CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" > <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer> var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer"; var dataLayer = dataLayer || []; </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">  <title>history Archives | Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="history Archives | Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/","url":"https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/","name":"history Archives | Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/mos-with-caption.jpg","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/#primaryimage","url":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/mos-with-caption.jpg","contentUrl":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/mos-with-caption.jpg","width":800,"height":401},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://blog.gale.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"history"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#website","url":"https://blog.gale.com/","name":"Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public","description":"The Gale Blog features product updates, library and educator news, advancements in academic research, public library insights & more. Click to read.","publisher":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://blog.gale.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#organization","name":"Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public","url":"https://blog.gale.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Gale_Logo_rgb_white_small-1.png","contentUrl":"https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Gale_Logo_rgb_white_small-1.png","width":250,"height":73,"caption":"Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public"},"image":{"@id":"https://blog.gale.com/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s7.addthis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.openshareweb.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.shareaholic.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.shareaholic.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//analytics.shareaholic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//recs.shareaholic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//partner.shareaholic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public » Feed" href="https://blog.gale.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public » Comments Feed" href="https://blog.gale.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public » history Tag Feed" href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/feed/" />  <link rel='preload' href='//cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js' as='script'/> <script data-no-minify='1' data-cfasync='false'> _SHR_SETTINGS = {"endpoints":{"local_recs_url":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=shareaholic_permalink_related","ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","share_counts_url":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=shareaholic_share_counts_api"},"site_id":"7774ab0fc85e19cc3519ab8a6d71cd3d"}; </script> <script data-no-minify='1' data-cfasync='false' src='//cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js' data-shr-siteid='7774ab0fc85e19cc3519ab8a6d71cd3d' async ></script>  <meta name='shareaholic:site_name' content='Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public' /> <meta name='shareaholic:language' content='en-US' /> <meta name='shareaholic:article_visibility' content='private' /> <meta name='shareaholic:site_id' content='7774ab0fc85e19cc3519ab8a6d71cd3d' /> <meta name='shareaholic:wp_version' content='9.7.12' />   <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-6554141-41" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false"> var em_version = '7.10.0'; var em_track_user = true; var em_no_track_reason = ''; var disableStrs = [ 'ga-disable-UA-6554141-41', ]; /* Function to detect opted out users */ function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) { return true; } } return false; } /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */ if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } /* Opt-out function */ function __gtagTrackerOptout() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) { function gaOptout() { __gtagTrackerOptout(); } } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.ExactMetricsDualTracker = { helpers: {}, trackers: {}, }; if (em_track_user) { function __gtagDataLayer() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) { if (!parameters) { parameters = {}; } if (parameters.send_to) { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); return; } if (type === 'event') { parameters.send_to = exactmetrics_frontend.ua; __gtagDataLayer(type, name, parameters); } else { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); } } __gtagTracker('js', new Date()); __gtagTracker('set', { 'developer_id.dNDMyYj': true, }); __gtagTracker('config', 'UA-6554141-41', {"forceSSL":"true","link_attribution":"true"} ); window.gtag = __gtagTracker; (function () { /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ /* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */ var noopfn = function () { return null; }; var newtracker = function () { return new Tracker(); }; var Tracker = function () { return null; }; var p = Tracker.prototype; p.get = noopfn; p.set = noopfn; p.send = function () { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift('send'); __gaTracker.apply(null, args); }; var __gaTracker = function () { var len = arguments.length; if (len === 0) { return; } var f = arguments[len - 1]; if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') { if ('send' === arguments[0]) { var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action; if ('event' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': arguments[3], 'eventCategory': arguments[2], 'eventLabel': arguments[4], 'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1, } } } if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': 'page_view', 'page_path': arguments[2], } } } if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') { hitObject = arguments[2]; } if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') { Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]); } if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) { hitObject = arguments[1]; if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) { hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view'; } } if (hitObject) { action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject); __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); } } return; } function mapArgs(args) { var arg, hit = {}; var gaMap = { 'eventCategory': 'event_category', 'eventAction': 'event_action', 'eventLabel': 'event_label', 'eventValue': 'event_value', 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 'timingCategory': 'event_category', 'timingVar': 'name', 'timingValue': 'value', 'timingLabel': 'event_label', 'page': 'page_path', 'location': 'page_location', 'title': 'page_title', }; for (arg in args) { if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) { hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; } else { hit[arg] = args[arg]; } } return hit; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = newtracker; __gaTracker.getByName = newtracker; __gaTracker.getAll = function () { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; __gaTracker.loaded = true; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } else { console.log(""); (function () { function __gtagTracker() { return null; } window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker; })(); } </script>  <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,regular,italic,600,600italic,700,700italic,800,800italic' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--contrast: var(--contrast);--wp--preset--color--contrast-2: var(--contrast-2);--wp--preset--color--contrast-3: var(--contrast-3);--wp--preset--color--base: var(--base);--wp--preset--color--base-2: var(--base-2);--wp--preset--color--base-3: var(--base-3);--wp--preset--color--accent: var(--accent);--wp--preset--color--empower-blue: var(--empower-blue);--wp--preset--color--empower-orange: var(--empower-orange);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtr-css-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/worth-the-read/css/wtr.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-style-grid-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/unsemantic-grid.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-style-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/style.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <style id='generate-style-inline-css'> body{background-color:#efefef;color:#0f0f0f;}a{color:#1e73be;}a:visited{color:#0089cf;}a:hover, a:focus, a:active{color:#000000;}body .grid-container{max-width:1200px;}.wp-block-group__inner-container{max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.generate-back-to-top{font-size:20px;border-radius:3px;position:fixed;bottom:30px;right:30px;line-height:40px;width:40px;text-align:center;z-index:10;transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;opacity:0.1;transform:translateY(1000px);}.generate-back-to-top__show{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}:root{--contrast:#222222;--contrast-2:#575760;--contrast-3:#b2b2be;--base:#f0f0f0;--base-2:#f7f8f9;--base-3:#ffffff;--accent:#1e73be;--empower-blue:#003865;--empower-orange:#dc4405;}:root .has-contrast-color{color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-2-color{color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-2-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-3-color{color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-contrast-3-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-base-color{color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-background-color{background-color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-2-color{color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-2-background-color{background-color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-3-color{color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-base-3-background-color{background-color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-accent-color{color:var(--accent);}:root .has-accent-background-color{background-color:var(--accent);}:root .has-empower-blue-color{color:var(--empower-blue);}:root .has-empower-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--empower-blue);}:root .has-empower-orange-color{color:var(--empower-orange);}:root .has-empower-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--empower-orange);}body, button, input, select, textarea{font-family:"Open Sans", sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:16px;}body{line-height:1.5;}.entry-content > [class*="wp-block-"]:not(:last-child):not(.wp-block-heading){margin-bottom:1.5em;}.main-title{font-size:45px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{font-size:14px;}.sidebar .widget, .footer-widgets .widget{font-size:17px;}h1{font-weight:300;font-size:40px;}h2{font-weight:300;font-size:30px;}h3{font-size:20px;}h4{font-size:inherit;}h5{font-size:inherit;}@media (max-width:768px){.main-title{font-size:30px;}h1{font-size:30px;}h2{font-size:25px;}}.top-bar{background-color:#636363;color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a{color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a:hover{color:#303030;}.site-header{background-color:#04345d;color:#3a3a3a;}.site-header a{color:#3a3a3a;}.main-title a,.main-title a:hover{color:#222222;}.site-description{color:#757575;}.main-navigation,.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#365f7f;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a, .main-navigation .menu-toggle, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0089cf;}button.menu-toggle:hover,button.menu-toggle:focus,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a:hover,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a:focus{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0089cf;}.navigation-search input[type="search"],.navigation-search input[type="search"]:active, .navigation-search input[type="search"]:focus, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.search-item.active > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items .search-item.active > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0089cf;}.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#0f0f0f;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a,.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0c0c0c;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#4f4f4f;}.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .one-container .container, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .inside-page-header{background-color:#ffffff;}.entry-meta{color:#595959;}.entry-meta a{color:#595959;}.entry-meta a:hover{color:#1e73be;}.sidebar .widget{background-color:#ffffff;}.sidebar .widget .widget-title{color:#000000;}.footer-widgets{color:#ffffff;background-color:#365f7f;}.footer-widgets a{color:#abe1fa;}.footer-widgets a:hover{color:#abe1fa;}.footer-widgets .widget-title{color:#ffffff;}.site-info{color:#ffffff;background-color:#04345d;}.site-info a{color:#ffffff;}.site-info a:hover{color:#606060;}.footer-bar .widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a{color:#606060;}input[type="text"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type="tel"],input[type="number"],textarea,select{color:#666666;background-color:#fafafa;border-color:#cccccc;}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,select:focus{color:#666666;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#bfbfbf;}button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],a.button,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){color:#ffffff;background-color:#666666;}button:hover,html input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="reset"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:hover,a.button:hover,button:focus,html input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:focus,a.button:focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):active,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{color:#ffffff;background-color:#3f3f3f;}a.generate-back-to-top{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.4 );color:#ffffff;}a.generate-back-to-top:hover,a.generate-back-to-top:focus{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.6 );color:#ffffff;}:root{--gp-search-modal-bg-color:var(--base-3);--gp-search-modal-text-color:var(--contrast);--gp-search-modal-overlay-bg-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}@media (max-width: 768px){.main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{background:none;color:#ffffff;}}.inside-top-bar{padding:10px;}.inside-header{padding:30px 20px 30px 20px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:40px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-40px;width:calc(100% + 80px);max-width:calc(100% + 80px);}.rtl .