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id="toc-Early_prototypes_of_reservoir_pens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_prototypes_of_reservoir_pens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early prototypes of reservoir pens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_prototypes_of_reservoir_pens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_reservoir_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_reservoir_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>European reservoir models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_reservoir_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass-manufactured_nibs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass-manufactured_nibs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mass-manufactured nibs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass-manufactured_nibs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_patents_and_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_patents_and_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>New patents and inventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_patents_and_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pen_leakage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pen_leakage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Pen leakage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pen_leakage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Further innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Popular usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Feed</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feed-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Feed subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiber_feeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber_feeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fiber feeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber_feeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nibs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nibs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nibs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nibs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nibs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nibs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nib_plating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nib_plating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nib plating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nib_plating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nib_tipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nib_tipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nib tipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nib_tipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capillary_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capillary_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Capillary action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capillary_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_nibs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_nibs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Types of nibs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_nibs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nib_flexibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nib_flexibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Nib flexibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nib_flexibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_nib_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_nib_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Different nib styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_nib_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filling_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filling_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Filling mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filling_mechanisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Filling mechanisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Filling_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eyedropper_filler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyedropper_filler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Eyedropper filler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyedropper_filler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-filling_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-filling_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Self-filling designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-filling_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piston_filling_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piston_filling_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Piston filling innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piston_filling_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_filling_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_filling_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Modern filling mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_filling_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cartridges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cartridges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cartridges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cartridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_international" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_international"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Standard international</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_international-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietary_offerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietary_offerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Proprietary offerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietary_offerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns_and_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns_and_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Concerns and alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns_and_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Inks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fountain pen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCller" title="Füller – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Füller" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%AD" title="ብዕር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብዕር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="قلم حبر سائل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلم حبر سائل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doldurma_q%C9%99l%C9%99m" title="Doldurma qələm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Doldurma qələm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE" title="ঝর্ণা কলম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঝর্ণা কলম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81n-li%C3%A2n-pit" title="Bān-liân-pit – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bān-liân-pit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Писалка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писалка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploma_estilogr%C3%A0fica" title="Ploma estilogràfica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ploma estilogràfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plnic%C3%AD_pero" title="Plnicí pero – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plnicí pero" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyldepen" title="Fyldepen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fyldepen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCllfederhalter" title="Füllfederhalter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Füllfederhalter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Πένα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πένα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluma_estilogr%C3%A1fica" title="Pluma estilográfica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pluma estilográfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontoplumo" title="Fontoplumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fontoplumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luma_estilografiko" title="Luma estilografiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luma estilografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="خودنویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودنویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylo-plume" title="Stylo-plume – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stylo-plume" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%85%84%ED%95%84" title="만년필 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만년필" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalivpero" title="Nalivpero – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nalivpero" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polopeni" title="Polopeni – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Polopeni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonten-plumo" title="Fonten-plumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fonten-plumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpen" title="Pulpen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulpen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penna_stilografica" title="Penna stilografica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penna stilografica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%98_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A2" title="עט נובע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עט נובע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pis%C3%B4k" title="Pisôk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pisôk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%81_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Құс қалам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құс қалам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AElo" title="Stîlo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stîlo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintes_pildspalva" title="Tintes pildspalva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tintes pildspalva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABllfieder" title="Fëllfieder – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fëllfieder" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatinis_plunksnakotis" title="Automatinis plunksnakotis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Automatinis plunksnakotis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lt%C5%91toll" title="Töltőtoll – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Töltőtoll" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="قلم حبر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قلم حبر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_founten" title="Pen founten – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pen founten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1ung-b%C3%A9k" title="Gáung-bék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáung-bék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpen" title="Vulpen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vulpen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%B9%B4%E7%AD%86" title="万年筆 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="万年筆" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyllepenn" title="Fyllepenn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fyllepenn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieczne_pi%C3%B3ro" title="Wieczne pióro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wieczne pióro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caneta-tinteiro" title="Caneta-tinteiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caneta-tinteiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilou" title="Stilou – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stilou" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqana_phuru" title="Qillqana phuru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qillqana phuru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перьевая ручка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перьевая ручка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilografi" title="Stilografi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stilografi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B1" title="උල්පත් පෑන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උල්පත් පෑන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fountain pen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فائونٽين پين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فائونٽين پين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalivno_pero" title="Nalivno pero – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nalivno pero" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Пенкало – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пенкало" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalivpero" title="Nalivpero – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nalivpero" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ytekyn%C3%A4" title="Täytekynä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Täytekynä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoarpenna" title="Reservoarpenna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reservoarpenna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊற்று எழுதுகோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊற்று எழுதுகோல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫౌంటెన్ పెన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫౌంటెన్ పెన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolma_kalem" title="Dolma kalem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dolma kalem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перова ручка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перова ручка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangbit" title="Gangbit – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gangbit" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAt_m%C3%A1y" title="Bút máy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bút máy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%27okiishajia" title="Ko'okiishajia – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ko'okiishajia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%BC%E7%AD%86" title="鋼筆 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鋼筆" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A2%E7%AC%94" title="钢笔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钢笔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4%E7%AD%86" title="墨水筆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="墨水筆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%BC%E7%AD%86" title="鋼筆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鋼筆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_pen_writing_(literacy).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fountain_pen_writing_%28literacy%29.jpg/220px-Fountain_pen_writing_%28literacy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fountain_pen_writing_%28literacy%29.jpg/330px-Fountain_pen_writing_%28literacy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fountain_pen_writing_%28literacy%29.jpg/440px-Fountain_pen_writing_%28literacy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4620" data-file-height="3388" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of traditional fountain pen with an <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium-tipped</a> stainless steel nib</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamy_Nexx_M,_Lamy_Vista,_Gama_Supreme.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lamy_Nexx_M%2C_Lamy_Vista%2C_Gama_Supreme.png/220px-Lamy_Nexx_M%2C_Lamy_Vista%2C_Gama_Supreme.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lamy_Nexx_M%2C_Lamy_Vista%2C_Gama_Supreme.png/330px-Lamy_Nexx_M%2C_Lamy_Vista%2C_Gama_Supreme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lamy_Nexx_M%2C_Lamy_Vista%2C_Gama_Supreme.png/440px-Lamy_Nexx_M%2C_Lamy_Vista%2C_Gama_Supreme.png 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Modern, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrator_pen" title="Demonstrator pen">demonstrator</a>, and traditional fountain pens</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Different_fountain_pens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Different_fountain_pens.jpg/250px-Different_fountain_pens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Different_fountain_pens.jpg/330px-Different_fountain_pens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Different_fountain_pens.jpg/500px-Different_fountain_pens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4673" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption>Various contemporary and vintage fountain pens (left to right):<div><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_Justus_95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilot Justus 95 (page does not exist)">Pilot Justus 95</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelikan_Souver%C3%A4n_M1000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelikan Souverän M1000 (page does not exist)">Pelikan Souverän M1000</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montblanc_Meisterst%C3%BCck_149&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montblanc Meisterstück 149 (page does not exist)">Montblanc Meisterstück 149</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_Heritage_912&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilot Heritage 912 (page does not exist)">Pilot Heritage 912</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parker_Duofold_Centennial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parker Duofold Centennial (page does not exist)">Parker Duofold Centennial</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheaffer_Snorkel_Admiral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheaffer Snorkel Admiral (page does not exist)">Sheaffer Snorkel Admiral</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamy_Dialog_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamy Dialog 3 (page does not exist)">Lamy Dialog 3</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Welty" title="Welty">Welty</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parker_Sonnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parker Sonnet (page does not exist)">Parker Sonnet</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conway_Stewart_55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conway Stewart 55 (page does not exist)">Conway Stewart 55</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterman_Thorobred&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waterman Thorobred (page does not exist)">Waterman Thorobred</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabie_Todd_Swan_3220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mabie Todd Swan 3220 (page does not exist)">Mabie Todd Swan 3220</a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fountain pen</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Writing_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing instrument">writing instrument</a> that uses a metal <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">nib</a> to apply <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen_ink" title="Fountain pen ink">water-based ink</a>, or special pigment ink—suitable for fountain pens—to paper. It is distinguished from earlier <a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">dip pens</a> by using an internal reservoir to hold ink, eliminating the need to repeatedly dip the pen in an <a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">inkwell</a> during use. The <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pen</a> draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib and deposits the ink on paper via a combination of gravity and <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>. Filling the reservoir with ink may be achieved manually, via the use of an <a href="/wiki/Eyedropper" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyedropper">eyedropper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a>, or via an internal filling mechanism that creates suction (for example, through a piston mechanism) or a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> to transfer ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens employ removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_prototypes_of_reservoir_pens">Early prototypes of reservoir pens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early prototypes of reservoir pens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi al-Nu'man">Qadi al-Nu'man</a> al-Tamimi (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 974</span>) in his <i>Kitab al-Majalis wa 'l-musayarat</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arab_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Arab Egypt">Arab Egypt</a> demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir, allowing it to be held upside-down without leaking.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is compelling evidence that a working fountain pen was constructed and used during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> by artist and inventor <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>. Leonardo's journals contain drawings with cross-sections of what appears to be a reservoir pen that works by both gravity and capillary action. Historians also took note of the fact that the handwriting in the inventor's surviving journals is of a consistent contrast throughout, rather than exhibiting the characteristic fading pattern typical of a quill pen caused by expending and re-dipping. While no physical item survives, several working models were reconstructed in 2011 by artist Amerigo Bombara that have since been put on display in museums dedicated to Leonardo.