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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polio_eradication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polio_eradication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Polio eradication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polio_eradication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Virology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Space Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telomerase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telomerase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Telomerase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telomerase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chromosome_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromosome_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chromosome number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromosome_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_genome_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_genome_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Complete genome sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete_genome_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_species_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_species_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>New species proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_species_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">HeLa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="خلايا هيلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلايا هيلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa_s%C3%A8-pau" title="HeLa sè-pau – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="HeLa sè-pau" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa_%C4%87elija" title="HeLa ćelija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="HeLa ćelija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8l%C2%B7lules_HeLa" title="Cèl·lules HeLa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cèl·lules HeLa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa-celler" title="HeLa-celler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="HeLa-celler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa-Zellen" title="HeLa-Zellen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="HeLa-Zellen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa_rakuliin" title="HeLa rakuliin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="HeLa rakuliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7" title="هلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula_HeLa" title="Célula HeLa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Célula HeLa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%9D%BC_%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="헬라 세포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헬라 세포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_HeLa" title="Sel HeLa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sel HeLa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="תאי הילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאי הילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE" title="ഹിലാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിലാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="HeLa細胞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="HeLa細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Хела (ћелијска линија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хела (ћелијска линија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa-solut" title="HeLa-solut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="HeLa-solut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa-celler" title="HeLa-celler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="HeLa-celler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="எலா உயிரணுக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலா உயிரணுக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="HeLa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="海拉细胞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海拉细胞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q847482#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:HeLa" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hela_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hela (disambiguation)">Hela (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa-IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HeLa-IV.jpg/220px-HeLa-IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HeLa-IV.jpg/330px-HeLa-IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HeLa-IV.jpg/440px-HeLa-IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption> Scanning electron micrograph of an <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptotic</a> HeLa cell. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa-I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HeLa-I.jpg/250px-HeLa-I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HeLa-I.jpg/330px-HeLa-I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HeLa-I.jpg/500px-HeLa-I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Multiphoton fluorescence image of cultured HeLa cells with a fluorescent protein targeted to the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a> (orange), microtubules (green) and counterstained for DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_antibody_to_actin_(green)_,_vimentin_(red)_and_DNA_(blue).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HeLa_cells_stained_with_antibody_to_actin_%28green%29_%2C_vimentin_%28red%29_and_DNA_%28blue%29.jpg/250px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_antibody_to_actin_%28green%29_%2C_vimentin_%28red%29_and_DNA_%28blue%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HeLa_cells_stained_with_antibody_to_actin_%28green%29_%2C_vimentin_%28red%29_and_DNA_%28blue%29.jpg/330px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_antibody_to_actin_%28green%29_%2C_vimentin_%28red%29_and_DNA_%28blue%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HeLa_cells_stained_with_antibody_to_actin_%28green%29_%2C_vimentin_%28red%29_and_DNA_%28blue%29.jpg/500px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_antibody_to_actin_%28green%29_%2C_vimentin_%28red%29_and_DNA_%28blue%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a> image of HeLa cells grown in tissue culture and stained with antibody to <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> in green, <a href="/wiki/Vimentin" title="Vimentin">vimentin</a> in red and DNA in blue</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa-Tubulin-HSP60-Fibrillarin-DNA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HeLa-Tubulin-HSP60-Fibrillarin-DNA.jpg/220px-HeLa-Tubulin-HSP60-Fibrillarin-DNA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HeLa-Tubulin-HSP60-Fibrillarin-DNA.jpg/330px-HeLa-Tubulin-HSP60-Fibrillarin-DNA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HeLa-Tubulin-HSP60-Fibrillarin-DNA.jpg/440px-HeLa-Tubulin-HSP60-Fibrillarin-DNA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a> of HeLa cells showing <a href="/wiki/Microtubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtubules">microtubules</a> in green, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> in yellow, <a href="/wiki/Nucleoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleoli">nucleoli</a> in red and nuclear DNA in purple</figcaption></figure> <p><b>HeLa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Immortalised_cell_line" title="Immortalised cell line">immortalized cell line</a> used in scientific research. It is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Human_cell_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Human cell line">human cell line</a> and one of the most commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19450234_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19450234-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HeLa cells are durable and prolific, allowing for extensive applications in scientific study.