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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Bangladesh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="বাংলাদেশে জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের প্রভাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলাদেশে জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের প্রভাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambio_clim%C3%A1tico_en_Banglad%C3%A9s" title="Cambio climático en Bangladés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cambio climático en Bangladés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubahan_iklim_di_Bangladesh" title="Perubahan iklim di Bangladesh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perubahan iklim di Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Климатски промени во Бангладеш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Климатски промени во Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Emissions, effects and responses of Bangladesh related to climate change</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_071124-M-3095K-007_An_aerial_view_of_damage_to_villages_and_infrastructure_following_Cyclone_Sidr,_which_swept_into_southern_Bangladesh_Nov._15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/US_Navy_071124-M-3095K-007_An_aerial_view_of_damage_to_villages_and_infrastructure_following_Cyclone_Sidr%2C_which_swept_into_southern_Bangladesh_Nov._15.jpg/220px-US_Navy_071124-M-3095K-007_An_aerial_view_of_damage_to_villages_and_infrastructure_following_Cyclone_Sidr%2C_which_swept_into_southern_Bangladesh_Nov._15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/US_Navy_071124-M-3095K-007_An_aerial_view_of_damage_to_villages_and_infrastructure_following_Cyclone_Sidr%2C_which_swept_into_southern_Bangladesh_Nov._15.jpg/330px-US_Navy_071124-M-3095K-007_An_aerial_view_of_damage_to_villages_and_infrastructure_following_Cyclone_Sidr%2C_which_swept_into_southern_Bangladesh_Nov._15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/US_Navy_071124-M-3095K-007_An_aerial_view_of_damage_to_villages_and_infrastructure_following_Cyclone_Sidr%2C_which_swept_into_southern_Bangladesh_Nov._15.jpg/440px-US_Navy_071124-M-3095K-007_An_aerial_view_of_damage_to_villages_and_infrastructure_following_Cyclone_Sidr%2C_which_swept_into_southern_Bangladesh_Nov._15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of damage to villages and infrastructure following <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr" title="Cyclone Sidr">Cyclone Sidr</a>, which swept into southern Bangladesh in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is a critical issue in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the country is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2020 edition of <a href="/wiki/Germanwatch" title="Germanwatch">Germanwatch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Climate_Risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Risk">Climate Risk</a> Index</i>, it ranked seventh in the list of countries most affected by climate calamities during the period 1999–2018.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangladesh's vulnerability to the effects of climate change is due to a combination of geographical factors, such as its flat, low-lying, and delta-exposed <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and socio-economic factors, including its high <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, levels of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, and dependence on agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impacts and potential threats include sea level rise, temperature rise, food crisis, droughts, floods, and cyclones.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factors such as frequent <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, lack of <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, high population density (174 million people living in an area of 147,570 km<sup>2</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), an <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">extractivist</a> economy and social disparities are increasing the vulnerability of the country in facing the current changing climatic conditions. Almost every year large regions of Bangladesh suffer from more intense events like <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> and erosion. The mentioned adverse events are slowing the development of the country by bringing socio-economical and environmental systems to almost collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Natural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazard">Natural hazards</a> that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as the climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">human health</a>, and shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sea levels in Bangladesh are predicted to rise by up to 0.30 metres by 2050, resulting in the displacement of 0.9 million people, and by up to 0.74 metres by 2100, resulting in the displacement of 2.1 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To address the <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> threat in Bangladesh, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Delta_Plan_2100" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100">Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100</a> was launched in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a> is working on a range of specific <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change adaptation in Bangladesh">climate change adaptation</a> strategies. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate Change adaptation</a> plays a crucial role in fostering the country's development.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is already being considered as a synergic urgent action together with other pressing factors which impede higher growth rates (such as the permanent threat of shocks – natural, economic or political – the uncertain impact of globalization, and an imbalanced world trade).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, it was seen falling short of most of its initial targets, still leaving 80 million people at risk of flooding where it should have been reduced to 60 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The progress is being monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">Least developed country</a> (LDC), Bangladesh is exempt from any responsibility to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> (GHG) <a href="/wiki/Emission_of_greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission of greenhouse gases">emissions</a>, which are the primary cause of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. But lately this has been the rallying factor for <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> makers to give off higher amounts of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">emissions</a> in nearly all sectors with disregard for the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_the_natural_environment">Effects on the natural environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effects on the natural environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangladesh is known for its vulnerability to climate change and more specifically to natural disasters. It is important to mention the fact that the location of the country is vulnerable for the presence for three powerful rivers, Asian rivers, <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna</a> along with their numerous tributaries that could result massive floods.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_and_weather_changes">Temperature and weather changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Temperature and weather changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_present.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_present.svg/432px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_present.svg/576px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map for Bangladesh for 1980–2016</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_future.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_future.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_future.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_future.svg/432px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_future.