<sup id="cite_ref-tusc_Lape_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tusc_Lape-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patent_fountain_pen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Patent_fountain_pen.png/220px-Patent_fountain_pen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Patent_fountain_pen.png/330px-Patent_fountain_pen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Patent_fountain_pen.png/440px-Patent_fountain_pen.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>An early fountain pen patent awarded by the French Government to the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a> inventor <a href="/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru">Petrache Poenaru</a> on 25 May 1827</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US68445.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US68445.png/220px-US68445.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US68445.png/330px-US68445.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/US68445.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US68445">U.S. patent 68,445</a></span> in 1867 for an ink chamber and delivery system in the handle of the fountain pen</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_reservoir_models">European reservoir models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European reservoir models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwenter_-_Deliciae_physico-mathematicae_oder_Mathemat._und_philosophische_Erquickstunden,_1636_-_4696404.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Schwenter_-_Deliciae_physico-mathematicae_oder_Mathemat._und_philosophische_Erquickstunden%2C_1636_-_4696404.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Schwenter_-_Deliciae_physico-mathematicae_oder_Mathemat._und_philosophische_Erquickstunden%2C_1636_-_4696404.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Schwenter_-_Deliciae_physico-mathematicae_oder_Mathemat._und_philosophische_Erquickstunden%2C_1636_-_4696404.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Schwenter_-_Deliciae_physico-mathematicae_oder_Mathemat._und_philosophische_Erquickstunden%2C_1636_-_4696404.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Schwenter_-_Deliciae_physico-mathematicae_oder_Mathemat._und_philosophische_Erquickstunden%2C_1636_-_4696404.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Schwenter_-_Deliciae_physico-mathematicae_oder_Mathemat._und_philosophische_Erquickstunden%2C_1636_-_4696404.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="2913" /></a><figcaption><i>Deliciae physico-mathematicae</i>, 1636</figcaption></figure> <p>The fountain pen was available in Europe in the 17th century and is shown by contemporary references. In <i>Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae</i> (a 1636 magazine), <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> inventor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schwenter" title="Daniel Schwenter">Daniel Schwenter</a> described a pen made from two <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quills</a>. One quill served as a reservoir for <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> inside the other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill with <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a>. Ink was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1663 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> referred to a metal pen "to carry ink".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noted Maryland historian Hester Dorsey Richardson (1862–1933) documented a reference to "three silver fountain pens, worth 15 shillings" in England during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, c. 1649–1685.<sup id="cite_ref-Hester_Dorsey_Richardson_1913,_pp._216-217_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hester_Dorsey_Richardson_1913,_pp._216-217-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 18th century such pens were already commonly known as "fountain pens".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hester Dorsey Richardson also found a 1734 notation made by Robert Morris the elder in the ledger of the expenses of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris the younger</a>, who was at the time in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, for "one fountain pen".<sup id="cite_ref-Hester_Dorsey_Richardson_1913,_pp._216-217_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hester_Dorsey_Richardson_1913,_pp._216-217-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the best-known reference, however, is that of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bion">Nicholas Bion</a> (1652–1733), whose illustrated description of a "plume sans fin" was published in 1709 in his treatise published in English in 1723 as "The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments". The earliest datable pen of the form described by Bion is inscribed 1702, while other examples bear French hallmarks as late as the early 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_patents">First patents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Progress in developing a reliable pen was slow until the mid-19th century because of an imperfect understanding of the role that air pressure plays in the operation of pens. Furthermore, most inks were highly corrosive and full of sedimentary inclusions. The first English patent for a fountain pen was issued in May 1809 to Frederick Fölsch, with a patent covering (among other things) an improved fountain pen feed issued to Joseph Bramah in September 1809.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> John Scheffer's patent of 1819 was the first design to see commercial success, with a number of surviving examples of his "Penographic" known. Another noteworthy pioneer design was John Jacob Parker's, patented in 1832 – a self-filler with a screw-operated piston.<sup id="cite_ref-Vintage_Pens_Website_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vintage_Pens_Website-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> inventor <a href="/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru">Petrache Poenaru</a> received a French <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> on May 25, 1827, for the invention of a fountain pen with a barrel made from a large swan quill.<sup id="cite_ref-Best_Fountain_Pen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_Fountain_Pen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass-manufactured_nibs">Mass-manufactured nibs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mass-manufactured nibs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1828, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Mason" title="Josiah Mason">Josiah Mason</a> improved a cheap and efficient slip-in <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">nib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, which could be added to a fountain pen and in 1830, with the invention of a new machine, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gillott" title="Joseph Gillott">William Joseph Gillott</a>, William Mitchell, and James Stephen Perry devised a way to mass manufacture robust, cheap steel <a href="/wiki/Pen_nib" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen nib">pen nibs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perry_%26_Co." title="Perry & Co.">Perry & Co.</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This boosted the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pen_trade" title="Birmingham pen trade">Birmingham pen trade</a> and by the 1850s, more than half the steel-nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham. Thousands of skilled craftsmen were employed in the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected, enabling the city's factories to mass-produce their pens cheaply and efficiently. These were sold worldwide to many who previously could not afford to write, thus encouraging the development of education and literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_patents_and_inventions">New patents and inventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New patents and inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1848, American inventor Azel Storrs Lyman patented a pen with "a combined holder and nib".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1849 Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Thomson" title="Robert William Thomson">Robert William Thomson</a> invented the refillable fountain pen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1850s, there was a steadily accelerating stream of fountain pen <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> and pens in production. However, it was only after three key inventions were in place that the fountain pen became a widely popular writing instrument. Those were the <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>-tipped <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> nib, <a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">hard rubber</a>, and free-flowing ink.<sup id="cite_ref-Best_Fountain_Pen_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_Fountain_Pen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SafetyDemoRJJ_PD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/SafetyDemoRJJ_PD.jpg/220px-SafetyDemoRJJ_PD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/SafetyDemoRJJ_PD.jpg/330px-SafetyDemoRJJ_PD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/SafetyDemoRJJ_PD.jpg/440px-SafetyDemoRJJ_PD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Waterman 42 Safety Pen, with variation in materials (both red and black hard vulcanized rubbers or <a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">ebonite</a>) and retracting nibs</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duofold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Duofold.jpg/60px-Duofold.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Duofold.jpg/90px-Duofold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Duofold.jpg/120px-Duofold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="2724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Parker_Pen_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Parker Pen Company">Parker</a> <a href="/wiki/Duofold" class="mw-redirect" title="Duofold">Duofold</a>, c. 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>The first fountain pens making use of all these key ingredients appeared in the 1850s. In the 1870s Duncan MacKinnon, a Canadian living in New York City, and <a href="/wiki/A._T._Cross_Company" title="A. T. Cross Company">Alonzo T. Cross</a> of Providence, Rhode Island, created stylographic pens with a hollow, tubular nib and a wire acting as a valve.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stylographic pens are now used mostly for drafting and technical drawing but were very popular in the decade beginning in 1875. In the 1880s the era of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> fountain pen finally began. The dominant American producers in this pioneer era were <a href="/wiki/Waterman_pens" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterman pens">Waterman</a>, of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and Wirt, based in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania">Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania</a>. Waterman soon outstripped Wirt, along with many companies that sprang up to fill the new and growing fountain pen market. Waterman remained the market leader until the early 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, fountain pens were almost all filled by unscrewing a portion of the hollow barrel or holder and inserting the ink by means of a dropper – a slow and messy procedure. Pens also tended to leak inside their caps and at the joint where the barrel opened for filling.<sup id="cite_ref-dropper_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dropper-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now that the materials' problems had been overcome and the flow of ink while writing had been regulated, the next problems to be solved were the creation of a simple, convenient self-filler and the problem of leakage. Self-fillers began to gain in popularity around the turn of the century; the most successful of these was probably the Conklin crescent-filler, followed by A. A. Waterman's twist-filler.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tipping point, however, was the runaway success of Walter A. Sheaffer's lever-filler, introduced in 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_Lever_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder_Lever-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paralleled by Parker's roughly contemporary button-filler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pen_leakage">Pen leakage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pen leakage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, many inventors turned their attention to the problem of leakage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the earliest solutions to this problem came in the form of a "safety" pen with a retractable point that allowed the ink reservoir to be corked like a bottle. Horton, Moore, and Caw's were the earliest makers of such pens, all starting in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, <a href="/wiki/George_Safford_Parker" title="George Safford Parker">George Safford Parker</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Parker_Jointless" title="Parker Jointless">Parker Jointless</a>, so named because its barrel was single-piece with no section joint to leak and stain the writer's fingers. The nib and feed assembly fit into the barrel's end like a cork stopper.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Waterman%27s_ideal_fountain_pen%22_1908_ad_-_from,_The_World_almanac_and_encyclopedia_(IA_worldalmanacency1908newy)_(page_20_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%22Waterman%27s_ideal_fountain_pen%22_1908_ad_-_from%2C_The_World_almanac_and_encyclopedia_%28IA_worldalmanacency1908newy%29_%28page_20_crop%29.jpg/250px-%22Waterman%27s_ideal_fountain_pen%22_1908_ad_-_from%2C_The_World_almanac_and_encyclopedia_%28IA_worldalmanacency1908newy%29_%28page_20_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%22Waterman%27s_ideal_fountain_pen%22_1908_ad_-_from%2C_The_World_almanac_and_encyclopedia_%28IA_worldalmanacency1908newy%29_%28page_20_crop%29.jpg/330px-%22Waterman%27s_ideal_fountain_pen%22_1908_ad_-_from%2C_The_World_almanac_and_encyclopedia_%28IA_worldalmanacency1908newy%29_%28page_20_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%22Waterman%27s_ideal_fountain_pen%22_1908_ad_-_from%2C_The_World_almanac_and_encyclopedia_%28IA_worldalmanacency1908newy%29_%28page_20_crop%29.jpg/500px-%22Waterman%27s_ideal_fountain_pen%22_1908_ad_-_from%2C_The_World_almanac_and_encyclopedia_%28IA_worldalmanacency1908newy%29_%28page_20_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>"Waterman's ideal fountain pen" 1908 ad</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908, Waterman began marketing a popular safety pen of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For pens with non-retractable nibs, the adoption of screw-on caps with inner caps that sealed around the nib by bearing against the front of the section effectively solved the leakage problem (such pens were also marketed as "safety pens", as with the Parker Jack-Knife Safety and the Swan Safety Screw-Cap).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_innovation">Further innovation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mabie_Todd_SWAN_172-52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mabie_Todd_SWAN_172-52.jpg/220px-Mabie_Todd_SWAN_172-52.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mabie_Todd_SWAN_172-52.jpg/330px-Mabie_Todd_SWAN_172-52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mabie_Todd_SWAN_172-52.jpg/440px-Mabie_Todd_SWAN_172-52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5946" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>Lever filler pen made of celluloid by Mabie Todd & Co. New York (1927)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, the German office supplies company Gunther Wagner, founded in 1838, introduced their <a href="/wiki/Pelikan" title="Pelikan">Pelikan</a> in 1929, the first modern screw piston-filling fountain pen.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was based upon the acquisition of patents for solid-ink fountain pens from the <a href="/wiki/Penkala-Edmund_Moster_%26_Co." title="Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co.">factory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slavoljub_Penkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoljub Penkala">Slavoljub Penkala</a> from <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (patented 1907, in mass production since 1911), and the patent of the <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> Theodor Kovacs for the modern piston filler by 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decades that followed saw many technological innovations in the manufacture of fountain pens. <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">Celluloid</a> gradually replaced hard <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, which enabled production in a much wider range of colors and designs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, manufacturers experimented with new filling systems. The inter-war period saw the introduction of some of the most notable models, such as the <a href="/wiki/The_Parker_Pen_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Parker Pen Company">Parker</a> <a href="/wiki/Duofold" class="mw-redirect" title="Duofold">Duofold</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Parker_Vacumatic" title="Parker Vacumatic">Vacumatic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheaffer's Lifetime Balance series,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Pelikan 100.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1940s and 1950s, fountain pens retained their dominance: early <a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen" title="Ballpoint pen">ballpoint pens</a> were expensive, were prone to leaks and had irregular inkflow, while the fountain pen continued to benefit from the combination of mass production and craftsmanship. (Bíró's patent, and other early patents on ball-point pens often used the term "ball-point fountain pen," because at the time the ball-point pen was considered a type of fountain pen; that is, a pen that held ink in an enclosed reservoir.)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period saw the launch of innovative models such as the <a href="/wiki/Parker_51" title="Parker 51">Parker 51</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Aurora (pen manufacturer)">Aurora</a> 88, the Sheaffer Snorkel, and the Eversharp Skyline, while the <a href="/wiki/Esterbrook" title="Esterbrook">Esterbrook</a> J series of lever-fill models with interchangeable steel nibs offered inexpensive reliability to the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_usage">Popular usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Popular usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamy_2000_fountain_pen,_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/220px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/330px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/440px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lamy" title="Lamy">Lamy</a> 2000 piston filler made of polycarbonate and stainless steel, launched in 1966 and still in production</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1960s, refinements in ballpoint pen production gradually ensured its dominance over the fountain pen for casual use.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although cartridge-filler fountain pens are still in common use in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, India, and the United Kingdom, and are widely used by young students in most private schools in England, at least one private school in Scotland, and public elementary schools in Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few modern manufacturers (especially <a href="/wiki/Conway_Stewart" title="Conway Stewart">Conway Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montblanc_(company)" title="Montblanc (company)">Montblanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graf_von_Faber-Castell" title="Graf von Faber-Castell">Graf von Faber-Castell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visconti_(company)" title="Visconti (company)">Visconti</a>) now depict the fountain pen as a collectible item or a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a>, rather than an everyday writing tool.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, fountain pens continue to have a growing following among many who view them as superior writing instruments due to their relative smoothness and versatility. Retailers continue to sell fountain pens and inks for casual and calligraphic use. During the 2010s, fountain pens have made a resurgence, with some retailers, such as <a href="/wiki/Goulet_pens" class="mw-redirect" title="Goulet pens">Goulet Pens</a>, saying it is because of renewed consumer interest in analog products.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to a new wave of casual use fountain pens and custom ink manufacturers, who utilize online stores to easily sell fountain pens to a wider audience.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feed">Feed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Feed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feed of a fountain pen is the component that connects the nib of the pen with its ink reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-explain_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explain-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It not only allows the ink to flow to the nib (in what is often described as a "controlled leak") but also regulates the amount of air flowing backwards up to the reservoir to replace this lost ink.