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid201433882_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid201433882-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vpbio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vpbio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line is derived from <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> cells taken on February 8, 1951,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13052828_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13052828-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a>, a 31-year-old African American mother of five, after whom the line is named. Lacks died of cancer on October 4, 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cells from Lacks's cancerous cervical tumor were taken without her knowledge, which was common practice in the United States at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cell_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell biologist">Cell biologist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Otto_Gey" title="George Otto Gey">George Otto Gey</a> found that they could be kept alive,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed a <a href="/wiki/Cell_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell line">cell line</a>. Previously, cells cultured from other human cells would survive for only a few days, but cells from Lacks's tumor behaved differently. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a> was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a> with symptoms of irregular vaginal bleeding; she was subsequently treated for cervical cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucey2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucey2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her first treatment was performed by Lawrence Wharton Jr., who at that time collected tissue samples from her <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> without her consent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her cervical biopsy supplied samples of tissue for clinical evaluation and research by <a href="/wiki/George_Otto_Gey" title="George Otto Gey">George Otto Gey</a>, head of the Tissue Culture Laboratory. Gey's lab assistant Mary Kubicek used the roller-tube technique to culture the cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucey2009_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucey2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was observed that the cells grew robustly, doubling every 20–24 hours, unlike previous specimens, which died out.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cells were propagated by Gey shortly before Lacks died of her cancer in 1951. This was the first human cell line to prove successful <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>, which was a scientific achievement with profound future benefit to medical research. Gey freely donated these cells, along with the tools and processes that his lab developed, to any scientist requesting them, simply for the benefit of science. Neither Lacks nor her family gave permission to harvest the cells.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cells were later commercialized, although never patented in their original form. There was no requirement at that time to inform patients or their relatives about such matters, because discarded material or material obtained during surgery, diagnosis, or therapy was considered the property of the physician or the medical institution.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As was customary for Gey's lab assistant, the culture was named after the first two letters of Henrietta Lacks' first and last names, He + La.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucey2009_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucey2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before a 1973 query printed in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> obtained her real name, the "HeLa" cell line was incorrectly attributed to a "Helen Lane" or "Helen Larson".<sup id="cite_ref-vpbio_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vpbio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of this obfuscation is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, staff at Johns Hopkins discovered that HeLa cells could travel through the air and easily contaminate other cell cultures. When staff at Johns Hopkins realized this, a staff physician contacted the Lacks family and sought DNA samples to help identify which non-HeLa cultures were contaminated with HeLa cells. The family never understood the purpose of the visit, but they were distressed by their understanding of what the researchers told them.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cells are treated as cancer cells, as they are descended from a biopsy taken from a visible lesion on the cervix as part of Lacks's diagnosis of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HeLa cells, like other cell lines, are termed "<a href="/wiki/Immortalised_cell_line" title="Immortalised cell line">immortal</a>" because they can divide an unlimited number of times in a laboratory cell culture plate, as long as fundamental cell survival conditions are met (i.e. being maintained and sustained in a suitable environment). There are many <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> of HeLa cells, because they mutate during division in <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell cultures</a>, but all HeLa cells are descended from the same tumor cells removed from Lacks. The total number of HeLa cells that have been propagated in cell culture far exceeds the total number of cells that were in Henrietta Lacks's body.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrietta_Lacks_statue,_Bristol,_RHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg/250px-Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg/330px-Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg/500px-Henrietta_Lacks_statue%2C_Bristol%2C_RHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Henrietta Lacks unveiled October 2021 at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fort_House" title="Royal Fort House">Royal Fort House</a>, Bristol</figcaption></figure> <p>Lacks's case is one of many examples of the lack of <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a> in 20th-century medicine. Communication between tissue donors and doctors was virtually nonexistent—cells were taken without patient consent, and patients were not told what the cells would be used for. Johns Hopkins Hospital, where Lacks received treatment and had her tissue harvested, was the only hospital in the Baltimore area where African American patients could receive free care. The patients who received free care from this segregated sect of the hospital often became research subjects without their knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacks' family also had no access to her patient files and had no say in who received HeLa cells or what they would be used for. Additionally, as HeLa cells were popularized and used more frequently throughout the scientific community, Lacks' relatives received no financial benefit and continued to live with limited access to healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This issue of who owns tissue samples taken for research was brought up in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a> case of <i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Moore v. Regents of the University of California">Moore v. Regents of the University of California</a></i> in 1990. The court ruled that a person's discarded tissue and cells are not his or her property and can be commercialized.<sup id="cite_ref-Immortal_Life2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immortal_Life2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lacks's case influenced the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Rule" title="Common Rule">Common Rule</a> in 1991. The Common Rule enforces informed consent by ensuring that doctors inform patients if they plan to use any details of the patient's case in research and give them the choice of disclosing the details or not. Tissues connected to their donors' names are also strictly regulated under this rule, and samples are no longer named using donors' initials, but rather by code numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Immortal_Life2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immortal_Life2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further resolve the issue of patient privacy, Johns Hopkins established a joint committee with the NIH and several of Lacks's family members to determine who receives access to Henrietta Lacks's genome.