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_future.svg/576px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BGD_future.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">2071–2100 map under <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">the most intense climate change scenario</a>. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely<sup id="cite_ref-HausfatherPeters2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HausfatherPeters2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schuur2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuur2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phiddian2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phiddian2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_weather_events_and_natural_disasters">Extreme weather events and natural disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extreme weather events and natural disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a prehistoric age, Bangladesh has faced numerous natural disasters in every decade but due to climate change, the intensity and extremity of disasters has increased. The country experiences small to medium scale floods, cyclones, flash floods, and landslides almost every year. Between 1980 and 2008, it experienced 219 natural disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flood is the most common form of <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Bangladesh" title="Floods in Bangladesh">disaster in Bangladesh</a>. The country was affected by six major floods in the 19th century and 18 floods in the 20th century. Among them, 1987, 1985 and 1998 were the most catastrophic. Major cyclones that occurred in the 20th century were in the years 1960, 1961, 1963, 1970, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1995. The cyclone in 1991 killed an estimated 140,000 people and 10 million people lost their homes. In the recent past, the country faced two major cyclones in 2007 and 2009. </p><p>The geographic location of Bangladesh makes it highly prone to natural disasters. Situated in between the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan mountains</a> in the North and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> in the South, the country experiences 2 completely different environmental conditions leading to long monsoons and catastrophic natural disasters. With new phenomena like climate change and the rise of sea levels, the situation is getting even worse. The country is also very low and flat, having only 10% of its land more than a meter above sea level. Being crisscrossed by hundreds of rivers, and having one of the largest river systems in the whole world (the estuarial region of <a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> rivers),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangladesh frequently experiences gigantic cyclones and floods. </p><p>The Bangladesh Coastal Zone (BCZ) is highly vulnerable to tropical cyclones and subsequent storm surges, which are projected to increase in frequency and intensity in Bangladesh due to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area covers 47,201 km<sup>2</sup> with 19 districts and was home to approximately 37.2 million in 2011 and 43.8 million at present (2022).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BCZ lags behind other parts of the country in socioeconomic development and struggles to cope with <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> and the gradual deterioration of the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Floods have a destructive power over the whole state of the country and it is directly related to the effects of climate change. As estimated by UNICEF more than 19 million children in Bangladesh will be threatened by this situation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modelling work in 2022 showed only a very small <i>poverty exposure bias</i> (which is when poorer populations may suffer disproportionately from disasters) of potentially flooded households when compared to non-flooded households in the coastal zones. This is in contrast to some of the literature in Bangladesh that did find an exposure bias for river flooding. This could be explained from the random nature of cyclones which makes the occurrence of an exposure bias less likely, as it less dependent on long-term structural conditions that might determine the location of a household (e.g. land prices).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was <a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_heatwave" title="2024 Bangladesh heatwave">a heatwave in 2024.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_level_rise">Sea level rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sea level rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates,_v2,_2010_Bangladesh_(13873798283).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Bangladesh_%2813873798283%29.jpg/300px-Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Bangladesh_%2813873798283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Bangladesh_%2813873798283%29.jpg/450px-Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Bangladesh_%2813873798283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Bangladesh_%2813873798283%29.jpg/600px-Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Bangladesh_%2813873798283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption>Population density and height above sea level in Bangladesh (2010)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Regional_effects_of_global_warming#Coastal_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional effects of global warming">Low-lying coastal regions</a>, such as Bangladesh, are vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> (SLR)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the increased occurrence of intense, <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> conditions such as the <a href="/wiki/Cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclones">cyclones</a> of 2007–2009, as well as the melting of polar ice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To address SLR in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 launched in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Challenges in the Bangladesh Coastal Zone are likely to be exacerbated by the effects of climate change and associated sea-level rise, with 62 percent of coastal lands less than 3 m above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_people">Impact on people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact on people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg/220px-Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg/330px-Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg/440px-Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <p>Bangladesh is one of the most populated countries in the world and the high population density of the country makes it vulnerable to any kind of natural disasters. In recent past, the country has shown remarkable success of poverty reduction yet 24% people live under poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the country is experiencing a rapid and unplanned urbanisation without ensuring the adequate infrastructure and basic social services. The unsustainable process of urbanisation makes the city dweller <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a> as well. </p><p>Bangladesh has a critical environmental state by its nature. The fact that it has inland huge rivers makes it subject to constant floods especially due to severe climate change. Around 163 million living in Bangladesh have almost no escape from these natural phenomena due to their closeness to the rivers passing through and around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> lies at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meghna" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghna">Meghna</a> (GBM) <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> system. Bangladesh is watered by a total of 57 trans-boundary rivers flowing to it: 54 from neighboring <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and three from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>, which has no control of <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">water flows</a> and volume, drains to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. Coupled with the high level of widespread <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and increasing <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, limited adaptive <a href="/wiki/Capacity_building" title="Capacity building">capacity</a>, and poorly funded, ineffective local governance have made the <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a> one of the most adversely affected on the planet. There are an estimated one thousand people in each square kilometer, with the national population increasing by two million people each year. Almost half the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> is in poverty (defined as <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> of US$1.25 per person a day). The population lacks the resources to respond to <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">government</a> cannot help them.