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feed uses a series of narrow channels or "fissures" that run down its lower edge. As ink flows down these fissures, air is simultaneously allowed to flow upwards into the reservoir in an even exchange of volumes. The feed allows ink to flow when the pen is being put to paper but ensures ink does not flow when the pen is not in use. The feed makes use of capillary action; this is noticeable when a pen is refilled with a brightly coloured ink. The ink is taken up and into the feed by way of capillary action (and is often visible in clear demonstrator pens), but is not dispensed onto the paper until the nib makes contact.<sup id="cite_ref-explain_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explain-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How the feed is shaped may determine the wetness and flow of a particular pen. For this reason, feed material alone and its surface roughness may have a significant effect on the way two pens of the same nib size write.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pen feeds are crucial to preventing ink from dripping or leaking. Feeds often feature finned structures intended for buffering fountain pen ink. Buffering is the capacity to catch and temporarily hold an overflow of ink, caused by conditions other than writing. When a fountain pen nib receives such an overflow it will result in ink blobbing or dripping also known as burping. A pen with a misconfigured feed might fail to deposit any ink whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber_feeds">Fiber feeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fiber feeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some fountain pens use a fiber wick underneath the nib. They often have a plastic part that looks like a feed that is only used to hold the fiber wick in place and does not assist with ink flow. The mechanism of action is like a felt pen, just with a fountain pen nib on top of it. The fiber feeds offer plenty of ink flow and can stay wet for extended periods. Cleaning fiber feed pens can require longer soaking in water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nibs">Nibs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nibs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visconti-detail-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Visconti-detail-1.JPG/220px-Visconti-detail-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Visconti-detail-1.JPG/330px-Visconti-detail-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Visconti-detail-1.JPG/440px-Visconti-detail-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a Visconti stainless steel nib and feed with a finned ink buffering structure at its rear half</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tip_of_filler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tip_of_filler.jpg/250px-Tip_of_filler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tip_of_filler.jpg/330px-Tip_of_filler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tip_of_filler.jpg/500px-Tip_of_filler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>Tip of a fountain pen nib</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern fountain pen <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">nib</a> is a direct descendant of the iridium-tipped gold dip pen nibs of the 19th century. The earliest attempts at adding a hard and long-wearing tipping material to a gold nib utilized materials such as ruby.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more successful approach exploited the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> of metals, including <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>. From the mid-1830s gold <a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">dip pen</a> nibs tipped with iridium were produced in rapidly increasing quantities, first in England and soon thereafter in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mass-produced fountain pens used gold nibs sourced from established makers of gold dip pen nibs, some of the most prominent being Mabie Todd, Fairchild, and Aikin Lambert. Today, nibs are usually made of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, with the most popular gold alloys being <a href="/wiki/Carat_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (purity)">14 carat (58⅓%)</a> and 18 carat (75%).<sup id="cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_materials_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.richardspens.com_materials-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> is a less common metal used for making nibs. Gold is considered the optimum metal for its flexibility and its resistance to <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_series" title="Galvanic series">corrosion</a>, although gold's corrosion resistance is less of an issue than in the past because of better stainless steel alloys and less corrosive inks.<sup id="cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_materials_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.richardspens.com_materials-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> alloys have been used occasionally in the past, usually as a money-saving alternative to white gold. As long as palladium remains more valuable than gold, however, it is unlikely to see much use for nib manufacture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nib_plating">Nib plating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nib plating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further gold plating provides favorable <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">wettability</a>, which is the ability of a solid surface to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> of a liquid in contact with it such that it spreads over the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nib_tipping">Nib tipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nib tipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilot_Parallel_2.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pilot_Parallel_2.4.jpg/220px-Pilot_Parallel_2.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pilot_Parallel_2.4.jpg/330px-Pilot_Parallel_2.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pilot_Parallel_2.4.jpg/440px-Pilot_Parallel_2.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4988" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption>The Pilot Parallel, an example of a type of an italic nib used in fountain pens, often used to create art and calligraphy. This pen has two flat plates that meet in the center in place of a traditional nib.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gold and most steel and titanium nibs are tipped with a hard, wear-resistant alloy that typically includes metals from the platinum group. These metals share qualities of extreme hardness and corrosion resistance. The tipping material is often called "iridium", but few if any nib manufacturers have used tipping alloys containing iridium since the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metals osmium, <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>, ruthenium, and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> are used instead, generally as an alloy, produced as tiny pellets which are welded onto the nib's tip prior to cutting the nib slit and grinding the tip into its final shape.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untipped steel and titanium points will wear more rapidly due to abrasion by the paper.<sup id="cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_materials_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.richardspens.com_materials-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capillary_action">Capillary action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Capillary action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nib usually has a tapering or parallel slit cut down its centre, to convey the ink down the nib by <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>, as well as a "breather hole" of varying shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_Nibs_I_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder_Nibs_I-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breather hole's intended function is to allow air exchange with the ink reservoir through the channels of the feed, though some modern authorities believe this is a misconception and such venting is unnecessary. Some fountain pens come without a breather hole such as the Camlin Trinity, Monami Olika, Pelikan Pelikano, and Platinum Preppy. The breather hole's other main function is to provide an endpoint to the nib slit and an indexing point for slit cutting. The breather hole also acts as a <a href="/wiki/Stress_concentration#Prevention" title="Stress concentration">stress relieving point</a>, preventing the nib from cracking longitudinally from the end of the slit as a result of repeated flexing during use.<sup id="cite_ref-explain_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explain-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nib narrows to a point where the ink is transferred to the paper. Extremely broad <a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">calligraphy</a> pens may have several slits in the nib to increase ink flow and help distribute it evenly across the point, but such designs are more commonly found on dip pens. Nibs divided into three 'tines' are commonly known as music nibs. This is because their line, which can be varied from broad to fine, is suited for writing musical scores.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_nibs">Types of nibs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Types of nibs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the most common nibs end in a round point of various sizes (extra fine, fine, medium, broad), various other nib shapes are available. Examples of this are double broad, music, oblique, reverse oblique, stub, italic, and 360-degree nibs.<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_Nibs_I_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder_Nibs_I-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broader nibs are used for less precise emphasis, with the benefit of a greater level of ink shading, a property wherein ink pools in parts of a stroke to cause variations in color or sheen – where dyes in ink crystallize on a page instead of absorbing into the paper, which leads to a different color being seen on less absorbent paper due to thin film interference. Finer nibs (e.g. extra fine and fine) may be used for intricate corrections and alterations, at the expense of shading and sheen. Oblique, reverse oblique, stub, and italic nibs may be used for <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphic</a> purposes or for general handwritten compositions. The line width of a particular nib may vary based on its country of origin; Japanese nibs are often thinner in general.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nib_flexibility">Nib flexibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nib flexibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flex_nibs" class="mw-redirect" title="Flex nibs">Flexibility</a> is a function of several factors. One is the nib material's resilience; another is its thickness. Finally there is the nib's shape, with longer tines offering more flexibility than short tines, while greater curvature increases stiffness.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to common belief, material alone does not determine a nib's flexibility. Gold alloys of greater purity (18K, or 750/1000 gold) will on average be softer and less springy than alloys of lower purity (14K, or 585/1000 gold), but whatever the alloy its resilience can be altered considerably in manufacture by means of controlled work-hardening.<sup id="cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_materials_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.richardspens.com_materials-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swan_nib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swan_nib.jpg/250px-Swan_nib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swan_nib.jpg/330px-Swan_nib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swan_nib.jpg/500px-Swan_nib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Mabie Todd Swan flexible 14k nib</figcaption></figure> <p>Fountain pens dating from the first half of the 20th century are more likely to have flexible nibs, suited to the favored handwriting styles of the period (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Copperplate_script" title="Copperplate script">Copperplate script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spencerian_script" title="Spencerian script">Spencerian script</a>). By the 1940s, writing preferences had shifted towards stiffer nibs that could withstand the greater pressure required for writing through <a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">carbon paper</a> to create duplicate documents.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, competition between the major pen brands such as Parker and Waterman, and the introduction of lifetime guarantees, meant that flexible nibs could no longer be supported profitably. In countries where this rivalry was not present to the same degree, such as the UK and Germany, flexible nibs are more common.<sup id="cite_ref-gentleman_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentleman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays, stiff nibs are the norm as people exchange between fountain pens and other writing modes. These more closely emulate the ballpoint pens most modern writers are experienced with. Despite being rigid and firm, the idea that steel nibs write "horribly" is a misconception.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More flexible nibs can be easily damaged if excessive pressure is applied to them. Ideally, a fountain pen's nib glides across the paper using the ink as a lubricant, and writing requires no pressure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Good quality nibs that have been used appropriately are long lasting, often lasting longer than the lifetime of the original owner. Many vintage pens with decades-old nibs can still be used today.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hero329nibsgal1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/92/Hero329nibsgal1.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Hooded nib of a <a href="/wiki/The_Shanghai_Hero_Pen_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shanghai Hero Pen Company">Hero</a> pen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parker_50_(falcon)_nib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Parker_50_%28falcon%29_nib.jpg/220px-Parker_50_%28falcon%29_nib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Parker_50_%28falcon%29_nib.jpg/330px-Parker_50_%28falcon%29_nib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Parker_50_%28falcon%29_nib.jpg/440px-Parker_50_%28falcon%29_nib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Integral Nib of a Parker 50 (Falcon)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_nib_styles">Different nib styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Different nib styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other styles of fountain pen nibs include hooded (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Parker_51" title="Parker 51">Parker 51</a>, Parker 61,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2007 Parker 100,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamy 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hero 329),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inlaid (e.g. Sheaffer Targa or Sheaffer P.F.M) or integral Nib (Parker T-1, Falcon, and Pilot Myu 701), .<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Users are often cautioned not to lend or borrow fountain pens as the nib "wears in" at an angle unique to each individual person.<sup id="cite_ref-gentleman_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentleman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different user is likely to find that a worn-in nib does not write satisfactorily in their hand and, furthermore, creates a second wear surface, ruining the nib for the original user. This, however, is not a point of concern in pens with modern, durable tipping material, as these pens take many years to develop any significant wear.<sup id="cite_ref-gentleman_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentleman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filling_mechanisms">Filling mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Filling mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_pens_and_converters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fountain_pens_and_converters.jpg/220px-Fountain_pens_and_converters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fountain_pens_and_converters.jpg/330px-Fountain_pens_and_converters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fountain_pens_and_converters.jpg/440px-Fountain_pens_and_converters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2566" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Left to Right: Gama Supreme eyedropper, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinhao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinhao (page does not exist)">Jinhao</a> 159, and X750 using international standard converters or ink cartridges and Lamy Studio stainless and Nexx M using proprietary Lamy converters or ink cartridges</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hero332inkfillerenl1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Hero332inkfillerenl1.JPG/250px-Hero332inkfillerenl1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Hero332inkfillerenl1.JPG/330px-Hero332inkfillerenl1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Hero332inkfillerenl1.JPG/500px-Hero332inkfillerenl1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>A squeeze filler by Hero</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyedropper_filler">Eyedropper filler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eyedropper filler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reservoirs of the earliest fountain pens were mostly filled by <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_pipette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur pipette">eyedropper</a> ("dropper" was the term used at the time). This could be messy, spurring development of so-called "self-filling" pens equipped with internal filling mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-dropper_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dropper-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though self-fillers had largely displaced dropper-fillers by the 1920s, they never went out of production, and there has been a revival of interest in recent years. For some, the simplicity, reliability, and large ink capacity of the dropper-filler provide ample compensation for its inconveniences.<sup id="cite_ref-dropper_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dropper-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the eyedropper-filler era came the first generation of mass-produced self-fillers, almost all using a rubber sac to hold the ink. The sac was compressed and then released by various mechanisms to fill the pen.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-filling_designs">Self-filling designs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Self-filling designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Conklin crescent filler, introduced c. 1901, was one of the first mass-produced self-filling pen designs. The crescent-filling system employs an arch-shaped crescent attached to a rigid metal pressure bar, with the crescent portion protruding from the pen through a slot and the pressure bar inside the barrel. A second component, a C-shaped hard rubber lock ring, is located between the crescent and the barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In normal use the ring blocks the crescent from being depressed. To fill the pen, the ring is turned until the gap in the ring is aligned with the crescent, allowing the crescent to be depressed, thus compressing the sac.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other variations on the basic sac and pressure bar mechanism were introduced in the first decades of the 20th century, such as the coin-filler (with a slot on the barrel, allowing the pressure bar to be depressed by use of a coin), the matchstick-filler (with a round hole, for a matchstick) and the blow-filler (with a hole at the end of the barrel, through which one blew to compress the sac).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piston_filling_innovation">Piston filling innovation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Piston filling innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1908 Walter A. Sheaffer received a patent for an improved lever-filling pen. Introduced in 1912, Sheaffer's pens sold in rapidly increasing numbers and by 1920 Sheaffer had become one of the largest fountain pen makers in the United States. </p><p>Parker introduced the button filler, which had a button hidden beneath a blind cap on the end of the barrel; when pressed, it acted on a pressure bar inside to depress the ink sac.<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_Lever_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder_Lever-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most complex filling mechanisms was introduced in 1952 with the Sheaffer Snorkel. The Snorkel had an axial tube below the nib that could be extended, allowing the pen to be filled from a bottle without needing to immerse the nib or to wipe it off after filling.<sup id="cite_ref-snorkel_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snorkel-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of the modern plastic ink cartridge in the early 1950s most of these filling systems were phased out. </p><p>Screw-mechanism piston-fillers were made as early as the 1820s, but the mechanism's modern popularity begins with the original <a href="/wiki/Pelikan" title="Pelikan">Pelikan</a> of 1929, based upon a patent that was initially licensed to a Croatian company Moster-Penkala by inventor Theodore Kovacs.