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Henrietta Lacks's estate sued to get past and future payments for the alleged unauthorized and widely known sale of HeLa cells by <a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacks's family hired an attorney to seek compensation from upwards of 100 pharmaceutical companies that have used and profited from HeLa cells.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlement of the suit with Thermo Fisher Scientific was announced in August 2023, with undisclosed terms.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently the Lacks family announced that it will be suing the company <a href="/wiki/Ultragenyx" title="Ultragenyx">Ultragenyx</a> next.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_research">Use in research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use in research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HeLa cells were the first human cells to be successfully cloned in 1953, by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Puck" title="Theodore Puck">Theodore Puck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_I._Marcus" title="Philip I. Marcus">Philip I. Marcus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado,_Denver" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado, Denver">University of Colorado, Denver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Puck_Marcus_1955_072_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puck_Marcus_1955_072-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, HeLa cells have "continually been used for research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and countless other scientific pursuits."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_20022_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_20022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to author <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Skloot" title="Rebecca Skloot">Rebecca Skloot</a>, by 2009, "more than 60,000 scientific articles had been published about research done on HeLa [cells], and that number was increasing steadily at a rate of more than 300 papers each month."<sup id="cite_ref-Immortal_Life2_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immortal_Life2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polio_eradication">Polio eradication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polio eradication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HeLa cells were used by <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a> to test the first <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a> in the 1950s. They were observed to be easily infected by the <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a> virus, causing infected cells to die.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13052828_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13052828-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made HeLa cells highly desirable for polio vaccine testing, since results could be easily obtained. A large volume of HeLa cells were needed for the testing of Salk's polio vaccine, prompting the <a href="/wiki/National_Foundation_for_Infantile_Paralysis" class="mw-redirect" title="National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis">National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis</a> (NFIP) to find a facility capable of mass-producing HeLa cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid120019932_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid120019932-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1953, a cell culture factory was established at <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee University</a> to supply Salk and other labs with HeLa cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner20122_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner20122-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than a year later, Salk's vaccine was ready for human trials.<sup id="cite_ref-Brownlee19552_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownlee19552-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virology">Virology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Virology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HeLa cells have been used in testing how <a href="/wiki/Parvovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvovirus">parvovirus</a> infects cells of humans, dogs, and cats.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cells have also been used to study viruses such as the <a href="/wiki/Oropouche_virus" title="Oropouche virus">oropouche virus</a> (OROV). OROV causes disruption of cells in culture; the cells start to degenerate shortly after they are infected, causing <a href="/wiki/Viral_induction_of_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral induction of apoptosis">viral induction of apoptosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HeLa cells have been used to study expression of the <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">papillomavirus</a> E2 and apoptosis.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HeLa cells have also been used to study the ability of the <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper</a> virus to induce <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> in cancer cell lines,<sup id="cite_ref-DelPuerto2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelPuerto2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could play an important role in developing treatments for tumor cells resistant to radiation and chemotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-DelPuerto2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelPuerto2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HeLa cells have also been instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">human papilloma virus</a> (HPV) vaccines. In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> found that Lacks's cells from the original biopsy contained HPV-18, which was later found to be the cause of the aggressive cancer that had killed her. His work in linking HPV with cervical cancer won him a Nobel Prize and led to the development of HPV vaccines, which are predicted to reduce the number of deaths from cervical cancer by 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, HeLa cells have been infected with various types of viruses, including HIV, Zika, mumps, and herpes viruses to test and develop new vaccines and drugs. Dr. Richard Axel discovered that the addition of the CD4 protein to HeLa cells enabled them to be infected with HIV, allowing the virus to be studied.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, scientists learned that the measles virus constantly mutates when it infects HeLa cells,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2019 they found that Zika cannot multiply in HeLa cells.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HeLa cells have been used in a number of cancer studies, including those involving sex steroid hormones, such as <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptors</a>, along with estrogen-like compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a>, which has cancer-reducing properties.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been studies on HeLa cells, involving the effects of flavonoids and antioxidants with estradiol on cancer cell proliferation. </p><p>In 2011, HeLa cells were used in tests of novel <a href="/wiki/Heptamethine_dyes" title="Heptamethine dyes">heptamethine dyes</a> IR-808 and other analogues, which are currently being explored for their unique uses in medical diagnostics, the individualized treatment of cancer patients with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Photodynamic_therapy" title="Photodynamic therapy">PDT</a>, co-administration with other drugs, and <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fpene2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fpene2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HeLa cells have been used in research involving <a href="/wiki/Fullerenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullerenes">fullerenes</a> to induce apoptosis as a part of <a href="/wiki/Photodynamic_therapy" title="Photodynamic therapy">photodynamic therapy</a>, as well as in <i>in vitro</i> cancer research using cell lines.