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunny-2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunny-2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangladesh is one of the countries that contributes the least to <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse emissions</a>, yet has one of the highest vulnerability conditions to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, prone to a significant number of climate related disasters. There are serious consequences from the impact of climate change on different sectors of the economy in the country, mainly but not exclusively concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">agriculture sector</a>. The effects of climate change are not isolated to agriculture but also severely affect other critical sectors such as fisheries and water resources. Rising sea levels and increased salinity intrude into freshwater sources, jeopardizing both drinking water supplies and irrigation systems necessary for agriculture. Additionally, the frequency of cyclones and storms has increased, leading to substantial economic losses in the coastal regions, impacting infrastructure, livelihoods, and housing. The overall economic burden of climate change on Bangladesh is profound, with estimates suggesting that it could cost about 2% of the annual GDP growth. This underscores the need for integrated climate resilience strategies to mitigate the economic downturns caused by environmental changes. </p><p>According to a 2022 report by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the effects of climate change are not isolated to agriculture but also severely affect other critical sectors such as <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Rising sea levels</a> and increased <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> intrude into freshwater sources, jeopardizing both drinking water supplies and irrigation systems necessary for agriculture. Additionally, the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> and storms has increased, leading to substantial economic losses in the coastal regions, impacting infrastructure, livelihoods, and housing. The overall economic burden of climate change on Bangladesh is profound, with estimates suggesting that it could cost about 2% of the annual GDP growth.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Areas and sectors vulnerable to climate change in Bangladesh </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Climate & related elements </th> <th>Critical vulnerable areas </th> <th>Most impacted sectors </th></tr> <tr> <td>Temperature Rise and Drought </td> <td>North West </td> <td>Agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries), water, electricity supply, health </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sea Level Rise and Salinity Intrusion </td> <td>Coastal Areas, Islands </td> <td>Agriculture (crop, fisheries, livestock), water (water logging, drinking water), <p>human settlements, electricity supply, health </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Floods </td> <td>Central Region, North East Region, <p>Char Land </p> </td> <td>Agriculture (crops, fisheries, livestock), water (urban, industry), infrastructure, <p>human settlement, health, energy </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyclone and Storm Surge </td> <td>Coastal and Marine Zone </td> <td>Marine fishing, infrastructure, human settlement, life and property </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drainage Congestion </td> <td>Coastal Area, South West, Urban </td> <td>Water (navigation), agriculture (crops) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_migration">Impact on migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact on migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_disaster_deaths_in_Bangladesh_from_1990,_OWID.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Natural_disaster_deaths_in_Bangladesh_from_1990%2C_OWID.png/300px-Natural_disaster_deaths_in_Bangladesh_from_1990%2C_OWID.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Natural_disaster_deaths_in_Bangladesh_from_1990%2C_OWID.png/450px-Natural_disaster_deaths_in_Bangladesh_from_1990%2C_OWID.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Natural_disaster_deaths_in_Bangladesh_from_1990%2C_OWID.png/600px-Natural_disaster_deaths_in_Bangladesh_from_1990%2C_OWID.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Deaths cause by Natural disaster in Bangladesh from 1990 to 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Climate change has caused many citizens of Bangladesh <a href="/wiki/Climate_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate migrant">to migrate</a> and by 2013 already 6.5 million people had been displaced. Poor and other vulnerable population groups have been affected disproportionally. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> as well as local urban centers are mostly the destination of <a href="/wiki/Migration_caused_by_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration caused by climate change">migration caused by climate change</a>. This leads to an increased pressure on urban infrastructure and services, especially around health and education and creates a heightened risk of conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An increased number of floods, due to reduced river gradients, higher <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> in the Ganges-Meghna-Brahmaputra river basins, and the melting of <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, is considered the major reason for migration in the context of climate change in Bangladesh over all. These floods not only lead to the <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> of arable land, but also impact negatively the other income opportunities and often disrupt the livelihood patterns of whole families.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northern regions of Bangladesh <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> plays a major role in displacement of persons, in the South rising sea levels and <a href="/wiki/Cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclones">cyclones</a> are reasons for migration.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166">: 166 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most countries like Bangladesh, yields from rain-fed agriculture was predicted to be reduced to 50% by 2020.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For a country with increasing population and <a href="/wiki/World_hunger" class="mw-redirect" title="World hunger">hunger</a>, this will have an adverse effect on <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>. Although the effects of climate change are highly variable, by 2030, South Asia could lose 10% of rice and maize yields, while neighboring states like <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> could experience a 50% reduction in crop yield. </p><p>As a result of all this, Bangladesh would need to prepare for long-term <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a>, which could be as drastic as changing sowing dates due to <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal variation">seasonal variations</a>, introducing different varieties and species, to practicing novel water supply and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunny-2011_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunny-2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 230">: 230 </span></sup> Bangladeshi farmers have been adapting to rising water levels by making creative <i>floating gardens</i> which mesh water hyacinth plants with bamboo and fertilizer to provide a sturdy floating platform for agriculture, according to climate