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic idea is simple and intuitive: turn a knob at the end of the pen and a screw mechanism draws a piston up the barrel, sucking in ink. Pens with this mechanism remain very popular today. Some of the earlier models had to dedicate as much as half of the pen length to the mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of telescoping pistons has improved this; the Touchdown Filler was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Sheaffer" title="Sheaffer">Sheaffer</a> in 1949. It was advertised as an "Exclusive Pneumatic Down-stroke Filler."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To fill it, a knob at the end of the barrel is unscrewed and the attached plunger is drawn out to its full length. The nib is immersed in ink, the plunger is pushed in, compressing and then releasing the ink sac by means of air pressure. The nib is kept in the ink for approximately 10 seconds to allow the reservoir to fill. This mechanism is very closely modeled after a similar pneumatic filler introduced by Chilton over a decade earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_filling_mechanisms">Modern filling mechanisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern filling mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmidt_K5_fountain_pen_converter_%2B_2.5_mm_316_Stainless_Steel_bearing_ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schmidt_K5_fountain_pen_converter_%2B_2.5_mm_316_Stainless_Steel_bearing_ball.jpg/250px-Schmidt_K5_fountain_pen_converter_%2B_2.5_mm_316_Stainless_Steel_bearing_ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schmidt_K5_fountain_pen_converter_%2B_2.5_mm_316_Stainless_Steel_bearing_ball.jpg/330px-Schmidt_K5_fountain_pen_converter_%2B_2.5_mm_316_Stainless_Steel_bearing_ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schmidt_K5_fountain_pen_converter_%2B_2.5_mm_316_Stainless_Steel_bearing_ball.jpg/500px-Schmidt_K5_fountain_pen_converter_%2B_2.5_mm_316_Stainless_Steel_bearing_ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Schmidt K5 piston-style standard international size fountain pen converter, containing a user inserted 2.5 mm diameter Marine grade 316 stainless steel bearing ball</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary</a> filling system was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Parker_Pen_Company" title="Parker Pen Company">Parker</a> in the Parker 61 in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no moving parts: the ink reservoir within the barrel was open at the upper end, but contained a tightly rolled length of slotted, flexible plastic. To fill, the barrel was unscrewed, the exposed open end of the reservoir was placed in ink and the interstices of the plastic sheet and slots initiated <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>, drawing up and retaining the ink. The outside of the reservoir was coated with <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a>, a repellent compound that released excess ink as it was withdrawn. Ink was transferred through a further capillary tube to the nib. No method of flushing the device was offered, and because of problems from clogging with dried and hardened ink, production was eventually stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the year 2000, Pelikan introduced a filling system involving a valve in the blind end of the pen, which mates with a specially designed ink bottle.<sup id="cite_ref-richardspens.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardspens.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus docked, ink is then squeezed into the pen barrel (which, lacking any mechanism other than the valve itself, has nearly the capacity of an eyedropper-fill pen of the same size). This system had been implemented only in their "Level" line, which was discontinued in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-richardspens.com_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardspens.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most pens today use either a piston filler, squeeze-bar filler or cartridge.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many pens are also compatible with a <i>converter</i>, which has the same fitting as the pen's cartridge and has a filling mechanism and a reservoir attached to it.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enables a pen to fill either from cartridges or from a bottle of ink. The most common type of converters are piston-style, but many other varieties may be found today. Piston-style converters generally have a transparent round tubular ink reservoir. Fountain pen inks feature differing <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tensions</a> that can cause an ink to <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhere</a> or "stick" against the inside of the reservoir. Common solutions for this problem are adding a small (rust-proof) ink agitating object like a <a href="/wiki/SAE_316L_stainless_steel" title="SAE 316L stainless steel">316L</a> or <a href="/wiki/SAE_904L_stainless_steel" title="SAE 904L stainless steel">904L</a> stainless steel or <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconium dioxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Bearing_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing ball">bearing ball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">spring</a> or hollow tube in the tubular reservoir to mechanically promote free movement of the contained ink and ink/air exchange during writing. Adding a very small amount of <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Triton_X-100" title="Triton X-100">Triton X-100</a> used in Kodak Photo-Flo 200 wetting agent to the ink will chemically promote free movement of the contained ink and ink/air exchange during writing. However, ink might react adversely to adding a surfactant. </p><p>Vacuum fillers, such as those used by <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)" title="Pilot (pen company)">Pilot</a> in the Custom 823, utilize air pressure to fill the ink chamber. In this case, while the nib is submerged in ink, a plunger is pushed down the empty chamber to create a vacuum in the space behind it. The end of the chamber has a section wider than the rest, and when the plunger passes this point, the difference in air pressure in the area behind the plunger and the area ahead of it is suddenly evened out and ink rushes in behind the plunger to fill the chamber. </p><p>Converters are also available in several different types such as piston, plunger, squeeze and push button in rare cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cartridges">Cartridges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cartridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first commercially successful ink cartridge system for fountain pens was patented in 1890 by the Eagle Pencil Company, using glass cartridges. In the 1920s the John Hancock pen featured cartridges made from thin copper tubing. From the 1930s on, Waterman sold pens in France that used glass cartridges. Cartridge-filling pens only became truly popular in the 1950s, however, with the advent of plastic cartridges. The first was the Italian LUS Atomica in 1952, but it was the Waterman C/F in 1953 that brought cartridge filling to the attention of the international market.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern plastic cartridges can contain small ridges on the inside to promote free movement of the contained ink and ink/air exchange during writing. Often cartridges are closed with a small ball that gets pressed into the cartridge during insertion into the pen. This ball also aids free movement of the contained ink. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_international">Standard international</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Standard international"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Ink_Cartridge_Short.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/International_Ink_Cartridge_Short.svg/220px-International_Ink_Cartridge_Short.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/International_Ink_Cartridge_Short.svg/330px-International_Ink_Cartridge_Short.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/International_Ink_Cartridge_Short.svg/440px-International_Ink_Cartridge_Short.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Dimensions of short International Ink Cartridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Most European fountain pen brands (for example <a href="/wiki/Conway_Stewart" title="Conway Stewart">Conway Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache_(company)" title="Caran d'Ache (company)">Caran d'Ache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faber-Castell" title="Faber-Castell">Faber-Castell</a>, Michel Perchin, S.T. Dupont, <a href="/wiki/Montegrappa" title="Montegrappa">Montegrappa</a>, Stipula, <a href="/wiki/Pelikan" title="Pelikan">Pelikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montblanc_(company)" title="Montblanc (company)">Montblanc</a>, Europen, Sigma, Delta, Italix, and <a href="/wiki/Rotring" title="Rotring">Rotring</a>) and some pen brands of other continents (for example Acura, Bexley, Esterbrook, Retro51, <a href="/wiki/Tombow" title="Tombow">Tombow</a>, and Platinum (with adaptor)) use so called "international cartridges" (AKA "European cartridges" or "standard cartridges" or "universal cartridges"), in short (38 mm in length, about 0.75 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">ml</a> of capacity) or long (72 mm, 1.50 ml) sizes, or both. It is to some extent a standard, so the international cartridges of any manufacturer can be used in most fountain pens that accept international cartridges.<sup id="cite_ref-goulet_video_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goulet_video-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, converters that are meant to replace international cartridges can be used in most fountain pens that accept international cartridges. Some very compact fountain pens (for example Waterman Ici et La and Monteverde Diva) accept only short international cartridges.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Converters can not be used in them (except for so-called mini-converters by Monteverde). Some pens (such as the modern Waterman models) have intentional fittings which prevent the usage of short cartridges. Such pens can only take a proprietary cartridge from the same manufacturer, in this case the long Waterman cartridges.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietary_offerings">Proprietary offerings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Proprietary offerings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_pen_ink_cartridges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fountain_pen_ink_cartridges.jpg/220px-Fountain_pen_ink_cartridges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fountain_pen_ink_cartridges.jpg/330px-Fountain_pen_ink_cartridges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fountain_pen_ink_cartridges.jpg/440px-Fountain_pen_ink_cartridges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="3116" /></a><figcaption>Proprietary cartridges (left to right): Pilot, Parker, Lamy, short standard international (made by Kaweco)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many fountain pen manufacturers have developed their own proprietary cartridges, for example <a href="/wiki/The_Parker_Pen_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Parker Pen Company">Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamy" title="Lamy">Lamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheaffer" title="Sheaffer">Sheaffer</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._T._Cross_Company" title="A. T. Cross Company">Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailor_(pen_company)" title="Sailor (pen company)">Sailor</a>, Platinum, Platignum, <a href="/wiki/Waterman_pens" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterman pens">Waterman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Namiki" title="Namiki">Namiki</a>. Fountain pens from <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Aurora (pen manufacturer)">Aurora</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shanghai_Hero_Pen_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shanghai Hero Pen Company">Hero</a>, Duke, and Uranus accept the same cartridges and converters that Parker uses and vice versa (<a href="/wiki/Lamy" title="Lamy">Lamy</a> cartridges, though not officially, are known to interchange with Parker cartridges also). Cartridges of Aurora are slightly different from cartridges by Parker.<sup id="cite_ref-nibs_cartridges_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nibs_cartridges-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corresponding converters to be used instead of such proprietary cartridges are usually made by the same company that made the fountain pen itself. Some very compact fountain pens accept only proprietary cartridges made by the same company that made that pen, such as Sheaffer Agio Compact and Sheaffer Prelude Compact. It is not possible to use a converter in them at all. In such pens the only practical way to use another brand of ink is to fill empty cartridges with bottled ink using a <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nibs_cartridges_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nibs_cartridges-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standard international cartridges are closed by a small ball, held inside the ink exit hole by glue or by a very thin layer of plastic. When the cartridge is pressed into the pen, a small pin pushes in the ball, which falls inside the cartridge. The Parker and Lamy cartridges do not have such a ball. They are closed by a piece of plastic, which is broken by a sharp pin when inserted in the pen.<sup id="cite_ref-goulet_video_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goulet_video-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerns_and_alternatives">Concerns and alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Concerns and alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pen manufacturers that produce proprietary cartridges (which in almost all cases are the more expensive ones like the ones mentioned above) tend to discourage the use of cheaper<sup id="cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.richardspens.com_inks-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> internationally standardised short/long cartridges or adaptations thereof due to their variance in ink quality in the cartridges which may not offer as much performance, or be of lesser quality than the pen's ink cartridge that has been designed specifically for the pen itself. Due to potential additive deficits such as glycerides or uneven pigmentation, cheaper ink may also skip or produce uneven colour on the page and "feather" (spread out of the originally written line) more on thinner grades of paper (e.g. 75 gsm).<sup id="cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.richardspens.com_inks-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While cartridges are more convenient to refill than bottle filling, converter and bottle filling systems are still sold. Non-cartridge filling systems tend to be slightly more economical in the long run since ink is generally less expensive in bottles than in cartridges. Advocates of bottle-based filling systems also cite less waste of plastic for the environment, a wider selection of inks, easier cleaning of pens (as drawing the ink in through the nib helps dissolve old ink), and the ability to check and refill inks at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-gold_spot_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold_spot-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inks">Inks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Inks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Ink_Bottle_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Green_Ink_Bottle_-_02.jpg/220px-Green_Ink_Bottle_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Green_Ink_Bottle_-_02.jpg/330px-Green_Ink_Bottle_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Green_Ink_Bottle_-_02.jpg/440px-Green_Ink_Bottle_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4564" data-file-height="3038" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of turquoise ink</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen_ink" title="Fountain pen ink">Fountain pen ink</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Inks</a> intended for use with fountain pens are water-based. These inks are commonly available in bottles. Plastic cartridges came into use in the 1950s, but bottled inks are still the mainstay for many fountain pen enthusiasts. Bottled inks usually cost less than an equivalent amount in cartridges and afford a wider variety of colours and properties.<sup id="cite_ref-pen_fountain_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pen_fountain-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fountain pens are not as tightly coupled with their inks as <a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen" title="Ballpoint pen">ballpoints</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gel_pen" title="Gel pen">gel pens</a> are, yet some care must be taken when selecting their inks. Contemporary fountain pen inks are almost exclusively <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a>-based because <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> particles usually clog the narrow passages.<sup id="cite_ref-pen_fountain_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pen_fountain-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gold_spot_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold_spot-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">iron gall inks</a> intended for dip pens are not suitable for fountain pens as they will corrode the pen (a phenomenon known as flash corrosion) and destroy the functionality of the fountain pen.<sup id="cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.richardspens.com_inks-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, modern surrogate iron gall formulas are offered for fountain pens. These modern iron gall inks contain a small amount of ferro gallic compounds that are gentler for the inside of a fountain pen, but can still be corrosive if left in the pen for a long period.<sup id="cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.richardspens.com_inks-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid corrosion on delicate metal parts and ink clogging, a more thorough than usual cleaning regime – which requires the ink to be flushed out regularly with water – is sometimes advised by manufacturers or resellers.<sup id="cite_ref-maintenance_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maintenance-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pigmented inks do exist for fountain pens, such as "Carbon Black" and "Chou Kuro" made by the brand Platinum as well as Rohrer & Klingner and De Atramentis inks from Germany, but these are uncommon. Normal <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> cannot be used in fountain pens because it contains <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> as a binder which would very quickly clog such pens.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inks ideally should be fairly free-flowing, free of sediment, and non-corrosive, though this generally excludes permanence and prevents large-scale commercial use of some colored dyes. Proper care and selection of ink will prevent most problems.<sup id="cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.richardspens.com_inks-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelikano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pelikano.jpg/220px-Pelikano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pelikano.jpg/330px-Pelikano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pelikano.jpg/440px-Pelikano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2489" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>A 1970s model metal and plastic fountain pen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilot_Varsity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pilot_Varsity.jpg/220px-Pilot_Varsity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pilot_Varsity.jpg/330px-Pilot_Varsity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pilot_Varsity.jpg/440px-Pilot_Varsity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="3852" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)" title="Pilot (pen company)">Pilot</a> Varsity, an inexpensive disposable fountain pen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NoodlerPistonFillFountainPen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/NoodlerPistonFillFountainPen.jpg/220px-NoodlerPistonFillFountainPen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/NoodlerPistonFillFountainPen.jpg/330px-NoodlerPistonFillFountainPen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/NoodlerPistonFillFountainPen.jpg/440px-NoodlerPistonFillFountainPen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A modern celluloid fountain pen fitted with a vintage nib</figcaption></figure> <p>While no longer the primary writing instrument in modern times, fountain pens are used for important official works such as signing valuable documents.