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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Colorants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Pigments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_environmental_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_environmental_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Health and environmental aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_environmental_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and environmental aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_environmental_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Carbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_gall_(common_ink)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_gall_(common_ink)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iron gall (common ink)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_gall_(common_ink)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indelible_ink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indelible_ink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indelible ink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indelible_ink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ink</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink" title="Ink – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ink" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="حبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܕܝܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCr%C9%99kk%C9%99b" title="Mürəkkəb – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mürəkkəb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="কালি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawat" title="Dawat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Dawat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%BAi" title="Ba̍k-chúi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ba̍k-chúi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чарніла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарніла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Мастило – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мастило" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkoust" title="Inkoust – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Inkoust" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingi" title="Ingi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ingi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc" title="Inc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Inc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A6k" title="Blæk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blæk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinte" title="Tinte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tinte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tint" title="Tint – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tint" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Μελάνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μελάνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inko" title="Inko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A8" title="مرکب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرکب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encre" title="Encre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAch" title="Dúch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%ED%81%AC" title="잉크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Թանաք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թանաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="स्याही – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्याही" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inko" title="Inko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Inko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blek" title="Blek – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blek" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchiostro" title="Inchiostro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inchiostro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95" title="דיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangsi" title="Mangsi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mangsi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಶಾಯಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მელანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მელანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Сия картридж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сия картридж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lank_(pou_ekri)" title="Lank (pou ekri) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lank (pou ekri)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibir" title="Hibir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hibir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atramentum" title="Atramentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atramentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinte" title="Tinte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tinte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1alas" title="Rašalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rašalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inciostro" title="Inciostro – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Inciostro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Мастило – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мастило" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="മഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="शाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakwat" title="Dakwat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dakwat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkt" title="Inkt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inkt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="मशी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मशी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="インク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosta" title="Gnosta – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Gnosta" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak" title="Blak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Blak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blekk" title="Blekk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blekk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blekk" title="Blekk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blekk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyoh" title="Siyoh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siyoh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਿਆਹੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਆਹੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrament" title="Atrament – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atrament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerneal%C4%83" title="Cerneală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cerneală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullpu" title="Tullpu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tullpu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чернила – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чернила" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boja_e_shkrimit" title="Boja e shkrimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boja e shkrimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nchiostru" title="Nchiostru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nchiostru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink" title="Ink – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ink" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3" title="مس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Мастило – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мастило" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muste" title="Muste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A4ck" title="Bläck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bläck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile%C9%A3" title="Ileɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ileɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="సిరా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిరా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99)" title="หมึก (เครื่องเขียน) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมึก (เครื่องเขียน)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᎦᏁᎯ ᎪᏪᎶᏙᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏁᎯ ᎪᏪᎶᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCrekkep" title="Mürekkep – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mürekkep" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Чорнило – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорнило" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="روشنائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روشنائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raemxmaeg" title="Raemxmaeg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Raemxmaeg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingiostro" title="Ingiostro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ingiostro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B1c_(in_vi%E1%BA%BFt)" title="Mực (in viết) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mực (in viết)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inte" title="Inte – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Inte" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="墨水 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="墨水" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98" title="טינט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טינט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="墨水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="墨水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="墨水 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="墨水" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawat" title="Dawat – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Dawat" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ink_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ink (disambiguation)">Ink (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%BCller-tinte_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/F%C3%BCller-tinte_hg.jpg/220px-F%C3%BCller-tinte_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/F%C3%BCller-tinte_hg.jpg/330px-F%C3%BCller-tinte_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/F%C3%BCller-tinte_hg.jpg/440px-F%C3%BCller-tinte_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Bottles of ink from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A3,_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A3%2C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95.jpg/220px-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A3%2C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A3%2C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95.jpg/330px-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A3%2C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A3%2C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95.jpg/440px-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A3%2C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5888" /></a><figcaption>Writing ink and a quill</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ink</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sol_(colloid)" title="Sol (colloid)">sol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> that contains at least one <a href="/wiki/Colorant" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorant">colorant</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>, and is used to color a surface to produce an <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">image</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">text</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>. Ink is used for <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">reed pen</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a>. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Letterpress" class="mw-redirect" title="Letterpress">letterpress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithographic">lithographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>. </p><p>Ink can be a complex medium, composed of <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, pigments, <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solubilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Solubilizer">solubilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">particulate matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescents</a>, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesha_ink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ganesha_ink.jpg/250px-Ganesha_ink.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ganesha_ink.jpg/375px-Ganesha_ink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Ganesha_ink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Ink drawing of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called <a href="/wiki/Masi_(india_ink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masi (india ink)"><i>masi</i></a>, an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Banerji,_page_673_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banerji,_page_673-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar,_page_62_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar,_page_62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> sutras in India were compiled in ink.<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar,_page_67_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar,_page_67-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks due to the need to write and draw. The recipes and techniques for the production of ink are derived from archaeological analyses or from written texts itself. The earliest inks from all civilizations are believed to have been made with <i><a href="/wiki/Lampblack" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampblack">lampblack</a></i>, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>, easily collected as a by-product of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ink was used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> for writing and drawing on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> from at least the 26th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishMuseum_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishMuseum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian red and black inks included <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocher">ocher</a> as pigments, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate" title="Carboxylate">carboxylate</a> ions, with <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> also used as a drier.