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<span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fluvial-dominated_deltas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluvial-dominated_deltas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fluvial-dominated deltas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluvial-dominated_deltas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gilbert_deltas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilbert_deltas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Gilbert deltas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilbert_deltas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wave-dominated_deltas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wave-dominated_deltas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wave-dominated deltas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wave-dominated_deltas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tide-dominated_deltas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tide-dominated_deltas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tide-dominated deltas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tide-dominated_deltas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidal_freshwater_deltas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_freshwater_deltas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tidal freshwater deltas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_freshwater_deltas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Estuaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inland_deltas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inland_deltas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Inland deltas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inland_deltas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mega_deltas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mega_deltas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Mega deltas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mega_deltas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sedimentary_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sedimentary_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sedimentary structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sedimentary_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existential_threats_to_deltas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existential_threats_to_deltas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Existential threats to deltas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existential_threats_to_deltas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deltas_in_the_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deltas_in_the_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Deltas in the economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deltas_in_the_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deltas_on_Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deltas_on_Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Deltas on Mars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deltas_on_Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">River delta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierdelta" title="Rivierdelta – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rivierdelta" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="دلتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دلتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_fluvial" title="Delta fluvial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Delta fluvial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="ব-দ্বীপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব-দ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_fluvial" title="Delta fluvial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Delta fluvial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(%C3%A7ay)" title="Delta (çay) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Delta (çay)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="বদ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বদ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E2%81%BF-kak-chiu" title="Saⁿ-kak-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saⁿ-kak-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Дэльта (рака) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэльта (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рачная дэльта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рачная дэльта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="नदी डेल्टा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नदी डेल्टा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Делта (география) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Делта (география)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussdelta" title="Flussdelta – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Flussdelta" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rije%C4%8Dna_delta" title="Riječna delta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Riječna delta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(st%C3%AAr)" title="Delta (stêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Delta (stêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_fluvial" title="Delta fluvial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Delta fluvial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_delta" title="Říční delta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říční delta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floddelta" title="Floddelta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Floddelta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussdelta" title="Flussdelta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flussdelta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9Bcny_delta" title="Rěcny delta – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rěcny delta" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta" title="Delta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Delta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Δέλτα ποταμού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δέλτα ποταμού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_fluvial" title="Delta fluvial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Delta fluvial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdelto" title="Riverdelto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Riverdelto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta" title="Delta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Delta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibai_delta" title="Ibai delta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibai delta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="دلتا (جغرافیا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دلتا (جغرافیا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(hydrologie)" title="Delta (hydrologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Delta (hydrologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(rivier)" title="Delta (rivier) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Delta (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_fluvial" title="Delta fluvial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Delta fluvial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%81%EC%A3%BC" title="삼각주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼각주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta" title="Delta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Delta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A1_(%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF)" title="Դելտա (գետ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դելտա (գետ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="नदी डेल्टा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नदी डेल्टा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9B%C4%8Dny_delta" title="Rěčny delta – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rěčny delta" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rije%C4%8Dna_delta" title="Riječna delta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Riječna delta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delto" title="Delto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Delto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_sungai" title="Delta sungai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Delta sungai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_fluviale" title="Delta fluviale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Delta fluviale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%94" title="דלתה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דלתה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="დელტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დელტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Өзен атырауы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өзен атырауы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta" title="Delta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Delta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8lta" title="Dèlta – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dèlta" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(erdn%C3%AEgar%C3%AE)" title="Delta (erdnîgarî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Delta (erdnîgarî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дельта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дельта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_fluminis" title="Delta fluminis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Delta fluminis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upes_delta" title="Upes delta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Upes delta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%C4%97s_delta" title="Upės delta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Upės delta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Речна делта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Речна делта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefaka" title="Hefaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hefaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="മുക്കോൺ തുരുത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുക്കോൺ തുരുത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="त्रिभुज प्रदेश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्रिभुज प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta" title="Delta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Delta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Садраа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Садраа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA" title="မြစ်ဝကျွန်းပေါ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြစ်ဝကျွန်းပေါ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierdelta" title="Rivierdelta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rivierdelta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="मुखद्वीप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुखद्वीप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%B7%9E" title="三角州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三角州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(landform)" title="Delta (landform) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Delta (landform)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvedelta" title="Elvedelta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elvedelta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8lta_fluvial" title="Dèlta fluvial – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dèlta fluvial" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta" title="Delta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Delta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦਰਿਆਈ ਡੈਲਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਰਿਆਈ ਡੈਲਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="دریائی ڈیلٹا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریائی ڈیلٹا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_rzeki" title="Delta rzeki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Delta rzeki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta" title="Delta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Delta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta" title="Delta – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Delta" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delt%C4%83" title="Deltă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deltă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Дельта реки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дельта реки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="River delta" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_lumore" title="Delta lumore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Delta lumore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F" title="ඩෙල්ටා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩෙල්ටා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="River delta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(rieka)" title="Delta (rieka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Delta (rieka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%8Dna_delta" title="Rečna delta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rečna delta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_(%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="دەلتا (جوگرافیا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەلتا (جوگرافیا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%8Dna_delta" title="Rečna delta – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rečna delta" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rije%C4%8Dna_delta" title="Riječna delta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Riječna delta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisto" title="Suisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floddelta" title="Floddelta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Floddelta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆற்றுக் கழிமுகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆற்றுக் கழிமுகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asafi" title="Asafi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asafi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="ดินดอนสามเหลี่ยมปากแม่น้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดินดอนสามเหลี่ยมปากแม่น้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(co%C4%9Frafya)" title="Delta (coğrafya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Delta (coğrafya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%CC%B1li%CC%B1ta_a%CC%B1ghyui" title="Da̱li̱ta a̱ghyui – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Da̱li̱ta a̱ghyui" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дельта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дельта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="دہانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دہانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_fluvia%C5%82e" title="Delta fluviałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg/220px-Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg/330px-Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg/440px-Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption>A satellite perspective of the river delta of the <a href="/wiki/Lena_(river)" title="Lena (river)">Lena river</a>, Russia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/220px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/330px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/440px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A satellite perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Delta" title="Amazon Delta">Amazon Delta</a>, in South America.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg/220px-Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg/330px-Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg/440px-Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> A satellite perspective, in false color, the River <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>river delta</b> is a triangular <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landform</a> created by the <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> that are carried by the waters of a <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a>, where the river merges with a body of slow-moving water or with a body of stagnant water.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of a river delta occurs at the <a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">river mouth</a>, where the river merges into an <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, into a <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a>, or (more rarely) into another river that cannot carry away the sediment supplied by the feeding river. Etymologically, the term <i>river delta</i> derives from the triangular shape (Δ) of the uppercase Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, the dimensions of a river delta are determined by the balance between the watershed processes that supply <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> and the watershed processes that redistribute, sequester, and export the supplied sediment into the receiving basin.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>River deltas are important in human <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>, as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can provide <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastline</a> defence and can impact drinking water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_53–78_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_53–78-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecologically</a> important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position. On <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">geologic timescales</a>, they are also important <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A river delta is so named because the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> approximates the triangular uppercase <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Greek letter delta</a>. The triangular shape of the Nile Delta was known to audiences of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Athenian">classical Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek drama">drama</a>; the tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> refers to it as the "triangular Nilotic land", though not as a "delta".