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, fountain pens are often treated as <a href="/wiki/Luxury_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury good">luxury goods</a> and sometimes as <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbols</a>. Fountain pens may serve as an everyday writing instrument, much like the common <a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen" title="Ballpoint pen">ballpoint pen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gentleman_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentleman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Good quality steel and gold pens are available inexpensively today, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and there are "disposable" fountain pens such as the <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)#Fountain_pens" title="Pilot (pen company)">Pilot Varsity</a>. In France and Germany, in particular, the use of fountain pens is widespread, since in many European countries children still begin to learn writing with this kind of writing device. To avoid mistakes, special ink can be used that can be made invisible by applying an <a href="/wiki/Ink_eraser" title="Ink eraser">ink eraser</a>. </p><p>Fountain pens can serve various artistic purposes such as expressive <a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">penmanship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, pen and ink artwork, and professional art and design. Many users also favor the perceived elegance, personalization, and sentimentality associated with fountain pens,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which computers and ballpoint pens seem to lack,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often state that once they start using fountain pens, ballpoints become awkward to use due to the extra motor effort needed and lack of expressiveness. For ergonomics, fountain pens may relieve physiological stress from writing; alternatives such as the ballpoint pen can induce more pain and damage to those with arthritis. Some also believe they could improve academic performance. </p><p>In some countries, fountain pens are usual in lower school grades, believed to teach children better control over writing as many common mistakes of people not used to handwriting (like too much pressure or incorrect hold) feel unnatural or are almost impossible when using traditional pen tips.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern-ftn-pen-cursive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Modern-ftn-pen-cursive.jpg/220px-Modern-ftn-pen-cursive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Modern-ftn-pen-cursive.jpg/330px-Modern-ftn-pen-cursive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Modern-ftn-pen-cursive.jpg/440px-Modern-ftn-pen-cursive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A modern fountain pen, writing in <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> script</figcaption></figure> <p>Fountain pens are a popular collectable. Fancier pens have been made of <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a> and sometimes even inlaid with <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">jewels</a>. Some are decorated with lacquer, including Japanese <a href="/wiki/Maki-e" title="Maki-e">maki-e</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avid communities of pen enthusiasts collect and use <a href="/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">antique</a> and modern pens and also collect and exchange information about old and modern inks, ink bottles, and <a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">inkwells</a>. Collectors may decide to use the antiques in addition to showcasing them in closed spaces such as glass displays.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News outlets report that rather than declining, fountain pen sales have been steadily rising over the last decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_are_fountain_pen_sales_rising_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_are_fountain_pen_sales_rising-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a clear resurgence in the appeal and culture of the fountain pen, whether for purposes of collection, enjoyment or as a "lifestyle item".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many agree that the "personal touch" of a fountain pen has led to such a resurgence with modern consumers looking for an alternative in a world of digital products and services.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> reported "sales so far this year [2012] have doubled compared with the same period in 2011. They are four times higher than 2010."<sup id="cite_ref-Why_are_fountain_pen_sales_rising_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_are_fountain_pen_sales_rising-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of fountain pens continues to show growth. The market-research firm Euromonitor reported that fountain pen retail sales were up 2.1% in 2016 from a year earlier, reaching $1.046 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrator_pen" title="Demonstrator pen">Demonstrator pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen_inks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fountain pen inks">Fountain pen inks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">Inkwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAMPETH" class="mw-redirect" title="IAMPETH">IAMPETH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fountain_pen_and_ink_manufacturers" title="Category:Fountain pen and ink manufacturers">Category: Fountain pen and ink manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pen_types,_brands_and_companies" title="List of pen types, brands and companies">List of pen types, brands and companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_about_pen_and_ink" title="List of terms about pen and ink">List of terms about pen and ink</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/fillers.htm">"Filling Systems: Overview of How They Work and How to Fill Them"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728213527/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/fillers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Filling+Systems%3A+Overview+of+How+They+Work+and+How+to+Fill+Them&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Ffillers%2Ffillers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1981" class="citation journal cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1981). "A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Semitic_Studies" title="Journal of Semitic Studies">Journal of Semitic Studies</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2F26.2.229">10.1093/jss/26.2.229</a>. <q>...not more than a few days passed before the craftsman, to whom the construction of this contrivance had been described, brought in the pen, fashioned from gold. He then filled it with ink and wrote with it, and it really did write. The pen released a little more ink than was necessary. Hence al-Mu'izz ordered that it should be adjusted slightly, and he did this. He brought forward the pen and behold, it turned out to be a pen which can be turned upside down in the hand and tipped from side to side, and no trace of ink appears from it. When a secretary takes up the pen and writes with it, he is able to write in the most elegant script that could possibly be desired; then, when he lifts the pen off the sheet of writing material, it holds in the ink. I observed that it was a wonderful piece of work, the like of which I had never imagined I would ever see.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Mediaeval+Islamic+Prototype+of+the+Fountain+Pen%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2F26.2.229&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tusc_Lape-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tusc_Lape_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tusciaweb.eu/2011/09/la-penna-di-leonardo-alla-sala-regia/">"La penna di Leonardo alla sala regia"</a>. <i>Tusciaweb.eu</i> (in Italian). September 7, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801103126/http://www.tusciaweb.eu/2011/09/la-penna-di-leonardo-alla-sala-regia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tusciaweb.eu&rft.atitle=La+penna+di+Leonardo+alla+sala+regia&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tusciaweb.eu%2F2011%2F09%2Fla-penna-di-leonardo-alla-sala-regia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwenter, Daniel, <i>Deliciae physico-mathematicae</i> … (Nürnberg, (Germany): Jeremias Dümler, 1636), vol. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wINSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA519">pp. 519–520</a> <i>"Die III Auffgab. Ein schön Secret, eine Feder zu zurichten, welche Dinten hält, und so viel lässet als man bedürfftig."</i> (The third exercise. A nice secret: to prepare a pen which holds ink and lets [flow] as much as one requires. [with illustration])</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPepys1663" class="citation book cs1">Pepys, Samuel (August 1663). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/"><i>Diary entries from August 1663 (Pepys' Diary)</i></a>. Samuel Pepys. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019052127/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+entries+from+August+1663+%28Pepys%27+Diary%29&rft.pub=Samuel+Pepys&rft.date=1663-08&rft.aulast=Pepys&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepysdiary.com%2Farchive%2F1663%2F08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hester_Dorsey_Richardson_1913,_pp._216-217-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hester_Dorsey_Richardson_1913,_pp._216-217_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hester_Dorsey_Richardson_1913,_pp._216-217_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1913" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Hester Dorsey (1913). "Chapter XLVII: The Fountain Pen in the Time of Charles II". <i>Side-lights on Maryland History, with Sketches of Early Maryland Families</i>. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">216–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8063-1468-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8063-1468-0"><bdi>0-8063-1468-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XLVII%3A+The+Fountain+Pen+in+the+Time+of+Charles+II&rft.btitle=Side-lights+on+Maryland+History%2C+with+Sketches+of+Early+Maryland+Families&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins+Co.&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=0-8063-1468-0&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Hester+Dorsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Henry, <i>Commentary on the Whole Bible</i>, Zechariah iv. 2 (1710), describing a type of self-replenishing oil lamp: "Without any further Care they [i.e. the lamps] received Oil as fast as they wasted it, ('as in those which we call Fountain Inkhorns, or Fountain Pens')".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vintage_Pens_Website-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vintage_Pens_Website_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagepens.com/FAQhistory/who_invented_fountain_pen.shtml">"Who Invented The Fountain Pen?"</a>. <i>Vintage Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111232738/https://www.vintagepens.com/FAQhistory/who_invented_fountain_pen.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Pens&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+The+Fountain+Pen%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepens.com%2FFAQhistory%2Fwho_invented_fountain_pen.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Best_Fountain_Pen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Best_Fountain_Pen_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Best_Fountain_Pen_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007031251/https://www.bestfountainpen.com/who-invented-the-fountain-pen/">"Who Invented The Fountain Pen?"</a>. Best Fountain Pen. 2015-01-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestfountainpen.com/who-invented-the-fountain-pen">the original</a> on 2016-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Invented+The+Fountain+Pen%3F&rft.pub=Best+Fountain+Pen&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestfountainpen.com%2Fwho-invented-the-fountain-pen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Perry_and_Co">"Perry and Co"</a>. <i>Grace's Guide</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160703134218/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Perry_and_Co">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grace%27s+Guide&rft.atitle=Perry+and+Co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracesguide.co.uk%2FPerry_and_Co&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghamheritage.org.uk/pentrade.html">"Birmingham Heritage"</a>. <i>www.birminghamheritage.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210215601/http://www.birminghamheritage.org.uk/pentrade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.birminghamheritage.org.uk&rft.atitle=Birmingham+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamheritage.org.uk%2Fpentrade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Manufacture of Steel Pens in Birmingham". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i>. <b>18</b> (471). 22 February 1851.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=The+Manufacture+of+Steel+Pens+in+Birmingham&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=471&rft.date=1851-02-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (London, England), 15 September 1885, p. 6: Obituary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/in-depth/late-great-engineers-robert-william-thomson-of-aerial-wheels-and-fountain-pens/">"The Engineer - Late, great engineers: Robert William Thomson - of aerial wheels and fountain pens"</a>. <i>The Engineer</i>. 18 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Engineer&rft.atitle=The+Engineer+-+Late%2C+great+engineers%3A+Robert+William+Thomson+-+of+aerial+wheels+and+fountain+pens&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theengineer.co.uk%2Fcontent%2Fin-depth%2Flate-great-engineers-robert-william-thomson-of-aerial-wheels-and-fountain-pens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagepens.com/stylos.shtml">"Stylographic Pens"</a>. <i>Vintage Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812093737/http://www.vintagepens.com/stylos.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Pens&rft.atitle=Stylographic+Pens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepens.com%2Fstylos.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ"><i>Scientific American, "Fountain Pens"</i></a>. Munn & Company. 1878-08-10. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+American%2C+%22Fountain+Pens%22&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Munn+%26+Company&rft.date=1878-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp4o9AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/ref/misc/significant.htm">"Significant Pens of the Twentieth Century"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820183604/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/misc/significant.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Significant+Pens+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2Fref%2Fmisc%2Fsignificant.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dropper-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dropper_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dropper_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dropper_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/ed.htm">"Filling System Histories: Here's Mud in Your Eye(dropper)"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820160516/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/ed.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Filling+System+Histories%3A+Here%27s+Mud+in+Your+Eye%28dropper%29&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Ffillers%2Fed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagepens.com/filling_instructions_twist-fillers.shtml">"Filling Instructions: Twist-Fillers"</a>. <i>Vintage Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727232826/http://www.vintagepens.com/filling_instructions_twist-fillers.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Pens&rft.atitle=Filling+Instructions%3A+Twist-Fillers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepens.com%2Ffilling_instructions_twist-fillers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hisnibs.com/crescent.htm">"Crescent Filler"</a>. <i>His Nibs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810181614/http://www.hisnibs.com/crescent.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=His+Nibs&rft.atitle=Crescent+Filler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hisnibs.com%2Fcrescent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Binder_Lever-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Binder_Lever_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binder_Lever_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/lever.htm">"Filling System Histories: Lever Look Back"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820154219/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/lever.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Filling+System+Histories%3A+Lever+Look+Back&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Ffillers%2Flever.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/ref/fillers/twist.htm">"Fillers: Wring It Out!"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160929062831/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/fillers/twist.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Fillers%3A+Wring+It+Out%21&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2Fref%2Ffillers%2Ftwist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagepens.com/safety_pens.shtml">"Safety Pens"</a>. <i>Vintage Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812133147/http://www.vintagepens.com/safety_pens.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Pens&rft.atitle=Safety+Pens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepens.com%2Fsafety_pens.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintagepens.com/middle-joint_eyedroppers.shtml">"Middle-Joint, End-Joint & 'Jointless' Eyedroppers"</a>. <i>www.vintagepens.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307205609/https://www.vintagepens.com/middle-joint_eyedroppers.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vintagepens.com&rft.atitle=Middle-Joint%2C+End-Joint+%26+%27Jointless%27+Eyedroppers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepens.com%2Fmiddle-joint_eyedroppers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagepens.com/Waterman_safeties.shtml">"Waterman Safeties"</a>. <i>Vintage Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812103350/http://www.vintagepens.com/Waterman_safeties.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Pens&rft.atitle=Waterman+Safeties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepens.com%2FWaterman_safeties.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/ref/design/safeties.htm">"Design Features: Safety Pens"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812184515/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/design/safeties.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Design+Features%3A+Safety+Pens&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2Fref%2Fdesign%2Fsafeties.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goodwriterspens.com/2011/05/07/the-mabie-todd-swan-safety-screw-cap-eyedropper-filler/">"The Mabie Todd Swan Safety Screw Cap Eyedropper Filler"</a>. <i>Good Writers' Pens</i>. 7 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816212438/https://goodwriterspens.com/2011/05/07/the-mabie-todd-swan-safety-screw-cap-eyedropper-filler/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Good+Writers%27+Pens&rft.atitle=The+Mabie+Todd+Swan+Safety+Screw+Cap+Eyedropper+Filler&rft.date=2011-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoodwriterspens.com%2F2011%2F05%2F07%2Fthe-mabie-todd-swan-safety-screw-cap-eyedropper-filler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPropas" class="citation web cs1">Propas, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160726185620/http://www.thepenguinpen.com/pelikan/pelikan_history.jsp">"The PENguin – Pelikan, Parker and Other High Quality Fountain Pens"</a>. <i>The PENguin</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepenguinpen.com/pelikan/pelikan_history.jsp">the original</a> on 2016-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+PENguin&rft.atitle=The+PENguin+%E2%80%93+Pelikan%2C+Parker+and+Other+High+Quality+Fountain+Pens&rft.aulast=Propas&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepenguinpen.com%2Fpelikan%2Fpelikan_history.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pelikan.com/pulse/Pulsar/en_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699./the-piston-filling-mechanism">"1929–1950 – The piston filling mechanism – Pelikan"</a>. <i>Pelikan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828191709/http://www.pelikan.com/pulse/Pulsar/en_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699./the-piston-filling-mechanism">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pelikan&rft.atitle=1929%E2%80%931950+%E2%80%93+The+piston+filling+mechanism+%E2%80%93+Pelikan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pelikan.com%2Fpulse%2FPulsar%2Fen_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699.%2Fthe-piston-filling-mechanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNishimura" class="citation web cs1">Nishimura, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintagepens.com/FAQmfr/celluloid.shtml">"What is celluloid, and why is it not the same as cellulose nitrate/nitrocellulose?"</a>. <i>Vintage Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812112154/http://www.vintagepens.com/FAQmfr/celluloid.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Pens&rft.atitle=What+is+celluloid%2C+and+why+is+it+not+the+same+as+cellulose+nitrate%2Fnitrocellulose%3F&rft.aulast=Nishimura&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepens.com%2FFAQmfr%2Fcelluloid.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parkerpens.net/duofold.html">"Parker Pens Penography: DUOFOLD"</a>. <i>Parker Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807185120/http://www.parkerpens.net/duofold.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parker+Pens&rft.atitle=Parker+Pens+Penography%3A+DUOFOLD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparkerpens.net%2Fduofold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/ref/profiles/vac.htm">"The Parker Vacumatic"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722230429/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/profiles/vac.