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-left:20px;}.rtl .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.menu-item-has-children > a{padding-right:20px;}.widget-area .widget{padding:20px;}.site-info{padding:20px;}@media (max-width:768px){.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .one-container .site-content, .inside-page-header{padding:30px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:30px;}.site-info{padding-right:10px;padding-left:10px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-30px;width:calc(100% + 60px);max-width:calc(100% + 60px);}}@media (max-width: 768px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items,.sidebar-nav-mobile:not(#sticky-placeholder){display:block;}.main-navigation ul,.gen-sidebar-nav{display:none;}[class*="nav-float-"] .site-header .inside-header > *{float:none;clear:both;}} .main-navigation .slideout-toggle a:before,.slide-opened .slideout-overlay .slideout-exit:before{font-family:GeneratePress;}.slideout-navigation .dropdown-menu-toggle:before{content:"\f107" !important;}.slideout-navigation .sfHover > a .dropdown-menu-toggle:before{content:"\f106" !important;} body{background-image:url('http://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/magma-texture.jpg');} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-mobile-style-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/mobile.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-font-icons-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/components/font-icons.min.css?ver=3.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/components/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/addthis-follow/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-blog-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/blog/functions/css/style-min.css?ver=1.8.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-secondary-nav-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/secondary-nav/functions/css/style.min.css?ver=1.8.3' media='all' /> <style id='generate-secondary-nav-inline-css'> .secondary-navigation{background-color:#04345d;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.secondary-navigation .menu-toggle{color:#ffffff;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}button.secondary-menu-toggle:hover,button.secondary-menu-toggle:focus{color:#ffffff;}.widget-area .secondary-navigation{margin-bottom:20px;}.secondary-navigation ul ul{background-color:#303030;top:auto;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{color:#ffffff;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}.secondary-navigation .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-right:15px;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li:hover > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li:focus > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#0089cf;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:hover > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:focus > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li.sfHover > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#474747;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a, .secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a:hover,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"].sfHover > a{color:#222222;background-color:#ffffff;}.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a:hover,.secondary-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"].sfHover > a{color:#ffffff;background-color:#474747;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-secondary-nav-mobile-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/secondary-nav/functions/css/mobile.min.css?ver=1.8.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='otw-shortcode-general_foundicons-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/info-boxes-shortcode-and-widget/include/otw_components/otw_shortcode/css/general_foundicons.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='otw-shortcode-social_foundicons-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/info-boxes-shortcode-and-widget/include/otw_components/otw_shortcode/css/social_foundicons.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='otw-shortcode-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/info-boxes-shortcode-and-widget/include/otw_components/otw_shortcode/css/otw_shortcode.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=9.4.3' media='all' /> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-dashboard-for-wp/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=7.10.0" id="exactmetrics-frontend-script-js"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" id='exactmetrics-frontend-script-js-extra'>var exactmetrics_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx","inbound_paths":"[{\"path\":\"\\\/go\\\/\",\"label\":\"affiliate\"},{\"path\":\"\\\/recommend\\\/\",\"label\":\"affiliate\"}]","home_url":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com","hash_tracking":"false","ua":"UA-6554141-41","v4_id":""};</script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script id="accordions_js-js-extra"> var accordions_ajax = {"accordions_ajaxurl":"https:\/\/blog.gale.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; </script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/accordions/assets/frontend/js/scripts.js?ver=6.6.1" id="accordions_js-js"></script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-hide-post/public/js/wp-hide-post-public.js?ver=2.0.10" id="wp-hide-post-js"></script> <script src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js?ver=6.6.1#pubid=wp-0114226b8d293e5e4fcdbde0a365e58d" id="addthis_widget-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-json/wp/v2/tags/217" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://blog.gale.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MCRG9V');</script>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Efv-bj3x0yASYmpsEYOJOAX0-41i0_hBAtbDqQ_J5TM" /><script type="text/javascript"> window._se_plugin_version = '8.1.9'; </script>  <style type="text/css">.wtr-time-wrap{ /* wraps the entire label */ margin: 0 10px; } .wtr-time-number{ /* applies only to the number */ }</style>   <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer type="text/javascript"> var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"post","pagePostType2":"tag-post"}; dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content ); </script> <script data-cfasync="false"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MCRG9V'); </script>  <style>.