<sup id="cite_ref-foo2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foo2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HeLa cells have also been used to define cancer markers in RNA, and have been used to establish an <a href="/wiki/RNAi-Based_Identification_System_and_interference_of_Specific_Cancer_Cells" title="RNAi-Based Identification System and interference of Specific Cancer Cells">RNAi Based Identification System and Interference of Specific Cancer Cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, HeLa cells were shown to provide a viable cell line for tumor <a href="/wiki/Xenografts" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenografts">xenografts</a> in <a href="/wiki/C57BL/6" title="C57BL/6">C57BL/6</a> nude mice,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were subsequently used to examine the <i>in vivo</i> effects of <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> on cervical cancer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1953, a lab mistake involving mixing HeLa cells with the wrong liquid allowed researchers for the first time to see and count each chromosome clearly in the HeLa cells with which they were working. This accidental discovery led scientists <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hin_Tjio" title="Joe Hin Tjio">Joe Hin Tjio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Levan" title="Albert Levan">Albert Levan</a> to develop better techniques for staining and counting chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the first to show that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes rather than 24, as was previously believed. This was important for the study of developmental disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>, that involve the number of chromosomes. </p><p>In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harris_(scientist)" title="Henry Harris (scientist)">Henry Harris</a> and John Watkins created the first human-animal hybrid by fusing HeLa cells with mouse embryo cells. This enabled advances in mapping genes to specific chromosomes, which would eventually lead to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Biology">Space Biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Space Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, HeLa cells were sent on one of the early satellite missions to determine the long term effects of space travel on living cells and tissues. Scientists discovered that HeLa cells divide more quickly in zero gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telomerase">Telomerase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Telomerase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The HeLa <a href="/wiki/Cell_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell line">cell line</a> was derived for use in <a href="/wiki/Cancer_research" title="Cancer research">cancer research</a>. These cells proliferate abnormally rapidly, even compared with other cancer cells. Like many other cancer cells,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HeLa cells have an active version of <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a> during cell division,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16955216_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16955216-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which copies telomeres over and over again. This prevents the incremental shortening of <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomeres</a> that is implicated in aging and eventual cell death. In this way, the cells circumvent the <a href="/wiki/Hayflick_limit" title="Hayflick limit">Hayflick limit</a>, which is the limited number of cell divisions that most normal cells can undergo before becoming <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescent</a>. This results in unlimited cell division and immortality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chromosome_number">Chromosome number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chromosome number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a> from <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">human papillomavirus</a> 18 (HPV18) to <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> cervical cells created the HeLa genome, which is different from Henrietta Lacks's genome in various ways, including the number of chromosomes. HeLa cells are rapidly dividing cancer cells, and the number of chromosomes varies during cancer formation and cell culture. The current estimate (excluding very tiny fragments) is a "hypertriploid chromosome number (3n+)", which means 76 to 80 total chromosomes (rather than the normal diploid number of 46) with 22–25 clonally abnormal chromosomes, known as "HeLa signature chromosomes".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid98921992_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid98921992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Landry2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landry2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signature chromosomes can be derived from multiple original chromosomes, making summary counts based on original numbering challenging. Researchers have also noted how stable these aberrant <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotypes</a> can be.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid98921992_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid98921992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies that combined spectral karyotyping, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_in_situ_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent in situ hybridization">FISH</a>, and conventional cytogenic techniques have shown that the detected chromosomal aberrations may be representative of advanced cervical carcinomas and were probably present in the primary tumor, since the HeLa genome has remained stable, even after years of continued cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid98921992_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid98921992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complete_genome_sequence">Complete genome sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Complete genome sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complete <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of HeLa cells was <a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">sequenced</a> and published on 11 March 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-Landry_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landry-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without the Lacks family's knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-germanhela_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germanhela-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns were raised by the family, so the authors voluntarily withheld access to the sequence data.<sup id="cite_ref-germanhela_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germanhela-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Shendure" title="Jay Shendure">Jay Shendure</a> led a HeLa sequencing project at the University of Washington, which resulted in a paper that had been accepted for publication in March 2013 – but that was also put on hold while the Lacks family's privacy concerns were addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 August 2013, <a href="/wiki/NIH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH">NIH</a> director <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> announced a policy of controlled access to the cell line genome, based on an agreement reached after three meetings with the Lacks family.