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=The+Parker+Vacumatic&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2Fref%2Fprofiles%2Fvac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/ref/profiles/balance.htm">"Sheaffer's Balance"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160711154923/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/profiles/balance.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Sheaffer%27s+Balance&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2Fref%2Fprofiles%2Fbalance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepelikansperch.com/database/dating-a-pelikan/">"Dating a Pelikan"</a>. <i>The Pelikan's Perch</i>. 25 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818002747/https://thepelikansperch.com/database/dating-a-pelikan/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pelikan%27s+Perch&rft.atitle=Dating+a+Pelikan&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepelikansperch.com%2Fdatabase%2Fdating-a-pelikan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503114401/http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/history.html">"History of the pen"</a>. <i>Rick Conner</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/history.html">the original</a> on 3 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rick+Conner&rft.atitle=History+of+the+pen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rickconner.net%2Fpenspotters%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferSnorkel.htm">"Sheaffer Snorkel 1952–1959"</a>. <i>Pen Hero</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809215347/http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferSnorkel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pen+Hero&rft.atitle=Sheaffer+Snorkel+1952%E2%80%931959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penhero.com%2FPenGallery%2FSheaffer%2FSheafferSnorkel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esterbrook.net/j.shtml">"J Series Pens"</a>. <i>Esterbrook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729045845/http://www.esterbrook.net/j.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esterbrook&rft.atitle=J+Series+Pens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esterbrook.net%2Fj.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectorsweekly.com/pens/overview">"Pens – Overview"</a>. <i>Collectors Weekly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727003603/http://www.collectorsweekly.com/pens/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collectors+Weekly&rft.atitle=Pens+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectorsweekly.com%2Fpens%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPidd2011" class="citation web cs1">Pidd, Helen (29 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/29/germany-teachers-handwriting-schools-schreibschrift">"German teachers campaign to simplify handwriting in schools"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130111433/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/29/germany-teachers-handwriting-schools-schreibschrift">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=German+teachers+campaign+to+simplify+handwriting+in+schools&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.aulast=Pidd&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjun%2F29%2Fgermany-teachers-handwriting-schools-schreibschrift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/09/fountain-pen-hi-low/">"When Buying Fountain Pens, Splurging (a Little) Is Totally Worth It"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. Condé Nast. September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160720211839/http://www.wired.com/2014/09/fountain-pen-hi-low">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=When+Buying+Fountain+Pens%2C+Splurging+%28a+Little%29+Is+Totally+Worth+It&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F09%2Ffountain-pen-hi-low%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCacciola2024" class="citation news cs1">Cacciola, Scott (1 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/01/style/lamy-dark-lilac-ink.html">"Intrigue, Ink and Drama Grip the Fountain Pen Community"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240923151825/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/01/style/lamy-dark-lilac-ink.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 Oct</span> 2024</span>. <q>the regal fountain pen... has enjoyed a modest resurgence in recent years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Intrigue%2C+Ink+and+Drama+Grip+the+Fountain+Pen+Community&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft.aulast=Cacciola&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F03%2F01%2Fstyle%2Flamy-dark-lilac-ink.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrocklehurst2012" class="citation news cs1">Brocklehurst, Steven (2012-05-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18071830">"Why are fountain pen sales rising?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824051703/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18071830">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+are+fountain+pen+sales+rising%3F&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.aulast=Brocklehurst&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18071830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-explain-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-explain_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-explain_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-explain_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-fountain-pens-work.html">"How Fountain Pens Work"</a>. <i>Explain That Stuff</i>. 21 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425172219/https://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-fountain-pens-work.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explain+That+Stuff&rft.atitle=How+Fountain+Pens+Work&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explainthatstuff.com%2Fhow-fountain-pens-work.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/feeds/evolution.htm">"Feeds: Revolution, Evolution, and Devolution"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820172457/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/feeds/evolution.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Feeds%3A+Revolution%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Devolution&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Ffeeds%2Fevolution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilmour2012" class="citation web cs1">Gilmour, Jono (25 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802030948/http://www.pentorium.com/2012/08/25/fountain-pen-guide-series-session-1-nibs-feeds-and-how-they-come-together/">"Fountain Pen Guide Series, Session 1: Nibs, Feeds, and How They Come Together"</a>. <i>Pentorium</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pentorium.com/2012/08/25/fountain-pen-guide-series-session-1-nibs-feeds-and-how-they-come-together/">the original</a> on 2 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pentorium&rft.atitle=Fountain+Pen+Guide+Series%2C+Session+1%3A+Nibs%2C+Feeds%2C+and+How+They+Come+Together&rft.date=2012-08-25&rft.aulast=Gilmour&rft.aufirst=Jono&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pentorium.com%2F2012%2F08%2F25%2Ffountain-pen-guide-series-session-1-nibs-feeds-and-how-they-come-together%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731192436/https://fountainpendesign.wordpress.com/the-feed/fountain-pen-feed-design-test-criteria/feeds-made-of-plastic/">"Feeds made of Plastic"</a>. <i>Fountain Pen Design</i>. 26 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fountainpendesign.wordpress.com/the-feed/fountain-pen-feed-design-test-criteria/feeds-made-of-plastic/">the original</a> on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fountain+Pen+Design&rft.atitle=Feeds+made+of+Plastic&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffountainpendesign.wordpress.com%2Fthe-feed%2Ffountain-pen-feed-design-test-criteria%2Ffeeds-made-of-plastic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConner" class="citation web cs1">Conner, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812205955/http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/construction.html">"Construction of a fountain pen"</a>. <i>Rick Conner</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/construction.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rick+Conner&rft.atitle=Construction+of+a+fountain+pen&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rickconner.net%2Fpenspotters%2Fconstruction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMathurMathurMathur2014" class="citation book cs1">Mathur, P.; Mathur, K.; Mathur, S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developments+and+Changes+in+Science+Based+Technologies&rft.pub=Partridge&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-1398-2&rft.aulast=Mathur&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Mathur%2C+K.&rft.au=Mathur%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2mCEAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.richardspens.com_materials-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_materials_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_materials_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_materials_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_materials_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/materials.htm">"To the Point: Nib Materials"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820151729/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/materials.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=To+the+Point%3A+Nib+Materials&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Fttp%2Fmaterials.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penheaven.co.uk/blog/steel-vs-gold-fountain-pen-nibs/">"Steel vs. Gold Fountain Pen Nibs"</a>. <i>Pen Heaven</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124043551/https://www.penheaven.co.uk/blog/steel-vs-gold-fountain-pen-nibs/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pen+Heaven&rft.atitle=Steel+vs.+Gold+Fountain+Pen+Nibs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penheaven.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fsteel-vs-gold-fountain-pen-nibs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801132835/http://www.nibs.com/article4.html">"Where's the Iridium?"</a>. <i>The Nibster</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibs.com/article4.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nibster&rft.atitle=Where%27s+the+Iridium%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibs.com%2Farticle4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMottishaw,_J.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mottishaw, J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibs.com/article5.html">"How can we talk about Iridium?"</a>. <i>The PENnant</i>. <b>XIII</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205042055/http://www.nibs.com/article5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+PENnant&rft.atitle=How+can+we+talk+about+Iridium%3F&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Mottishaw%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibs.com%2Farticle5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Binder_Nibs_I-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Binder_Nibs_I_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binder_Nibs_I_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/nibs/primer.htm">"Nibs I: The Basics"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718094031/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/nibs/primer.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Nibs+I%3A+The+Basics&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Fnibs%2Fprimer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/music.htm">"To the Point: Making Music with a Pen"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514013226/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/music.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=To+the+Point%3A+Making+Music+with+a+Pen&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Fttp%2Fmusic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcccw.org/nikkei-news/2023/2/22/personalizing-a-fountain-pen-nib-filling-systems-and-maintenance#:~:text=As%20a%20general%20rule,%20Japanese,fine%20or%20medium%20fine%20nib.">"Personalizing a Fountain Pen: Nib, Filling Systems and Maintenance"</a>. <i>Japanese Cultural & Community Center of Washington Seattle</i>. 2023-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Cultural+%26+Community+Center+of+Washington+Seattle&rft.atitle=Personalizing+a+Fountain+Pen%3A+Nib%2C+Filling+Systems+and+Maintenance&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcccw.org%2Fnikkei-news%2F2023%2F2%2F22%2Fpersonalizing-a-fountain-pen-nib-filling-systems-and-maintenance%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAs%2520a%2520general%2520rule%2C%2520Japanese%2Cfine%2520or%2520medium%2520fine%2520nib.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagepen.net/grading-flex-nibs.html">"Grading Flex Nibs"</a>. <i>VintagePen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427121120/http://www.vintagepen.net/grading-flex-nibs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VintagePen&rft.atitle=Grading+Flex+Nibs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepen.net%2Fgrading-flex-nibs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/xf/2011/05.htm">"Rethinking The Value of Steel Nibs"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426190014/http://www.richardspens.com/xf/2011/05.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Rethinking+The+Value+of+Steel+Nibs&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2Fxf%2F2011%2F05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gentleman-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gentleman_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentleman_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentleman_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentleman_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/fountain-pen-guide/">"Fountain Pen Guide"</a>. <i>Gentleman's Gazette</i>. 8 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015410/https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/fountain-pen-guide/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gentleman%27s+Gazette&rft.atitle=Fountain+Pen+Guide&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gentlemansgazette.com%2Ffountain-pen-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=xf/2011/05.htm">"To the Point: Steal the Steel"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820172945/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=xf/2011/05.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=To+the+Point%3A+Steal+the+Steel&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dxf%2F2011%2F05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofmanliness.com/2015/11/19/writing-with-history-how-to-collect-and-buy-vintage-fountain-pens/">"How to Collect and Buy Vintage Fountain Pens"</a>. <i>The Art of Manliness</i>. 19 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312064300/https://www.artofmanliness.com/2015/11/19/writing-with-history-how-to-collect-and-buy-vintage-fountain-pens/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+of+Manliness&rft.atitle=How+to+Collect+and+Buy+Vintage+Fountain+Pens&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artofmanliness.com%2F2015%2F11%2F19%2Fwriting-with-history-how-to-collect-and-buy-vintage-fountain-pens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parkerpens.net/parker61.html">"Parker 61"</a>. <i>ParkerPens.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730165204/https://parkerpens.net/parker61.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ParkerPens.net&rft.atitle=Parker+61&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparkerpens.net%2Fparker61.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parkerpens.net/parker100.html">"Parker 100"</a>. <i>ParkerPens.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027074540/https://parkerpens.net/parker100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ParkerPens.net&rft.atitle=Parker+100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparkerpens.net%2Fparker100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unsharpen.com/pen/lamy-2000-fountain-pen/">"Lamy 2000 Fountain Pen"</a>. <i>Unsharpen.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731141819/https://unsharpen.com/pen/lamy-2000-fountain-pen/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unsharpen.com&rft.atitle=Lamy+2000+Fountain+Pen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funsharpen.com%2Fpen%2Flamy-2000-fountain-pen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/hood.htm">"To the Point: Nibz 'n the Hood"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820174817/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/hood.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=To+the+Point%3A+Nibz+%27n+the+Hood&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Fttp%2Fhood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.gouletpens.com/2017/10/what-is-purpose-of-hooded-nib/">"What is the Purpose of a Hooded Nib?"</a>. 11 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125071628/https://blog.gouletpens.com/2017/10/what-is-purpose-of-hooded-nib/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Purpose+of+a+Hooded+Nib%3F&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.gouletpens.com%2F2017%2F10%2Fwhat-is-purpose-of-hooded-nib%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/ref/design/integral_nibs.htm">"Design Features: Integral Nibs"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820155146/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/design/integral_nibs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Design+Features%3A+Integral+Nibs&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2Fref%2Fdesign%2Fintegral_nibs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/capillary.htm">"Filling System Histories: Capillary Pens – the Perfect Filler?"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001448/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/capillary.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Filling+System+Histories%3A+Capillary+Pens+%E2%80%93+the+Perfect+Filler%3F&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Ffillers%2Fcapillary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagepens.com/Conklin_crescent_fillers.shtml">"Conklin Crescent Fillers"</a>. <i>Vintage Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812093309/http://www.vintagepens.com/Conklin_crescent_fillers.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Pens&rft.atitle=Conklin+Crescent+Fillers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepens.com%2FConklin_crescent_fillers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715121244/http://www.conklinpens.com/crescent_filler_collection_page.html">"Conklin – Crescent Filler Collection"</a>. <i>Conklin Pens</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conklinpens.com/crescent_filler_collection_page.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conklin+Pens&rft.atitle=Conklin+%E2%80%93+Crescent+Filler+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conklinpens.com%2Fcrescent_filler_collection_page.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snorkel-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snorkel_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferSnorkel.htm">"Sheaffer Snorkel 1952–1959"</a>. <i>Pen Hero</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809215347/http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferSnorkel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pen+Hero&rft.atitle=Sheaffer+Snorkel+1952%E2%80%931959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penhero.com%2FPenGallery%2FSheaffer%2FSheafferSnorkel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepelikansperch.com/2020/10/02/pelikan-piston-patent-de457462/">"The Patent That Launched A Fountain Pen Empire"</a>. <i>thepelikanperch</i>. 2 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thepelikanperch&rft.atitle=The+Patent+That+Launched+A+Fountain+Pen+Empire&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepelikansperch.com%2F2020%2F10%2F02%2Fpelikan-piston-patent-de457462%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pelikan.com/pulse/Pulsar/en_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699./the-piston-filling-mechanism">"1929–1950 – The piston filling mechanism"</a>. <i>Pelikan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828191709/http://www.pelikan.com/pulse/Pulsar/en_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699./the-piston-filling-mechanism">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pelikan&rft.atitle=1929%E2%80%931950+%E2%80%93+The+piston+filling+mechanism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pelikan.com%2Fpulse%2FPulsar%2Fen_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699.%2Fthe-piston-filling-mechanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferTouchdownGuide.htm">"PenHero.com – PenGallery – Sheaffer Touchdown Filling System"</a>. <i>Pen Hero</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813193804/http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferTouchdownGuide.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pen+Hero&rft.atitle=PenHero.com+%E2%80%93+PenGallery+%E2%80%93+Sheaffer+Touchdown+Filling+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penhero.com%2FPenGallery%2FSheaffer%2FSheafferTouchdownGuide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/repair/touchdown.htm">"How to Restore the Touchdown Filling System"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001530/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/repair/touchdown.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=How+to+Restore+the+Touchdown+Filling+System&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Frepair%2Ftouchdown.