CINXE.COM
How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade | Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" > <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --> <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer> var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer"; var dataLayer = dataLayer || []; </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.0 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade | Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade | Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public" /> <meta property="og:description" content="4 min read| By Gale Staff | After the U.S. Supreme Court announced it would overturn the landmark Roe v. Wade ruling, it sent shockwaves across the country; after almost half a century, Americans’ constitutional right to get an abortion had been struck down. Protests erupted in cities and towns across the United States, where ... Read more" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2022-07-12T13:00:00+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-07-08T17:48:44+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="395" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Tara Blair" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Tara Blair" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="4 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/"},"author":{"name":"Tara Blair","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#/schema/person/a9100ba55be2ca65bf8d308dc9e427d2"},"headline":"How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade","datePublished":"2022-07-12T13:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-07-08T17:48:44+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/"},"wordCount":717,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751.jpg","keywords":["academic","academic libraries","educator","online education resources","Online Resources","public","public library","roe v wade","Roe v. Wade","Roe versus Wade","teacher"],"articleSection":["Academic","Featured","Public","Schools"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/","url":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/","name":"How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade | Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751.jpg","datePublished":"2022-07-12T13:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-07-08T17:48:44+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/#primaryimage","url":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751.jpg","contentUrl":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751.jpg","width":800,"height":395},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://blog.gale.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#website","url":"https://blog.gale.com/","name":"Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public","description":"The Gale Blog features product updates, library and educator news, advancements in academic research, public library insights & more. Click to read.","publisher":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://blog.gale.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#organization","name":"Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public","url":"https://blog.gale.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Gale_Logo_rgb_white_small-1.png","contentUrl":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Gale_Logo_rgb_white_small-1.png","width":250,"height":73,"caption":"Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public"},"image":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#/schema/logo/image/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#/schema/person/a9100ba55be2ca65bf8d308dc9e427d2","name":"Tara Blair","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6ab60e561f4a8de4eaf5e82b3ce119f7?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6ab60e561f4a8de4eaf5e82b3ce119f7?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Tara Blair"},"description":"Tara Blair is a Digital Marketing Specialist for Gale, a Cengage Company. In her spare time, she is a total crime junkie and spends her days listening to podcasts—especially those of the unsolved.","url":"https://blog.gale.com/author/tara/"}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s7.addthis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.openshareweb.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.shareaholic.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.shareaholic.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//analytics.shareaholic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//recs.shareaholic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//partner.shareaholic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public » Feed" href="https://blog.gale.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public » Comments Feed" href="https://blog.gale.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public » How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade Comments Feed" href="https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/feed/" /> <!-- Shareaholic - https://www.shareaholic.com --> <link rel='preload' href='//cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js' as='script'/> <script data-no-minify='1' data-cfasync='false'> _SHR_SETTINGS = {"endpoints":{"local_recs_url":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=shareaholic_permalink_related","ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","share_counts_url":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=shareaholic_share_counts_api"},"site_id":"7774ab0fc85e19cc3519ab8a6d71cd3d","url_components":{"year":"2022","monthnum":"07","day":"12","hour":"09","minute":"00","second":"00","post_id":"52448","postname":"how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade","category":"featured"}}; </script> <script data-no-minify='1' data-cfasync='false' src='//cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js' data-shr-siteid='7774ab0fc85e19cc3519ab8a6d71cd3d' async ></script> <!-- Shareaholic Content Tags --> <meta name='shareaholic:site_name' content='Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public' /> <meta name='shareaholic:language' content='en-US' /> <meta name='shareaholic:url' content='https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/' /> <meta name='shareaholic:keywords' content='tag:academic, tag:academic libraries, tag:educator, tag:online education resources, tag:online resources, tag:public, tag:public library, tag:roe v wade, tag:roe v. wade, tag:roe versus wade, tag:teacher, cat:academic, cat:featured, cat:public, cat:schools, type:post' /> <meta name='shareaholic:article_published_time' content='2022-07-12T09:00:00-04:00' /> <meta name='shareaholic:article_modified_time' content='2022-07-08T13:48:44-04:00' /> <meta name='shareaholic:shareable_page' content='true' /> <meta name='shareaholic:article_author_name' content='Tara Blair' /> <meta name='shareaholic:site_id' content='7774ab0fc85e19cc3519ab8a6d71cd3d' /> <meta name='shareaholic:wp_version' content='9.7.12' /> <meta name='shareaholic:image' content='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751-640x316.jpg' /> <!-- Shareaholic Content Tags End --> <!-- This site uses the Google Analytics by ExactMetrics plugin v7.10.0 - Using Analytics tracking - https://www.exactmetrics.com/ --> <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-6554141-41" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false"> var em_version = '7.10.0'; var em_track_user = true; var em_no_track_reason = ''; var disableStrs = [ 'ga-disable-UA-6554141-41', ]; /* Function to detect opted out users */ function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) { return true; } } return false; } /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */ if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } /* Opt-out function */ function __gtagTrackerOptout() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) { function gaOptout() { __gtagTrackerOptout(); } } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.ExactMetricsDualTracker = { helpers: {}, trackers: {}, }; if (em_track_user) { function __gtagDataLayer() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) { if (!parameters) { parameters = {}; } if (parameters.send_to) { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); return; } if (type === 'event') { parameters.send_to = exactmetrics_frontend.ua; __gtagDataLayer(type, name, parameters); } else { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); } } __gtagTracker('js', new Date()); __gtagTracker('set', { 'developer_id.dNDMyYj': true, }); __gtagTracker('config', 'UA-6554141-41', {"forceSSL":"true","link_attribution":"true"} ); window.gtag = __gtagTracker; (function () { /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ /* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */ var noopfn = function () { return null; }; var newtracker = function () { return new Tracker(); }; var Tracker = function () { return null; }; var p = Tracker.prototype; p.get = noopfn; p.set = noopfn; p.send = function () { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift('send'); __gaTracker.apply(null, args); }; var __gaTracker = function () { var len = arguments.length; if (len === 0) { return; } var f = arguments[len - 1]; if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') { if ('send' === arguments[0]) { var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action; if ('event' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': arguments[3], 'eventCategory': arguments[2], 'eventLabel': arguments[4], 'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1, } } } if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': 'page_view', 'page_path': arguments[2], } } } if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') { hitObject = arguments[2]; } if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') { Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]); } if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) { hitObject = arguments[1]; if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) { hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view'; } } if (hitObject) { action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject); __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); } } return; } function mapArgs(args) { var arg, hit = {}; var gaMap = { 'eventCategory': 'event_category', 'eventAction': 'event_action', 'eventLabel': 'event_label', 'eventValue': 'event_value', 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 'timingCategory': 'event_category', 'timingVar': 'name', 'timingValue': 'value', 'timingLabel': 'event_label', 'page': 'page_path', 'location': 'page_location', 'title': 'page_title', }; for (arg in args) { if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) { hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; } else { hit[arg] = args[arg]; } } return hit; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = newtracker; __gaTracker.getByName = newtracker; __gaTracker.getAll = function () { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; __gaTracker.loaded = true; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } else { console.log(""); (function () { function __gtagTracker() { return null; } window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker; })(); } </script> <!-- / Google Analytics by ExactMetrics --> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,regular,italic,600,600italic,700,700italic,800,800italic' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--contrast: var(--contrast);--wp--preset--color--contrast-2: var(--contrast-2);--wp--preset--color--contrast-3: var(--contrast-3);--wp--preset--color--base: var(--base);--wp--preset--color--base-2: var(--base-2);--wp--preset--color--base-3: var(--base-3);--wp--preset--color--accent: var(--accent);--wp--preset--color--empower-blue: var(--empower-blue);--wp--preset--color--empower-orange: var(--empower-orange);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtr-css-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/worth-the-read/css/wtr.