<sup id="cite_ref-helanih_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helanih-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A data-access committee will review requests from researchers for access to the genome sequence, under the criteria that the study is for medical research and that the users will abide by terms in the HeLa Genome Data Use Agreement, which includes that all NIH-funded researchers will deposit the data in a single database for future sharing. The committee consists of six members, including representatives from the medical, scientific, and bioethics fields, as well as two members of the Lacks family.<sup id="cite_ref-helanih_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helanih-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview, Collins praised the Lacks family's willingness to participate in a situation that was thrust upon them. He described the whole experience with them as "powerful," saying that it brought together "science, scientific history and ethical concerns" in a unique way.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contamination">Contamination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HeLa cells are sometimes difficult to control, because they adapt to growth in tissue culture plates and invade and outcompete other cell lines. Through improper maintenance, they have been known to contaminate other cell cultures in the same laboratory, interfering with biological research and forcing researchers to declare many results invalid. The degree of HeLa cell contamination among other cell types is unknown, because few researchers test the identity or purity of already established cell lines. It has been shown that a substantial fraction of <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> cell lines are contaminated with HeLa cells; estimates range from 10% to 20%. This observation suggests that any cell line may be susceptible to a degree of contamination. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Gartler" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Gartler">Stanley Gartler</a> (1967) and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Nelson-Rees" title="Walter Nelson-Rees">Walter Nelson-Rees</a> (1975) were the first to publish on contamination of various cell lines by HeLa cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid120019932_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid120019932-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gartler noted that "with the continued expansion of cell culture technology, it is almost certain that both interspecific and intraspecific contamination will occur."<sup id="cite_ref-Lucey2009_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucey2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HeLa cell contamination has become a pervasive worldwide problem – affecting even the laboratories of many notable physicians, scientists, and researchers, including <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a>. The HeLa contamination problem also contributed to <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tensions. The USSR and the USA had begun to cooperate in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_cancer" title="War on cancer">war on cancer</a> launched by President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, only to find that the exchanged cells were contaminated by HeLa.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than focus on how to resolve the problem of HeLa cell contamination, many scientists and science writers continue to document this problem as simply a contamination issue – caused not by human error or shortcomings but by the hardiness, proliferation, or overpowering nature of HeLa cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid168179672_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid168179672-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent data suggest that cross-contamination is still a major problem with modern cell cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid201433882_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid201433882-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nardone_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nardone-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC) notes that many cases of cell line misidentification are the result of cross-contamination of the culture by another, faster-growing cell line. This calls into question the validity of the research done using contaminated cell lines, as certain attributes of the contaminant, which may come from an entirely different species or tissue, may be misattributed to the cell line under investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_species_proposal">New species proposal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New species proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HeLa cells were described by <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary biologist">evolutionary biologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Van_Valen" title="Leigh Van Valen">Leigh Van Valen</a> as an example of the contemporary creation of a new species, dubbed <i>Helacyton gartleri</i>, owing to their ability to replicate indefinitely and their non-human number of <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a>. The species was named after geneticist <a href="/wiki/Stanley_M._Gartler" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley M. Gartler">Stanley M. Gartler</a>, whom Van Valen credits with discovering "the remarkable success of this species".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His argument for speciation depends on these points: </p> <ul><li>the chromosomal incompatibility of HeLa cells with human cells;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> of HeLa cells;</li> <li>their ability to persist and expand well beyond the desires of human cultivators;</li> <li>the possession by HeLa cells of their own clonal <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotype</a>, defining it as a distinct species.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Van Valen proposed the new family Helacytidae and the genus <i>Helacyton</i>, and in the same paper proposed a new species for HeLa cells.<sup id="cite_ref-ValenMaiorana_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ValenMaiorana-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this proposal was not taken seriously by other prominent evolutionary biologists, nor by scientists in other disciplines. Van Valen's argument that HeLa are a new species does not fulfill the criteria for an independent unicellular asexually reproducing species, because of the notorious instability of HeLa's karyotype and their lack of a strict ancestral-descendant lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohan_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohan-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa-II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells stained with the actin- binding toxin phalloidin (red), microtubules (cyan), and cell nuclei (blue). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope."><img alt="Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells stained with the actin- binding toxin phalloidin (red), microtubules (cyan), and cell nuclei (blue). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/HeLa-II.jpg/500px-HeLa-II.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/HeLa-II.jpg/960px-HeLa-II.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells stained with the actin- binding toxin phalloidin (red), microtubules (cyan), and cell nuclei (blue). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa-III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells with cytoskeletal microtubules (magenta) and DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope."><img alt="Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells with cytoskeletal microtubules (magenta) and DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/HeLa-III.jpg/339px-HeLa-III.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/HeLa-III.jpg/509px-HeLa-III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/HeLa-III.jpg/678px-HeLa-III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells with cytoskeletal microtubules (magenta) and DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa-V.