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatch1956" class="citation journal cs1">Match, Richard (September 1956). "Things you never knew about your pen". <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>. <b>169</b> (3). New York: 278. <q>it drinks its fill automatically, by a reverse application of our old friend capillary action</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Things+you+never+knew+about+your+pen&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=278&rft.date=1956-09&rft.aulast=Match&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConner2005" class="citation web cs1">Conner, Rick (2005-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011155054/http://www.rickconner.net/penoply/park.06.html">"Parker 61"</a>. <i>PRick Conner</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickconner.net/penoply/park.06.html">the original</a> on 2008-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PRick+Conner&rft.atitle=Parker+61&rft.date=2005-01-20&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rickconner.net%2Fpenoply%2Fpark.06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richardspens.com-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richardspens.com_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richardspens.com_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/design/what_thinking.htm">"Design Features: What Were They Thinking?"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820164747/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/design/what_thinking.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Design+Features%3A+What+Were+They+Thinking%3F&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Fdesign%2Fwhat_thinking.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNishimura,_David" class="citation web cs1">Nishimura, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintagepens.com/early_cartridge_pens.shtm">"Early Cartridge Pens"</a>. <i>Vintage Pens</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Pens&rft.atitle=Early+Cartridge+Pens&rft.au=Nishimura%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagepens.com%2Fearly_cartridge_pens.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goulet_video-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goulet_video_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goulet_video_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoulet2016" class="citation web cs1">Goulet, Brian (30 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x571al6Y9D4">"Who Invented Standard International Cartridges? – Q&A Slices"</a>. <i>YouTube (Goulet Pens)</i>. Goulet Pens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/x571al6Y9D4">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube+%28Goulet+Pens%29&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+Standard+International+Cartridges%3F+%E2%80%93+Q%26A+Slices&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=Goulet&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dx571al6Y9D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibs.com/fountain-pen-converters.htm">"Fountain Pen Converters"</a>. <i>Nibs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715074547/http://www.nibs.com/fountain-pen-converters.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nibs&rft.atitle=Fountain+Pen+Converters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibs.com%2Ffountain-pen-converters.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibs.com/FAQInkCartridges.htm">"Which Ink Cartridges Can Be Used With Which Fountain Pens?"</a>. <i>Nibs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728165358/http://www.nibs.com/FAQInkCartridges.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nibs&rft.atitle=Which+Ink+Cartridges+Can+Be+Used+With+Which+Fountain+Pens%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibs.com%2FFAQInkCartridges.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nibs_cartridges-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nibs_cartridges_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nibs_cartridges_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibs.com/fountain-pen-ink-cartridges.htm">"Fountain Pen Ink Cartridges"</a>. <i>Nibs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724060403/http://www.nibs.com/fountain-pen-ink-cartridges.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nibs&rft.atitle=Fountain+Pen+Ink+Cartridges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibs.com%2Ffountain-pen-ink-cartridges.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.richardspens.com_inks-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.richardspens.com_inks_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/care/inks.htm">"Inks: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly"</a>. <i>Richard Binder's Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727070339/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/care/inks.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Binder%27s+Pens&rft.atitle=Inks%3A+The+Good%2C+the+Bad%2C+and+the+Ugly&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardspens.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dref%2Fcare%2Finks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold_spot-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gold_spot_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold_spot_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldspotpens.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/cartridge-vs-converter.html">"Cartridge vs. converter"</a>. <i>Goldspot Pens</i>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817085543/https://goldspotpens.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/cartridge-vs-converter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goldspot+Pens&rft.atitle=Cartridge+vs.+converter&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoldspotpens.blogspot.co.uk%2F2010%2F11%2Fcartridge-vs-converter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pen_fountain-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pen_fountain_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pen_fountain_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penfountain.wordpress.com/2010/09/11/fountain-pen-inks-arent-all-the-same/">"Fountain pen inks aren't all the same"</a>. <i>Penfountain</i>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110227115314/http://penfountain.wordpress.com/2010/09/11/fountain-pen-inks-arent-all-the-same/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penfountain&rft.atitle=Fountain+pen+inks+aren%27t+all+the+same&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenfountain.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F09%2F11%2Ffountain-pen-inks-arent-all-the-same%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maintenance-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maintenance_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibs.com/PenMaintenance.htm">"Pen maintenance"</a>. <i>Nibs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808175217/http://www.nibs.com/PenMaintenance.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nibs&rft.atitle=Pen+maintenance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibs.com%2FPenMaintenance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCovington" class="citation web cs1">Covington, Michael A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.covingtoninnovations.com/pens/">"A Few Notes About Fountain Pens"</a>. <i>A Few Notes About Fountain Pens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122054439/http://covingtoninnovations.com/pens/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Few+Notes+About+Fountain+Pens&rft.atitle=A+Few+Notes+About+Fountain+Pens&rft.aulast=Covington&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.covingtoninnovations.com%2Fpens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/msolomon/2015/06/17/best-luxury-fountain-pens-2015/">"Seal the Deal: The Mightest Fountain Pens"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. 17 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504160440/https://www.forbes.com/sites/msolomon/2015/06/17/best-luxury-fountain-pens-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Seal+the+Deal%3A+The+Mightest+Fountain+Pens&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmsolomon%2F2015%2F06%2F17%2Fbest-luxury-fountain-pens-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoko_Hani2006" class="citation news cs1">Yoko Hani (24 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/12/24/to-be-sorted/find-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose">"Find out why a fountain pen 'personalizes' your prose"</a>. <i>Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405152838/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/12/24/to-be-sorted/find-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>the key word I was left with was 'personal' – not only because a fountain pen will over time change to suit your writing style, but because – unlike a typewriter or a keyboard – it will reflect your moods and feelings in the actual form of your writing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Find+out+why+a+fountain+pen+%27personalizes%27+your+prose&rft.date=2006-12-24&rft.au=Yoko+Hani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2006%2F12%2F24%2Fto-be-sorted%2Ffind-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoko_Hani2006" class="citation news cs1">Yoko Hani (24 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/12/24/to-be-sorted/find-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose">"Find out why a fountain pen 'personalizes' your prose"</a>. <i>Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405152838/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/12/24/to-be-sorted/find-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>the unique feature of fountain pens that differentiates them from workaday ballpoints – let alone pencils. Also, ballpoints are in their best condition when they are brand new, whereas fountain pens get better the more you use them, Toshifumi Iijima, another of the museum's staff explained.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Find+out+why+a+fountain+pen+%27personalizes%27+your+prose&rft.date=2006-12-24&rft.au=Yoko+Hani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2006%2F12%2F24%2Fto-be-sorted%2Ffind-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001111522/http://blog.gouletpens.com/2016/02/the-7-biggest-fountain-pen-mistakes.html">"Goulet Pens Blog: The 7 Biggest Fountain Pen Mistakes"</a>. <i>blog.gouletpens.com</i>. 2016-02-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.gouletpens.com/2016/02/the-7-biggest-fountain-pen-mistakes.html">the original</a> on 2017-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.gouletpens.com&rft.atitle=Goulet+Pens+Blog%3A+The+7+Biggest+Fountain+Pen+Mistakes&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.gouletpens.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fthe-7-biggest-fountain-pen-mistakes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030130746/http://www.pennamagazine.com/en/vintage_pens/namiki-maki-e-buyers-guide-_28">"Penna Magazine – Namiki Maki-e Guide"</a>. <i>Pen Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennamagazine.com/en/vintage_pens/namiki-maki-e-buyers-guide-_28">the original</a> on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pen+Magazine&rft.atitle=Penna+Magazine+%E2%80%93+Namiki+Maki-e+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennamagazine.com%2Fen%2Fvintage_pens%2Fnamiki-maki-e-buyers-guide-_28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2014" class="citation web cs1">Morrison, Lennox (10 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20141204-a-fascination-with-fountain-pens">"The fascination with fountain pens"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914164635/http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20141204-a-fascination-with-fountain-pens">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+fascination+with+fountain+pens&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Lennox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fcapital%2Fstory%2F20141204-a-fascination-with-fountain-pens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why_are_fountain_pen_sales_rising-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Why_are_fountain_pen_sales_rising_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Why_are_fountain_pen_sales_rising_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrocklehurst2012" class="citation news cs1">Brocklehurst, Steven (22 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18071830">"Why are fountain pen sales rising?"</a>. <i>BBC News Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616175549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18071830">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+are+fountain+pen+sales+rising%3F&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.aulast=Brocklehurst&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18071830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanham2007" class="citation news cs1">Canham, Jacqui (20 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/money/spend-save/write-way-to-earn-a-profit-fountain-pens-are-gaining-popularity-as-accessories-and-investments-5334080.html">"Write way to earn a profit: Fountain pens are gaining popularity as"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819231423/http://www.independent.co.uk/money/spend-save/write-way-to-earn-a-profit-fountain-pens-are-gaining-popularity-as-accessories-and-investments-5334080.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Write+way+to+earn+a+profit%3A+Fountain+pens+are+gaining+popularity+as&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft.aulast=Canham&rft.aufirst=Jacqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fmoney%2Fspend-save%2Fwrite-way-to-earn-a-profit-fountain-pens-are-gaining-popularity-as-accessories-and-investments-5334080.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2012" class="citation news cs1">Hall, James (23 May 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9283229/Fountain-pen-sales-double.html">"Fountain pen sales double"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9283229/Fountain-pen-sales-double.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fountain+pen+sales+double&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fretailandconsumer%2F9283229%2FFountain-pen-sales-double.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2017" class="citation web cs1">Patterson, Troy (6 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-fountain-pen-sales-20170206-story.html">"Fountain pen sales are surging, despite flat luxury global sales"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070257/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-fountain-pen-sales-20170206-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fountain+pen+sales+are+surging%2C+despite+flat+luxury+global+sales&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Troy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fbusiness%2Fct-fountain-pen-sales-20170206-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinlay1990" class="citation book cs1">Finlay, Michael (1990). <i>Western Writing Implements in the Age of the Quill Pen</i>. Wheteral: Plains Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872477-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-872477-00-3"><bdi>1-872477-00-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Writing+Implements+in+the+Age+of+the+Quill+Pen&rft.place=Wheteral&rft.pub=Plains+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-872477-00-3&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischlerSchneider1992" class="citation book cs1">Fischler, George; Schneider, Stuart (1992). <i>Fountain Pens and Pencils</i>. New York: Shiffer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88740-346-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88740-346-8"><bdi>0-88740-346-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fountain+Pens+and+Pencils&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Shiffer+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88740-346-8&rft.aulast=Fischler&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambrou2003" class="citation book cs1">Lambrou, Andreas (2003). <i>Fountain Pens of the World</i>. New York: Philip Wilson Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-302-00668-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-302-00668-0"><bdi>0-302-00668-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fountain+Pens+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Philip+Wilson+Publisher&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-302-00668-0&rft.aulast=Lambrou&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPark2013" class="citation book cs1">Park, JongJin (2013). <i>Fountain Pens</i>. Seoul: LBIG Media Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-94819-09-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-94819-09-9"><bdi>978-89-94819-09-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fountain+Pens&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=LBIG+Media+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-89-94819-09-9&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=JongJin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambrou2005" class="citation book cs1">Lambrou, Andreas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GyReAAAACAAJ&q=fountain+pen"><i>Fountain Pens of the World</i></a>. Wilson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85667-615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85667-615-4"><bdi>978-0-85667-615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fountain+Pens+of+the+World&rft.pub=Wilson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85667-615-4&rft.aulast=Lambrou&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGyReAAAACAAJ%26q%3Dfountain%2Bpen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErano2004" class="citation book cs1">Erano, Paul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzWeWMdXL2YC&q=fountain+pen"><i>Fountain Pens Past and Present</i></a>. Collector Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57432-385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57432-385-6"><bdi>978-1-57432-385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fountain+Pens+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Collector+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57432-385-6&rft.aulast=Erano&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzWeWMdXL2YC%26q%3Dfountain%2Bpen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFountain+pen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Czech Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth" title="Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth">Koh-i-Noor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Bic" class="mw-redirect" title="Société Bic">BIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)" title="Cartier (jeweler)">Cartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s" title="Hermès">Hermès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maped" title="Maped">Maped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardin" title="Pierre Cardin">Pierre Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._T._Dupont" title="S. T. Dupont">S. T. Dupont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Saint Laurent (brand)">Yves Saint Laurent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faber-Castell" title="Faber-Castell">Faber-Castell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graf_von_Faber-Castell" title="Graf von Faber-Castell">Graf von Faber-Castell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweco" title="Kaweco">Kaweco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamy" title="Lamy">Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montblanc_(company)" title="Montblanc (company)">Montblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelikan" title="Pelikan">Pelikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotring" title="Rotring">Rotring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwan-Stabilo" title="Schwan-Stabilo">Schwan-Stabilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelpark" title="Chelpark">Chelpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuyo_Camlin" title="Kokuyo Camlin">Kokuyo Camlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_(pen_company)" title="Luxor (pen company)">Luxor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Aurora (pen manufacturer)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montegrappa" title="Montegrappa">Montegrappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMAS" title="OMAS">OMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visconti_(company)" title="Visconti (company)">Visconti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namiki" title="Namiki">Namiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohto" title="Ohto">Ohto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentel" title="Pentel">Pentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)" title="Pilot (pen company)">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Pen_Company" title="Platinum Pen Company">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_(pen_company)" title="Sailor (pen company)">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombow" title="Tombow">Tombow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Zebra (pen manufacturer)">Zebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballograf" title="Ballograf">Ballograf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache_(company)" title="Caran d'Ache (company)">Caran d'Ache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berol" title="Berol">Berol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Stewart" title="Conway Stewart">Conway Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dunhill_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Dunhill Ltd.">Dunhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onoto_pens" title="Onoto pens">Onoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard-O-Led" title="Yard-O-Led">Yard-O-Led</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter%27s_Ink_Company" title="Carter's Ink Company">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Cross_Company" title="A. T. Cross