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-style-grid-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/unsemantic-grid.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-style-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/style.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <style id='generate-style-inline-css'> body{background-color:#efefef;color:#0f0f0f;}a{color:#1e73be;}a:visited{color:#0089cf;}a:hover, a:focus, a:active{color:#000000;}body .grid-container{max-width:1200px;}.wp-block-group__inner-container{max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.generate-back-to-top{font-size:20px;border-radius:3px;position:fixed;bottom:30px;right:30px;line-height:40px;width:40px;text-align:center;z-index:10;transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;opacity:0.1;transform:translateY(1000px);}.generate-back-to-top__show{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}:root{--contrast:#222222;--contrast-2:#575760;--contrast-3:#b2b2be;--base:#f0f0f0;--base-2:#f7f8f9;--base-3:#ffffff;--accent:#1e73be;--empower-blue:#003865;--empower-orange:#dc4405;}:root .has-contrast-color{color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-2-color{color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-2-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-3-color{color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-contrast-3-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-base-color{color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-background-color{background-color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-2-color{color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-2-background-color{background-color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-3-color{color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-base-3-background-color{background-color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-accent-color{color:var(--accent);}:root .has-accent-background-color{background-color:var(--accent);}:root .has-empower-blue-color{color:var(--empower-blue);}:root .has-empower-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--empower-blue);}:root .has-empower-orange-color{color:var(--empower-orange);}:root .has-empower-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--empower-orange);}body, button, input, select, textarea{font-family:"Open Sans", sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:16px;}body{line-height:1.5;}.entry-content > [class*="wp-block-"]:not(:last-child):not(.wp-block-heading){margin-bottom:1.5em;}.main-title{font-size:45px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{font-size:14px;}.sidebar .widget, .footer-widgets .widget{font-size:17px;}h1{font-weight:300;font-size:40px;}h2{font-weight:300;font-size:30px;}h3{font-size:20px;}h4{font-size:inherit;}h5{font-size:inherit;}@media (max-width:768px){.main-title{font-size:30px;}h1{font-size:30px;}h2{font-size:25px;}}.top-bar{background-color:#636363;color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a{color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a:hover{color:#303030;}.site-header{background-color:#04345d;color:#3a3a3a;}.site-header a{color:#3a3a3a;}.main-title a,.main-title a:hover{color:#222222;}.site-description{color:#757575;}.main-navigation,.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#365f7f;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a, .main-navigation .menu-toggle, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0089cf;}button.menu-toggle:hover,button.menu-toggle:focus,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a:hover,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a:focus{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0089cf;}.navigation-search input[type="search"],.navigation-search input[type="search"]:active, .navigation-search input[type="search"]:focus, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.search-item.active > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items .search-item.active > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0089cf;}.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#0f0f0f;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a,.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0c0c0c;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#4f4f4f;}.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .one-container .container, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .inside-page-header{background-color:#ffffff;}.entry-meta{color:#595959;}.entry-meta a{color:#595959;}.entry-meta a:hover{color:#1e73be;}.sidebar .widget{background-color:#ffffff;}.sidebar .widget .widget-title{color:#000000;}.footer-widgets{color:#ffffff;background-color:#365f7f;}.footer-widgets a{color:#abe1fa;}.footer-widgets a:hover{color:#abe1fa;}.footer-widgets .widget-title{color:#ffffff;}.site-info{color:#ffffff;background-color:#04345d;}.site-info a{color:#ffffff;}.site-info a:hover{color:#606060;}.footer-bar .widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a{color:#606060;}input[type="text"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type="tel"],input[type="number"],textarea,select{color:#666666;background-color:#fafafa;border-color:#cccccc;}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,select:focus{color:#666666;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#bfbfbf;}button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],a.button,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){color:#ffffff;background-color:#666666;}button:hover,html input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="reset"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:hover,a.button:hover,button:focus,html input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:focus,a.button:focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):active,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{color:#ffffff;background-color:#3f3f3f;}a.generate-back-to-top{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.4 );color:#ffffff;}a.generate-back-to-top:hover,a.generate-back-to-top:focus{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.6 );color:#ffffff;}:root{--gp-search-modal-bg-color:var(--base-3);--gp-search-modal-text-color:var(--contrast);--gp-search-modal-overlay-bg-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}@media (max-width: 768px){.main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{background:none;color:#ffffff;}}.inside-top-bar{padding:10px;}.inside-header{padding:30px 20px 30px 20px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:40px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-40px;width:calc(100% + 80px);max-width:calc(100% + 80px);}.rtl .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-left:20px;}.rtl .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.menu-item-has-children > a{padding-right:20px;}.widget-area .widget{padding:20px;}.site-info{padding:20px;}@media (max-width:768px){.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .one-container .site-content, .inside-page-header{padding:30px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:30px;}.site-info{padding-right:10px;padding-left:10px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-30px;width:calc(100% + 60px);max-width:calc(100% + 60px);}}@media (max-width: 768px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items,.sidebar-nav-mobile:not(#sticky-placeholder){display:block;}.main-navigation ul,.gen-sidebar-nav{display:none;}[class*="nav-float-"] .site-header .inside-header > *{float:none;clear:both;}} .main-navigation .slideout-toggle a:before,.slide-opened .slideout-overlay .slideout-exit:before{font-family:GeneratePress;}.slideout-navigation .dropdown-menu-toggle:before{content:"\f107" !important;}.slideout-navigation .sfHover > a .dropdown-menu-toggle:before{content:"\f106" !important;} body{background-image:url('http://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/magma-texture.jpg');} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-mobile-style-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/mobile.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-font-icons-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/components/font-icons.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/components/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/addthis-follow/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-blog-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/blog/functions/css/style-min.css?ver=1.8.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-secondary-nav-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/secondary-nav/functions/css/style.min.css?ver=1.8.3' media='all' /> <style id='generate-secondary-nav-inline-css'> .secondary-navigation{background-color:#04345d;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.secondary-navigation .menu-toggle{color:#ffffff;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}button.secondary-menu-toggle:hover,button.secondary-menu-toggle:focus{color:#ffffff;}.widget-area .secondary-navigation{margin-bottom:20px;}.secondary-navigation ul ul{background-color:#303030;top:auto;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{color:#ffffff;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}.secondary-navigation .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-right:15px;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li:hover > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li:focus > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0089cf;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:hover > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:focus > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li.sfHover > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#474747;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a, .secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a:hover,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"].sfHover > a{color:#222222;background-color:#ffffff;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a:hover,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"].sfHover > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#474747;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-secondary-nav-mobile-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/secondary-nav/functions/css/mobile.min.css?ver=1.8.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='otw-shortcode-general_foundicons-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/info-boxes-shortcode-and-widget/include/otw_components/otw_shortcode/css/general_foundicons.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='otw-shortcode-social_foundicons-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/info-boxes-shortcode-and-widget/include/otw_components/otw_shortcode/css/social_foundicons.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='otw-shortcode-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/info-boxes-shortcode-and-widget/include/otw_components/otw_shortcode/css/otw_shortcode.