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>'s description of Egypt in his <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>Histories</i></a> mentions the Delta fourteen times, as "the Delta, as it is called by the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>", including describing the outflow of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> into the sea and the convexly curved seaward side of the triangle.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite making comparisons to other river systems deltas, Herodotus did not describe them as "deltas".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> likened the land between the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> and <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re_(river)" title="Isère (river)">Isère</a> rivers to the Nile Delta, referring to both as islands, but did not apply the word delta.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Onesicritus_of_Astypalaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Onesicritus of Astypalaea">Onesicritus of Astypalaea</a>, who accompanied <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquests in <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley">India</a>, reported that <a href="/wiki/Patalene" title="Patalene">Patalene</a> (the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>) was "a delta" (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">καλεῖ δὲ τὴν νῆσον δέλτα</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kalei de tēn nēson délta</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'he calls the island a delta').<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman author <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Indica_(Arrian)" title="Indica (Arrian)"><i>Indica</i></a> states that "the delta of the land of the Indians is made by the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus river</a> no less than is the case with that of Egypt".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Generic_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic term">generic term</a> for the landform at the mouth of the river, the word delta is first attested in the English-speaking world in the late 18th century, in the work of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_Formation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Delta_Formation.svg/220px-Delta_Formation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Delta_Formation.svg/330px-Delta_Formation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Delta_Formation.svg/440px-Delta_Formation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>A delta forms where a river meets a lake.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>River deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches a body of water, such as a lake, ocean, or a <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a>. When the flow enters the standing water, it is no longer confined to its <a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">channel</a> and expands in width. This flow expansion results in a decrease in the <a href="/wiki/Flow_velocity" title="Flow velocity">flow velocity</a>, which diminishes the ability of the flow to <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">transport sediment</a>. As a result, sediment drops out of the flow and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">is deposited</a> as <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a>, which builds up to form the river delta.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, this single channel builds a deltaic lobe (such as the bird's-foot of the Mississippi or <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural river</a> deltas), pushing its mouth into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradient</a> of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation (see <a href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">slope</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacramento_Delta_at_flood_stage,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sacramento_Delta_at_flood_stage%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Sacramento_Delta_at_flood_stage%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sacramento_Delta_at_flood_stage%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Sacramento_Delta_at_flood_stage%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sacramento_Delta_at_flood_stage%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Sacramento_Delta_at_flood_stage%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin (California) Delta</a> at flood stage, early March 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>As the gradient of the river channel decreases, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stress</a> on the bed decreases, which results in the deposition of sediment within the channel and a rise in the channel bed relative to the <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a>. This destabilizes the river channel. If the river breaches its natural <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> (such as during a flood), it spills out into a new course with a shorter route to the ocean, thereby obtaining a steeper, more stable gradient.<sup id="cite_ref-SlingerlandSmith_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SlingerlandSmith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, when the river switches channels in this manner, some of its flow remains in the abandoned channel. Repeated channel-switching events build up a mature delta with a <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributary</a> network. </p><p>Another way these distributary networks form is from the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Mouth_bars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouth bars">mouth bars</a> (mid-channel sand and/or gravel bars at the mouth of a river). When this mid-channel bar is deposited at the mouth of a river, the flow is routed around it. This results in additional deposition on the upstream end of the mouth bar, which splits the river into two distributary channels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006295_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006295-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good example of the result of this process is the <a href="/wiki/Wax_Lake_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax Lake Delta">Wax Lake Delta</a>. </p><p>In both of these cases, depositional processes force redistribution of deposition from areas of high deposition to areas of low deposition. This results in the smoothing of the planform (or map-view) shape of the delta as the channels move across its surface and deposit sediment. Because the sediment is laid down in this fashion, the shape of these deltas approximates a fan. The more often the flow changes course, the shape develops closer to an ideal fan because more rapid changes in channel position result in a more uniform deposition of sediment on the delta front. The Mississippi and Ural River deltas, with their bird's feet, are examples of rivers that do not <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">avulse</a> often enough to form a symmetrical fan shape. <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a> deltas, as seen by their name, avulse frequently and more closely approximate an ideal fan shape. </p><p>Most large river deltas discharge to intra-cratonic basins on the trailing edges of passive margins due to the majority of large rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> discharging along passive continental margins.<sup id="cite_ref-Milliman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milliman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon is due mainly to three factors: <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, basin area, and basin elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-Milliman_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milliman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topography along passive margins tend to be more gradual and widespread over a greater area enabling sediment to pile up and accumulate over time to form large river deltas. Topography along active margins tends to be steeper and less widespread, which results in sediments not having the ability to pile up and accumulate due to the sediment traveling into a steep subduction trench rather than a shallow <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. </p><p>There are many other lesser factors that could explain why the majority of river deltas form along <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margins</a> rather than active margins. Along active margins, orogenic sequences cause tectonic activity to form over-steepened slopes, brecciated rocks, and volcanic activity resulting in delta formation to exist closer to the sediment source.