Company">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterbrook" title="Esterbrook">Esterbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eversharp" title="Eversharp">Eversharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Pen_Company" title="Parker Pen Company">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheaffer" title="Sheaffer">Sheaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(art_products)" title="Speedball (art products)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterman_Pen_Company" title="Waterman Pen Company">Waterman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pen_manufacturers_and_brands556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pen_manufacturers" title="Template:Pen manufacturers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pen_manufacturers" title="Template talk:Pen manufacturers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pen_manufacturers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pen manufacturers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pen_manufacturers_and_brands556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">Pen</a> manufacturers and brands</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">Dip nibs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esterbrook" title="Esterbrook">Esterbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillott%27s" title="Gillott's">Gillott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweco" title="Kaweco">Kaweco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Leonardt_%26_Co." title="D. Leonardt & Co.">Leonardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macniven_and_Cameron" title="Macniven and Cameron">Macniven and Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Mason" title="Josiah Mason">Josiah Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_%26_Co." title="Perry & Co.">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(art_products)" title="Speedball (art products)">Hunt (Speedball)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Zebra (pen manufacturer)">Zebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen" title="Ballpoint pen">Ballpoint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballograf" title="Ballograf">Ballograf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berol" title="Berol">Berol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bic_(company)" title="Bic (company)">Bic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache_(company)" title="Caran d'Ache (company)">Caran d'Ache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Stewart" title="Conway Stewart">Conway Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Cross_Company" title="A. T. Cross Company">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_(company)" title="Deli (company)">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herlitz" title="Herlitz">Herlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweco" title="Kaweco">Kaweco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuyo_Camlin" title="Kokuyo Camlin">Kokuyo Camlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamy" title="Lamy">Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26G_Stationery" title="M&G Stationery">M&G Stationery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maped" title="Maped">Maped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monami" title="Monami">Monami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montblanc_(company)" title="Montblanc (company)">Montblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohto" title="Ohto">Ohto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_Mate" title="Paper Mate">Paper Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Pen_Company" title="Parker Pen Company">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelikan" title="Pelikan">Pelikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardin" title="Pierre Cardin">Pierre Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)" title="Pilot (pen company)">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_International_Pen_Company" title="Reynolds International Pen Company">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_(pen_company)" title="Sailor (pen company)">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakura_Color_Products_Corporation" title="Sakura Color Products Corporation">Sakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheaffer" title="Sheaffer">Sheaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwan-Stabilo" title="Schwan-Stabilo">Stabilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Stewart" title="Conway Stewart">Conway Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombow" title="Tombow">Tombow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOZ_Penkala" title="TOZ Penkala">TOZ Penkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni-ball" title="Uni-ball">Uni-ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard-O-Led" title="Yard-O-Led">Yard-O-Led</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Zebra (pen manufacturer)">Zebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fountain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Aurora (pen manufacturer)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berol" title="Berol">Berol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bic_(company)" title="Bic (company)">Bic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardin" title="Pierre Cardin">Pierre Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartier_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartier SA">Cartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache_(company)" title="Caran d'Ache (company)">Caran d'Ache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Stewart" title="Conway Stewart">Conway Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelpark" title="Chelpark">Chelpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Australia" title="Curtis Australia">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Stewart" title="Conway Stewart">Conway Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Cross_Company" title="A. T. Cross Company">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhill_(luxury_goods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhill (luxury goods)">Dunhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterbrook" title="Esterbrook">Esterbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eversharp" title="Eversharp">Eversharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber-Castell" title="Faber-Castell">Faber-Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Laroche" title="Guy Laroche">Guy Laroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s" title="Hermès">Hermès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Hero_Pen_Company" title="Shanghai Hero Pen Company">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweco" title="Kaweco">Kaweco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth" title="Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth">Koh-i-Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuyo_Camlin" title="Kokuyo Camlin">Kokuyo Camlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamy" title="Lamy">Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_(pen_company)" title="Luxor (pen company)">Luxor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maped" title="Maped">Maped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monami" title="Monami">Monami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montblanc_(company)" title="Montblanc (company)">Montblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montegrappa" title="Montegrappa">Montegrappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiki" title="Namiki">Namiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohto" title="Ohto">Ohto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMAS" title="OMAS">OMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onoto_pens" title="Onoto pens">Onoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Pen_Company" title="Parker Pen Company">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelikan" title="Pelikan">Pelikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penkala-Edmund_Moster_%26_Co." title="Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co.">Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentel" title="Pentel">Pentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)" title="Pilot (pen company)">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_International_Pen_Company" title="Reynolds International Pen Company">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotring" title="Rotring">Rotring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Saint Laurent (brand)">Yves Saint Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_(pen_company)" title="Sailor (pen company)">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheaffer" title="Sheaffer">Sheaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(art_products)" title="Speedball (art products)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwan-Stabilo" title="Schwan-Stabilo">Stabilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.T._Dupont" class="mw-redirect" title="S.T. Dupont">S.T. Dupont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOZ_Penkala" title="TOZ Penkala">TOZ Penkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombow" title="Tombow">Tombow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visconti_(pen_manufacturer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visconti (pen manufacturer)">Visconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterman_Pen_Company" title="Waterman Pen Company">Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard-O-Led" title="Yard-O-Led">Yard-O-Led</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rollerball_pen" title="Rollerball pen">Rollerball</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache_(company)" title="Caran d'Ache (company)">Caran d'Ache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Stewart" title="Conway Stewart">Conway Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardin" title="Pierre Cardin">Pierre Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_(company)" title="Deli (company)">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweco" title="Kaweco">Kaweco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuyo_Camlin" title="Kokuyo Camlin">Kokuyo Camlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26G_Stationery" title="M&G Stationery">M&G Stationery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monami" title="Monami">Monami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohto" title="Ohto">Ohto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentel" title="Pentel">Pentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)" title="Pilot (pen company)">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_International_Pen_Company" title="Reynolds International Pen Company">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakura_Color_Products_Corporation" title="Sakura Color Products Corporation">Sakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpie_(marker)" title="Sharpie (marker)">Sharpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheaffer" title="Sheaffer">Sheaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwan-Stabilo" title="Schwan-Stabilo">Stabilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni-ball" title="Uni-ball">Uni-ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gel_pen" title="Gel pen">Gel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bic_(company)" title="Bic (company)">Bic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayola" title="Crayola">Crayola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_(company)" title="Deli (company)">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26G_Stationery" title="M&G Stationery">M&G Stationery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maped" title="Maped">Maped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monami" title="Monami">Monami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji" title="Muji">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohto" title="Ohto">Ohto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_Mate" title="Paper Mate">Paper Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentel" title="Pentel">Pentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)" title="Pilot (pen company)">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_International_Pen_Company" title="Reynolds International Pen Company">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakura_Color_Products_Corporation" title="Sakura Color Products Corporation">Sakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpie_(marker)" title="Sharpie (marker)">Sharpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwan-Stabilo" title="Schwan-Stabilo">Stabilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni-ball" title="Uni-ball">Uni-ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Zebra (pen manufacturer)">Zebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fudepen" title="Fudepen">Brush pens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuretake_(art_products)" title="Kuretake (art products)">Kuretake</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentel" title="Pentel">Pentel</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">Markers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berol" title="Berol">Berol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache_(company)" title="Caran d'Ache (company)">Caran d'Ache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copic" title="Copic">Copic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayola" title="Crayola">Crayola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_(company)" title="Deli (company)">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herlitz" title="Herlitz">Herlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth" title="Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth">Koh-i-Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuyo_Camlin" title="Kokuyo Camlin">Kokuyo Camlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuretake_(art_products)" title="Kuretake (art products)">Kuretake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26G_Stationery" title="M&G Stationery">M&G Stationery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maped" title="Maped">Maped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monami" title="Monami">Monami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentel" title="Pentel">Pentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)" title="Pilot (pen company)">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakura_Color_Products_Corporation" title="Sakura Color Products Corporation">Sakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpie_(marker)" title="Sharpie (marker)">Sharpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwan-Stabilo" title="Schwan-Stabilo">Stabilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombow" title="Tombow">Tombow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni-ball" title="Uni-ball">Uni-ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Zebra (pen manufacturer)">Zebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Ink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bril" title="Bril">Bril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter%27s_Ink_Company" title="Carter's Ink Company">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Stewart" title="Conway Stewart">Conway Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelpark" title="Chelpark">Chelpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweco" title="Kaweco">Kaweco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth" title="Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth">Koh-i-Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuyo_Camlin" title="Kokuyo Camlin">Kokuyo Camlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuretake_(art_products)" title="Kuretake (art products)">Kuretake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelikan" title="Pelikan">Pelikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penkala-Edmund_Moster_%26_Co." title="Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co.">Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotring" title="Rotring">Rotring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOZ_Penkala" title="TOZ Penkala">TOZ Penkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winsor_%26_Newton" title="Winsor & Newton">Winsor & Newton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_pen" title="Technical pen">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotring" title="Rotring">Rotring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pen_trade" title="Birmingham pen trade">Birmingham pen trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting" title="Ink wash painting">Ink wash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettering" title="Lettering">Lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pen_types,_brands_and_companies" title="List of pen types, brands and companies">List of types, brands and companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayam" title="Narayam">Narayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">Pencil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencil" title="Mechanical pencil">mechanical pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Only <i>brush pens</i> with refillable ink cartridges are listed. <hr /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pen_manufacturers" title="Category:Pen manufacturers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pen_manufacturers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pen manufacturers">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pens48" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pens" title="Template:Pens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pens" title="Template talk:Pens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pens48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">Pens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_pen" title="Active pen">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen" title="Ballpoint pen">Ballpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudepen" title="Fudepen">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrator_pen" title="Demonstrator pen">Demonstrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_pen" title="Digital pen">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">Dip</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pen" title="Gel pen">Gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">Marker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">dry erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlighter" title="Highlighter">highlighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_marker" title="Paint marker">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_marker" title="Permanent marker">permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV_marker" title="UV marker">UV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">Quill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastrum" title="Rastrum">Rastrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollerball_pen" title="Rollerball pen">Rollerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_pen" title="Ruling pen">Ruling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pen" title="Skin pen">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">Stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_pen" title="Technical pen">Technical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desk_blotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Desk blotter">Ink blotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">Inkwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">Nib</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flex_nib" title="Flex nib">flex nib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penknife" title="Penknife">Penknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounce_(calligraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounce (calligraphy)">Pounce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Inks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alizarine_ink" title="Alizarine ink">Alizarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen_ink" title="Fountain pen ink">Fountain pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Iron gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pact_ink" title="Pact ink">Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark%27s_ink" title="Stark's ink">Stark's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_artwork" title="Ballpoint pen artwork">Ballpoint pen artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_knife" title="Ballpoint pen knife">Ballpoint pen knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_banknote_detection_pen" title="Counterfeit banknote detection pen">Counterfeit banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pen_trade" title="Birmingham pen trade">Birmingham pen trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Museum" title="Pen Museum">Pen Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_computing" title="Pen computing">Pen computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_painting" title="Pen painting">Pen painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_spinning" title="Pen spinning">Pen spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retipping" title="Retipping">Retipping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inking_(comic_book_production)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inking (comic book production)">Inking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Lettering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pen_types,_brands_and_companies" title="List of pen types, brands and companies">List of types, brands and companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">Pencil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencil" title="Mechanical pencil">Mechanical pencil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayam" title="Narayam">Narayam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>62 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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