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=9.4.3' media='all' /> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-dashboard-for-wp/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=7.10.0" id="exactmetrics-frontend-script-js"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" id='exactmetrics-frontend-script-js-extra'>var exactmetrics_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx","inbound_paths":"[{\"path\":\"\\\/go\\\/\",\"label\":\"affiliate\"},{\"path\":\"\\\/recommend\\\/\",\"label\":\"affiliate\"}]","home_url":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com","hash_tracking":"false","ua":"UA-6554141-41","v4_id":""};</script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script id="accordions_js-js-extra"> var accordions_ajax = {"accordions_ajaxurl":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; </script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/accordions/assets/frontend/js/scripts.js?ver=6.6.1" id="accordions_js-js"></script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-hide-post/public/js/wp-hide-post-public.js?ver=2.0.10" id="wp-hide-post-js"></script> <script src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js?ver=6.6.1#pubid=wp-0114226b8d293e5e4fcdbde0a365e58d" id="addthis_widget-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/52448" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://blog.gale.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/p4nZiA-dDW' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.gale.com%2Fhow-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.gale.com%2Fhow-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade%2F&format=xml" /> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MCRG9V');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Efv-bj3x0yASYmpsEYOJOAX0-41i0_hBAtbDqQ_J5TM" /><script type="text/javascript"> window._se_plugin_version = '8.1.9'; </script> <!-- Stream WordPress user activity plugin v3.7.0 --> <style type="text/css">.wtr-time-wrap{ /* wraps the entire label */ margin: 0 10px; } .wtr-time-number{ /* applies only to the number */ }</style> <!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --> <!-- GTM Container placement set to manual --> <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer type="text/javascript"> var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"post","pagePostType2":"single-post","pageCategory":["academic","featured","public","schools"],"pageAttributes":["academic-2","academic-libraries","educator","online-education-resources","online-resources","public-2","public-library","roe-v-wade-2","roe-v-wade","roe-versus-wade","teacher"],"pagePostAuthor":"Tara Blair"}; dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content ); </script> <script data-cfasync="false"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MCRG9V'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><link rel="pingback" href="https://blog.gale.com/xmlrpc.php"> <style>.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><style type="text/css"></style><meta name="twitter:widgets:link-color" content="#000000"><meta name="twitter:widgets:border-color" content="#000000"><meta name="twitter:partner" content="tfwp"><script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpf"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpf-4.2.6"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ui_atversion":300}; } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Follow Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"4.2.6","plugin_mode":"AddThis","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-0114226b8d293e5e4fcdbde0a365e58d","page_info":{"template":"posts","post_type":""},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; } (function() { var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () { if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') { window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id); if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) { window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers); } if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) { for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) { window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]); } } } },1000) }()); </script><link rel="icon" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/cropped-310395875_813932749708045_650454514375076819_n-1-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/cropped-310395875_813932749708045_650454514375076819_n-1-192x192.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/cropped-310395875_813932749708045_650454514375076819_n-1-180x180.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/cropped-310395875_813932749708045_650454514375076819_n-1-270x270.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta name="twitter:title" content="How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade"><meta name="twitter:description" content="| By Gale Staff | After the U.S. Supreme Court announced it would overturn the landmark Roe v. Wade ruling, it sent shockwaves across the country; after almost half a century, Americans’ constitutional right to get an abortion had been struck down. Protests erupted in cities and towns across the United States, where reproductive rights…"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751.jpg"> <style type="text/css" title="dynamic-css" class="options-output">.wtr-time-wrap{line-height:16px;color:#CCCCCC;font-size:16px;opacity: 1;visibility: visible;-webkit-transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out;-moz-transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out;transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out;}.wf-loading .wtr-time-wrap{opacity: 0;}.ie.wf-loading .wtr-time-wrap{visibility: hidden;}</style><style id="tt-easy-google-font-styles" type="text/css">p { } h1 { } h2 { } h3 { } h4 { } h5 { } h6 { } * { } </style></head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-52448 single-format-standard wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive post-image-above-header post-image-aligned-center secondary-nav-float-right secondary-nav-aligned-right sticky-menu-fade right-sidebar nav-below-header separate-containers fluid-header active-footer-widgets-3 nav-aligned-left header-aligned-left dropdown-hover featured-image-active" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" itemscope> <!-- GTM Container placement set to manual --> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MCRG9V" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- GTM Container placement set to manual --> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --><a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a> <header class="site-header" id="masthead" aria-label="Site" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope> <div class="inside-header grid-container grid-parent"> <nav itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope" id="secondary-navigation" class="secondary-navigation grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="inside-navigation grid-container grid-parent"> <button class="menu-toggle secondary-menu-toggle"> <span class="mobile-menu">Utility Menu</span> </button> <div class="main-nav"><ul id="menu-utility-nav" class=" secondary-menu sf-menu"><li id="menu-item-20231" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20231"><a href="https://myaccount.cengage.com/b2bstore/en/US/storefrontd/gale?cmd=CLB2BMyProfile">My Account</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20223" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20223"><a href="http://support.gale.com">Support</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20227" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20227"><a href="http://www.cengage.com/repfinder/gale">Find Rep</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20225" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20225"><a href="https://cengage.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_4TMdxL87bK29mrX">Feedback</a></li> </ul></div> </div><!-- .inside-navigation --> </nav><!-- #secondary-navigation --> <div class="site-logo"> <a href="http://www.gale.com" rel="home"> <img class="header-image is-logo-image" alt="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Gale_Logo_rgb_white_small-1.png" /> </a> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="main-navigation sub-menu-right" id="site-navigation" aria-label="Primary" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope> <div class="inside-navigation grid-container grid-parent"> <button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="mobile-menu">Blog Menu</span> </button> <div id="primary-menu" class="main-nav"><ul id="menu-gale-blog" class=" menu sf-menu"><li id="menu-item-20185" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-20185"><a href="http://blog.gale.com">Blog Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20175" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-20175"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/">Academic</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20177" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-20177"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/">Schools</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20173" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-20173"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/">Public</a></li> <li id="menu-item-35449" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-35449"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/thorndike-press/">Thorndike Press</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20139" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20139"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.gale.com/events#new_tab">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20179" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-20179"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/updates/">Product Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-51037" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-51037"><a href="https://review.gale.com/">Gale International Blog</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </nav> <div class="site grid-container container hfeed grid-parent" id="page"> <div class="site-content" id="content"> <div class="content-area grid-parent mobile-grid-100 grid-75 tablet-grid-75" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-52448" class="post-52448 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-academic category-featured category-public category-schools tag-academic-2 tag-academic-libraries tag-educator tag-online-education-resources tag-online-resources tag-public-2 tag-public-library tag-roe-v-wade-2 tag-roe-v-wade tag-roe-versus-wade tag-teacher" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="800" height="395" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751.jpg 800w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751-300x148.jpg 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751-768x379.jpg 768w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/iStock-1364033751-640x316.jpg 640w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-07-12T09:00:00-04:00" itemprop="datePublished">July 12, 2022</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/' data-app-id-name='post_above_content'></div><span class="wtr-time-wrap before-content"><span class="wtr-time-number">4</span> min read</span><div id="wtr-content" data-bg="#FFFFFF" data-fg="#f44813" data-width="20" data-mute="" data-fgopacity="0.20" data-mutedopacity="0.35" data-placement="top" data-placement-offset="4" data-content-offset="2" data-placement-touch="top" data-placement-offset-touch="4" data-transparent="" data-shadow="1" data-touch="1" data-non-touch="1" data-comments="0" data-commentsbg="#ffcece" data-location="page" data-mutedfg="#f44813" data-endfg="#f44813" data-rtl="" > <p>| By Gale Staff |</p> <p>After the U.S. Supreme Court announced it would overturn the landmark <em>Roe v. Wade</em> ruling, it sent shockwaves across the country; after almost half a century, Americans’ constitutional right to get an abortion had been struck down. Protests <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/06/26/1107715163/abortion-rights-protests-roe-v-wade-supreme-court?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">erupted</a> in cities and towns across the United States, where reproductive rights advocates voiced <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/20/upshot/abortion-united-states-roe-wade.html?