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><style type="text/css"></style><meta name="twitter:widgets:link-color" content="#000000"><meta name="twitter:widgets:border-color" content="#000000"><meta name="twitter:partner" content="tfwp"><script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpf"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpf-4.2.6"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ui_atversion":300}; } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Follow Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"4.2.6","plugin_mode":"AddThis","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-0114226b8d293e5e4fcdbde0a365e58d","page_info":{"template":"archives","post_type":""},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; } (function() { var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () { if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') { window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id); if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) { window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers); } if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) { for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) { window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]); } } } },1000) }()); </script><link rel="icon" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/cropped-310395875_813932749708045_650454514375076819_n-1-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/cropped-310395875_813932749708045_650454514375076819_n-1-192x192.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/cropped-310395875_813932749708045_650454514375076819_n-1-180x180.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/cropped-310395875_813932749708045_650454514375076819_n-1-270x270.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta name="twitter:title" content="history"> <style type="text/css" title="dynamic-css" class="options-output">.wtr-time-wrap{line-height:16px;color:#CCCCCC;font-size:16px;opacity: 1;visibility: visible;-webkit-transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out;-moz-transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out;transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out;}.wf-loading .wtr-time-wrap{opacity: 0;}.ie.wf-loading .wtr-time-wrap{visibility: hidden;}</style><style id="tt-easy-google-font-styles" type="text/css">p { } h1 { } h2 { } h3 { } h4 { } h5 { } h6 { } * { } </style></head> <body class="archive tag tag-history tag-217 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive post-image-below-header post-image-aligned-center secondary-nav-float-right secondary-nav-aligned-right sticky-menu-fade right-sidebar nav-below-header separate-containers fluid-header active-footer-widgets-3 nav-aligned-left header-aligned-left dropdown-hover" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" itemscope>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MCRG9V" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>   <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a> <header class="site-header" id="masthead" aria-label="Site" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope> <div class="inside-header grid-container grid-parent"> <nav itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope" id="secondary-navigation" class="secondary-navigation grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="inside-navigation grid-container grid-parent"> <button class="menu-toggle secondary-menu-toggle"> <span class="mobile-menu">Utility Menu</span> </button> <div class="main-nav"><ul id="menu-utility-nav" class=" secondary-menu sf-menu"><li id="menu-item-20231" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20231"><a href="https://myaccount.cengage.com/b2bstore/en/US/storefrontd/gale?cmd=CLB2BMyProfile">My Account</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20223" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20223"><a href="http://support.gale.com">Support</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20227" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20227"><a href="http://www.cengage.com/repfinder/gale">Find Rep</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20225" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20225"><a href="https://cengage.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_4TMdxL87bK29mrX">Feedback</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </nav> <div class="site-logo"> <a href="http://www.gale.com" rel="home"> <img class="header-image is-logo-image" alt="Gale Blog: Library & Educator News | K12, Academic & Public" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Gale_Logo_rgb_white_small-1.png" /> </a> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="main-navigation sub-menu-right" id="site-navigation" aria-label="Primary" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope> <div class="inside-navigation grid-container grid-parent"> <button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="mobile-menu">Blog Menu</span> </button> <div id="primary-menu" class="main-nav"><ul id="menu-gale-blog" class=" menu sf-menu"><li id="menu-item-20185" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-20185"><a href="http://blog.gale.com">Blog Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20175" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-20175"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/">Academic</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20177" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-20177"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/">Schools</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20173" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-20173"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/">Public</a></li> <li id="menu-item-35449" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-35449"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/thorndike-press/">Thorndike Press</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20139" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20139"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.gale.com/events#new_tab">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20179" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-20179"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/updates/">Product Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-51037" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-51037"><a href="https://review.gale.com/">Gale International Blog</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </nav> <div class="site grid-container container hfeed grid-parent" id="page"> <div class="site-content" id="content"> <div class="content-area grid-parent mobile-grid-100 grid-75 tablet-grid-75" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <header class="page-header" aria-label="Page"> <h1 class="page-title"> history </h1> </header> <article id="post-49950" class="post-49950 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-academic category-featured category-public category-schools tag-history tag-huthwaite tag-motoko tag-world-war-ii tag-wwii" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/a-place-in-history-the-life-of-motoko-fujishiro-huthwaite/" rel="bookmark">A Place in History, the Life of Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2020-05-18T15:30:51-04:00" itemprop="dateModified">May 18, 2020</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2020-05-18T15:00:00-04:00" itemprop="datePublished">May 18, 2020</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/a-place-in-history-the-life-of-motoko-fujishiro-huthwaite/"> <img width="800" height="401" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/mos-with-caption.