> <td>South-West Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a>, also borrows multiple glyphs from <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">This standardization is based on the previous orthography. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language#Writing_system" title="Balochi language">Balochi writing</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber Arabic alphabet</a>(s) </td> <td>33 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چ">چ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%98" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ژ">ژ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڞ">ڞ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݣ">ݣ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ء">ء</a></span></span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Various <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> </td> <td>North Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> </td> <td>53 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Burushaski-language text"><span lang="bsk"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݳ">ݳ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݴ">ݴ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݼ">ݼ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:څ">څ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڎ">ڎ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݽ">ݽ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڞ">ڞ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݣ">ݣ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݸ">ݸ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݹ">ݹ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݶ">ݶ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݷ">ݷ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݺ">ݺ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݻ">ݻ</a></span></span></span></span> <br /> <small>(see note)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> </td> <td>South-West Asia (Pakistan) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Also uses the additional letters shown for Urdu.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Burushaski_Urdu"><a href="#endnote_Burushaski_Urdu">(see below)</a></sup> Sometimes written with just the Urdu alphabet, or with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai alphabet</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݣ">ݣ</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> </td> <td>Central Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ݣ is interchangeable with نگ and ڭ. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Dobrujan Tatar</a> </td> <td>Southeastern Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galal_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Galal alphabet">Galal</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> </td> <td>Horn of Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a> </td> <td>36 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چ">چ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڠ">ڠ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڤ">ڤ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݢ">ݢ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڽ">ڽ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۏ">ۏ</a></span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </td> <td>Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and part of Borneo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Since 1303 AD (Trengganu Stone) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> </td> <td>44 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Kashmiri-language text"><span lang="ks"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۆ">ۆ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۄ">ۄ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ؠ">ؠ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ێ">ێ</a></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> </td> <td>South Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">This orthography is fully voweled. 3 out of the 4 (ۆ, ۄ, ێ) additional glyphs are actually vowels. Not all vowels are listed here since they are not separate letters. For further information, see <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri writing</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets#Arabic_script" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh Arabic alphabet</a> </td> <td>35 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٵ">ٵ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٶ">ٶ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۇ">ۇ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٷ">ٷ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۋ">ۋ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۆ">ۆ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ە">ە</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ھ">ھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ى">ى</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٸ">ٸ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ي">ي</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> </td> <td>Central Asia, China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">In use since 11th century, reformed in the early 20th century, now official only in China </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a> </td> <td>45 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Khowar-language text"><span lang="khw"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݯ">ݯ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݮ">ݮ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:څ">څ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ځ">ځ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݱ">ݱ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݰ">ݰ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڵ">ڵ</a></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a> </td> <td>South Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>, however, borrows multiple glyphs from <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets#Arabic" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz Arabic alphabet</a> </td> <td>33 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><span lang="ky-Arab" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۅ">ۅ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۇ">ۇ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۉ">ۉ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۋ">ۋ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ە">ە</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ى">ى</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ي">ي</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> </td> <td>Central Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">In use since 11th century, reformed in the early 20th century, now official only in China </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a> </td> <td>45 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ټ">ټ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:څ">څ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ځ">ځ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ډ">ډ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ړ">ړ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%96" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ږ">ږ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ښ">ښ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ګ">ګ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڼ">ڼ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%80" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۀ">ۀ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ي">ي</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ې">ې</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۍ">ۍ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئ">ئ</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> and occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> </td> <td>South-West Asia, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ګ is interchangeable with گ. Also, the glyphs ی and ې are often replaced with ے in Pakistan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a> </td> <td>35 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چ">چ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڎ">ڎ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڟ">ڟ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڠ">ڠ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڤ">ڤ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڮ">ڮ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۑ">ۑ</a></span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> </td> <td>South-East Asia (Indonesia) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:پ">پ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چ">چ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%98" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ژ">ژ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:گ">گ</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (Farsi) </td> <td>West Asia (Iran etc. ) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Also known as <br />Perso-Arabic. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a> </td> <td>41 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݪ">ݪ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݨ">ݨ</a></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </td> <td>South Asia (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a> </td> <td>45 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Saraiki-language text"><span lang="skr"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٻ">ٻ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڄ">ڄ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%99" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݙ">ݙ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڳ">ڳ</a></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> </td> <td>South Asia (Pakistan) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi alphabet">Sindhi</a> </td> <td>52 </td> <td style=""><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڪ">ڪ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڳ">ڳ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڱ">ڱ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:گ">گ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ک">ک</a> <br /> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:پ">پ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%80" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڀ">ڀ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٻ">ٻ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٽ">ٽ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٿ">ٿ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٺ">ٺ</a> <br /> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڻ">ڻ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڦ">ڦ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڇ">ڇ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چ">چ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڄ">ڄ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%83" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڃ">ڃ</a> <br /> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ھ">ھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%99" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڙ">ڙ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڌ">ڌ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڏ">ڏ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڎ">ڎ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڍ">ڍ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڊ">ڊ</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> </td> <td>South Asia (Pakistan) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> </td> <td>Madagascar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Sorani_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Soranî</a> </td> <td>33 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku-Arab" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڕ">ڕ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڤ">ڤ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڵ">ڵ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۆ">ۆ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ێ">ێ</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a> </td> <td>Middle-East </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Vowels are mandatory, i.e. alphabet </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Arabic script</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> </td> <td>Western and Southern Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a> </td> <td>35 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt-Arab" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۋ">ۋ</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> </td> <td>Volga region </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Used prior to 1920. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%EF%AD%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ﭖ">ﭖ</a> <a href="/wiki/%EF%AD%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ﭺ">ﭺ</a> <a href="/wiki/%EF%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ﮊ">ﮊ</a> <a href="/wiki/%EF%AE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ﮒ">ﮒ</a> <a href="/wiki/%EF%AF%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ﯓ">ﯓ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%DB%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ئە (page does not exist)">ئە</a> <a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a></b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Official until 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> </td> <td>39+ <br /> <small>(see notes)</small> </td> <td style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Burushaski_Urdu"><sup></sup></span> <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٹ">ٹ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڈ">ڈ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڑ">ڑ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ں">ں</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">ہ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ھ">ھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%92" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ے">ے</a></span></span></span> <br /> <small>(see notes)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </td> <td>South Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Urdu_digraphs"><sup></sup></span> 58 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> letters including digraphs representing <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirated consonants">aspirated consonants</a>. <br /> <span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:بھ">بھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:پھ">پھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:تھ">تھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٹھ">ٹھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:جھ">جھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چھ">چھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:دھ">دھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%88%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڈھ">ڈھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:کھ">کھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:گھ">گھ</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئا">ئا</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئە">ئە</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ھ">ھ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئو">ئو</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئۇ">ئۇ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئۆ">ئۆ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئۈ">ئۈ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۋ">ۋ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئې">ئې</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئى">ئى</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> </td> <td>China, Central Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Reform of older Arabic-script Uyghur orthography that was used prior to the 1950s. Vowels are mandatory, i.e. alphabet </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolofal</a> </td> <td>33 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Wolof-language text"><span lang="wo-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%96" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݖ">ݖ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:گ">گ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݧ">ݧ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%9D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݝ">ݝ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%92" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݒ">ݒ</a></span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> </td> <td>West Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>, however, borrows at least one glyph from <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a> </td> <td>36 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٿ">ٿ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3%EF%AE%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:س﮲">س﮲</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڞ">ڞ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ي">ي</a></span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a> </td> <td>China, Central Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Used to write Chinese languages by Muslims living in China such as the Hui people. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;"><span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt-Arab" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئا">ئا</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئە">ئە</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئی">ئی</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئو">ئو</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئۇ">ئۇ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئ">ئ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ھ">ھ</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> </td> <td>Volga region </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ alphabet</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1920–1927 replaced with Cyrillic </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_use">Current use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and China are the main non-Arabic speaking states using the Arabic alphabet to write one or more official national languages, including <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchi language">Baluchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Kurdish">Central Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An Arabic alphabet is currently used for the following languages:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East_and_Central_Asia">Middle East and Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle East and Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> (Torki) in Iran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Baluchi</a> in Iran, in Pakistan's Balochistan region, Afghanistan and Oman<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a> (or Karshuni) originated in the 7th century, when Arabic became the dominant spoken language in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, but Arabic script was not yet fully developed or widely read, and so the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a> was used. There is evidence that writing Arabic in this other set of letters (known as Garshuni) influenced the style of modern Arabic script. After this initial period, Garshuni writing has continued to the present day among some <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Syriac</a> Christian communities in the Arabic-speaking regions of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> in Kazakhstan, China, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and Northwest <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. (In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> is used for Kurdish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> by its 150,000 speakers in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and Tajikistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dari_(Afghanistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari (Afghanistan)">Dari</a> in Afghanistan. It had former use in Tajikistan but is no longer used in <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik Language">Standard Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Iranian languages">Southwestern Iranian languages</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lori_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Lori dialects">Lori dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari language</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> in Turkmenistan,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Afghanistan and Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> changed to Latin script in 1969 and back to a simplified, fully voweled Arabic script in 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> in Uzbekistan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Afghanistan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> is written by some <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> in the Arabic-derived <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a> alphabet (see also <a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a>)</li> <li>The Turkic <a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar language</a> is written by some <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a> in the Arabic alphabet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari (Persian dialect)">Dari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (also written in <a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> although Kashmiri is more commonly written in Perso-Arabic Script)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> in Afghanistan and Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a> in Northern Pakistan, also uses the Latin script</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a>) in Pakistan, also written in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> script known as <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>, written with a modified Arabic script – that has 45 letters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, a British commissioner in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> on August 29, 1857, ordered to change Arabic script<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (December 2020)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari</a> in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer language</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrawahi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrawahi language">Bhadrawahi language</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>), although it is more commonly written using the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan language</a>), also rarely written in the Tibetan script</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui language</a> in Pakistan and Afghanistan<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> or Burusho language, a language isolated to Pakistan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> in Pakistan (and historically several other <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani languages</a>). Urdu is one of several official languages in the states of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a>, spoken by about five million people in India and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir and in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, but also in northern Punjab, although Dogri is more commonly written in Devanagari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arwi language">Arwi language</a> (a mixture of Arabic and Tamil) uses the Arabic script together with the addition of 13 letters. It is mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and the South Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> for religious purposes. <a href="/wiki/Arwi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arwi language">Arwi language</a> is the language of Tamil Muslims</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a> is <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> written in the Arabic script. The script has particular letters to represent the peculiar sounds of Malayalam. This script is mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> of the South Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya language</a> (Ruáingga) is a language spoken by the Rohingya people of <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State, formerly known as Arakan</a> (Rakhine), <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> (Myanmar). It is similar to <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian language</a> in neighboring Bangladesh<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes written using the Roman script, or an Arabic-derived script known as <a href="/wiki/Hanifi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanifi alphabet">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi language</a> (Ishkashimi) in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> in the Arabic script known as <a href="/wiki/Jawi_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi (script)">Jawi</a>. In some cases it can be seen in the signboards of shops and market stalls. Particularly in Brunei, Jawi is used in terms of writing or reading for Islamic religious educational programs in primary school, secondary school, college, or even higher educational institutes such as universities. In addition, some television programming uses Jawi, such as announcements, advertisements, news, social programs or Islamic programs <ul><li>co-official in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> but co-official in <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, Islamic states in Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Jawi script is co-used with <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> in provinces of <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> also use another Arabic variant, the <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a> in Islamic writings and <a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">pesantren</a> community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a></li> <li>Predominantly Muslim areas of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an language</a> (also Idahan) a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Ida'an people of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham language</a> in Cambodia besides <a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Western Cham script</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Dobrujan Tatar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber languages</a> have often been written in <a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">an adaptation of the Arabic alphabet</a>. The use of the Arabic alphabet, as well as the competing <a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> scripts, has political connotations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg language">Tuareg language</a>, (sometimes called Tamasheq) which is also a Berber language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> of Egyptians as Coptic text written in Arabic letters<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Bedawi or Beja</a>, mainly in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's writing</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi language</a> or Andaandi language of Nubia, in the Nile Vale of northern Sudan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin language</a>, the largest Nubian language (previously known by the geographic terms Mahas and Fadicca/Fiadicca) is not yet standardized, being written variously in both <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latinized</a> and Arabic scripts; also, there have been recent efforts to revive the Old Nubian alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_language" title="Fur language">Fur language</a> of Darfur, Sudan</li></ul></li> <li>Southeast Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorian</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, currently side by side with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> (neither is official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, was originally written in Arabic alphabet, Swahili orthography is now based on the Latin alphabet that was introduced