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scanning electron micrograph of just-divided HeLa cells. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM."><img alt="Scanning electron micrograph of just-divided HeLa cells. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HeLa-V.jpg/500px-HeLa-V.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HeLa-V.jpg/960px-HeLa-V.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scanning electron micrograph of just-divided HeLa cells. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HeLa cells stained with Hoechst 33258"><img alt="HeLa cells stained with Hoechst 33258" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/335px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HeLa cells stained with <a href="/wiki/Hoechst_stain" title="Hoechst stain">Hoechst 33258</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ki67-Tubulin-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HeLa cells grown in culture and stained with antibody to tubulin (green), antibody to Ki-67 (red), and the blue DNA binding dye DAPI. The tubulin antibody shows the distribution of microtubules and the Ki-67 antibody is expressed in cells about to divide. Preparation, antibodies and image courtesy of EnCor Biotechnology."><img alt="HeLa cells grown in culture and stained with antibody to tubulin (green), antibody to Ki-67 (red), and the blue DNA binding dye DAPI. The tubulin antibody shows the distribution of microtubules and the Ki-67 antibody is expressed in cells about to divide. Preparation, antibodies and image courtesy of EnCor Biotechnology." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ki67-Tubulin-2.jpg/337px-Ki67-Tubulin-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ki67-Tubulin-2.jpg/507px-Ki67-Tubulin-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ki67-Tubulin-2.jpg/675px-Ki67-Tubulin-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HeLa cells grown in culture and stained with antibody to <a href="/wiki/Tubulin" title="Tubulin">tubulin</a> (green), antibody to <a href="/wiki/Ki-67_(protein)" title="Ki-67 (protein)">Ki-67</a> (red), and the blue DNA binding dye DAPI. The tubulin antibody shows the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Microtubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtubules">microtubules</a> and the Ki-67 antibody is expressed in cells about to divide. Preparation, antibodies and image courtesy of <a href="/wiki/EnCor_Biotechnology" title="EnCor Biotechnology">EnCor Biotechnology</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 277.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 275.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_envelope_of_one_cancerous_HeLa_cell.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A volumetric surface render (red) of the nuclear envelope of one HeLa cell. The cell was observed in 300 slices on electron microscopy and the nuclear envelope was automatically segmented and rendered. One vertical and one horizontal slice are added for reference."><img alt="A volumetric surface render (red) of the nuclear envelope of one HeLa cell. The cell was observed in 300 slices on electron microscopy and the nuclear envelope was automatically segmented and rendered. One vertical and one horizontal slice are added for reference." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nuclear_envelope_of_one_cancerous_HeLa_cell.png/500px-Nuclear_envelope_of_one_cancerous_HeLa_cell.png" decoding="async" width="276" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nuclear_envelope_of_one_cancerous_HeLa_cell.png/960px-Nuclear_envelope_of_one_cancerous_HeLa_cell.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="1577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A volumetric surface render (red) of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_envelope" title="Nuclear envelope">nuclear envelope</a> of one HeLa cell. The cell was observed in 300 slices on <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a> and the nuclear envelope was automatically segmented and rendered. One vertical and one horizontal slice are added for reference.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 512px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 510px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasma_Membrane_and_Nuclear_Envelope.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Plasma membrane and nuclear envelope of one Hela cell, displayed as a volumetric surface rendering. Left and centre: the plasma membrane in blue, with transparency, and the nuclear envelope in solid cyan. Right: the plasma membrane without transparency and the same angle of view as the centre picture. The membranes have been segmented from data acquired by electron microscopy."><img alt="Plasma membrane and nuclear envelope of one Hela cell, displayed as a volumetric surface rendering. Left and centre: the plasma membrane in blue, with transparency, and the nuclear envelope in solid cyan. Right: the plasma membrane without transparency and the same angle of view as the centre picture. The membranes have been segmented from data acquired by electron microscopy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Plasma_Membrane_and_Nuclear_Envelope.gif/960px-Plasma_Membrane_and_Nuclear_Envelope.gif" decoding="async" width="510" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Plasma_Membrane_and_Nuclear_Envelope.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plasma membrane and nuclear envelope of one Hela cell, displayed as a volumetric surface rendering. Left and centre: the plasma membrane in blue, with transparency, and the nuclear envelope in solid cyan. Right: the plasma membrane without transparency and the same angle of view as the centre picture. The membranes have been segmented from data acquired by electron microscopy.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 1997 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_All_Flesh_(documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Way of All Flesh (documentary)">The Way of All Flesh</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Curtis" title="Adam Curtis">Adam Curtis</a> explained the history of HeLa cells and their implications for medicine and society.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>A 2010 episode of <a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order" title="Law & Order">Law & Order</a>, "Immortal", was heavily based on the story of Henrietta Lacks and the HeLa cell line, using the fictional "NaRo" cells as a stand-in.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The story of how the HeLa cell line came to be was also the subject of a 2010 episode of the podcast <a href="/wiki/Radiolab" title="Radiolab">Radiolab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>HeLa cells were the subject of a 2010 book by <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Skloot" title="Rebecca Skloot">Rebecca Skloot</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Life_of_Henrietta_Lacks" title="The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks">The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks</a></i>, investigating the historical context of the cell line and how the Lacks family was involved in its use.