researcher <a href="/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9_Carr%C3%A8re" title="Alizé Carrère">Alizé Carrère</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-twsPBS11_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsPBS11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being an agrarian society, people of Bangladesh are greatly dependent on various forms of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">agriculture</a>. It is the main source of rural job in the country having over 87% people somewhat related to agri-based economy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, according to World Bank, agriculture contributed to 14.77% of country's GDP. A steady increase in agricultural production with the use of modern equipment and scientific methods, agriculture has been a key driver to eradicate rural poverty in Bangladesh. The risk of sea level rising and global warming is the biggest challenge not only to country's agricultural improvement but also the success on poverty reduction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agriculture_in_Bangladesh_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh_13.JPG/220px-Agriculture_in_Bangladesh_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh_13.JPG/330px-Agriculture_in_Bangladesh_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh_13.JPG/440px-Agriculture_in_Bangladesh_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption>Agriculture in Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <p>As agricultural production is heavily related with temperature and rainfall, the current change in weather conditions is creating negative impact on crop yielding and the total area of arable land has been decreased. According to a report published by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment,_Forest_and_Climate_Change_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Environment and Forests</a> - GoB, 1 degree Celsius increase in maximum temperature at vegetative, reproductive and ripening stages there was a decrease in Aman rice production by 2.94, 53.06 and 17.28 tons respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major threat deriving from this factor is water salinity which directly affects rice production especially in the coastal part of Bangladesh. The same report state that, the country will lose 12-16% of its land if the sea level rises by 1 meter. These challenges lead to food scarcity and insecurity for the huge populace of the country. There are several adaptation measures which are practised to help cope with abnormal climactic conditions, such as resilient varieties of crops, diversification, change in cropping pattern, mixed cropping, improved <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> facilities, adopting soil conservation, <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of these measures have already been adapted by the government of Bangladesh and well practised throughout the country. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rice_Research_Institute" title="Bangladesh Rice Research Institute">Bangladesh Rice Research Institute</a> has introduced a varieties of saline tolerant rices like BR-11, BR-23, BRRI rice -28, BRRI rice -41, BRRI rice -47, BRRI rice -53 and BRRI rice -54. In the drought prone areas, BR-11, BR-23, BRRI rice -28, BRRI rice -41, BRRI rice -47, BRRI rice -53 and BRRI rice -54 are used which take short time to cultivate. To make the best and efficient utilization of water the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agricultural_Extension" title="Department of Agricultural Extension">Department of Agricultural Extension</a> has introduced '<a href="/wiki/Alternate_wetting_and_drying" title="Alternate wetting and drying">Alternate Wetting and Drying</a> (AWD).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also provide financial support to the affected farmers from different disasters and hazards </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_security">Food security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Food security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_growing_at_village.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rice_growing_at_village.JPG/220px-Rice_growing_at_village.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rice_growing_at_village.JPG/330px-Rice_growing_at_village.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rice_growing_at_village.JPG/440px-Rice_growing_at_village.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Rice growing at the village, Bangladesh.</figcaption></figure> <p>With a larger population facing losses in arable lands, climate change poses an acute risk to the already <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnourished population</a> of Bangladesh. Although the country has managed to increase its production of rice since the nation's birth—from 10 million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tons">metric tons</a> (MT) to over 30 MT—around 15.2 percent of the population is undernourished.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now more than five million <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a> of land are irrigated, almost fourfold that in 1990. Even though modern rice varieties have been introduced in three-fourths of the total <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> irrigation area, the sudden shift in population increase is putting strains on the production. <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change threatens the agricultural economy</a>, which, although it counts for just 20 percent of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, contributes to over half the <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force</a>. In 2007, after a series of floods and <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr" title="Cyclone Sidr">cyclone Sidr</a>, food security was severely threatened. Given the country's infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">disaster response mechanisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yields</a> worsened. The loss of rice production was estimated at around two million metric tons (MT), which could potentially feed 10 million people. This was the single most important catalyst of the 2008 price increases, which led to around 15 million people going without much food. This was further worsened by <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Aila" title="Cyclone Aila">cyclone Aila</a>. In March 2017, extreme pre-monsoon rains and flash floods damaged 220,000 hectares of rice crops. Rice imports increased to three million tonnes from less than 100,000 tonnes the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A December 2018 study published by the American Meteorological Society found that climate change doubled the likelihood of the extreme pre-monsoon rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the frequent climate change-based catastrophes, Bangladesh needs to enhance food security by drafting and implementing new policies such as the 2006 National Sausage Policy. The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) supported this policy through the "National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Program" (NFPCSP). There is also an initiative for the start of a "Food Security Country Investment Plan" enabling the country to secure around US$52 million under the "Global Agriculture and Food Security Program" (GAFSP), making it Asia's first recipient. More work and better implementation from the government is necessary for activities to reach fruitful outcomes. Already, 11 ministries and governmental agencies are involved in this integrated endeavor. In the aftermath of the "East Pakistan Coastal Embankment plan" (CEP) in the mid-20th century, Bangladesh has recently started work on the "Master Plan for the South". The southern coastal area is vulnerable to the ill-effects of global climate. Crops, livestock, and <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> of the southern delta are threatened. There are plans for a US$3 billion multi-purpose bridge named "Pad ma" to transform the agricultural sector in the region. The government estimates a GDP increase of around two percent as a result of the project. </p><p>In an effort to achieve <a href="/wiki/Developing_country#List_of_emerging_and_developing_economies" title="Developing country">middle income country</a> status by 2021, the government is focusing on increasing agriculture production, productivity, water management techniques, surface water infrastructure, irrigation, fisheries, and promoting poultry and dairy development. <a href="/wiki/Bio_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio fuel">Bio fuels</a> fit into this scenario by providing energy for agriculture. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Agriculture</a> provided a 30 percent subsidy to diesel to power irrigation for farming, further proposing a 7,750 million <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">BDT</a> disbursement to help almost a million farmers with fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunny-2011_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunny-2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 354">: 354 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country cannot go far in their struggle with reducing emissions and fighting global warming with the considerable scantily supported funding and help it receives from the international community. There exist plans such as the "National Action Plan on Adaptation" (NAPA) of 2005, and the "Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan" (BCCSAP) of 2009. </p><p>BCCSAP states that an integrated approach is necessary and the only way to gain sustainability is where <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social development</a> is pursued to the exclusion of <a href="/wiki/Disaster_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster management">disaster management</a>, as one major calamity will destroy any socio-economic gains. Around 40–45 percent of GHG emissions are required to be reduced by 2020 and 90–95 percent by 2050. This is using the 1990 GHG concentration levels as a benchmark. With higher population and rapid <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, Bangladesh should be on its way to developing a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon">low-carbon</a> path given it initially receives significant financial and technical support from the international community and national goals of economic growth and social development is not hampered. But a more holistic short-term plan is also necessary. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> has established the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Climate_Change_Trust_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund">Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcct.gov.bd">BCCTF</a>) and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglawire.com/blog/2011/10/23/bangladesh-climate-change-resilience-fund-bccrf/">Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund</a> (BCCRF) allocating US$200 million and cumulating around further US$114 million respectively. Although 3000 cyclone shelters were constructed with over 40,000 trained volunteers and 10,000 km of embankments erected, Bangladesh should not only place emphasis on capacity building and disaster management but also institutional and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> strengthening, development of research and low carbon technologies in order to create an inclusive and truly <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">comprehensive mitigation scheme</a>. Even though it is agreed that the willingness and cooperation of the current UNFCCC parties (194 member states as of 2011) is necessary to help the nation, funds like the Special Climate and LDC, Adaptation Fund should be easily made available.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunny-2011_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunny-2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various countries have pledged to provide funding for adaptation and mitigation in <a href="/wiki/Developing_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing nations">developing nations</a>, such as Bangladesh. The accord committed up to US$30 billion of immediate short term funding over the 2010–2012 period from developed to developing countries to support their action in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> mitigation. This funding is available for developing nations to <a href="/wiki/Capacity_building" title="Capacity building">build their capacity</a> to reduce <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">emissions</a> and responds to effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Furthermore, this funding will be balanced between mitigation and infrastructure adaptation in various sectors including forestry, science, technology and capacity building. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Accord" title="Copenhagen Accord">Copenhagen Accord</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP 15</a>) also pledges US$100 million of public and private finance by 2020, mostly to developing nations. </p><p>Another misconception is that this accord will divert funding from poverty reduction. The private sector alone contributes more than 85 percent of current <a href="/wiki/Investments" class="mw-redirect" title="Investments">investments</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Low_carbon_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Low carbon economy">low carbon economy</a>. In order to maximize any future contributions from this sector, the public sector needs to overcome the political and bureaucratic barriers the private sector has to face towards a low carbon future.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunny-2011_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunny-2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptation">Adaptation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disaster_Risk_Reduction,_Bangladesh_(10692727655).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Disaster_Risk_Reduction%2C_Bangladesh_%2810692727655%29.jpg/220px-Disaster_Risk_Reduction%2C_Bangladesh_%2810692727655%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Disaster_Risk_Reduction%2C_Bangladesh_%2810692727655%29.jpg/330px-Disaster_Risk_Reduction%2C_Bangladesh_%2810692727655%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Disaster_Risk_Reduction%2C_Bangladesh_%2810692727655%29.jpg/440px-Disaster_Risk_Reduction%2C_Bangladesh_%2810692727655%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A disaster resilient village in Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">disaster risk reduction</a> may seem two different fields but both are similar in their objectives which is to build resilience in the face of hazards. The relation between the two field in one study is explained as 'Climate change adaptation requires the re-shaping and re-designing of development, social and economic practices to respond effectively to new or anticipated environmental changes. Likewise Disaster Risk Reduction seeks to influence development decision-making and protect development aspirations from environment related risks. The effectiveness of both adaptation and DRR are limited if they are not viewed within the broader context of sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bangladesh has shown important results on disaster risk mitigation and is in fact, one of the world leaders in disaster management.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been made possible as the country changed its disaster programs from prevention to risk reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-undp.org_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undp.org-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deaths and damages by natural <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">catastrophes</a> has been drastically reduced in comparison to 1970. Once highly dependent on international aid for providing relief to the affected communities through ad-hoc relief supports, the country soon realized the importance of establishing a culture of resilience to mitigate the risk occurred from the catastrophes. </p><p>With a mission 'to achieve a paradigm shift in disaster management from conventional response and relief to a more comprehensive risk reduction culture, and to promote food security as an important factor in ensuring the resilience of communities to hazards' the government of Bangladesh in collaboration with multilateral partners and civil society organizations working on a direction to achieve 3 goals which are i. Saving lives, ii. Protecting investments iii. Effective recovery and building.