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concern</a> over the far-reaching consequences of the jarring reversal, as pro-life advocates <a href="https://www.wbur.org/news/2022/06/24/massachusetts-anti-pro-abortion-groups-roe-react?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">joined demonstrations</a> to celebrate the decision.</p> <p><em>Where is abortion still legal? How will the decision impact access to reproductive health care? How are individual states responding? Could this impact other rulings?</em></p> <p>Instead of avoiding the conversation, educators can take this as an opportunity to help students understand the historical context and significance behind <em>Roe v. Wade</em> and the fight for reproductive rights—as well as the consequences of overturning it.</p> <p>Through digital databases and archives, educators and students can access primary and secondary sources that provide additional insight into the past and present of abortion and reproductive rights in the United States. Here’s how:</p> <p><strong>Connecting past to present</strong></p> <p>To understand the significance of overturning <em>Roe v. Wade</em>, students must first consider the long history and evolution of reproductive rights, abortion, and birth control in the United States.</p> <p>Educators can reference primary sources—such as court testimonies, academic journal entries, court briefings, and newspaper articles—to create a timeline that connects past to present.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li><a href="https://www.gale.com/databases/gale-in-context?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Gale In Context: High School</em></a> includes digital portals for <a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/portal/HKELDP760860429/SUIC?u=gale&sid=bookmark-SUIC&xid=27ab1d71" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roe v. Wade</a> and <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/searchTopic?p=SUIC&u=gale&topicId=00000000MNO4&searchType=ts&sid=bookmark-SUIC&asid=9105032f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Abortion</a>, which contain a curated collection of related primary and secondary sources for teachers and students.</li></ul> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>To examine the history of reproductive health services, birth control, and contraceptives, educators and students can reference the <a href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/womens-studies/collections/planned-parenthood-and-birth-control-history?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planned Parenthood & Birth Control History</a> collections, available in Gale’s <a href="https://www.gale.com/intl/primary-sources/womens-studies?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Women’s Studies Archive</em></a>.</li></ul> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Drawing from the records of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU),<em> The Making of Modern Law</em> series contains notable primary sources related to <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?st=Manuscripts&searchResultsType=SingleTab&qt=SU~%22Abortion%22&sw=w&ty=as&it=search&sid=bookmark-ACLU&p=ACLU&s=Relevance&u=gale&v=2.1&asid=cf48ade6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abortion</a> and <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?st=Manuscripts&searchResultsType=SingleTab&qt=SU~%22Birth+control%22&sw=w&ty=as&it=search&sid=bookmark-ACLU&p=ACLU&s=Relevance&u=gale&v=2.1&asid=86f71d7a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birth control</a> in the United States.</li></ul> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li><a href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/making-of-modern-law?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Making of Modern Law</em></a> series also contains a comprehensive collection of records and briefs brought before the U.S. Supreme Court related to abortion, including <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?st=Monographs&qt=CASE_NAME_IDX~%22Roe+v.+Wade%22&sw=w&ty=is&it=search&sid=bookmark-SCRB&p=SCRB&s=Relevance&u=gale&v=2.1&asid=8ac98e3c" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roe v. Wade</a>, <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?st=Monographs&qt=CASE_NAME_IDX~%22Chicago+Board+of+Health+v.+Friendship+Medical+Center%22&sw=w&ty=is&it=search&sid=bookmark-SCRB&p=SCRB&s=Relevance&u=gale&v=2.1&asid=0a70ed39" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Friendship Medical Center v. Chicago Board of Health</a>, <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?st=Monographs&qt=CASE_NAME_IDX~%22Doe+v.+Bolton%22&sw=w&ty=is&it=search&sid=bookmark-SCRB&p=SCRB&s=Relevance&u=gale&v=2.1&asid=d148dcd0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doe v. Bolton</a>, and <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?st=Monographs&qt=CASE_NAME_IDX~%22U.+S.+v.+Vuitch%22&sw=w&ty=is&it=search&sid=bookmark-SCRB&p=SCRB&s=Relevance&u=gale&v=2.1&asid=ab359884" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United States v. Vuitch.</a> </li></ul> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/portal/HKELDP760860429/SUIC?u=gale&sid=bookmark-SUIC&xid=27ab1d71" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-10-04-1024x724.png" alt="" class="wp-image-52449" width="602" height="425" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-10-04-1024x724.png 1024w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-10-04-300x212.png 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-10-04-768x543.png 768w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-10-04-1536x1086.png 1536w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-10-04-640x452.png 640w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-10-04.png 1889w" sizes="(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px" /></a></figure></div> <p><strong>Analyzing multiple perspectives</strong></p> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/QAPABJ427760646/GDCS?u=webdemo&sid=bookmark-GDCS&xid=9ce999fe&pg=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-14-47-665x1024.png" alt="" class="wp-image-52450" width="297" height="457" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-14-47-665x1024.png 665w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-14-47-195x300.png 195w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-14-47-768x1183.png 768w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-14-47-997x1536.png 997w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-14-47-640x986.png 640w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-06_14-14-47.png 1014w" sizes="(max-width: 297px) 100vw, 297px" /></a><figcaption><sup>Lippis, John, and National Right to Life Educational Trust Fund. <em>The challenge to be “pro life”: by John Lippis</em>. Santa Barbara, Ca.; Washington, D.C.: Santa Barbara Pro Life Education; National Right to Life Educational Trust Fund, c1982. <em>Political Extremism and Radicalism</em> (accessed July 6, 2022). <a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/QAPABJ427760646/GDCS?u=webdemo&sid=bookmark-GDCS&xid=9ce999fe&pg=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/QAPABJ427760646/GDCS?u=webdemo&sid=bookmark-GDCS&xid=9ce999fe&pg=1</a>.<br></sup></figcaption></figure></div> <p>To set the stage for a productive, respectful discussion, educators can use primary sources or <a href="https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-opposing-viewpoints?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</em></a> to help students understand the <a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/portal/00000000LVUS/OVIC?u=gale&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=5a574199" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viewpoints</a> held by pro-life and pro-choice activists, and how tactics employed by antiabortion groups in years past <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/06/26/1107713225/how-conservatives-worked-for-decades-to-fill-courts-with-anti-abortion-rights-ju?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contributed to</a> the reversal.</p> <p>Pamphlets, booklets, newspaper articles, and other ephemera provide valuable insight into the history of the abortion debate in America.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Within Gale’s <em>Women’s Studies Archive</em>, educators and students can find excerpts from notable publications, including <em>Her-Self</em>, <em>Ms</em>., and <em>Women’s Rights Law Reporter</em>, which detail the initial response to the Roe v. Wade ruling.</li></ul> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>To examine the roots of the antiabortion movement, educators and students can reference materials distributed by radical and extremist groups—like the following anti-abortion pamphlets in Gale’s <a href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/political-extremism-and-radicalism" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Political Extremism and Radicalism</em></a> database:<ul><li>“<a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GDCS&u=webdemo&id=GALE|XZGVQW272905678&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-GDCS&sPage=37&asid=1d03ec64" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">How you can help clean up America</a>”</li></ul><ul><li>“<a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GDCS&u=webdemo&id=GALE|EMJQVF837819905&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-GDCS&sPage=1.&asid=0b8a8918" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thou shalt not kill…my babies</a>”</li></ul><ul><li>“<a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GDCS&u=webdemo&id=GALE|QAPABJ427760646&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-GDCS&sPage=1.&asid=9ce999fe" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The challenge to be ‘pro life’</a>”</li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Parallels are often drawn between the fight for reproductive and LGBTQ rights, so examining the Roe v. Wade ruling through the lens of the gay press is a useful way to understand its impact on the legalization of gay marriage and other key legislation.</li></ul> <p><strong>Have the (informed) conversation</strong></p> <p>Across the country, students are <a href="https://www.edweek.org/leadership/at-the-supreme-court-high-school-students-express-disappointment-over-abortion-decision/2022/06?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">already engaging</a> in the abortion rights discussion. Educators have an opportunity to bring the conversation into the classroom or lecture hall—and use available resources to support teaching and learning around this timely, crucial topic.</p> <p><em>Learn more about using </em><a href="https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-high-school?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Gale In Context: High School</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-opposing-viewpoints?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830"><em>Gale In</em></a><em><a href="https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-opposing-viewpoints?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> </a></em><a href="https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-opposing-viewpoints?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830"><em>Context: Opposing Viewpoints</em></a>,<em> and </em><a href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=got232169830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Gale Primary Sources</em></a><em> in your school or library.