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Chinese inks may date to<sup id="cite_ref-NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-234_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-234-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four millennia ago,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Chinese Neolithic Period</a>. These included plant, animal, and mineral inks, based on such materials as <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>; these were ground with water and applied with <a href="/wiki/Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">ink brushes</a>. Direct evidence for the earliest Chinese inks, similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Inkstick" title="Inkstick">inksticks</a>, is found around 256 BC, in the end of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>; being produced from soot and <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preferred inks for drawing or painting on paper or silk are produced from the resin of the pine trees between 50 and 100 years old. The Chinese inkstick is produced with a fish glue, whereas Japanese glue (膠 <i>nikawa</i>) is from cow or stag.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> was invented in China,<sup id="cite_ref-gottsegen_30_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gottsegen_30-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though materials were often traded from India, hence the name.<sup id="cite_ref-gottsegen_30_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gottsegen_30-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional Chinese method of making the ink was to grind a mixture of hide glue, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a>, lampblack, and <a href="/wiki/Bone_char" title="Bone char">bone black</a> pigment with a <a href="/wiki/Pestle_and_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pestle and mortar">pestle and mortar</a>, then pour it into a ceramic dish to dry.<sup id="cite_ref-gottsegen_30_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gottsegen_30-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To use the dry mixture, a wet brush would be applied until it reliquified.<sup id="cite_ref-gottsegen_30_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gottsegen_30-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manufacture of India ink was well-established by the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> dynasty (220–265 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian documents written in <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> with ink have been unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early South India.<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar,_page_62_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar,_page_62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar,_page_67_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar,_page_67-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_ink" title="Cephalopod ink">Cephalopod ink</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Sepia_(color)" title="Sepia (color)">sepia</a>, turns from dark blue-black to brown on drying, and was used as an ink in the Graeco-Roman period and subsequently. Black <a href="/wiki/Atramentum" title="Atramentum">atramentum</a> was also used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>; in an article for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>, Sharon J. Huntington describes these other historical inks: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_galls_and_iron(II)_sulfate_-_California_State_Archives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Oak_galls_and_iron%28II%29_sulfate_-_California_State_Archives.jpg/200px-Oak_galls_and_iron%28II%29_sulfate_-_California_State_Archives.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Oak_galls_and_iron%28II%29_sulfate_-_California_State_Archives.jpg/300px-Oak_galls_and_iron%28II%29_sulfate_-_California_State_Archives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Oak_galls_and_iron%28II%29_sulfate_-_California_State_Archives.jpg/400px-Oak_galls_and_iron%28II%29_sulfate_-_California_State_Archives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2286" /></a><figcaption>Oak galls and iron(II) sulfate</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>About 1,600 years ago, a popular ink recipe was created. The recipe was used for centuries. Iron salts, such as ferrous sulfate (made by treating iron with sulfuric acid), were mixed with tannin from <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">gallnuts</a> (they grow on trees) and a thickener. When first put to paper, this ink is bluish-black. Over time it fades to a dull brown.</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>Scribes in <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> Europe (about AD 800 to 1500) wrote principally on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>. One 12th century ink recipe called for hawthorn branches to be cut in the spring and left to dry. Then the bark was pounded from the branches and soaked in water for eight days. The water was boiled until it thickened and turned black. Wine was added during boiling. The ink was poured into special bags and hung in the sun. Once dried, the mixture was mixed with wine and iron salt over a fire to make the final ink.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The reservoir pen, which may have been the first <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pen</a>, dates back to 953, when <a href="/wiki/Al_Muizz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Muizz">Ma'ād al-Mu'izz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> of Egypt, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 15th century, a new type of ink had to be developed in Europe for the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Martyn Lyons in his book <i>Books: A Living History</i>, Gutenberg's dye was indelible, oil-based, and made from the soot of lamps (lamp-black) mixed with <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a> and egg white.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two types of ink were prevalent at the time: the Greek and Roman writing ink (soot, glue, and water) and the 12th century variety composed of ferrous sulfate, gall, gum, and water.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither of these handwriting inks could adhere to printing surfaces without creating blurs. Eventually an oily, <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a>-like ink made of soot, <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>, and walnut oil was created specifically for the printing press. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tintenstrich-detail_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tintenstrich-detail_2.jpg/220px-Tintenstrich-detail_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tintenstrich-detail_2.jpg/330px-Tintenstrich-detail_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tintenstrich-detail_2.jpg/440px-Tintenstrich-detail_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Magnified line drawn by a <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve two components: </p> <ul><li>Colorants</li> <li>Vehicles (binders)</li></ul> <p>Inks generally fall into four classes:<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan130-144_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan130-144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Aqueous</li> <li>Liquid</li> <li>Paste</li> <li>Powder</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorants">Colorants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pigments">Pigments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pigments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></div> <p>Pigment inks are used more frequently than dyes because they are more color-fast, but they are also more expensive, less consistent in color, and have less of a <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">color range</a> than dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan130-144_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan130-144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide color.<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan130-144_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan130-144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigment molecules typically link together in <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> structures that are 0.1–2 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> in size and comprise 5–30 percent of the ink volume.<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan130-144_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan130-144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qualities such as <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation (color theory)">saturation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lightness_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightness (color)">lightness</a> vary depending on the source and type of pigment.Solvent-based inks are widely used for high-speed printing and applications that require quick drying times. And the inclusion of TiO2 powder provides superior coverage and vibrant colors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dyes">Dyes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dye</a></div><p>Dye-based inks are generally much stronger than pigment-based inks and can produce much more color of a given density per unit of mass. However, because dyes are dissolved in the liquid phase, they have a tendency to soak into paper, potentially allowing the ink to bleed at the edges of an image. </p><p>To circumvent this problem, dye-based inks are made with solvents that dry rapidly or are used with quick-drying methods of printing, such as blowing hot air on the fresh print. Other methods include harder <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a> and more specialized paper coatings. The latter is particularly suited to inks used in non-industrial settings (which must conform to tighter toxicity and emission controls), such as <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet printer">inkjet printer</a> inks. Another technique involves coating the paper with a charged coating. If the dye has the opposite charge, it is attracted to and retained by this coating, while the solvent soaks into the paper. <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a>, the wood-derived material most paper is made of, is naturally charged, and so a compound that complexes with both the dye and the paper's surface aids retention at the surface. Such a compound is commonly used in ink-jet printing inks. </p><p>An additional advantage of dye-based ink systems is that the dye <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> can interact with other ink ingredients, potentially allowing greater benefit as compared to pigmented inks from <a href="/wiki/Optical_brightener" title="Optical brightener">optical brighteners</a> and color-enhancing agents designed to increase the intensity and appearance of dyes. </p><p>Dye-based inks can be used for anti-counterfeit purposes and can be found in some gel inks, fountain pen inks, and inks used for paper currency.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inks react with cellulose to bring about a permanent color change.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dye based inks are used to color hair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_environmental_aspects">Health and environmental aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health and environmental aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues with paper">Environmental issues with paper</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the section and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ink%22">"Ink"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ink%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ink%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ink%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ink%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ink%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/60px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/120px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a misconception that ink is non-toxic even if swallowed. Once ingested, ink can be hazardous to one's health. Certain inks, such as those used in digital printers, and even those found in a common pen can be harmful. Though ink does not easily cause death, repeated skin contact or ingestion can cause effects such as severe headaches, skin irritation, or nervous system damage.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects can be caused by solvents, or by pigment ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/P-Anisidine" title="P-Anisidine"><i>p</i>-Anisidine</a>, which helps create some inks' color and shine. </p><p>Three main environmental issues with ink are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">Heavy metals</a></li> <li>Non-renewable oils</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compounds</a></li></ul> <p>Some regulatory bodies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (June 2023)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> have set standards for the amount of heavy metals in ink.