<sup id="cite_ref-Milliman_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milliman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodbred_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodbred-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When sediment does not travel far from the source, sediments that build up are coarser grained and more loosely consolidated, therefore making delta formation more difficult. Tectonic activity on active margins causes the formation of river deltas to form closer to the sediment source which may affect channel <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">avulsion</a>, delta lobe switching, and auto cyclicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodbred_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodbred-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active margin river deltas tend to be much smaller and less abundant but may transport similar amounts of sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-Milliman_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milliman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the sediment is never piled up in thick sequences due to the sediment traveling and depositing in deep subduction trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-Milliman_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milliman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the mouth of a river, the change in flow conditions can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, and tie channels. Landforms at the river mouth drastically alter the geomorphology and ecosystem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_Delta_Lobes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mississippi_Delta_Lobes.jpg/290px-Mississippi_Delta_Lobes.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mississippi_Delta_Lobes.jpg/435px-Mississippi_Delta_Lobes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mississippi_Delta_Lobes.jpg/580px-Mississippi_Delta_Lobes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Delta lobe switching in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>, <span style="border:1px solid #000;font-size:80%; margin-right:.2em; background-color:#FFA447;"> </span>4600 yrs <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, <span style="border:1px solid #000;font-size:80%; margin-right:.2em; background-color:#FF888A;"> </span>3500 yrs BP, <span style="border:1px solid #000;font-size:80%; margin-right:.2em; background-color:#59B351;"> </span>2800 yrs BP, <span style="border:1px solid #000;font-size:80%; margin-right:.2em; background-color:#C0EB9B;"> </span>1000 yrs BP, <span style="border:1px solid #000;font-size:80%; margin-right:.2em; background-color:#A2D1EB;"> </span>300 yrs BP, <span style="border:1px solid #000;font-size:80%; margin-right:.2em; background-color:#5083AE;"> </span>500 yrs BP,× <span style="border:1px solid #000;font-size:80%; margin-right:.2em; background-color:#FDFAB7;"> </span>current</figcaption></figure> <p>Deltas are typically classified according to the main control on deposition, which is a combination of river, <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">wave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> processes,<sup id="cite_ref-Galloway1975_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galloway1975-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NienhuisEtAl2020_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NienhuisEtAl2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depending on the strength of each.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two factors that play a major role are landscape position and the grain size distribution of the source sediment entering the delta from the river.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluvial-dominated_deltas">Fluvial-dominated deltas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fluvial-dominated deltas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluvial-dominated deltas are found in areas of low tidal range and low wave energy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the river water is nearly equal in density to the basin water, the delta is characterized by <i>homopycnal flow</i>, in which the river water rapidly mixes with basin water and abruptly dumps most of its sediment load. Where the river water has a higher density than basin water, typically from a heavy load of sediment, the delta is characterized by <i>hyperpycnal flow</i> in which the river water hugs the basin bottom as a <a href="/wiki/Density_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Density current">density current</a> that deposits its sediments as <a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidites</a>. When the river water is less dense than the basin water, as is typical of river deltas on an ocean coastline, the delta is characterized by <i>hypopycnal flow</i> in which the river water is slow to mix with the denser basin water and spreads out as a surface fan. This allows fine sediments to be carried a considerable distance before settling out of suspension. Beds in a hypocynal delta dip at a very shallow angle, around 1 degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluvial-dominated deltas are further distinguished by the relative importance of the inertia of rapidly flowing water, the importance of turbulent bed friction beyond the river mouth, and <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. Outflow dominated by <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a> tends to form Gilbert-type deltas. Outflow dominated by turbulent friction is prone to channel bifurcation, while buoyancy-dominated outflow produces long distributaries with narrow subaqueous natural levees and few channel bifurcations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006294_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006294-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern Mississippi River delta is a good example of a fluvial-dominated delta whose outflow is buoyancy-dominated. Channel abandonment has been frequent, with seven distinct channels active over the last 5000 years. Other fluvial-dominated deltas include the Mackenzie delta and the Alta delta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006295_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006295-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gilbert_deltas">Gilbert deltas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gilbert deltas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Gilbert delta (named after <a href="/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert" title="Grove Karl Gilbert">Grove Karl Gilbert</a>) is a type of fluvial-dominated<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293–294_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293–294-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> delta formed from coarse sediments, as opposed to gently sloping muddy deltas such as that of the Mississippi. For example, a mountain river depositing sediment into a freshwater lake would form this kind of delta.<sup id="cite_ref-maine_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maine-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commonly a result of homopycnal flow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such deltas are characterized by a tripartite structure of topset, foreset, and bottomset beds. River water entering the lake rapidly deposits its coarser sediments on the submerged face of the delta, forming steeping dipping foreset beds. The finer sediments are deposited on the lake bottom beyond this steep slope as more gently dipping bottomset beds. Behind the delta front, braided channels deposit the gently dipping beds of the topset on the delta plain.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some authors describe both lacustrine and marine locations of Gilbert deltas,<sup id="cite_ref-maine_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maine-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others note that their formation is more characteristic of the freshwater lakes, where it is easier for the river water to mix with the lakewater faster (as opposed to the case of a river falling into the sea or a salt lake, where less dense fresh water brought by the river stays on top longer).