</em></p> </div><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings below via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/' data-app-id-name='post_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='How Educators Can Help Students Understand the Overturn and History of Roe v. Wade' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/' data-app-id-name='post_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/" rel="category tag">Academic</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/" rel="category tag">Public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/" rel="category tag">Schools</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/academic-2/" rel="tag">academic</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/academic-libraries/" rel="tag">academic libraries</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/educator/" rel="tag">educator</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/online-education-resources/" rel="tag">online education resources</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/online-resources/" rel="tag">Online Resources</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-2/" rel="tag">public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-library/" rel="tag">public library</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/roe-v-wade-2/" rel="tag">roe v wade</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/roe-v-wade/" rel="tag">Roe v. Wade</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/roe-versus-wade/" rel="tag">Roe versus Wade</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/teacher/" rel="tag">teacher</a></span> <nav id="nav-below" class="post-navigation" aria-label="Posts"> <div class="nav-previous"><span class="prev"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/new-titles-for-gale-onefile-july-2022/" rel="prev">New Titles for Gale OneFile, July 2022</a></span></div><div class="nav-next"><span class="next"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/free-45-minute-webinar/" rel="next">Free, 45-Minute Webinar</a></span></div> </nav> </footer> </div> </article> <div class="comments-area"> <div id="comments"> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Comment <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/how-educators-can-help-students-understand-the-overturn-and-history-of-roe-v-wade/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://blog.gale.com/wp-comments-post.php?wpe-comment-post=galeblog" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment" class="screen-reader-text">Comment</label><textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" required></textarea></p><label for="author" class="screen-reader-text">Name</label><input placeholder="Name *" id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" required /> <label for="email" class="screen-reader-text">Email</label><input placeholder="Email *" id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" required /> <label for="url" class="screen-reader-text">Website</label><input placeholder="Website" id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" /> <p class="comment-form-cookies-consent"><input id="wp-comment-cookies-consent" name="wp-comment-cookies-consent" type="checkbox" value="yes" /> <label for="wp-comment-cookies-consent">Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.</label></p> <p class="comment-subscription-form"><input type="checkbox" name="subscribe_comments" id="subscribe_comments" value="subscribe" style="width: auto; -moz-appearance: checkbox; -webkit-appearance: checkbox;" /> <label class="subscribe-label" id="subscribe-label" for="subscribe_comments">Notify me of follow-up comments by email.</label></p><p class="comment-subscription-form"><input type="checkbox" name="subscribe_blog" id="subscribe_blog" value="subscribe" style="width: auto; -moz-appearance: checkbox; -webkit-appearance: checkbox;" /> <label class="subscribe-label" id="subscribe-blog-label" for="subscribe_blog">Notify me of new posts by email.</label></p><p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='52448' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="dc52ddfa1d" /></p><input type="hidden" id="ak_js" name="ak_js" value="243"/><textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100" style="display: none !important;"></textarea></form> </div><!-- #respond --> </div><!-- #comments --> </div> </main> </div> <div class="widget-area sidebar is-right-sidebar grid-25 tablet-grid-25 grid-parent" id="right-sidebar"> <div class="inside-right-sidebar"> <aside id="search-7" class="widget inner-padding widget_search"><form method="get" class="search-form" action="https://blog.gale.com/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" title="Search for:"> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search"></form> </aside><aside id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">Subscribe</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><form method="post" name="GOT211596043" action="https://s2138.t.eloqua.com/e/f2" onsubmit="return handleFormSubmit(this)" id="form3330" class="elq-form"> <input value="GOT211596043" type="hidden" name="elqFormName"> <input value="2138" type="hidden" name="elqSiteId"> <input name="elqCampaignId" type="hidden"> <div class="layout container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="grid-layout-col"> <div class="layout-col col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div id="formElement0" class="elq-field-style form-element-layout row"> <div style="text-align:left;" class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <label class="elq-label " for="fe49300">Email Address <span class="elq-required">* </span> </label> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="field-control-wrapper"> <input type="text" class="elq-item-input" name="emailAddress" id="fe49300" value="" style="width:100%;"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <br> <div class="row"> <div class="grid-layout-col"> <div class="layout-col col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div id="formElement1" class="elq-field-style form-element-layout row"> <div style="text-align:left;" class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <label class="elq-label " for="fe49315">Country <span class="elq-required">* </span> </label> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="field-control-wrapper"> <select class="elq-item-select" id="fe49315" name="country" style="width:100%;" data-value="~~eloqua..type--emailfield..syntax--Country~~"> <option value="">Select </option> <option value="United States">United States </option> <option value="Canada">Canada </option> <option value="Afghanistan">Afghanistan </option> <option value="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands </option> <option value="Albania">Albania </option> <option value="Algeria">Algeria </option> <option value="American Samoa">American Samoa </option> <option value="Andorra">Andorra </option> <option value="Angola">Angola </option> <option value="Anguilla">Anguilla </option> <option value="Antarctica">Antarctica </option> <option value="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda </option> <option value="Argentina">Argentina </option> <option value="Armenia">Armenia </option> <option value="Aruba">Aruba </option> <option value="Australia">Australia </option> <option value="Austria">Austria </option> <option value="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan </option> <option value="Bahamas">Bahamas </option> <option value="Bahrain">Bahrain </option> <option value="Bangladesh">Bangladesh </option> <option value="Barbados">Barbados </option> <option value="Belarus">Belarus </option> <option value="Belgium">Belgium </option> <option value="Belize">Belize </option> <option value="Benin">Benin </option> <option value="Bermuda">Bermuda </option> <option value="Bhutan">Bhutan </option> <option value="Bolivia">Bolivia </option> <option value="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba">Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba </option> <option value="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina </option> <option value="Botswana">Botswana </option> <option value="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island </option> <option value="Brazil">Brazil </option> <option value="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory </option> <option value="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam </option> <option value="Bulgaria">Bulgaria </option> <option value="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso </option> <option value="Burundi">Burundi </option> <option value="Cabo Verde">Cabo Verde </option> <option value="Cambodia">Cambodia </option> <option value="Cameroon">Cameroon </option> <option value="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands </option> <option value="Central African Republic">Central African Republic </option> <option value="Chad">Chad </option> <option value="Chile">Chile </option> <option value="China">China </option> <option value="Christmas Island">Christmas Island </option> <option value="Cocos Islands">Cocos Islands </option> <option value="Colombia">Colombia </option> <option value="Comoros">Comoros </option> <option value="Congo">Congo </option> <option value="Cook Islands">Cook Islands </option> <option value="Costa Rica">Costa Rica </option> <option value="Cote d'Ivoire">Cote d'Ivoire </option> <option value="Croatia">Croatia </option> <option value="Cuba">Cuba </option> <option value="Curacao">Curacao </option> <option value="Cyprus">Cyprus </option> <option value="Czechia">Czechia </option> <option value="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo </option> <option value="Denmark">Denmark </option> <option value="Djibouti">Djibouti </option> <option value="Dominica">Dominica </option> <option value="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic </option> <option value="Ecuador">Ecuador </option> <option value="Egypt">Egypt </option> <option value="El Salvador">El Salvador </option> <option value="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea </option> <option value="Eritrea">Eritrea </option> <option value="Estonia">Estonia </option> <option value="Eswatini">Eswatini </option> <option value="Ethiopia">Ethiopia </option> <option value="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands </option> <option value="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands </option> <option value="Fiji">Fiji </option> <option value="Finland">Finland </option> <option value="France">France </option> <option value="French Guiana">French Guiana </option> <option value="French Polynesia">French Polynesia </option> <option value="French Southern Territories">French Southern Territories </option> <option value="Gabon">Gabon </option> <option value="Gambia">Gambia </option> <option value="Georgia">Georgia </option> <option value="Germany">Germany </option> <option value="Ghana">Ghana </option> <option value="Gibraltar">Gibraltar </option> <option value="Greece">Greece </option> <option value="Greenland">Greenland </option> <option value="Grenada">Grenada </option> <option value="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe </option> <option value="Guam">Guam </option> <option value="Guatemala">Guatemala </option> <option value="Guernsey">Guernsey </option> <option value="Guinea">Guinea </option> <option value="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau </option> <option value="Guyana">Guyana </option> <option value="Haiti">Haiti </option> <option value="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands </option> <option value="Holy See">Holy See </option> <option value="Honduras">Honduras </option> <option value="Hong Kong">Hong Kong </option> <option value="Hungary">Hungary </option> <option value="Iceland">Iceland </option> <option value="India">India </option> <option value="Indonesia">Indonesia </option> <option value="Iran">Iran </option> <option value="Iraq">Iraq </option> <option