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a trend toward <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum oil">petroleum oils</a> in recent years in response to a demand for better <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> performance. </p><p>Ink uses up non-renewable oils and metals, which has a negative impact on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon">Carbon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carbon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inkstick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inkstick.jpg/220px-Inkstick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inkstick.jpg/330px-Inkstick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inkstick.jpg/440px-Inkstick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Inkstick" title="Inkstick">inkstick</a>; carbon-based and made from <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Carbon inks were commonly made from lampblack or soot and a binding agent such as <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a>. The binding agent keeps carbon particles in suspension and adhered to paper. Carbon particles do not fade over time even when bleached or when in sunlight. One benefit is that carbon ink does not harm paper. Over time, the ink is chemically stable and therefore does not threaten the paper's strength. Despite these benefits, carbon ink is not ideal for permanence and ease of preservation. Carbon ink tends to smudge in humid environments and can be washed off surfaces. The best method of preserving a document written in carbon ink is to store it in a dry environment (Barrow 1972). </p><p>Recently, carbon inks made from carbon nanotubes have been successfully created. They are similar in composition to traditional inks in that they use a polymer to suspend the carbon nanotubes. These inks can be used in inkjet printers and produce electrically conductive patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_gall_(common_ink)"><span id="Iron_gall_.28common_ink.29"></span>Iron gall (common ink)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iron gall (common ink)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Iron gall ink</a></div> <p>Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th century; they were used for centuries and were widely thought to be the best type of ink. However, iron gall ink is corrosive and damages paper over time (Waters 1940). Items containing this ink can become brittle and the writing fades to brown. The original scores of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> are threatened by the destructive properties of iron gall ink. The majority of his works are held by the German State Library, and about 25% of those are in advanced stages of decay (American Libraries 2000). The rate at which the writing fades is based on several factors, such as proportions of ink ingredients, amount deposited on the paper, and paper composition (Barrow 1972:16). Corrosion is caused by acid catalyzed hydrolysis and iron(II)-catalysed oxidation of cellulose (Rouchon-Quillet 2004:389). </p><p>Treatment is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution. Yet others think an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium hyphenate. There are many possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or formation of plaque on the surface of the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999). </p><p>Iron gall inks require storage in a stable environment, because fluctuating <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> increases the rate that formic acid, acetic acid, and furan derivatives form in the material the ink was used on. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst to cellulose hydrolysis, and iron (II) sulfate acts as a catalyst to cellulose oxidation. These chemical reactions physically weaken the paper, causing <a href="/wiki/Brittle_Books_Program" title="Brittle Books Program">brittleness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indelible_ink">Indelible ink</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indelible ink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un_%C3%A9lecteur_avec_l%27_encre_ind%C3%A9l%C3%A9bile_au_pouce,_apr%C3%A8s_son_vote_dans_un_centre_dans_la_commune_de_la_Tshopo_%C3%A0_Kisangani_(6418380139).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Un_%C3%A9lecteur_avec_l%27_encre_ind%C3%A9l%C3%A9bile_au_pouce%2C_apr%C3%A8s_son_vote_dans_un_centre_dans_la_commune_de_la_Tshopo_%C3%A0_Kisangani_%286418380139%29.jpg/220px-Un_%C3%A9lecteur_avec_l%27_encre_ind%C3%A9l%C3%A9bile_au_pouce%2C_apr%C3%A8s_son_vote_dans_un_centre_dans_la_commune_de_la_Tshopo_%C3%A0_Kisangani_%286418380139%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Un_%C3%A9lecteur_avec_l%27_encre_ind%C3%A9l%C3%A9bile_au_pouce%2C_apr%C3%A8s_son_vote_dans_un_centre_dans_la_commune_de_la_Tshopo_%C3%A0_Kisangani_%286418380139%29.jpg/330px-Un_%C3%A9lecteur_avec_l%27_encre_ind%C3%A9l%C3%A9bile_au_pouce%2C_apr%C3%A8s_son_vote_dans_un_centre_dans_la_commune_de_la_Tshopo_%C3%A0_Kisangani_%286418380139%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Un_%C3%A9lecteur_avec_l%27_encre_ind%C3%A9l%C3%A9bile_au_pouce%2C_apr%C3%A8s_son_vote_dans_un_centre_dans_la_commune_de_la_Tshopo_%C3%A0_Kisangani_%286418380139%29.jpg/440px-Un_%C3%A9lecteur_avec_l%27_encre_ind%C3%A9l%C3%A9bile_au_pouce%2C_apr%C3%A8s_son_vote_dans_un_centre_dans_la_commune_de_la_Tshopo_%C3%A0_Kisangani_%286418380139%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>A voter's thumb stained with indelible ink</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Election_ink" title="Election ink">Election ink</a></div> <p><i>Indelible</i> means "un-removable". Some types of indelible ink have a very short shelf life because of the quickly evaporating solvents used. India, Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia and other developing countries have used indelible ink in the form of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral stain">electoral stain</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>. Election ink based on <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a> was first applied in the <a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962 Indian general election</a>, after being developed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_of_India" title="National Physical Laboratory of India">National Physical Laboratory of India</a>. </p><p>The election commission in India has used indelible ink for many elections. Indonesia used it in its election in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. The technique is not infallible and can itself be used in other types of fraud, as rather than bolstering one's own votes it can be used to eliminate opponent voters by marking them before they have chances to cast their votes. There are also reports of "indelible" ink washing off voters' fingers in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Wool_Scale" title="Blue Wool Scale">Blue Wool Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-inked_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="De-inked pulp">De-inked pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_ink" title="Election ink">Election ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen_ink" title="Fountain pen ink">Fountain pen ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pen" title="Gel pen">Gel pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_eraser" title="Ink eraser">Ink eraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">Inkjet printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofont" title="Ecofont">Ecofont</a>, an inksaving typeface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_ink" title="Invisible ink">Invisible ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightfastness" title="Lightfastness">Lightfastness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_ink" title="Pharmaceutical ink">Pharmaceutical ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation (library and archival science)">Preservation (library and archival science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_illuminated_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation of illuminated manuscripts">Preservation of illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_ink" title="Soy ink">Soy ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Squid ink">Squid ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark%27s_ink" title="Stark's ink">Stark's ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo_ink" title="Tattoo ink">Tattoo ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toner_(printing)" title="Toner (printing)">Toner (printing)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Banerji,_page_673-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banerji,_page_673_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banerji, page 673</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sircar,_page_62-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar,_page_62_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar,_page_62_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sircar, page 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sircar,_page_67-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar,_page_67_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar,_page_67_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sircar, page 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-5_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_NeedhamTsien_Tsuen-Hsuin1985" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Needham; Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC"><i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08690-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China%3A+Volume+5%2C+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+1%2C+Paper+and+Printing&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985-07-11&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08690-5&rft.au=Joseph+Needham&rft.au=Tsien+Tsuen-Hsuin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLx-9mS6Aa4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishMuseum-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritishMuseum_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTallet2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tallet, Pierre (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf">"Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">147–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2049-5021">2049-5021</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Museum+Studies+in+Ancient+Egypt+and+Sudan&rft.atitle=Ayn+Sukhna+and+Wadi+el-Jarf%3A+Two+newly+discovered+pharaonic+harbours+on+the+Suez+Gulf&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=2049-5021&rft.aulast=Tallet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2FPDF%2FTallet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristiansenCottede_NolfMouro2020" class="citation journal cs1">Christiansen, Thomas; Cotte, Marine; de Nolf, Wout; Mouro, Elouan; Reyes-Herrera, Juan; de Meyer, Steven; Vanmeert, Frederik; Salvadó, Nati; Gonzalez, Victor; Lindelof, Poul Erik; Mortensen, Kell; Ryholt, Kim; Janssens, Koen; Larsen, Sine (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7668004">"Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>117</b> (45): <span class="nowrap">27825–</span>27835. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11727825C">2020PNAS..11727825C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2004534117">10.1073/pnas.2004534117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7668004">7668004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33106396">33106396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Insights+into+the+composition+of+ancient+Egyptian+red+and+black+inks+on+papyri+achieved+by+synchrotron-based+microanalyses&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27825-%3C%2Fspan%3E27835&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7668004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33106396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2004534117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11727825C&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Cotte%2C+Marine&rft.au=de+Nolf%2C+Wout&rft.au=Mouro%2C+Elouan&rft.au=Reyes-Herrera%2C+Juan&rft.au=de+Meyer%2C+Steven&rft.au=Vanmeert%2C+Frederik&rft.au=Salvad%C3%B3%2C+Nati&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Victor&rft.au=Lindelof%2C+Poul+Erik&rft.au=Mortensen%2C+Kell&rft.au=Ryholt%2C+Kim&rft.au=Janssens%2C+Koen&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Sine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7668004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-234-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NeedhamTsuen-Hsuin1985-234_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_NeedhamTsien_Tsuen-Hsuin1985" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Needham; Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC"><i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08690-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Volume+5%2C+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+1%2C+Paper+and+Printing&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985-07-11&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08690-5&rft.au=Joseph+Needham&rft.au=Tsien+Tsuen-Hsuin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLx-9mS6Aa4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary (2000). <i>Ancient Communication: Form Grunts to Graffiti</i>.pp 51–52. Minneapolis: Runestone Press; an imprint of Lerner Publishing Group.....</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF蔡" class="citation cs2">蔡, 玫芬, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041126130717/http://www.chcsec.gov.tw/pcsec/research/four_treasure/books/ink/index_ink.htm"><i>二、墨的發展史</i></a>, National Chang-Hua Hall of Social Education, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chcsec.gov.tw/pcsec/research/four_treasure/books/ink/index_ink.htm">the original</a> on 2004-11-26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E5%A2%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=National+Chang-Hua+Hall+of+Social+Education&rft.aulast=%E8%94%A1&rft.aufirst=%E7%8E%AB%E8%8A%AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chcsec.gov.tw%2Fpcsec%2Fresearch%2Ffour_treasure%2Fbooks%2Fink%2Findex_ink.