<sup id="cite_ref-chidsey_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chidsey-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilbert himself first described this type of delta on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonneville" title="Lake Bonneville">Lake Bonneville</a> in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-chidsey_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chidsey-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, similar structures occur, for example, at the mouths of several creeks that flow into <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Lake" title="Okanagan Lake">Okanagan Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and form prominent <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsulas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naramata,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naramata, British Columbia">Naramata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summerland,_British_Columbia" title="Summerland, British Columbia">Summerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peachland" title="Peachland">Peachland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wave-dominated_deltas">Wave-dominated deltas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wave-dominated deltas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In wave-dominated deltas, wave-driven sediment transport controls the shape of the delta, and much of the sediment emanating from the river mouth is deflected along the coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-Galloway1975_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galloway1975-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between waves and river deltas is quite variable and largely influenced by the deepwater wave regimes of the receiving basin. With a high wave energy near shore and a steeper slope offshore, waves will make river deltas smoother. Waves can also be responsible for carrying sediments away from the river delta, causing the delta to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_53–78_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_53–78-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For deltas that form further upriver in an estuary, there are complex yet quantifiable linkages between winds, tides, river discharge, and delta water levels.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganges_River_Delta,_Bangladesh,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ganges_River_Delta%2C_Bangladesh%2C_India.jpg/220px-Ganges_River_Delta%2C_Bangladesh%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ganges_River_Delta%2C_Bangladesh%2C_India.jpg/330px-Ganges_River_Delta%2C_Bangladesh%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ganges_River_Delta%2C_Bangladesh%2C_India.jpg/440px-Ganges_River_Delta%2C_Bangladesh%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> is the largest delta in the world, and one of the most fertile regions in the world.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tide-dominated_deltas">Tide-dominated deltas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tide-dominated deltas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a> is also an important control in tide-dominated deltas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a>, which may be mainly submarine, with prominent <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbars</a> and ridges. This tends to produce a "dendritic" structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Fagherazzi2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagherazzi2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidal deltas behave differently from river-dominated and wave-dominated deltas, which tend to have a few main distributaries. Once a wave-dominated or river-dominated distributary silts up, it is abandoned, and a new channel forms elsewhere. In a tidal delta, new distributaries are formed during times when there is a lot of water around – such as floods or <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surges</a>. These distributaries slowly silt up at a more or less constant rate until they fizzle out.<sup id="cite_ref-Fagherazzi2008_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagherazzi2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_freshwater_deltas">Tidal freshwater deltas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tidal freshwater deltas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tidal freshwater delta<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a sedimentary deposit formed at the boundary between an upland stream and an estuary, in the region known as the "subestuary".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drowned coastal river valleys that were inundated by rising sea levels during the late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> tend to have dendritic estuaries with many feeder tributaries. Each tributary mimics this salinity gradient from its brackish junction with the mainstem <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> up to the fresh stream feeding the head of tidal propagation. As a result, the tributaries are considered to be "subestuaries". The origin and evolution of a tidal freshwater delta involves processes that are typical of all deltas<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as processes that are unique to the tidal freshwater setting.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of processes that create a tidal freshwater delta result in a distinct morphology and unique environmental characteristics. Many tidal freshwater deltas that exist today are directly caused by the onset of or changes in historical land use, especially <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensive agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ideas are well illustrated by the many tidal freshwater deltas prograding into <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> along the east coastline of the United States. Research has demonstrated that the accumulating sediments in this estuary derive from post-European settlement deforestation, agriculture, and urban development.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estuaries">Estuaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Estuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other rivers, particularly those on coasts with significant <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a>, do not form a delta but enter into the sea in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>. Notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> estuary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inland_deltas">Inland deltas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inland deltas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OkavangoDelta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/OkavangoDelta.png/220px-OkavangoDelta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/OkavangoDelta.png/330px-OkavangoDelta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/OkavangoDelta.png/440px-OkavangoDelta.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Okavango Delta</figcaption></figure> <p>In rare cases, the river delta is located inside a large valley and is called an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_river_delta" title="Inverted river delta">inverted river delta</a>. Sometimes a river divides into multiple branches in an inland area, only to rejoin and continue to the sea. Such an area is called an <i>inland delta</i>, and often occurs on former lake beds. The term was first coined by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> for the middle reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a>, which he visited in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent examples include the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peace%E2%80%93Athabasca_Delta" title="Peace–Athabasca Delta">Peace–Athabasca Delta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> delta of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> has one in the valley on the Slovak–Hungarian border between <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> and <a href="/wiki/I%C5%BEa" title="Iža">Iža</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, a river flowing into a flat arid area splits into channels that evaporate as it progresses into the desert. The <a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> is one example.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mega_deltas">Mega deltas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mega deltas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The generic term <i>mega delta</i> can be used to describe very large Asian river deltas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta">Yangtze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges-Brahmaputra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sedimentary_structure">Sedimentary structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sedimentary structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Delta on <a href="/wiki/Kachemak_Bay" title="Kachemak Bay">Kachemak Bay</a> at low tide</figcaption></figure> <p>The formation of a delta is complicated, multiple, and cross-cutting over time, but in a simple delta three main types of bedding may be distinguished: the bottomset beds, foreset/frontset beds, and topset beds. This three-part structure may be seen on small scale by <a href="/wiki/Crossbedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbedding">crossbedding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maine_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maine-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The bottomset beds are created from the lightest suspended particles that settle farthest away from the active delta front, as the river flow diminishes into the standing body of water and loses energy. This suspended load is deposited by <a href="/wiki/Sediment_gravity_flow" title="Sediment gravity flow">sediment gravity flow</a>, creating a <a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidite</a>. These beds are laid down in horizontal layers and consist of the finest grain sizes.