value="Ireland">Ireland </option> <option value="Isle of Man">Isle of Man </option> <option value="Israel">Israel </option> <option value="Italy">Italy </option> <option value="Jamaica">Jamaica </option> <option value="Japan">Japan </option> <option value="Jersey">Jersey </option> <option value="Jordan">Jordan </option> <option value="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan </option> <option value="Kenya">Kenya </option> <option value="Kiribati">Kiribati </option> <option value="Kuwait">Kuwait </option> <option value="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan </option> <option value="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic </option> <option value="Latvia">Latvia </option> <option value="Lebanon">Lebanon </option> <option value="Lesotho">Lesotho </option> <option value="Liberia">Liberia </option> <option value="Libya">Libya </option> <option value="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein </option> <option value="Lithuania">Lithuania </option> <option value="Luxembourg">Luxembourg </option> <option value="Macao">Macao </option> <option value="Macedonia">Macedonia </option> <option value="Madagascar">Madagascar </option> <option value="Malawi">Malawi </option> <option value="Malaysia">Malaysia </option> <option value="Maldives">Maldives </option> <option value="Mali">Mali </option> <option value="Malta">Malta </option> <option value="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands </option> <option value="Martinique">Martinique </option> <option value="Mauritania">Mauritania </option> <option value="Mauritius">Mauritius </option> <option value="Mayotte">Mayotte </option> <option value="Mexico">Mexico </option> <option value="Micronesia">Micronesia </option> <option value="Moldova">Moldova </option> <option value="Monaco">Monaco </option> <option value="Mongolia">Mongolia </option> <option value="Montenegro">Montenegro </option> <option value="Montserrat">Montserrat </option> <option value="Morocco">Morocco </option> <option value="Mozambique">Mozambique </option> <option value="Myanmar">Myanmar </option> <option value="Namibia">Namibia </option> <option value="Nauru">Nauru </option> <option value="Nepal">Nepal </option> <option value="Netherlands">Netherlands </option> <option value="New Caledonia">New Caledonia </option> <option value="New Zealand">New Zealand </option> <option value="Nicaragua">Nicaragua </option> <option value="Niger">Niger </option> <option value="Nigeria">Nigeria </option> <option value="Niue">Niue </option> <option value="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island </option> <option value="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands </option> <option value="Norway">Norway </option> <option value="Oman">Oman </option> <option value="Pakistan">Pakistan </option> <option value="Palau">Palau </option> <option value="Palestine, State of">Palestine, State of </option> <option value="Panama">Panama </option> <option value="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea </option> <option value="Paraguay">Paraguay </option> <option value="Peru">Peru </option> <option value="Philippines">Philippines </option> <option value="Pitcairn">Pitcairn </option> <option value="Poland">Poland </option> <option value="Portugal">Portugal </option> <option value="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </option> <option value="Qatar">Qatar </option> <option value="Reunion">Reunion </option> <option value="Romania">Romania </option> <option value="Russian Federation">Russian Federation </option> <option value="Rwanda">Rwanda </option> <option value="Saint Barthelemy">Saint Barthelemy </option> <option value="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha </option> <option value="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis </option> <option value="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia </option> <option value="Saint Martin">Saint Martin </option> <option value="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon </option> <option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </option> <option value="Samoa">Samoa </option> <option value="San Marino">San Marino </option> <option value="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe </option> <option value="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia </option> <option value="Senegal">Senegal </option> <option value="Serbia">Serbia </option> <option value="Seychelles">Seychelles </option> <option value="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone </option> <option value="Singapore">Singapore </option> <option value="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten </option> <option value="Slovakia">Slovakia </option> <option value="Slovenia">Slovenia </option> <option value="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands </option> <option value="Somalia">Somalia </option> <option value="South Africa">South Africa </option> <option value="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </option> <option value="South Korea">South Korea </option> <option value="South Sudan">South Sudan </option> <option value="Spain">Spain </option> <option value="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka </option> <option value="Sudan">Sudan </option> <option value="Suriname">Suriname </option> <option value="Svalbard and Jan Mayen">Svalbard and Jan Mayen </option> <option value="Sweden">Sweden </option> <option value="Switzerland">Switzerland </option> <option value="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic </option> <option value="Taiwan">Taiwan </option> <option value="Tajikistan">Tajikistan </option> <option value="Tanzania, United Republic of">Tanzania, United Republic of </option> <option value="Thailand">Thailand </option> <option value="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste </option> <option value="Togo">Togo </option> <option value="Tokelau">Tokelau </option> <option value="Tonga">Tonga </option> <option value="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago </option> <option value="Tunisia">Tunisia </option> <option value="Turkey">Turkey </option> <option value="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan </option> <option value="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands </option> <option value="Tuvalu">Tuvalu </option> <option value="Uganda">Uganda </option> <option value="Ukraine">Ukraine </option> <option value="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates </option> <option value="United Kingdom">United Kingdom </option> <option value="Uruguay">Uruguay </option> <option value="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan </option> <option value="Vanuatu">Vanuatu </option> <option value="Venezuela">Venezuela </option> <option value="Viet Nam">Viet Nam </option> <option value="Virgin Islands (British)">Virgin Islands (British) </option> <option value="Virgin Islands (U.S.)">Virgin Islands (U.S.) </option> <option value="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna </option> <option value="Yemen">Yemen </option> <option value="Zambia">Zambia </option> <option value="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe </option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <br> <div class="row"> <div class="grid-layout-col"> <div class="layout-col col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div id="formElement2" class="elq-field-style form-element-layout row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div> <input type="Submit" class="submit-button-style " value="OPT IN" id="fe49314"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="channelDesignation" id="fe49308" value="Library"> <input type="hidden" name="utm_source" id="fe49309" value="wordpress"> <input type="hidden" name="utm_medium" id="fe49310" value="blog"> <input type="hidden" name="utm_campaign" id="fe49311" value="GOT211596043"> </div> </form> </div></aside><aside id="tag_cloud-6" class="widget inner-padding widget_tag_cloud"><h2 class="widget-title">Popular Tags</h2><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/academic-2/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-463 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 18.9454545455pt;" aria-label="academic (247 items)">academic</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/academic-libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-163 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 16.0181818182pt;" aria-label="academic libraries (144 items)">academic libraries</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/academic-onefile/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-267 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 10.5454545455pt;" aria-label="Academic OneFile (53 items)">Academic OneFile</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/analytics-on-demand/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-903 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 8.63636363636pt;" aria-label="Analytics On Demand (37 items)">Analytics On Demand</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/chiltonlibrary/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-805 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 10.4181818182pt;" aria-label="ChiltonLibrary (51 items)">ChiltonLibrary</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/digital-humanities/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3665 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 9.01818181818pt;" aria-label="digital humanities (40 items)">digital humanities</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/ebooks/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-23 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 19.7090909091pt;" aria-label="eBooks (283 items)">eBooks</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/featured-2/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-539 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 10.6727272727pt;" aria-label="featured (54 items)">featured</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-45 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 21.8727272727pt;" aria-label="Gale (415 items)">Gale</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-academic-onefile-update/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-10092 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 10.2909090909pt;" aria-label="Gale Academic OneFile Update (50 items)">Gale Academic OneFile Update</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-courses/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-683 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 9.78181818182pt;" aria-label="Gale Courses (46 items)">Gale Courses</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-ebooks/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5517 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 13.0909090909pt;" aria-label="Gale eBooks (84 items)">Gale eBooks</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-general-onefile-update/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-10093 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 8.38181818182pt;" aria-label="Gale General OneFile update (35 items)">Gale General OneFile update</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-in-context/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3013 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 11.3090909091pt;" aria-label="Gale In Context (60 items)">Gale In Context</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-in-context-biography/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-9872 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 10.5454545455pt;" aria-label="Gale In Context: Biography (53 items)">Gale In Context: Biography</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-primary-sources/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4841 