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Bangladesh allocates about $3 billion annually for adaptation and disaster management, with 75 percent of this funding sourced domestically. This significant investment demonstrates the government's commitment to enhancing its adaptive capacity and managing disaster risks effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USARPAC,_Bangladesh_kick_off_the_2015_Pacific_Resilience_exercise_150830-A-TR316-004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/USARPAC%2C_Bangladesh_kick_off_the_2015_Pacific_Resilience_exercise_150830-A-TR316-004.jpg/220px-USARPAC%2C_Bangladesh_kick_off_the_2015_Pacific_Resilience_exercise_150830-A-TR316-004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/USARPAC%2C_Bangladesh_kick_off_the_2015_Pacific_Resilience_exercise_150830-A-TR316-004.jpg/330px-USARPAC%2C_Bangladesh_kick_off_the_2015_Pacific_Resilience_exercise_150830-A-TR316-004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/USARPAC%2C_Bangladesh_kick_off_the_2015_Pacific_Resilience_exercise_150830-A-TR316-004.jpg/440px-USARPAC%2C_Bangladesh_kick_off_the_2015_Pacific_Resilience_exercise_150830-A-TR316-004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Bangladesh kick off the 2015 Pacific Resilience exercise</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the major successes of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> on adaptation of climate change is a strong institutional setup. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Disaster_Management_and_Relief" title="Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief">Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief</a> (MoDMR) has a wide range of programs on DRR. It has recently drafted a 'National Plan for Disaster Management (2016-2020)' with a detail institutional framework on disaster management. According to the NPDM, disaster management policy and activities is guided by several drivers including, a) Disaster Management Act 2012; b) Standing Orders on Disasters (SOD) first introduced in 1997 and then revised in 2010; (SOD) first introduced in 1997 and then revised in 2010; c) National Plan for Disaster Management 2010–2015; d) Disaster Policy Act 2015; e) SAARC Framework for Action (SFA) 2006–2015; f) <a href="/wiki/Sendai_Framework_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction" title="Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction">Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction</a> (SFDRR) 2016–2030; g) Asian Regional Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (ARPDRR); and the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs).<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A better baseline understanding of where populations live exactly in the coastal zones, and their poverty incidence or socioeconomic vulnerability, could help inform decision-making concerning large-scale adaptation options. Possible options include embankments and cyclone shelters, or softer adaptation solutions like <a href="/wiki/Cash_transfer" title="Cash transfer">cash transfers</a> and social safety nets. Research work on high-resolution synthetic population mapping can help target such interventions more accurately for the benefit of poorer population segments.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_plans">Action plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Action plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bangladesh <a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme Action</a> - NAPA in its action plan have collected, structured and ranked a series of climate adaptation needs and vulnerabilities, as well as sector-specific costs and benefits. These proposed actions have considered poverty reduction and security of livelihoods with a gender perspective as the most important set of criteria for prioritization of adaptation needs and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bangladesh is also supported by different international organizations such as United Nations, World Bank, and so on. With help from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Program</a> (UNDP), Bangladesh developed a flood action plan initiating a culture of disaster management and risk reduction. UNDP also supported Bangladesh to establish the Disaster Management Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-undp.org_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undp.org-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flooded_village_after_1991_cyclone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flooded_village_after_1991_cyclone.jpg/220px-Flooded_village_after_1991_cyclone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flooded_village_after_1991_cyclone.jpg/330px-Flooded_village_after_1991_cyclone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flooded_village_after_1991_cyclone.jpg/440px-Flooded_village_after_1991_cyclone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Flooded village after 1991 cyclone</figcaption></figure> <p>Bangladesh is prone to flooding and waterlogging because of its location as a <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adaptation,_Gender,_and_Women's_Empowerment_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adaptation,_Gender,_and_Women's_Empowerment-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, it was labeled a <a href="/wiki/Least_Developed_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Developed Country">Least Developed Country</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, with high rates of poverty and weak government, meaning it is especially vulnerable to natural disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_and_migration_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_migration-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is densely populated and about 63 percent of its population was working in the agriculture, forestry, or fishing sectors in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_and_migration_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_migration-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slightly less than half of Bangladesh's population is women and, in 2001, 80 percent of women lived in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangladeshi women are particularly vulnerable to climate change because they have limited <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">mobility</a> and power in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Adaptation,_Gender,_and_Women's_Empowerment_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adaptation,_Gender,_and_Women's_Empowerment-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows that, after the cyclone and flooding of 1991, Bangladeshi women aged 20–44 had a much higher death rate than men of the same age: 71 per 1000, compared to 15 per 1000 for men.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if a cyclone warning is issued, many women die because they must wait at home for their relatives to return before they can seek shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As climate change progresses, access to and <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinization</a> of water sources are becoming problems in Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is a lack of drinking water, women are responsible for procuring it regardless of the distance they must travel or the terrain they must cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During natural disasters, <a href="/wiki/Male_unemployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Male unemployment">male unemployment</a> rises.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When men become unemployed, women's responsibilities increase because they must secure and manage income and resources on top of feeding the family and caring for children and the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the number of men at home without income or occupation rises, more women report mental and physical abuse by their male relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To cope with climatic change, women store matches, food for the family, fodder for the livestock, medicine, and fuel sources in safe places in case of disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also teach their children skills such as swimming to prepare them for crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global relief agency <a href="/wiki/CARE_(relief_agency)" class="mw-redirect" title="CARE (relief agency)">CARE</a> believes that climate-resilient jobs such as duck rearing can help increase Bangladeshi women's <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">resilience to climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adaptation,_Gender,_and_Women's_Empowerment_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adaptation,_Gender,_and_Women's_Empowerment-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the disasters of 1991, Bangladeshi women are more involved in disaster response decision-making, through local committees and community organizations established by the government and NGOs.