</li> <li>The foreset beds in turn are deposited in inclined layers over the bottomset beds as the active lobe advances. Foreset beds form the greater part of the bulk of a delta, (and also occur on the lee side of <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dunes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BatesDict_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BatesDict-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sediment particles within foreset beds consist of larger and more variable sizes, and constitute the <a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">bed load</a> that the river moves downstream by rolling and bouncing along the channel bottom. When the bed load reaches the edge of the delta front, it rolls over the edge, and is deposited in steeply dipping layers over the top of the existing bottomset beds. Underwater, the slope of the outermost edge of the delta is created at the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">angle of repose</a> of these sediments. As the foresets accumulate and advance, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subaqueous" class="extiw" title="wikt:subaqueous">subaqueous</a> landslides occur and readjust overall slope stability. The foreset slope, thus created and maintained, extends the delta lobe outward. In cross section, foresets typically lie in angled, parallel bands, and indicate stages and seasonal variations during the creation of the delta.</li> <li>The topset beds of an advancing delta are deposited in turn over the previously laid foresets, truncating or covering them. Topsets are nearly horizontal layers of smaller-sized sediment deposited on the top of the delta and form an extension of the landward <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BatesDict_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BatesDict-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the river channels meander laterally across the top of the delta, the river is lengthened and its gradient is reduced, causing the suspended load to settle out in nearly horizontal beds over the delta's top. Topset beds are subdivided into two regions: the upper delta plain and the lower delta plain. The upper delta plain is unaffected by the tide, while the boundary with the lower delta plain is defined by the upper limit of tidal influence.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existential_threats_to_deltas">Existential threats to deltas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Existential threats to deltas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human activities in both deltas and the <a href="/wiki/River_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River Basin">river basins</a> upstream of deltas can radically alter delta environments.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upstream <a href="/wiki/Land_use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use change">land use change</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">anti-erosion agricultural practices</a> and hydrological engineering such as <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> construction in the basins feeding deltas have reduced river sediment delivery to many deltas in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:352_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:352-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change means that there is less sediment available to maintain delta landforms, and compensate for <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, causing some deltas to start losing land.<sup id="cite_ref-:352_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:352-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declines in river sediment delivery are projected to continue in the coming decades.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extensive anthropogenic activities in deltas also interfere with <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> delta processes.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People living on deltas often construct <a href="/wiki/Flood_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood defence">flood defences</a> which prevent <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> from floods on deltas, and therefore means that <a href="/wiki/Sediment_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediment deposition">sediment deposition</a> can not compensate for <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. In addition to interference with delta <a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">aggradation</a>, pumping of <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwater exploitation">groundwater</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oil_Extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Extraction">oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gas_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas extraction">gas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and constructing infrastructure all accelerate <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Relative_sea_level" title="Relative sea level">relative sea level</a> rise. Anthropogenic activities can also destabilise river channels through <a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand mining</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cause <a href="/wiki/Salinisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinisation">saltwater intrusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are small-scale efforts to correct these issues, improve delta environments and increase <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_enhancing_strategy" title="Sedimentation enhancing strategy">sedimentation enhancing strategies</a>. </p><p>While nearly all deltas have been impacted to some degree by humans, the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a> are some of the most extreme examples of the devastation caused to deltas by damming and diversion of water.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical data documents show that during the Roman Empire and Little Ice Age (times when there was considerable anthropogenic pressure), there was significant sediment accumulation in deltas. The industrial revolution has only amplified the impact of humans on delta growth and retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deltas_in_the_economy">Deltas in the economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deltas in the economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient deltas benefit the economy due to their well-sorted <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>. Sand and gravel are often quarried from these old deltas and used in concrete for <a href="/wiki/Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways">highways</a>, buildings, sidewalks, and landscaping. More than 1 billion tons of sand and gravel are produced in the United States alone.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all sand and gravel quarries are former deltas, but for ones that are, much of the sorting is already done by the power of water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pori_aerial_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pori_aerial_3.jpg/220px-Pori_aerial_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pori_aerial_3.jpg/330px-Pori_aerial_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pori_aerial_3.jpg/440px-Pori_aerial_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kokem%C3%A4enjoki" title="Kokemäenjoki">Kokemäki River</a> (<i>Kokemäenjoki</i>) flows through the city of <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a> in <a href="/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta">Satakunta, Finland</a>. Its delta, where the delta islands remain between the <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributaries</a>, starts near the centre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Urban areas and human habitation tend to be located in lowlands near water access for transportation and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes deltas a common location for civilizations to flourish due to access to flat land for farming, freshwater for sanitation and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, and sea access for trade. Deltas often host extensive industrial and commercial activities, and agricultural land is frequently in conflict. Some of the world's largest regional economies are located on deltas such as the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone">Yangtze River Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">European Low Countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Greater Tokyo Area</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:River_deltas" title="Category:River deltas">Category:River deltas</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta</a>, which spans most of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and empties into the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, is the world's largest delta.