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 12.7090909091pt;" aria-label="Gale Primary Sources (79 items)">Gale Primary Sources</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/general-onefile/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-269 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 10.4181818182pt;" aria-label="General OneFile (51 items)">General OneFile</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/google/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2115 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 10.1636363636pt;" aria-label="Google (49 items)">Google</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-649 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 8.12727272727pt;" aria-label="health (34 items)">health</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/health-reference-center-academic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-271 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 8.12727272727pt;" aria-label="Health Reference Center Academic (34 items)">Health Reference Center Academic</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-217 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.27272727273pt;" aria-label="history (42 items)">history</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/in-context/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-195 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 15.8909090909pt;" aria-label="In Context (141 items)">In Context</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/k12/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-387 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 9.14545454545pt;" aria-label="K12 (41 items)">K12</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/large-print/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-481 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 13.0909090909pt;" aria-label="large print (84 items)">large print</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/lgbtq/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4585 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 9.78181818182pt;" aria-label="LGBTQ (46 items)">LGBTQ</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-415 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 10.1636363636pt;" aria-label="libraries (49 items)">libraries</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/library/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-549 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 10.9272727273pt;" aria-label="library (56 items)">library</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/michigan/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4383 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Michigan (33 items)">Michigan</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/my-library-story/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3395 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 18.9454545455pt;" aria-label="My Library Story (245 items)">My Library Story</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/primary-sources/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-105 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 15.8909090909pt;" aria-label="primary sources (140 items)">primary sources</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/product-review/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2717 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 9.78181818182pt;" aria-label="Product Review (46 items)">Product Review</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/product-update/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-783 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 11.1818181818pt;" aria-label="product update (59 items)">product update</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/product-updates/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1379 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 12.2pt;" aria-label="Product updates (71 items)">Product updates</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-2/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-461 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="public (424 items)">public</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-37 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 20.8545454545pt;" aria-label="public libraries (345 items)">public libraries</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-library/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-35 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 20.2181818182pt;" aria-label="public library (305 items)">public library</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-155 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 11.4363636364pt;" aria-label="research (62 items)">research</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/school/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1159 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 9.14545454545pt;" aria-label="school (41 items)">school</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/schools/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4775 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 19.0727272727pt;" aria-label="Schools (250 items)">Schools</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-91 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.50909090909pt;" aria-label="science (36 items)">science</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/students/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-533 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 8.12727272727pt;" aria-label="students (34 items)">students</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/technology/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-93 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 8.12727272727pt;" aria-label="technology (34 items)">technology</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/thorndike/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-483 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 11.1818181818pt;" aria-label="thorndike (59 items)">thorndike</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/thorndike-press/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-341 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 15.3818181818pt;" aria-label="Thorndike Press (128 items)">Thorndike Press</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/updates/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2773 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 9.78181818182pt;" aria-label="Updates (46 items)">Updates</a></div> </aside><aside id="categories-8" class="widget inner-padding widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Categories</h2> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/">Academic</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4955"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/digital-humanities/">Digital Humanities</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-8"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/events/">Events</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/">Featured</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/">Public</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-6"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/">Schools</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5847"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/special/">Special</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3965"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/thorndike-press/">Thorndike Press</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-7"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/updates/">Updates</a> </li> </ul> </aside><aside id="archives-7" class="widget inner-padding widget_archive"><h2 class="widget-title">Archives</h2> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-7">Archives</label> <select id="archives-dropdown-7" name="archive-dropdown"> <option value="">Select Month</option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/11/'> November 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/10/'> October 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/09/'> September 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/08/'> August 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/07/'> July 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/06/'> June 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/05/'> May 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/04/'> April 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/03/'> March 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/02/'> February 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/01/'> January 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/12/'> December 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/11/'> November 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/10/'> October 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/09/'> September 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/08/'> August 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/07/'> July 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/06/'> June 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/05/'> May 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/04/'> April 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/03/'> March 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/02/'> February 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/01/'> January 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/12/'> December 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/11/'> November 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/10/'> October 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/09/'> September 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/08/'> August 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/07/'> July 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/06/'> June 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/05/'> May 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/04/'> April 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/03/'> March 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/02/'> February 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/01/'> January 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/12/'> December 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/11/'> November 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/10/'> October 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/09/'> September 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/08/'> August 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/07/'> July 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/06/'> June 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/05/'> May 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/04/'> April 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/03/'> March 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/02/'> February 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/01/'> January 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/12/'> December 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/11/'> November 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/10/'> October 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/09/'> September 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/08/'> August 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/07/'> July 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/06/'> June 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/05/'> May 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/04/'> April 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/03/'> March 