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuuko Suzuki, Introduction to Japanese calligraphy, Search Press 2005, Calligraphie japonaise, 2003, éd. Fleurus, Paris</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gottsegen_30-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gottsegen_30_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gottsegen_30_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gottsegen_30_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gottsegen_30_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottsegen, Mark D. (2006). <i>The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference</i>.Page 30, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-3496-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-3496-8">0-8230-3496-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Joseph A. (1992). <i>The Pen and Ink Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist</i>. p. 23. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-3986-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-3986-2">0-8230-3986-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sung, Sun & Sun, page 286–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sircar, page 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0921/p18s02-hfks.html">"Think Ink!"</a> by Sharon J. Huntington, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>, September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CE Bosworth, <i>A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?</i> Journal of Semitic Studies, 26(2):229–234, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StClair-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StClair_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. London: John Murray. pp. <span class="nowrap">271–</span>273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyons, M. (2011). <i>Books: A living history</i>. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many recipes for <a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">iron gall inks</a> are featured in A booke of secrets: shewing diuers waies to make and prepare all sorts of inke... tr. out of Dutch into Englishe by W.P. [i.e. William Philip], London, 1596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kipphan130-144-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan130-144_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan130-144_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan130-144_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan130-144_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKipphan2001" class="citation cs2">Kipphan, Helmut (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrdqBRgSKasC"><i>Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods</i></a> (Illustrated ed.), Springer, pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>144, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67326-2"><bdi>978-3-540-67326-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+print+media%3A+technologies+and+production+methods&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-67326-2&rft.aulast=Kipphan&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrdqBRgSKasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wotaichem.com/china-titanium-dioxide-tio2/">"Major Applications of Titanium Dioxide for Ink"</a>. Wotaichem<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Applications+of+Titanium+Dioxide+for+Ink&rft.pub=Wotaichem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwotaichem.com%2Fchina-titanium-dioxide-tio2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/chemistry-careers/dyes-pigments-ink.html">"Dyes, Pigments and Inks"</a>. <i>American Chemical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Dyes%2C+Pigments+and+Inks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Fcareers%2Fcollege-to-career%2Fchemistry-careers%2Fdyes-pigments-ink.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dovemed.com/healthy-living/first-aid/first-aid-ink-poisoning/">"First Aid for Ink Poisoning"</a>. <i>www.dovemed.com</i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dovemed.com&rft.atitle=First+Aid+for+Ink+Poisoning&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dovemed.com%2Fhealthy-living%2Ffirst-aid%2Ffirst-aid-ink-poisoning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070508062911/http://cpima.org/HeavyMetals.pdf">Canadian Printing Ink Manufacturers' Association</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tenrandomfacts.com/ink/">"Ink – Ten Random Facts"</a>. <i>Ten Random Facts</i>. 2013-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ten+Random+Facts&rft.atitle=Ink+%E2%80%93+Ten+Random+Facts&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftenrandomfacts.com%2Fink%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsHashimVajtaiAjayan2007" class="citation cs2">Simmons, Trevor; Hashim, D; Vajtai, R; Ajayan, PM (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/jacsat/2007/129/i33/html/ja073745e.html">"Large Area-Aligned Arrays from Direct Deposition of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes"</a>, <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>, <b>129</b> (33): <span class="nowrap">10088–</span>10089, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JAChS.12910088S">2007JAChS.12910088S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja073745e">10.1021/ja073745e</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17663555">17663555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Large+Area-Aligned+Arrays+from+Direct+Deposition+of+Single-Wall+Carbon+Nanotubes&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10088-%3C%2Fspan%3E10089&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17663555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja073745e&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JAChS.12910088S&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Hashim%2C+D&rft.au=Vajtai%2C+R&rft.au=Ajayan%2C+PM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%2Fjacsat%2F2007%2F129%2Fi33%2Fhtml%2Fja073745e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henk J. Porck and René Teygeler, Preservation Science Survey (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.antaranews.com/news/88463/indonesia-gears-up-for-2014-general-elections">"Indonesia Gears Up for 2014 General Elections"</a>. Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Antara_(news_agency)" title="Antara (news agency)">Antara (news agency)</a>. 16 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>The logistics will include ballot papers, ballot boxes, and indelible ink that will be used in all polling stations throughout Indonesia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia+Gears+Up+for+2014+General+Elections&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.antaranews.com%2Fnews%2F88463%2Findonesia-gears-up-for-2014-general-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6061343/Afghanistan-election-indelible-ink-washes-off-voters-fingers.html">Afghanistan election: 'indelible' ink washes off voters' fingers</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ainsworth, Mitchell, C., "Inks and Their Composition and Manufacture", Charles Griffin and Company Ltd, 1904.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.a.2000" class="citation cs2">N.a. (March 2000), "Bach Scores Turning to Dust in German Library", <i>American Libraries</i>: <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Libraries&rft.atitle=Bach+Scores+Turning+to+Dust+in+German+Library&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2000-03&rft.au=N.a.