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Selenga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenga River">Selenga River</a> delta in the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a> is the largest delta emptying into a body of fresh water, in its case <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deltas_on_Mars">Deltas on Mars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Deltas on Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers have found a number of examples of deltas that formed in <a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Martian lakes</a>. Finding deltas is a major sign that Mars once had large amounts of water. Deltas have been found over a wide geographical range. Below are pictures of a few.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_in_Ismenius_Lacus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delta in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, as seen by THEMIS"><img alt="Delta in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, as seen by THEMIS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Delta_in_Ismenius_Lacus.jpg/120px-Delta_in_Ismenius_Lacus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Delta_in_Ismenius_Lacus.jpg/180px-Delta_in_Ismenius_Lacus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Delta_in_Ismenius_Lacus.jpg/240px-Delta_in_Ismenius_Lacus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Delta in <a href="/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">Ismenius Lacus quadrangle</a>, as seen by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Thermal Emission Imaging System">THEMIS</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_in_Lunae_Palus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delta in Lunae Palus quadrangle, as seen by THEMIS"><img alt="Delta in Lunae Palus quadrangle, as seen by THEMIS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Delta_in_Lunae_Palus.jpg/120px-Delta_in_Lunae_Palus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Delta_in_Lunae_Palus.jpg/180px-Delta_in_Lunae_Palus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Delta_in_Lunae_Palus.jpg/240px-Delta_in_Lunae_Palus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Delta in <a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus quadrangle</a>, as seen by THEMIS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_in_Margaritifer_Sinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delta in Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle as seen by THEMIS"><img alt="Delta in Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle as seen by THEMIS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Delta_in_Margaritifer_Sinus.jpg/120px-Delta_in_Margaritifer_Sinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Delta_in_Margaritifer_Sinus.jpg/180px-Delta_in_Margaritifer_Sinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Delta_in_Margaritifer_Sinus.jpg/240px-Delta_in_Margaritifer_Sinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Delta in <a href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle</a> as seen by THEMIS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distributary_fan-delta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Probable delta in Eberswalde crater, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Image in Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle."><img alt="Probable delta in Eberswalde crater, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Image in Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distributary_fan-delta.jpg/120px-Distributary_fan-delta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distributary_fan-delta.jpg/180px-Distributary_fan-delta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distributary_fan-delta.jpg/240px-Distributary_fan-delta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Probable delta in <a href="/wiki/Eberswalde_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Eberswalde crater">Eberswalde crater</a>, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Image in <a href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/48px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/64px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a> – Fan-shaped deposit of sediment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion (river)</a> – Rapid abandonment of a river channel and formation of a new channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a> – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a> – Ridge or wall to hold back water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> – Delta produced by the Nile River at its mouth in the Mediterranean Sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">Regressive delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Pearl_River_Delta" title="Geology of the Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> – Complex delta in south-east China</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miall, A. D. 1979. Deltas. in R. G. Walker (ed) Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada, Hamilton, Ontario.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, T. 1986. Deltas. in H. G. Reading (ed.). Sedimentary Environments and Facies. 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Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405177832" title="Special:BookSources/9781405177832"><bdi>9781405177832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentology+and+sedimentary+basins%3A+from+turbulence+to+tectonics&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=388&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781405177832&rft.aulast=Leeder&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+delta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milliman-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milliman_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milliman_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milliman_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milliman_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milliman_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillimanSyvitski1992" class="citation journal cs1">Milliman, J. 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L.; Kuehl, S. A. (2000). "The significance of large sediment supply, active tectonism, and eustasy on margin sequence development: Late Quaternary stratigraphy and evolution of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta". <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>. <b>133</b> (3–4): 227–248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SedG..133..227G">2000SedG..133..227G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2800%2900041-5">10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00041-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=The+significance+of+large+sediment+supply%2C+active+tectonism%2C+and+eustasy+on+margin+sequence+development%3A+Late+Quaternary+stratigraphy+and+evolution+of+the+Ganges-Brahmaputra+delta&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=227-248&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2800%2900041-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000SedG..133..227G&rft.aulast=Goodbred&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Kuehl%2C+S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+delta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galloway1975-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galloway1975_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galloway1975_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Galloway, W.E., 1975, Process framework for describing the morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of deltaic depositional systems, in Brousard, M.L., ed., Deltas, Models for Exploration: Houston Geological Society, Houston, Texas, pp. 87–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NienhuisEtAl2020-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NienhuisEtAl2020_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nienhuis, J.H., Ashton, A.D., Edmonds, D.A., Hoitink, A.J.F., Kettner, A.J., Rowland, J.C. and Törnqvist, T.E., 2020. Global-scale human impact on delta morphology has led to net land area gain. Nature, 577(7791), pp.514-518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perillo, G. M. E. 1995. Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Elsevier Science B.V., New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtonReading1993" class="citation journal cs1">Orton, G.J.; Reading, H.G. (1993). "Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain size". <i>Sedimentology</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 475–512. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Sedim..40..475O">1993Sedim..40..475O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.1993.tb01347.x">10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01347.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentology&rft.atitle=Variability+of+deltaic+processes+in+terms+of+sediment+supply%2C+with+particular+emphasis+on+grain+size&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-512&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.1993.tb01347.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Sedim..40..475O&rft.aulast=Orton&rft.aufirst=G.J.&rft.au=Reading%2C+H.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+delta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoggs2006">Boggs 2006</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006294-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006294_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoggs2006">Boggs 2006</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293–294-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006293–294_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoggs2006">Boggs 2006</a>, pp. 