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/02/'> February 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/01/'> January 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/12/'> December 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/11/'> November 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/10/'> October 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/09/'> September 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/08/'> August 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/07/'> July 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/06/'> June 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/05/'> May 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/04/'> April 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/03/'> March 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/02/'> February 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/01/'> January 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/12/'> December 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/11/'> November 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/10/'> October 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/09/'> September 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/08/'> August 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/07/'> July 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/06/'> June 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/05/'> May 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/04/'> April 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/03/'> March 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/02/'> February 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/01/'> January 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/12/'> December 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/11/'> November 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/10/'> October 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/09/'> September 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/08/'> August 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/07/'> July 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/06/'> June 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/05/'> May 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/04/'> April 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/03/'> March 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/02/'> February 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/01/'> January 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/12/'> December 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/11/'> November 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/10/'> October 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/09/'> September 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/08/'> August 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/07/'> July 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/06/'> June 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/05/'> May 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/04/'> April 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/03/'> March 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/02/'> February 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/01/'> January 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/12/'> December 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/11/'> November 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/10/'> October 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/09/'> September 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/08/'> August 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/07/'> July 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/06/'> June 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/05/'> May 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/04/'> April 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/03/'> March 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/02/'> February 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/01/'> January 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/12/'> December 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/11/'> November 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/10/'> October 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/09/'> September 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/08/'> August 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/07/'> July 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/06/'> June 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/05/'> May 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/04/'> April 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/03/'> March 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/02/'> February 2014 </option> </select> <script> (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "archives-dropdown-7" ); function onSelectChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value !== '' ) { document.location.href = this.options[ this.selectedIndex ].value; } } dropdown.onchange = onSelectChange; })(); </script> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer"> <div id="footer-widgets" class="site footer-widgets"> <div class="footer-widgets-container grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="inside-footer-widgets"> <div class="footer-widget-1 grid-parent grid-33 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="text-15" class="widget inner-padding widget_text"><h2 class="widget-title">Gale</h2> <div class="textwidget"><p>Learn more about us:<br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com">Gale.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com/about">About Gale</a></p> <p>Learn about our markets:<br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com/academic">Academic</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com/schools">Schools</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com/public">Public</a><br /> <a href="http://gale.com/special">Government & Special</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.cengage.com/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-2 grid-parent grid-33 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="categories-7" class="widget inner-padding widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Blog Post Categories</h2> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/">Academic</a> (1,041) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4955"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/digital-humanities/">Digital Humanities</a> (38) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-8"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/events/">Events</a> (12) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/">Featured</a> (1,727) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/">Public</a> (1,536) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-6"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/">Schools</a> (1,258) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5847"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/special/">Special</a> (74) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3965"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/thorndike-press/">Thorndike Press</a> (197) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-7"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/updates/">Updates</a> (351) </li> </ul> </aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-3 grid-parent grid-33 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="search-3" class="widget inner-padding widget_search"><h2 class="widget-title">Search the Gale Blog</h2><form method="get" class="search-form" action="https://blog.gale.com/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" title="Search for:"> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search"></form> </aside><aside id="wpcom_social_media_icons_widget-4" class="widget inner-padding widget_wpcom_social_media_icons_widget"><h2 class="widget-title">Social</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/GaleCengage/" class="genericon genericon-facebook" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View GaleCengage’s profile on Facebook</span></a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/GaleCengage/" class="genericon genericon-twitter" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View GaleCengage’s profile on Twitter</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/GaleCengage/" class="genericon genericon-youtube" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View GaleCengage’s profile on YouTube</span></a></li><li><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+GaleCengage/" class="genericon genericon-googleplus" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View GaleCengage’s profile on Google+</span></a></li></ul></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="site-info" aria-label="Site" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" itemscope> <div class="inside-site-info grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="copyright-bar"> Copyright © 2024 Gale, part of Cengage Learning </div> </div> </footer> </div> <a title="Scroll back to top" aria-label="Scroll back to top" rel="nofollow" href="#" class="generate-back-to-top" data-scroll-speed="400" data-start-scroll="300"> </a><!-- analytics-counter google analytics tracking code --><script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-6554141-41', 'auto'); ga('set', 'anonymizeIp', true); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script><!-- --><!-- Twitter universal website tag code --> <script> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','nw169'); twq('track','PageView'); </script> <!-- End Twitter universal website tag code --><script id="generate-a11y">!function(){"use strict";if("querySelector"in document&&"addEventListener"in window){var e=document.body;e.addEventListener("mousedown",function(){e.classList.add("using-mouse")}),e.addEventListener("keydown",function(){e.classList.remove("using-mouse")})}}();</script><link rel='stylesheet' id='genericons-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.1' media='all' /> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/worth-the-read/js/wtr.js?ver=6.6.1" id="wtr-js-js"></script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/dist/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.19" id="gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js"></script> <!--[if lte IE 11]> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/classList.min.js?ver=3.4.0" id="generate-classlist-js"></script> <![endif]--> <script id="generate-menu-js-extra"> var generatepressMenu = {"toggleOpenedSubMenus":"1","openSubMenuLabel":"Open Sub-Menu","closeSubMenuLabel":"Close Sub-Menu"}; </script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/menu.min.js?ver=3.4.0" id="generate-menu-js"></script> <script id="generate-back-to-top-js-extra"> var generatepressBackToTop = {"smooth":"1"}; </script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/back-to-top.min.js?ver=3.4.0" id="generate-back-to-top-js"></script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.6.1" id="comment-reply-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/page-links-to/dist/new-tab.js?ver=3.3.5" id="page-links-to-js"></script> <script async="async" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/form.js?ver=4.1.8" id="akismet-form-js"></script> <script src='https://stats.wp.com/e-202447.js' defer></script> <script> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ 'view', {v:'ext',j:'1:9.4.3',blog:'64822524',post:'52448',tz:'-5',srv:'blog.gale.com'} ]); _stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '64822524', '52448' ]); </script> </body> </html>