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 2017 HBO film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Life_of_Henrietta_Lacks_(film)" title="The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (film)">The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks</a></i>, was based on the book. The film starred <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Grace_Crim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvia Grace Crim (page does not exist)">Sylvia Grace Crim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Carroll" title="Rocky Carroll">Rocky Carroll</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Renee_Elise_Goldsberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Renee Elise Goldsberry">Renee Elise Goldsberry</a> as Henrietta Lacks. Author Rebecca Skloot also appeared as a character in the film, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Rose_Byrne" title="Rose Byrne">Rose Byrne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Moore v. Regents of the University of California">Moore v. Regents of the University of California</a></i>, case that set precedent for discarded tissue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contaminated_cell_lines" title="List of contaminated cell lines">List of contaminated cell lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WI-38" title="WI-38">WI-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrison_(blood_donor)" title="James Harrison (blood donor)">James Harrison (blood donor)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid19450234-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19450234_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Microbiol</i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.56.012302.160634">10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12142474">12142474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=What+are+bacterial+species%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E487&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.56.012302.160634&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12142474&rft.au=Cohan%2C+FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesscholar.wesleyan.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1366%26context%3Ddiv3facpubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeLa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/efaa1adefb274189a158fc5676627d32">"Modern Times: The Way of All Flesh - BBC Two England - 19 March 1997"</a>. <i>The Radio Times</i> (3815): 92. March 13, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Radio+Times&rft.atitle=Modern+Times%3A+The+Way+of+All+Flesh+-+BBC+Two+England+-+19+March+1997&rft.issue=3815&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1997-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenome.ch.bbc.co.uk%2Fefaa1adefb274189a158fc5676627d32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeLa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2010" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, June (May 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2010/05/ripped-from-which-headline-immortal.html">"Ripped From Which Headline? "Immortal"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ripped+From+Which+Headline%3F+%22Immortal%22&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2010%2F05%2Fripped-from-which-headline-immortal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeLa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/91716-henriettas-tumor">"Henrietta's Tumor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henrietta%27s+Tumor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnycstudios.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fradiolab%2Fsegments%2F91716-henriettas-tumor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeLa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rebeccaskloot.com/the-immortal-life/">"About The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks"</a>. Rebecca Skloot<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+Immortal+Life+of+Henrietta+Lacks&rft.pub=Rebecca+Skloot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frebeccaskloot.com%2Fthe-immortal-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeLa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Landecker2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Landecker" title="Hannah Landecker">Hannah Landecker</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biotechnologycul0000unse/page/53">"Immortality, In Vitro: A History of the HeLa Cell Line"</a>. In Brodwin, Paul (ed.). <i>Biotechnology and culture: bodies, anxieties, ethics</i>. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biotechnologycul0000unse/page/53">53–74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21428-7"><bdi>978-0-253-21428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immortality%2C+In+Vitro%3A+A+History+of+the+HeLa+Cell+Line&rft.btitle=Biotechnology+and+culture%3A+bodies%2C+anxieties%2C+ethics&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=53-74&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21428-7&rft.au=Hannah+Landecker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiotechnologycul0000unse%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeLa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Skloot2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Skloot" title="Rebecca Skloot">Rebecca Skloot</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Life_of_Henrietta_Lacks" title="The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks"><i>The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Immortal+Life+of+Henrietta+Lacks&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Rebecca+Skloot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeLa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HeLa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cell-lines.toku-e.com/Cell-Lines_1434.html">HeLa Transfection and Selection Data for HeLa Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Skloot" title="Rebecca Skloot">Rebecca Skloot</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rebeccaskloot.com/the-immortal-life/">The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks</a> book website with additional features (photo/video/audio)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henriettalacksfoundation.org">The Henrietta Lacks Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013075908/http://henriettalacksfoundation.org/">Archived</a> October 13, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a foundation established to, among other things, help provide scholarship funds and health insurance to Henrietta Lacks's family.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040814160109/http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3426">"Wonder Woman: The Life, Death, and Life After Death of Henrietta Lacks, Unwitting Heroine of Modern Medical Science"</a> by Van Smith</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n08/enri01_.html">"What's Left of Henrietta Lacks?"</a> by Anne Enright</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?stype=lite&keyword=hela&Submit=Go&event=display&start=1">Cell Centered Database – HeLa cell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cellosaurus.org/CVCL_0030">Cellosaurus entry for HeLa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/henriettalacks/index.html">The Legacy of Henrietta Lacks</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replicating</a> organic structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Cellular life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_dark_matter" title="Biological dark matter">Biological dark matter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus#Group_I:_dsDNA_viruses" title="DNA virus">dsDNA virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_virus" title="Giant virus">Giant virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus#Group_II:_ssDNA_viruses" title="DNA virus">ssDNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-stranded_RNA_viruses" title="Double-stranded RNA viruses">dsRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV—positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">(+)ssRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V—negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">(−)ssRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">ssRNA-RT virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DsDNA-RT_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="DsDNA-RT virus">dsDNA-RT virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Subviral_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Subviral agents">Subviral<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Helper_virus" title="Helper virus">Helper-virus<br />dependent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ssRNA satellite virus</li> <li>dsDNA satellite virus (<a href="/wiki/Virophage" title="Virophage">Virophage</a>)</li> <li>ssDNA satellite virus</li> <li>ssDNA satellite</li> <li>dsRNA satellite</li> <li>ssRNA satellite (<a href="/wiki/Virusoid" title="Virusoid">Virusoid</a>)</li> <li>Satellite-like nucleic acids <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a> <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Mammalian