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maine-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maine_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maine_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maine_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/surficial/facts/dec03.htm">Characteristics of deltas</a>. (Available archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012185632/http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/surficial/facts/dec03.htm">[1]</a> – checked Dec 2008.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Biju-Duval, J. Edwin Swezey. "Sedimentary Geology". Page 183. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7108-0802-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7108-0802-1">2-7108-0802-1</a>. Editions TECHNIP, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2txTeLt5MXgC">Partial text</a> on Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert" title="Grove Karl Gilbert">Gilbert, G.K.</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=443nAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA69"><i>The topographic features of lake shores</i></a>. US Government Printing Office. pp. 104–107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525143631/https://books.google.com/books?id=443nAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+topographic+features+of+lake+shores&rft.pages=104-107&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=G.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D443nAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+delta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackertFordMalartre2010" class="citation journal cs1">Backert, Nicolas; Ford, Mary; Malartre, Fabrice (February 2010). "Architecture and sedimentology of the Kerinitis Gilbert-type fan delta, Corinth Rift, Greece". <i>Sedimentology</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 543–586. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sedim..57..543B">2010Sedim..57..543B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.2009.01105.x">10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01105.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129299341">129299341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentology&rft.atitle=Architecture+and+sedimentology+of+the+Kerinitis+Gilbert-type+fan+delta%2C+Corinth+Rift%2C+Greece&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=543-586&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129299341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.2009.01105.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sedim..57..543B&rft.aulast=Backert&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Ford%2C+Mary&rft.au=Malartre%2C+Fabrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+delta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chidsey-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chidsey_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chidsey_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Geological and Petrophysical Characterization of the Ferron Sandstone for 3-D Simulation of a Fluvial-deltaic Reservoir". By Thomas C. Chidsey, Thomas C. Chidsey Jr (ed), Utah Geological Survey, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55791-668-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55791-668-3">1-55791-668-3</a>. Pages 2–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jacORXGQG9AC">Partial text</a> on Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/research/projects/tidal-freshwater-deltas/tfd-hydrometeorology/">"Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: TFD Hydrometeorology"</a>. <i>pasternack.ucdavis.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003152127/http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/research/projects/tidal-freshwater-deltas/tfd-hydrometeorology">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pasternack.ucdavis.edu&rft.atitle=Dr.+Gregory+B.+Pasternack+%E2%80%93+Watershed+Hydrology%2C+Geomorphology%2C+and+Ecohydraulics+%3A%3A+TFD+Hydrometeorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpasternack.ucdavis.edu%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Ftidal-freshwater-deltas%2Ftfd-hydrometeorology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+delta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasternackHinnov2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pasternack, Gregory B.; Hinnov, Linda A. (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5m64x13f/qt5m64x13f.pdf?t=p7r28s">"Hydrometeorological controls on water level in a vegetated Chesapeake Bay tidal freshwater delta"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Estuarine,_Coastal_and_Shelf_Science" title="Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science">Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science</a></i>. <b>58</b> (2): 367–387. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ECSS...58..367P">2003ECSS...58..367P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0272-7714%2803%2900106-9">10.1016/s0272-7714(03)00106-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724233149/https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5m64x13f/qt5m64x13f.pdf?t=p7r28s">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-3961-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-3961-1">978-94-007-3961-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-3962-8">10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8</a>, pp. 7–48</li> <li>KUENZER C. and RENAUD, F. 2012: Climate Change and Environmental Change in River Deltas Globally. In (eds.): Renaud, F. and C. 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ISSN 1400-0350.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_delta&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Deltas" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Deltas">Deltas</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:River_deltas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:River deltas">River deltas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm">Louisiana State University Geology</a> – World Deltas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wisdom.eoc.dlr.de">http://www.wisdom.eoc.dlr.de</a> WISDOM Water-related Information System for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong Delta</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Wave-dominated_river_deltas">Wave-dominated river deltas on coastalwiki.org</a> – A coastalwiki.org page on wave-dominated river deltas</li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:River_morphology" title="Template:River morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:River_morphology" title="Template talk:River morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:River_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:River morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="River_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">Alluvial plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">Drainage system (geomorphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">Strahler number (stream order)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_sinuosity" class="mw-redirect" title="River sinuosity">River sinuosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion (river)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar (river morphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_cutoff" title="Meander cutoff">Meander cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_channel_migration" title="River channel migration">River channel migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-off_slope" title="Slip-off slope">Slip-off slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_river" title="Bedrock river">Bedrock river</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">Bedforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidune" title="Antidune">Antidune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">Current ripple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">Base level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degradation_(geology)" title="Degradation (geology)">Degradation (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_and_tectonics" title="Erosion and tectonics">Erosion and tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_rejuvenation" title="River rejuvenation">River rejuvenation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion#Water" title="Erosion">Water erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_that_have_reversed_direction" title="List of rivers that have reversed direction">List of rivers that have reversed direction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coastal_geography" title="Template talk:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coastal_geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wetlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C7D378;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> 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