<sup id="cite_ref-Adaptation,_Gender,_and_Women's_Empowerment_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adaptation,_Gender,_and_Women's_Empowerment-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a>'s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), Bangladesh published a Poverty Reduction Strategy paper in 2005 that incorporated gender mainstreaming into its climate change adaptation plan, but as of 2008 those goals and policies were not fully implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_47-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the New York WILD film festival gave the "Best Short Film" award to a 12-minute documentary, titled <i>Adaptation Bangladesh: Sea Level Rise</i>. The film explores the way in which Bangladeshi farmers are preventing their farms from flooding by building floating gardens made of water hyacinth and bamboo.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_society">Civil society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Civil society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangladesh also has a large network of NGOs all through the country who are highly active in supporting the people vulnerable from climate change. </p><p>Various CSOs and NGOs have been helping the Bangladeshi government in policy formulations. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Centre_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies">Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies</a> (BCAS), SUSHILON, Forum of Environmental Journalists of Bangladesh (FEJB) are some of the CSOs and NGOs that have been actively coordinating the government of Bangladesh in recent years in formulating climate change policies.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Bangladesh">Environment of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Renewable energy in Bangladesh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moef.gov.bd/moef.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+Climate+Change+Strategy+and+Action+Plan%2C+2008&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Environment+and+Forests+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-984-8574-25-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moef.gov.bd%2Fmoef.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Bangladesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisBhattachanD’OdoricoSuweis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Kyle Frankel; Bhattachan, Abinash; D’Odorico, Paolo; Suweis, Samir (2018-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faac4d4">"A universal model for predicting human migration under climate change: examining future sea level rise in Bangladesh"</a>. <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 064030. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f4030F">2018ERL....13f4030F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faac4d4">10.1088/1748-9326/aac4d4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11577%2F3286060">11577/3286060</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326">1748-9326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=A+universal+model+for+predicting+human+migration+under+climate+change%3A+examining+future+sea+level+rise+in+Bangladesh&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=064030&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11577%2F3286060&rft.issn=1748-9326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faac4d4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ERL....13f4030F&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Kyle+Frankel&rft.au=Bhattachan%2C+Abinash&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Odorico%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Suweis%2C+Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1748-9326%252Faac4d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Bangladesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/bangladesh-delta-plan-2100">"Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 | Dutch Water Sector"</a>. <i>www.dutchwatersector.com</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513135800/https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/bangladesh-delta-plan-2100">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dutchwatersector.com&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+Delta+Plan+2100+%7C+Dutch+Water+Sector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchwatersector.com%2Fnews%2Fbangladesh-delta-plan-2100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Bangladesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/gwp-sas_images/gwp-sas-in-action/ldai/bdp-2100-ppt.pdf">"Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) 2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/gwp-sas_images/gwp-sas-in-action/ldai/bdp-2100-ppt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+Delta+Plan+%28BDP%29+2100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwp.org%2Fglobalassets%2Fglobal%2Fgwp-sas_images%2Fgwp-sas-in-action%2Fldai%2Fbdp-2100-ppt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Bangladesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasidhar2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sasidhar, Nallapaneni (May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf">"Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indian Journal of Environment Engineering</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 30–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54105%2Fijee.A1842.053123">10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2582-9289">2582-9289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258753397">258753397</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611114313/https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Environment+Engineering&rft.atitle=Multipurpose+Freshwater+Coastal+Reservoirs+and+Their+Role+in+Mitigating+Climate+Change&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-45&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258753397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2582-9289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.54105%2Fijee.A1842.053123&rft.aulast=Sasidhar&rft.aufirst=Nallapaneni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijee.latticescipub.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpapers%2Fv3i1%2FA1842053123.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Bangladesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bd.undp.org/content/bangladesh/en/home/countryinfo/">"About Bangladesh"</a>. <i>UNDP in Bangladesh</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709184820/http://www.bd.undp.org/content/bangladesh/en/home/countryinfo/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP+in+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=About+Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bd.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fbangladesh%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fcountryinfo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Bangladesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/delta-plan-falls-behind-targets-onset-128500">"Delta Plan falls behind targets at onset"</a>. 5 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421173841/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/delta-plan-falls-behind-targets-onset-128500">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delta+Plan+falls+behind+targets+at+onset&rft.date=2020-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsnews.net%2Fbangladesh%2Fdelta-plan-falls-behind-targets-onset-128500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Bangladesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edepot.wur.nl/381660">"Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 Formulation project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117110738/http://edepot.wur.nl/381660">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2Fbangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Bangladesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/bangladesh-country-underwater-culture-move">"Bangladesh: A Country Underwater, a Culture on the Move"</a>. <i>NRDC</i>. 