by Christian missionaries and colonial administrators</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay family</a>. It is the language of the southwestern lobe of the West African nation of Niger, and it is the second leading language of Niger, after Hausa, which is spoken in south central Niger<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadaksahak" title="Tadaksahak">Tadaksahak</a> is a Songhay language spoken by the pastoralist Idaksahak of the Ménaka area of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa language</a> uses an adaptation of the Arabic script known as <a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami</a>, for many purposes, especially religious, but including newspapers, mass mobilization posters and public information<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula language</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mandé language</a> spoken in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola-Fonyi_language" title="Jola-Fonyi language">Jola-Fonyi language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanta language">Balanta language</a> a Bak language of west Africa spoken by the Balanta people and <a href="/wiki/Balanta-Ganja" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanta-Ganja">Balanta-Ganja</a> dialect in Senegal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a>, widely but unofficially (known as Ajami), (another non-Latin script used is the <a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko script</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>, especially the Pular of Guinea (known as Ajami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> (at <i><a href="/wiki/Zaouia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaouia">zaouia</a></i> schools), known as <i><a href="/wiki/Wolofal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolofal">Wolofal</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, earliest attested history of use since 17th century, however earliest verifiable history of use dates to the 19th century. Yoruba Ajami used in Muslim praise verse, poetry, personal and esoteric use<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Arabic script outside Africa <ul><li>In writings of African American slaves <ul><li>Writings of by <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ibn_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Ibn Said">Omar Ibn Said</a> (1770–1864) of Senegal<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bilali_Document" title="Bilali Document">Bilali Document</a> also known as Bilali Muhammad Document is a handwritten, Arabic manuscript<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on West African Islamic law. It was written by Bilali Mohammet in the 19th century. The document is currently housed in the library at the University of Georgia</li> <li>Letter written by <a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a> (1701–1773)</li> <li>Arabic Text From 1768<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Letter written by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ibrahima_Sori" title="Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori">Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori</a> (1762–1829)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_use">Former use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Former use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_rule_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim rule in India">Muslim rule</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">subcontinent</a>, one or more forms of the Arabic script were incorporated among the assortment of scripts used for writing native languages.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, the Arabic script was generally replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2011)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Arabic_script#Dubious" title="Talk:Arabic script">discuss</a></i>]</sup> parts of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, while in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, after a brief period of <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (USSR)">Latinisation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> was mandated. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> changed to the Latin alphabet in 1928 as part of an internal Westernizing revolution. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the Turkic languages of the ex-USSR attempted to follow Turkey's lead and convert to a Turkish-style Latin alphabet. However, renewed use of the Arabic alphabet has occurred to a limited extent in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, whose language's close resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> allows direct use of publications from Afghanistan and Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa_2">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> (as it was first written among the "<a href="/wiki/Cape_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Malay">Cape Malays</a>", see <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Arabic Afrikaans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> in North Africa, particularly <a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Shilha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (still being considered, along with <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> and Latin, for <a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Central Atlas Tamazight</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> in Algeria and other parts of North Africa during the French colonial period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harari Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. Now uses the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez alphabet">Geʻez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabets</a></li> <li>For the West African languages—<a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> and others—the Latin alphabet has officially replaced Arabic transcriptions for use in literacy and education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (script known as <a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing"><i>wadaad's</i> Arabic</a>) has mostly used the <a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> since 1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> in West Africa, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> (has used the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> since the 19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> in West Africa</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_2">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> called <a href="/wiki/Elifbaja_shqip" class="mw-redirect" title="Elifbaja shqip">Elifbaja shqip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, during and residually after the Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> (among ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian Arabic alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language#History" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> (only for literary purposes; currently written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>; Text example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مۉلٖىمۉ سه ته‌بٖى بۉژه</span>‎ = <i>Molimo se tebi, Bože</i> (We pray to you, O God); see <i><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> in certain areas in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> (among ethnic <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia_and_Caucasus">Central Asia and Caucasus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Central Asia and Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe language</a> also known as West Circassian, is an official languages of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a> in the Russian Federation. It used Arabic alphabet before 1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> as well as other languages of <a href="/wiki/Daghestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daghestan">Daghestan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (now written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a> (officially for some years from the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 until 1928, changed to Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chaghatay</a> across <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> (sporadically from the adoption of Islam; officially from 1917 until 1928)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Circassian</a> and some other members of the <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Adyghe_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Adyghe languages">Abkhaz–Adyghe family</a> in the western <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and sporadically – in the countries of Middle East, like Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a> in the central Caucasus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (until the 1930s, changed to Latin, currently using Cyrillic, phasing in Latin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (until the 1930s, changed to Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a>, among the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a> (script known as <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> in South-Eastern Caucasus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> before 1928 (changed to Latin <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Yañalif</a>), reformed in the 1880s (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="İske imlâ">İske imlâ</a></i>), 1918 (<i><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaña imlâ">Yaña imlâ</a></i> – with the omission of some letters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> (changed to Latin in 1929, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (changed to Latin, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991)</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a> of the Muslim peoples of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> between 1918 and 1928 (many also earlier), including <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a>, etc. After 1928, their script became Latin, then later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Cyrillic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_and_Southeast_Asia">South and Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South and Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, Arabic scripts have been used historically in places like <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> among other places. See <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a> for further information.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanaon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Although Malay speakers in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a> still use the script on a daily basis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> in Sumatra, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> in Indonesia, used only in Islamic schools and institutions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> it can be used in Islamic schools in <a href="/wiki/The_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippines">the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a> practiced in Islamic schools in <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> was written in Arabic letters in a number of places in the past<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kurdish">Northern Kurdish</a> in Turkey and Syria was written in Arabic script until 1932, when a modified <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Hawar_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish Latin alphabet</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Celadet_Bedir_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Celadet Bedir Khan">Jaladat Ali Badirkhan</a> in Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was written in Arabic script until <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> declared the change to <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> in 1928. This form of Turkish is now known as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> and is held by many to be a different language, due to its much higher percentage of Persian and Arabic <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish alphabet</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></div> <p>As of Unicode 15.1, the following ranges encode Arabic characters: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_(Unicode_block)" title="Arabic (Unicode block)">Arabic</a> (0600–06FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Supplement" title="Arabic Supplement">Arabic Supplement</a> (0750–077F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Extended-A" title="Arabic Extended-A">Arabic Extended-A</a> (08A0–08FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Extended-B" title="Arabic Extended-B">Arabic Extended-B</a> (0870–089F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Extended-C" title="Arabic Extended-C">Arabic Extended-C</a> (10EC0–10EFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-A" title="Arabic Presentation Forms-A">Arabic Presentation Forms-A</a> (FB50–FDFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-B" title="Arabic Presentation Forms-B">Arabic Presentation Forms-B</a> (FE70–FEFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols" title="Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols">Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols</a> (1EE00–1EEFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_Numeral_Symbols" title="Rumi Numeral Symbols">Rumi Numeral Symbols</a> (10E60–10E7F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indic_Siyaq_Numbers" title="Indic Siyaq Numbers">Indic Siyaq Numbers</a> (1EC70–1ECBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Siyaq_Numbers" title="Ottoman Siyaq Numbers">Ottoman Siyaq Numbers</a> (1ED00–1ED4F)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_letters_used_in_other_languages">Additional letters used in other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Additional letters used in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assignment_of_phonemes_to_graphemes">Assignment of <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Graphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphemes">graphemes</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Assignment of phonemes to graphemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: left;">∅ = phoneme absent from language </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language family </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austron.