prion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acid</a><br />self-replication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements" title="Mobile genetic elements">Mobile genetic<br />elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobilome" title="Mobilome">Mobilome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_island" title="Genomic island">Genomic island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon" title="Retrotransposon">Class I or retrotransposon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_transposon" title="DNA transposon">Class II or DNA transposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_factor_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility factor (bacteria)">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-factor" class="mw-redirect" title="R-factor">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colicin" title="Colicin">Col</a></li> <li>Degradative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ti_plasmid" title="Ti plasmid">Ti</a></li> <li>Cryptic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_I_catalytic_intron" title="Group I catalytic intron">Group I intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_II_intron" title="Group II intron">Group II intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrozyme" title="Retrozyme">Retrozyme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA replication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_chromosome" title="Linear chromosome">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_chromosome" title="Circular chromosome">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA" title="Extrachromosomal DNA">Extrachromosomal DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_chromosome" title="Secondary chromosome">Secondary chromosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">Gene duplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-coding_DNA" title="Non-coding DNA">Non-coding DNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_replication" title="Origin of replication">Origin of replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Replicon_(genetics)" title="Replicon (genetics)">Replicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provirus" title="Provirus">Provirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophage" title="Prophage">Prophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus" title="Endogenous retrovirus">Endogenous retrovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)" title="Repeated sequence (DNA)">Repeated sequences in DNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspersed_repeat" title="Interspersed repeat">Interspersed repeat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">Endosymbiosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitosome" title="Mitosome">Mitosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">Hydrogenosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">Chromoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucoplast" title="Leucoplast">Leucoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicoplast" title="Apicoplast">Apicoplast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_organism" title="Kappa organism">Kappa organism</a></li> <li>Organs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriome" title="Bacteriome">Bacteriome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophosome" title="Trophosome">Trophosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroplast" title="Nitroplast">Nitroplast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coacervate" title="Coacervate">Coacervate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphobes" title="Sulphobes">Sulphobe</a></li> <li>Research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_lipid_bilayer" title="Model lipid bilayer">Model lipid bilayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">Cell division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cell" title="Artificial cell">Artificial cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">Non-cellular life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_virology" title="Synthetic virology">Synthetic virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector">Viral vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helper_dependent_virus" title="Helper dependent virus">Helper dependent virus</a></li></ul></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virome" title="Virome">Virome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template talk:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a>, and comparable structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUCA" class="mw-redirect" title="LUCA">LUCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>'</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter#Microbes_with_highly_unusual_DNA" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbes with highly unusual DNA</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adnaviria" title="Adnaviria">Adnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribozyviria" title="Ribozyviria">Ribozyviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Naldaviricetes" title="Naldaviricetes">Naldaviricetes</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphasatellitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphasatellitidae">Alphasatellitidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampullaviridae" title="Ampullaviridae">Ampullaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anelloviridae" title="Anelloviridae">Anelloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicaudaviridae" title="Bicaudaviridae">Bicaudaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnlakeviridae" title="Finnlakeviridae">Finnlakeviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuselloviridae" title="Fuselloviridae">Fuselloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globuloviridae" title="Globuloviridae">Globuloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttaviridae" title="Guttaviridae">Guttaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halspiviridae" title="Halspiviridae">Halspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ovaliviridae" title="Ovaliviridae">Ovaliviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmaviridae" title="Plasmaviridae">Plasmaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polydnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydnaviridae">Polydnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portogloboviridae" title="Portogloboviridae">Portogloboviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaspiviridae" title="Thaspiviridae">Thaspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolecusatellitidae" title="Tolecusatellitidae">Tolecusatellitidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizidiovirus" title="Rhizidiovirus">Rhizidiovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(biology)" title="Obelisk (biology)">Obelisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparable<br />structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-like_structure" title="Bio-like structure">Bio-like structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_and_conjugative_element" title="Integrative and conjugative element">Integrative and conjugative element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Microparticle#Biological_protocells" title="Microparticle">microsphere</a></li> <li>Retroelements not elsewhere classified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retron" title="Retron">Retron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity-generating_retroelement" title="Diversity-generating retroelement">Diversity-generating retroelement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">Telomerase reverse transcriptase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase-related_cellular_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene">Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegelman%27s_Monster" title="Spiegelman's Monster">Spiegelman's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroposon" title="Retroposon">Retroposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobot" title="Xenobot">Xenobot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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