13 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025743/https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/bangladesh-country-underwater-culture-move">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongabay&rft.atitle=%27Adaptation+Bangladesh%3A+Sea+Level+Rise%27+film+shows+how+farmers+are+fighting+climate+change&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Shreya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2018%2F02%2Fadaptation-bangladesh-sea-level-rise-film-shows-how-farmers-are-fighting-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Bangladesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopa, F. G. R., & Ahmad, M. M. (2016). Participation of CSOs/NGOs in Bangladeshi climate change policy formulation: co-operation or co-optation?. Development in Practice, 26(6), 781-793.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcct.gov.bd">Bangladesh Climate Change Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climatechange.worldbank.org/content/bangladesh-economics-adaptation-climate-change-study">Climate Change in Bangladesh</a> at <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424031909/http://www.undp.org.bd/cluster.php?d=7">Energy, Environment and Climate Change of Bangladesh</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526235925/http://www.climatechangecell.org.bd/elibrary.html">Reports on Climate Change in Bangladesh</a> Climate Change Cell, Department of Environment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521204059/http://bdenvironment.com/2014/08/31/environment-climate-change-report-bangladesh-published/">Environment and climate change report of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adaptation-undp.org/naps-agriculture/">Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalsupportprogramme.org/nap-gsp">National Adaptation Plan Global Support Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/NAP-Bangladesh-GCF">Formulation and Advancement of the National Adaptation Plan Process in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/GCF-Bangladesh-women-girls-approval-media-release">Bangladesh to empower women and girls in the face of increasing climate impacts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/resources/project-brief-fact-sheet/national-adaptation-plan-process-focus-lessons-bangladesh">National Adaptation Plans in focus: Lessons from Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/integrating-climate-change-adaptation-sustainable-development-pathways-bangladesh">Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Sustainable Development Pathways of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/bangladesh">Datasets on Climate Change Adaptation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/economics-climate-change-adaptation-programme-asia-and-pacific">The Economics of Climate Change Adaptation Programme in Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/resources/training-tools/economics-adaptation-toolkit">Economics of Adaptation: Toolkit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/bangladesh-national-adaptation-programme-action-napa">Bangladesh National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/bangladeshs-second-national-communication-progress">Bangladesh's Second National Communication - In Progress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/ldcf-cba-bangladesh">Community based Adaptation to Climate Change through Coastal Afforestation in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/spa-community-based-adaptation-bangladesh">Community-Based Adaptation: Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/enhancing-women-and-girls-adaptive-capacity-climate-change-bangladesh">Enhancing Adaptive Capacities of Coastal Communities, especially Women, to Cope with Climate Change-Induced Salinity in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/spa-cba-bangladesh-community-based-wetland-management-project-biram">CBA Bangladesh: Community-Based Wetland Management Project (BIRAM)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/spa-cba-bangladesh-coping-climate-risks-empowering-women-coastal-areas-gbss">CBA Bangladesh: Coping with Climate Risks by Empowering Women in Coastal Areas (GBSS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/spa-cba-bangladesh-piloting-climate-resilient-development-initiatives-cnrs">CBA Bangladesh: Piloting Climate-Resilient Development Initiatives (CNRS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/spa-cba-bangladesh-promoting-diversified-agro-based-activities-jamalpur-district-rdop">CBA Bangladesh: Promoting Diversified Agro-Based Activities in Jamalpur District (RDOP)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Climate change in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Uganda" title="Climate change in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Zimbabwe" title="Climate change in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Argentina" title="Climate change in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada" title="Climate change in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Greenland" title="Climate change in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Grenada" title="Climate change in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Guatemala" title="Climate change in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Honduras" title="Climate change in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nicaragua" title="Climate change in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Suriname" title="Climate change in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Uruguay" title="Climate change in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Azerbaijan" title="Climate change in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cambodia" title="Climate change in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Israel" title="Climate change in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan" title="Climate change in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Jordan" title="Climate change in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Climate change in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Maldives" title="Climate change in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_North_Korea" title="Climate change in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Singapore" title="Climate change in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Korea" title="Climate change in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Climate change in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Taiwan" title="Climate change in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Thailand" title="Climate change in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Vietnam" title="Climate change in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Austria" title="Climate change in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Belgium" title="Climate change in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cyprus" title="Climate change in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Germany" title="Climate change in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Greece" title="Climate change in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Norway" title="Climate change in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Poland" title="Climate change in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Russia" title="Climate change in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Spain" title="Climate change in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sweden" title="Climate change in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Fiji" title="Climate change in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Climate change in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Zealand" title="Climate change in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tuvalu" title="Climate change in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polar regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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