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravid.</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> </th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Con.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Language/script </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet#Azerbaijani_Arabic_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azeri</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets#Forms_of_the_Kazakh_Arabic_alphabet" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Perso-Arabic_script" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Punjabi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"></sup></a><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Sorani_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="15"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a></span>‎</big> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="3">∅ </td> <td colspan="12"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a></span>‎</big> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ڤ">ڤ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ڣ">ڣ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="12"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a></span>‎</big> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/</span> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">ؼ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">ݢ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ࢴ">ࢴ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="10"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">گ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ڠ">ڠ</a></span>‎</big> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td> <td>∅ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ۏ">ۏ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="2"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ۆ">ۆ‎</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ۋ">ۋ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="5"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="2">∅ </td> <td colspan="2"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ڤ">ڤ</a></span>‎</big> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ڠ">ڠ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ࢳ">ࢳ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td>∅ </td> <td colspan="2"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Ng_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (Arabic)">ڭ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نگ‎</span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B1" title="ڱ">ڱ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="2"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="4">∅ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نݝ</span>‎</big> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ۑ">ۑ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ڽ">ڽ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DD%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ݧ (page does not exist)">ݧ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="4">∅ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ڃ">ڃ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="2"><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="4">∅ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نْي</span>‎</big> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">∅ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ڹ">ڹ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="4">∅ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ڻ">ڻ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A8" title="ݨ">ݨ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td>∅ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BC" title="ڼ">ڼ</a></span>‎</big> </td> <td colspan="3">∅ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Table of additional letters in other languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2" class="nowrap" style="">Use & Pronunciation </th> <th rowspan="1"><small> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Unicode</a></small> </th> <th rowspan="1" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/I%27jam" class="mw-redirect" title="I'jam">i'jam</a> & other additions </th> <th rowspan="2"><small>Shape</small> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small>Similar Arabic Letter(s)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th>U+ </th> <th><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><small>above</small> </th> <th><small>below</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Additional letters with additional marks </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Pe</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>; it can be used in Arabic to describe the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> otherwise it is written ب <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:پ">U+067E</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮹ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٮ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ب </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݐ">ݐ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used to represent the equivalent of the Latin letter <a href="/wiki/%C6%B3" title="Ƴ">Ƴ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔʲ/</span>) in some African languages such as <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݐ">U+0750</a> </td> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮳﮳﮳ </span>‎  </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>3 dots <br /> <small>(horizontal)</small> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٮ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ب </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/B%CC%A4%C4%93" title="B̤ē">ٻ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>B̤ē</i>, used to represent a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">voiced bilabial implosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٻ">U+067B</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮾ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>2 dots <br /> <small>(vertically)</small> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٮ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ب </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ڀ">ڀ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents an aspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">voiced bilabial plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%80" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڀ">U+0680</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮻ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>4 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٮ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ب </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ٺ">ٺ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ṭhē</i>, represents the aspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">voiceless retroflex plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٺ">U+067A</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮽ </span>‎ </td> <td>2 dots <br /> <small>(vertically)</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٮ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ت </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ټ">ټ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ṭē</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ټ">U+067C</a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮿ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮴ </span>‎ </td> <td>2 dots </td> <td>ring </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٮ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ت </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ٽ">ٽ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ṭe</i>, used to represent the phoneme (a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">voiceless retroflex plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>/</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi alphabet">Sindhi</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٽ">U+067D</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮸ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots <br /> <small>(inverted)</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٮ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ت </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%EF%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ﭦ">ﭦ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ṭe</i>, used to represent Ṭ (a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">voiceless retroflex plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>/</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٹ">U+0679</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ؕ </span>‎ </td> <td>small <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ط </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٮ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ت </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٿ </span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Teheh</i>, used in Sindhi and Rajasthani (when written in Sindhi alphabet); used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ɕʰ</a>/</span> (pinyin <i>q</i>) in Chinese <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٿ">U+067F</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮺ </span>‎ </td> <td>4 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٮ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ت </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%84" title="ڄ">ڄ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents the "c" <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">voiceless dental affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڄ">U+0684</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮾ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>2 dots <br /> <small>(vertically)</small> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ح </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ج </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ڃ">ڃ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents the "ć" <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%83" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڃ">U+0683</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮵ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>2 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ح </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Che</i>, used to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> ("ch"). It is used in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> in Egypt. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چ">U+0686</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮹ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ح </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ج </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%85" class="mw-redirect" title="څ">څ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ce</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:څ">U+0685</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ح </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ݗ">ݗ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents the "đ" <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">voiced alveolo-palatal affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a>/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>. Also used to represent the letter X in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%97" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݗ">U+0757</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮴ </span>‎ </td> <td>2 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ح </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ځ">ځ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Źim</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ځ">U+0681</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٔ </span>‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ح </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%99" title="ݙ">ݙ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used in <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">Voiced alveolar implosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɗ̢/</span>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%99" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݙ">U+0759</a> </td> <td class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﯀ </span>‎ </td> <td class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮾ </span>‎ </td> <td>small <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ط </span>‎ </td> <td>2 dots <br /> <small>(vertically)</small> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ڊ">ڊ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used in <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">voiced retroflex implosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a>/</span>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڊ">U+068A</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮳ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>1 dot </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ڈ">ڈ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ḍal</i>, used to represent a Ḍ (a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">voiced retroflex plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڈ">U+0688</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ؕ </span>‎ </td> <td>small <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ط </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ڌ">ڌ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Dhal</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">d̪ʱ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڌ">U+068C</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮴ </span>‎ </td> <td>2 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ډ">ډ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ḍal</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ډ">U+0689</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮿ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>ring </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> د </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ڑ">ڑ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ṛe</i>, represents a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڑ">U+0691</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ؕ </span>‎ </td> <td>small <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ط </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ړ">ړ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ṛe</i>, used to represent a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral flap">retroflex lateral flap</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ړ">U+0693</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮿ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>ring </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ݫ">ݫ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used in <a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">voiced alveolo-palatal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>/</span>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݫ">U+076B</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮽ </span>‎ </td> <td>2 dots <br /> <small>(vertically)</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Že / zhe</i>, used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> in, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%98" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ژ">U+0698</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ز </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ږ">ږ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ǵe / ẓ̌e</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%96" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ږ">U+0696</a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮲ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮳ </span>‎ </td> <td>1 dot </td> <td>1 dot </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ز </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ڕ">ڕ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> to represent rr <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Soran%C3%AE_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Soranî dialect">Soranî dialect</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڕ">U+0695</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٚ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td><small>V pointing down</small> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AD" title="ݭ">ݭ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used in <a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">voiceless retroflex fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span>, and in <a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a> to represent a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant">ɕ</a>/. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݭ">U+076D</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮽ </span>‎ </td> <td>2 dots <small>vertically</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> س </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> س </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ݜ">ݜ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used in <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">voiceless retroflex fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%9C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݜ">U+075C</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮺ </span>‎ </td> <td>4 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> س </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ښ">ښ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>X̌īn / ṣ̌īn</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ښ">U+069A</a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮲ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮳ </span>‎ </td> <td>1 dot </td> <td>1 dot </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> س </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> س </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڜ‎</span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">Used in <a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a> to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڜ">U+069C</a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮹ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> س </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڞ">ڞ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">Used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a>/</span> (pinyin <i>c</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Chinese</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%9E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڞ">U+069E</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td>none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ص </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ض</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ڠ">ڠ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Nga</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڠ">U+06A0</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ع </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> غ </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ڤ">ڤ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ve</i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span>, it can be used in Arabic to describe the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> otherwise it is written ف <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span>. <i>Pa</i>, used in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a> to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڤ">U+06A4</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ڡ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ف </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ڥ">ڥ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Vi</i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a> when written in Arabic script to represent the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> if needed. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڥ">U+06A5</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮹ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ڡ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ف </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ڨ">ڨ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ga</i>, used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڨ">U+06A8</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ٯ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ق </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Ng_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (Arabic)">ڭ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ng</i>, used to represent the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> phone in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>. <p>Used to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and in many dialects of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Algerian</a>. </p> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڭ">U+06AD</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">ڬ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" rowspan="2"><i>Gaf</i>, represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڬ">U+06AC</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮲ </span>‎ </td> <td>1 dot </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">ݢ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݢ">U+0762</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮲ </span>‎ </td> <td>1 dot </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ک </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">گ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Gaf</i>, represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:گ">U+06AF</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><small>line</small> </td> <td><small>horizontal line</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ک </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ګ">ګ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Gaf</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ګ">U+06AB</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮿ </span>‎ </td> <td>ring </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ک </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">ؼ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Gaf</i>, represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢴ">U+08B4</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮳ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ک</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B1" title="ڱ">ڱ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">Velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڱ">U+06B1</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮴ </span>‎ </td> <td>2 dots + <small>horizontal <br /> line</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ک </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ڳ">ڳ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">voiced velar implosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɠ/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڳ">U+06B1</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮾ </span>‎ </td> <td><small>horizontal <br /> line</small> </td> <td>2 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ک </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݣ">ݣ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> (pinyin <i>ng</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Chinese</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݣ">U+0763</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮹ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ک </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ݪ">ݪ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used in <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral flap">retroflex lateral flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">ɺ̢</a>/</span>, and in <a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless lateral fricative">voiceless lateral fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>/</span>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݪ">U+076A</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><small>line</small> </td> <td><small>horizontal <br /> line</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ل </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ل </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ࣇ">ࣇ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ࣇ">ࣇ</a></span>‎</small> – or alternately typeset as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> لؕ </span>‎ – is used in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">voiced retroflex lateral approximant</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a>/<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_to_encode_Lam_with_Tah_above_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal_to_encode_Lam_with_Tah_above-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A3%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࣇ">U+08C7</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ؕ </span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">small <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ط </span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ل </span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ل </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> لؕ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ل">U+0644</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ؕ">U+0615</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ڵ">ڵ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> to represent ll <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Soran%C3%AE_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Soranî dialect">Soranî dialect</a>. Represents the "lj" <a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">palatal lateral approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڵ">U+06B5</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٚ </span>‎ </td> <td><small>V pointing down</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ل </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ل </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BC" title="ڼ">ڼ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal">retroflex nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڼ">U+06BC</a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮲ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮿ </span>‎ </td> <td>1 dot </td> <td>ring </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ں </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ن </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ڻ">ڻ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal">retroflex nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڻ">U+06BB</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ؕ </span>‎ </td> <td>small <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ط </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ں </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ن </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A8" title="ݨ">ݨ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">used in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>/</span> and <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݨ">U+0768</a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮲ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﯀ </span>‎ </td> <td>1 dot + small <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ط </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ں </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ن </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ڽ">ڽ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Nya</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> ڽـ ـڽـ ڽ., The isolated ڽ‎ and final ـڽ‎ resemble the form ڽ, while the initial ڽـ‎ and medial forms ـڽـ‎, resemble the form پ. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڽ">U+06BD</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ں </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ن </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ݩ">ݩ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents the "nj" <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݩ">U+0769</a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮲ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٚ </span>‎ </td> <td>1 dot <br /> <small>V pointing down</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ں </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ن </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ۅ</span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ö</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۅ">U+0624</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌̵ </span>‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strikethrough" title="Strikethrough">Strikethrough</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﻭٓ </span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Uu</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EF%BB%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ﻭ">ﻭ</a></span>‎ + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٓ">◌ٓ</a></span>‎ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EF%BB%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ﻭ">U+0648</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٓ">U+0653</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٓ </span>‎ </td> <td>Madda </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EF%BB%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ﻭ">ﻭ</a></span>‎</span> + <span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٓ">◌ٓ</a></span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ۏ">ۏ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Va</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۏ">U+06CF</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮲ </span>‎ </td> <td>1 dot </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ۋ">ۋ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, and Old Tatar; and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊw,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉw/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>; also formerly used in <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language#Alphabet" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۋ">U+06CB</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮶ </span>‎ </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ۆ">ۆ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents "o" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, "ü" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/</span> in Azerbaijani, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> as part of the digraph ئۆ. It represents the "u" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۆ">U+06C6</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٚ </span>‎ </td> <td><small>V pointing down</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ۇ">ۇ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>U</i>, used to represents the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۇ">U+06C7</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ُ </span>‎ </td> <td><small>Damma</small><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ۉ">ۉ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents the "o" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>. Also used to represent /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>/ in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۉ">U+06C9</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٛ </span>‎ </td> <td><small>V pointing up</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ىٓ </span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ii</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ى">U+0649</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٓ">U+0653</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٓ </span>‎ </td> <td>Madda </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ى </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ي </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ې">ې</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Pasta Ye</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ې">U+06D0</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮾ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>2 dots <small>vertical</small> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ى </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ي </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ۍ">ۍ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>X̌əźīna ye Ye</i>, used to represent the phoneme [əi] in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۍ">U+06CD</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><small>line</small> </td> <td><small>horizontal <br /> line</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ى </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ي </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ۑ">ۑ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Nya</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۑ">U+06D1</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮹ </span>‎ </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td>3 dots </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ى </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ێ">ێ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents ê <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ێ">U+06CE</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٚ </span>‎ </td> <td><small>V pointing down</small> </td> <td><small> 2 dots <br /> (start + mid)</small> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ى </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ي </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Additional letters with shape alteration </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%93" title="Khē">ک</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Khē</i>, represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ک">U+06A9</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><small>none</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ک </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%93" title="Khē">ڪ</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">"Swash kāf" is a stylistic variant of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎ in Arabic, but represents un- <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirated consonants">aspirated</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڪ">U+06AA</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><small>none</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ڪ </span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك </span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:130%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ھ">ھ</a></span>‎ <br /> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ھ">ھ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Do-chashmi he</i> (two-eyed hāʼ), used in digraphs for aspiration <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʰ</a>/</span> and breathy voice <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ʱ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>. Also used to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ھ">U+06BE</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><small>none</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ھ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ه </span>‎ / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هـ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:130%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ە">ە</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ae</i>, used represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ە">U+06D5</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><small>none</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ه</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ه </span>‎ / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هـ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ے">ے</a></span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Baṛī ye</i> ('big <i>yāʼ'</i>), is a stylistic variant of ي in Arabic, but represents "ai" or "e" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%92" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ے">U+06D2</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><small>none</small> </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ے </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ي </span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Additional <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">Digraph</a> letters </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> أو </span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Oo</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:أ">U+0623</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:و">U+0648</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٔ </span>‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a> </td> <td>none </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> او </span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> أ </span>‎</span> + <span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> اٖى </span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;">represents the "i" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ا">U+0627</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%96" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٖ">U+0656</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%89" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ى">U+0649</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٖ </span>‎ </td> <td>Alef </td> <td style="color:#E2E5EA;">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> اى </span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> اٖ </span>‎</span> + <span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ى </span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">أي</span>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;"><i>Ee</i>, used to represent the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>. </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:أ">U+0623</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ي">U+064A</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ◌ٔ </span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ﮵ </span>‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a> </td> <td>2 dots </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> اى </span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> أ </span>‎</span> + <span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ي </span>‎ </span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">letter or digraph</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joined to the letter, closest to the letter, on the first letter, or above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Further away from the letter, or on the second letter, or below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A variant that end up with loop also exists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the letter also known as <i>Waw with Damma</i>, some publications and fonts features filled Damma that looks similar to comma.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shown in <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> (bottom) styles. The Nastaliq version of the connected forms are connected to each other, because the tatweel character <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%80" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ـ">U+0640</a> used to show the other forms does not work in many <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq#Nastaliq_typesetting" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq fonts</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_construction">Letter construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Letter construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet use the same base shapes. Most additional letters in languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet are built by adding (or removing) diacritics to existing Arabic letters. Some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. For example, variant forms of <i>kāf</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ك ک ڪ </span>‎ are used in some languages and sometimes have specific usages. In Urdu and some neighbouring languages, the letter Hā has diverged into two forms <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ھ </span>‎ <i>dō-čašmī hē</i> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ </span>‎ <i>gōl hē</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-hannover_urdu_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hannover_urdu-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a variant form of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ي </span>‎ <i>yā</i> referred to as <i>baṛī yē</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ے </span>‎ is used at the end of some words.<sup id="cite_ref-hannover_urdu_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hannover_urdu-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_of_letter_components">Table of letter components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Table of letter components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_letter_components" title="List of Arabic letter components">List of Arabic letter components</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_(Unicode_block)" title="Arabic (Unicode block)">Arabic (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a> (digit shapes commonly used with Arabic script)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History of the Arabic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Arabic">Transliteration of Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadly speaking, there are two standards for Pashto orthography: the Afghan orthography in Afghanistan and the Peshawar orthography in Pakistan, where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/</span> in the latter is represented by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ګ</span>‎ instead of the Afghani <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گ</span>‎. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Daniels, Peter T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">Bright, William</a>, eds. (1996). <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195079937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195079937"><bdi>978-0195079937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195079937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31666/Arabic-alphabet">"Arabic Alphabet"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185709/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31666/Arabic-alphabet">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabic+Alphabet&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F31666%2FArabic-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan" class="citation web cs1">Vaughan, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/list/the-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems">"The World's 5 Most Commonly Used Writing Systems"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184024/https://www.britannica.com/list/the-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+5+Most+Commonly+Used+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Flist%2Fthe-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/cham_background.pdf">Cham romanization table background. Library of Congress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahinnaz Mirdehghan. 2010. Persian, Urdu, and Pashto: A comparative orthographic analysis. <i>Writing Systems Research</i> Vol. 2, No. 1, 9–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218074945/http://www.bne.es/es/Micrositios/Exposiciones/MemoriaMoriscos/Obras/">"Exposición Virtual. Biblioteca Nacional de España"</a>. Bne.es. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bne.es/es/Micrositios/Exposiciones/MemoriaMoriscos/Obras/">the original</a> on 18 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exposici%C3%B3n+Virtual.+Biblioteca+Nacional+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pub=Bne.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bne.es%2Fes%2FMicrositios%2FExposiciones%2FMemoriaMoriscos%2FObras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad,_Syed_Barakat.2013" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Syed Barakat. (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124340016"><i>Introduction to Qur'anic script</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-11138-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-11138-9"><bdi>978-1-136-11138-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1124340016">1124340016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Qur%27anic+script&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1124340016&rft.isbn=978-1-136-11138-9&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Syed+Barakat.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1124340016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruendler1993" class="citation book cs1">Gruendler, Beatrice (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65kOAAAAYAAJ&q=origin"><i>The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century According to Dated Texts</i></a>. Scholars Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555407100" title="Special:BookSources/9781555407100"><bdi>9781555407100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Arabic+Scripts%3A+From+the+Nabatean+Era+to+the+First+Islamic+Century+According+to+Dated+Texts&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781555407100&rft.aulast=Gruendler&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65kOAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dorigin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealeySmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Healey, John F.; Smith, G. Rex (13 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDohBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">"II - The Origin of the Arabic Alphabet"</a>. <i>A Brief Introduction to The Arabic Alphabet</i>. Saqi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863568817" title="Special:BookSources/9780863568817"><bdi>9780863568817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II+-+The+Origin+of+the+Arabic+Alphabet&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+The+Arabic+Alphabet&rft.pub=Saqi&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft.isbn=9780863568817&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.+Rex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfDohBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenner1991" class="citation book cs1">Senner, Wayne M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4xAlunCSEC&pg=PA100"><i>The Origins of Writing</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803291671" title="Special:BookSources/0803291671"><bdi>0803291671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Writing&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0803291671&rft.aulast=Senner&rft.aufirst=Wayne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKc4xAlunCSEC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/nabataean.htm">"Nabataean abjad"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Nabataean+abjad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fnabataean.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaveh" class="citation web cs1">Naveh, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/catalogues/Nabateans/Joseph_Naveh.pdf">"Nabatean Language, Script and Inscriptions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nabatean+Language%2C+Script+and+Inscriptions&rft.aulast=Naveh&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmushecht.haifa.ac.il%2Fcatalogues%2FNabateans%2FJoseph_Naveh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jane (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC&pg=PA152"><i>Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860645082" title="Special:BookSources/9781860645082"><bdi>9781860645082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petra+and+the+Lost+Kingdom+of+the+Nabataeans&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781860645082&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcAoBq4_EnEC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cota-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cota_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270568583">"Zribi, I., Boujelbane, R., Masmoudi, A., Ellouze, M., Belguith, L., & Habash, N. (2014). A Conventional Orthography for Tunisian Arabic. In Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), Reykjavík, Iceland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zribi%2C+I.%2C+Boujelbane%2C+R.%2C+Masmoudi%2C+A.%2C+Ellouze%2C+M.%2C+Belguith%2C+L.%2C+%26+Habash%2C+N.+%282014%29.+A+Conventional+Orthography+for+Tunisian+Arabic.+In+Proceedings+of+the+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+Conference+%28LREC%29%2C+Reykjav%C3%ADk%2C+Iceland.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F270568583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brustad,_K._2000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brustad,_K._2000_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brustad, K. (2000). The syntax of spoken Arabic: A comparative study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti dialects. Georgetown University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baask.com/diwwan/index.php?topic=1523.0%7cBalouchi">"Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashmii"</a>. <i>baask.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baask.com&rft.atitle=Sayad+Zahoor+Shah+Hashmii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaask.com%2Fdiwwan%2Findex.php%3Ftopic%3D1523.0%257cBalouchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarlak2002" class="citation web cs1">Sarlak, Riz̤ā (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4cHAQAAMAAJ">"Dictionary of the Bakhtiari dialect of Chahar-lang"</a>. <i>google.com.eg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com.eg&rft.atitle=Dictionary+of+the+Bakhtiari+dialect+of+Chahar-lang&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sarlak&rft.aufirst=Riz%CC%A4%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD4cHAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIran2011" class="citation web cs1">Iran, Mojdeh (5 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/19594456">"Bakhtiari Language Video (bak) بختياري ها! خبری مهم"</a> – via Vimeo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bakhtiari+Language+Video+%28bak%29+%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%87%D8%A7%21+%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85&rft.date=2011-02-05&rft.aulast=Iran&rft.aufirst=Mojdeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F19594456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/6179/pakistan-should-mind-all-of-its-languages%7cscanned">"Pakistan should mind all of its languages!"</a>. <i>tribune.com.pk</i>. June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tribune.com.pk&rft.atitle=Pakistan+should+mind+all+of+its+languages%21&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.tribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F6179%2Fpakistan-should-mind-all-of-its-languages%257cscanned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/aeq/">"Ethnologue"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F18%2Flanguage%2Faeq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=bhd%7cBhadrawahi">"Ethnologue"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.org%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dbhd%257cBhadrawahi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030230355/http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/brahui.html">"The Bible in Brahui"</a>. Worldscriptures.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/brahui.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+Brahui&rft.pub=Worldscriptures.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscriptures.org%2Fpages%2Fbrahui.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/21180958/Rohingya-Language-Book-A-Z%7cRohingya-Language-Book-A-Z">"Rohingya Language Book A-Z"</a>. <i>Scribd</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Rohingya+Language+Book+A-Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F21180958%2FRohingya-Language-Book-A-Z%257cRohingya-Language-Book-A-Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=lrftufkq8x%7cIda'an">"Ida'an"</a>. <i>scriptsource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scriptsource.org&rft.atitle=Ida%27an&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3DwrSys_detail%26uid%3Dlrftufkq8x%257cIda%27an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419152624/http://www.stshenouda.com/coptlang/copthist.htm">"The Coptic Studies' Corner"</a>. <i>stshenouda.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stshenouda.com/coptlang/copthist.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stshenouda.com&rft.atitle=The+Coptic+Studies%27+Corner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stshenouda.com%2Fcoptlang%2Fcopthist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424141634/http://www.thenubian.net/lang.php">"--The Cradle of Nubian Civilisation--"</a>. <i>thenubian.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenubian.net/lang.php">the original</a> on 24 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenubian.net&rft.atitle=--The+Cradle+of+Nubian+Civilisation--&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenubian.net%2Flang.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719073438/http://alnuba.com/english/lesson-four/2-3/">"2 » AlNuba egypt"</a>. 19 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alnuba.com/english/lesson-four/2-3/">the original</a> on 19 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+%C2%BB+AlNuba+egypt&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falnuba.com%2Fenglish%2Flesson-four%2F2-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=rnuzk9azpb%7cZarma">"Zarma"</a>. <i>scriptsource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scriptsource.org&rft.atitle=Zarma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3DwrSys_detail%26uid%3Drnuzk9azpb%257cZarma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=s772abcj2r%7cTadaksahak">"Tadaksahak"</a>. <i>scriptsource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scriptsource.org&rft.atitle=Tadaksahak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3DwrSys_detail%26uid%3Ds772abcj2r%257cTadaksahak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/bostonia/summer09/ajami/">"Lost Language — Bostonia Summer 2009"</a>. <i>bu.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bu.edu&rft.atitle=Lost+Language+%E2%80%94+Bostonia+Summer+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fbostonia%2Fsummer09%2Fajami%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=bw87m6llbu%7cDyula">"Dyula"</a>. <i>scriptsource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scriptsource.org&rft.atitle=Dyula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3DwrSys_detail%26uid%3Dbw87m6llbu%257cDyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=y5ue5vjlaq%7cJola-Fonyi">"Jola-Fonyi"</a>. <i>scriptsource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scriptsource.org&rft.atitle=Jola-Fonyi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3DwrSys_detail%26uid%3Dy5ue5vjlaq%257cJola-Fonyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355034004">"African Arabic-Script Languages Title: From the 'Sacred' to the 'Profane': the Yoruba Ajami Script and the Challenges of a Standard Orthography"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>. October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=African+Arabic-Script+Languages+Title%3A+From+the+%27Sacred%27+to+the+%27Profane%27%3A+the+Yoruba+Ajami+Script+and+the+Challenges+of+a+Standard+Orthography&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F355034004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908050108/http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=2&key=17&hit=1%7COmar">"Ibn Sayyid manuscript"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=2&key=17&hit=1%7cOmar">the original</a> on 8 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Sayyid+manuscript&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuslimsinamerica.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_zoom%26Itemid%3D31%26page%3Dview%26catid%3D1%26PageNo%3D2%26key%3D17%26hit%3D1%257cOmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908051416/http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=1&key=2&hit=1%7CBilali">"Muhammad Arabic letter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=1&key=2&hit=1%7cBilali">the original</a> on 8 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muhammad+Arabic+letter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuslimsinamerica.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_zoom%26Itemid%3D31%26page%3Dview%26catid%3D1%26PageNo%3D1%26key%3D2%26hit%3D1%257cBilali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520132438/http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=49">"Charno Letter"</a>. Muslims In America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=49">the original</a> on 20 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charno+Letter&rft.pub=Muslims+In+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuslimsinamerica.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_wrapper%26Itemid%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsani2002" class="citation book cs1">Asani, Ali S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48193876"><i>Ecstasy and enlightenment : the Ismaili devotional literature of South Asia</i></a>. Institute of Ismaili Studies. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-758-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-758-8"><bdi>1-86064-758-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48193876">48193876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecstasy+and+enlightenment+%3A+the+Ismaili+devotional+literature+of+South+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48193876&rft.isbn=1-86064-758-8&rft.aulast=Asani&rft.aufirst=Ali+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F48193876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/52_folder/52_articles/52_alphabet.html">Alphabet Transitions – The Latin Script: A New Chronology – Symbol of a New Azerbaijan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403093024/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/52_folder/52_articles/52_alphabet.html">Archived</a> 2007-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Tamam Bayatly</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukhail_Siddikzoda" class="citation web cs1">Sukhail Siddikzoda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613195726/http://www.cimera.org/files/camel/en/27e/MICA27E-Siddikzoda.pdf">"Tajik Language: Farsi or Not Farsi?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cimera.org/files/camel/en/27e/MICA27E-Siddikzoda.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tajik+Language%3A+Farsi+or+Not+Farsi%3F&rft.au=Sukhail+Siddikzoda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cimera.org%2Ffiles%2Fcamel%2Fen%2F27e%2FMICA27E-Siddikzoda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223111006/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~chechen/Ch_writing.htm">"Brief history of writing in Chechen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socrates.berkeley.edu/%7Echechen/Ch_writing.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+history+of+writing+in+Chechen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocrates.berkeley.edu%2F%257Echechen%2FCh_writing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 20, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kramer" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Kramer">Samuel Noel Kramer</a>. 1986. <i>In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Blau. 2000. Hebrew written in Arabic characters: An instance of radical change in tradition. (In Hebrew, with English summary). In <i>Heritage and Innovation in Judaeo-Arabic Culture: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Society For Judaeo-Arabic Studies</i>, p. 27-31. Ramat Gan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proposal_to_encode_Lam_with_Tah_above-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proposal_to_encode_Lam_with_Tah_above_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorna_Priest_EvansM._G._Abbas_Malik" class="citation web cs1">Lorna Priest Evans; M. G. Abbas Malik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf">"Proposal to encode ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.unicode.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicode.org&rft.atitle=Proposal+to+encode+ARABIC+LETTER+LAM+WITH+SMALL+ARABIC+LETTER+TAH+ABOVE+in+the+UCS&rft.au=Lorna+Priest+Evans&rft.au=M.+G.+Abbas+Malik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2019%2F19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hannover_urdu-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hannover_urdu_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hannover_urdu_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html">"Urdu Alphabet"</a>. <i>www.user.uni-hannover.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.user.uni-hannover.de&rft.atitle=Urdu+Alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.user.uni-hannover.de%2Fnhtcapri%2Furdu-alphabet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arabic script">Arabic script</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/collation/">Unicode collation charts</a>—including Arabic letters, sorted by shape</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/09/06/arabic.difficulty.learning/">Why the right side of your brain doesn't like Arabic</a>"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://software.sil.org/arabicfonts/">Arabic fonts by SIL's Non-Roman Script Initiative</a></li> <li>Alexis Neme and Sébastien Paumier (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02113751">"Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup"</a>, <i>Lang Resources & Evaluation</i>, Vol. 53, pp. 1–65. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04051">1905.04051</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10579-019-09464-6">10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24110-arabic-crown-letters.pdf">"Preliminary proposal to encode Arabic Crown Letters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+proposal+to+encode+Arabic+Crown+Letters&rft.pub=Unicode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2024%2F24110-arabic-crown-letters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24131-arabic-crown-letters.pdf">"Proposal to encode Arabic Crown Letters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+encode+Arabic+Crown+Letters&rft.pub=Unicode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2024%2F24131-arabic-crown-letters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" title="Category:Arabic script">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_language" title="Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_language" title="Template talk:Arabic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ǧīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dāl</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zāy</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣād</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ġayn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lām</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nūn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wāw</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yāʾ</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br />· <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1828555#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4355548-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Écriture arabe"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953438d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Écriture arabe"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953438d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558293805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&oldid=1259493212">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&oldid=1259493212</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" title="Category:Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_orthography" title="Category:Arabic orthography">Arabic orthography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Right-to-left_writing_systems" title="Category:Right-to-left writing systems">Right-to-left writing systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abjad_writing_systems" title="Category:Abjad writing systems">Abjad writing systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_rewrite_from_July_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from July 2022">Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_rewrite" title="Category:All articles needing rewrite">All articles needing rewrite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bosnian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bosnian-language text">Articles containing Bosnian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tamil-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tamil-language text">Articles containing Tamil-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Balochi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Balochi-language text">Articles containing Balochi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Burushaski-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Burushaski-language text">Articles containing Burushaski-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malay_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kashmiri-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kashmiri-language text">Articles containing Kashmiri-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kazakh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kazakh-language text">Articles containing Kazakh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Khowar-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Khowar-language text">Articles containing Khowar-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kyrgyz-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kyrgyz-language text">Articles containing Kyrgyz-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Pashto-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Pashto-language text">Articles containing Pashto-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Javanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Javanese-language text">Articles containing Javanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Punjabi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Punjabi-language text">Articles containing Punjabi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Saraiki-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Saraiki-language text">Articles containing Saraiki-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sindhi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sindhi-language text">Articles containing Sindhi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kurdish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kurdish-language text">Articles containing Kurdish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tatar-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tatar-language text">Articles containing Tatar-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text">Articles containing Urdu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Uyghur-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Uyghur-language text">Articles containing Uyghur-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Wolof-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Wolof-language text">Articles containing Wolof-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_December_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2021">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_November_2011" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from November 2011">Articles with disputed statements from November 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_March_2018" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from March 2018">Vague or ambiguous time from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 13:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-86ztj","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.345","walltime":"2.768","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29001,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":610574,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":45036,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":351287,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2058.172 1 -total"," 15.36% 316.208 3 Template:Reflist"," 12.81% 263.606 1 Template:Infobox_writing_system"," 12.54% 258.193 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.71% 220.491 385 Template:Script/Arabic"," 7.58% 156.110 7 Template:Navbox"," 7.39% 152.100 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.23% 148.778 33 Template:Cite_web"," 6.74% 138.657 32 Template:Transliteration"," 5.94% 122.306 91 Template:IPAslink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.036","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27461964,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","380","29.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","21.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","6.2"],["type","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityTable","40","3.1"],["is_alias_used \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:275\u003E","40","3.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.1"],["[others]","240","18.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-744c7589dd-brdrh","timestamp":"20241125143413","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arabic script","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabic_script","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1828555","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1828555","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-08-25T15:15:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T13:55:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8f\/Arabic-script.png","headline":"writing system for Arabic and some Asian and African languages"}</script> </body> </html>