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989). <i>A Companion to Sanskrit Literature</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0063-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0063-X">81-208-0063-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1972" class="citation cs2">Barrow, W.J. (1972), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manuscriptsdocum0000barr"><i>Manuscripts and Documents: Their Deterioration and Restoration</i></a></span>, Charlottesville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813904085" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813904085"><bdi>978-0813904085</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuscripts+and+Documents%3A+Their+Deterioration+and+Restoration&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0813904085&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanuscriptsdocum0000barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Martín-Gil J., Ramos-Sánchez MC, Martín-Gil FJ and José-Yacamán M. "Chemical composition of a fountain pen ink". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>, 2006, 83, 1476–78.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReißlandde_Groot1999" class="citation cs2">Reißland, Birgit; de Groot, Suzan (August 15–21, 1999), "Ink Corrosion: Comparison of the Currently Used Aqueous Treatments for Paper Objects", <i>Preprint from the 9th International Congress of IADA</i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>129</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ink+Corrosion%3A+Comparison+of+the+Currently+Used+Aqueous+Treatments+for+Paper+Objects&rft.btitle=Preprint+from+the+9th+International+Congress+of+IADA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1999-08-15%2F1999-08-21&rft.aulast=Rei%C3%9Fland&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rft.au=de+Groot%2C+Suzan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRouchon-QuilletRemazeillesBernardWattiaux2004" class="citation cs2">Rouchon-Quillet, V.; Remazeilles, C.; Bernard, J.; Wattiaux, A.; Fournes, L.; et al. (2004), "The Impact of Gallic Acid on Iron Gall Ink Corrosion", <i>Applied Physics A</i>, <b>79</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>392, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApPhA..79..389R">2004ApPhA..79..389R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00339-004-2541-1">10.1007/s00339-004-2541-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95990608">95990608</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+A&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Gallic+Acid+on+Iron+Gall+Ink+Corrosion&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95990608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00339-004-2541-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ApPhA..79..389R&rft.aulast=Rouchon-Quillet&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Remazeilles%2C+C.&rft.au=Bernard%2C+J.&rft.au=Wattiaux%2C+A.&rft.au=Fournes%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sircar, D. C. (1996).<i>Indian epigraphy</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1166-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1166-6">81-208-1166-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaters1940" class="citation cs2">Waters, C.E. (1940), <i>Inks</i>, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inks&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Bureau+of+Standards%2C+United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cueppers, Christoph (1989). "On the Manufacture of Ink." <i>Ancient Nepal – Journal of the Department of Archaeology</i>, Number 113, August–September 1989, pp. 1–7. [The Tibetan text and translation of a section of the work called, <i>Bzo gnas nyer mkho'i za ma tog</i> by 'Jam-mgon 'Ju Mi-pham-rgya-mtsho (1846–1912) describing various traditional Tibetan techniques of making inks from different sources of soot, and from earth, <a href="/wiki/Puffball" title="Puffball">puffballs</a>, dung, <i>ser-sha</i> – a yellow fungus, and the fruit of <i>tsi dra ka</i> (<i>Ricinus communis</i>).]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ink&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Ink</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ink" class="extiw" title="wikt:ink">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ink" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ink">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ink" class="extiw" title="q:Ink">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127418" class="extiw" title="d:Q127418">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030608045119/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/tech/printing/fortycenturiesofink/toc.html">Forty Centuries of Ink (David N. Carvalho); A detailed online textbook</a> (archived 8 June 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Atramentum.html">Roman ink article by Alexander Allen In Smith's Dictionary Greek and Roman Antiquities (1875), in LacusCurtius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.djmcadam.com/ink-recipe.html">Ancient and Modern Ink Recipes (David N. Carvalho)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/01/gorgeous-portrayal-of-how_n_747665.html?view=print">Gorgeous Portrayal Of How Ink Is Made</a> – video at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3176">"A Light Note on the Science of Writing and Inks"</a> is a manuscript, in Arabic, from 1852. It discusses the process of making inks.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enduring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trema_micrantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema micrantha">Trema micrantha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_aurea" title="Ficus aurea">Ficus aurea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips" title="Bamboo and wooden slips">Bamboo and wooden slips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript" title="Birch bark manuscript">Birch bark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark"><i>Betula</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding-book_manuscript" title="Folding-book manuscript">Folding-book manuscript</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streblus_asper" title="Streblus asper">Streblus asper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ola_leaf" title="Ola leaf">Ola leaf</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Corypha_umbraculifera" title="Corypha umbraculifera">Corypha umbraculifera</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm leaf</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">Cyperus papyrus</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Animal skin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">Vellum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ink</a></li> <li>Metals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">Stamping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Photographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Stone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tablets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_(writing)" title="Slate 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