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/mos-with-caption.jpg 800w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/mos-with-caption-300x150.jpg 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/mos-with-caption-768x385.jpg 768w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/mos-with-caption-640x321.jpg 640w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='A Place in History, the Life of Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/a-place-in-history-the-life-of-motoko-fujishiro-huthwaite/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>| By Traci Cothran | Most people live happy, fulfilled lives, providing love and meaning to those around them, but rarely make the history books. Others have colorful lives that play out amidst major historical events. The latter describes a former Gale colleague of ours, Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite. Huthwaite worked at Gale from 1986 to … <a title="A Place in History, the Life of Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite" class="read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/a-place-in-history-the-life-of-motoko-fujishiro-huthwaite/">Read more</a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='A Place in History, the Life of Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/a-place-in-history-the-life-of-motoko-fujishiro-huthwaite/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='A Place in History, the Life of Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/a-place-in-history-the-life-of-motoko-fujishiro-huthwaite/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/" rel="category tag">Academic</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/" rel="category tag">Public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/" rel="category tag">Schools</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/huthwaite/" rel="tag">Huthwaite</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/motoko/" rel="tag">Motoko</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/world-war-ii/" rel="tag">World War II</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/wwii/" rel="tag">WWII</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <article id="post-49378" class="post-49378 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured category-public category-schools tag-gale-in-context tag-golden-age-of-television tag-golden-age-of-tv tag-history tag-television tag-the-partition-of-india tag-tulsa-race-riot tag-tv tag-us-history tag-world-history" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/history-comes-alive-in-the-platinum-age-of-television/" rel="bookmark">History Comes Alive in the Platinum Age of Television</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-11-18T09:00:42-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">November 18, 2019</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/history-comes-alive-in-the-platinum-age-of-television/"> <img width="800" height="477" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/iStock-488005510.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/iStock-488005510.jpg 800w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/iStock-488005510-300x179.jpg 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/iStock-488005510-768x458.jpg 768w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/iStock-488005510-640x382.jpg 640w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='History Comes Alive in the Platinum Age of Television' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/history-comes-alive-in-the-platinum-age-of-television/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>| By Mark Mikula | Media critic and commentator David Bianculli coined the term “Platinum Age of Television” to define the current broadcast landscape, beginning in the late 1990s, to distinguish it from the “Golden Age of Television” that produced such iconic series as I Love Lucy, Your Show of Shows, and The Honeymooners. In … <a title="History Comes Alive in the Platinum Age of Television" class="read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/history-comes-alive-in-the-platinum-age-of-television/">Read more</a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='History Comes Alive in the Platinum Age of Television' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/history-comes-alive-in-the-platinum-age-of-television/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='History Comes Alive in the Platinum Age of Television' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/history-comes-alive-in-the-platinum-age-of-television/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/" rel="category tag">Public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/" rel="category tag">Schools</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-in-context/" rel="tag">Gale In Context</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/golden-age-of-television/" rel="tag">Golden Age of Television</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/golden-age-of-tv/" rel="tag">golden age of TV</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/television/" rel="tag">television</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/the-partition-of-india/" rel="tag">The Partition of India</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/tulsa-race-riot/" rel="tag">tulsa race riot</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/tv/" rel="tag">TV</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/us-history/" rel="tag">us history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/world-history/" rel="tag">World History</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <article id="post-49121" class="post-49121 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured category-public category-schools tag-erie-canal tag-gale-in-context tag-history tag-in-context" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/traveling-through-history-the-erie-canal/" rel="bookmark">Traveling through History: The Erie Canal</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-09-27T09:00:53-04:00" itemprop="datePublished">September 27, 2019</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/traveling-through-history-the-erie-canal/"> <img width="796" height="524" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/LC-EC2.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/LC-EC2.jpg 796w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/LC-EC2-300x197.jpg 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/LC-EC2-768x506.jpg 768w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/LC-EC2-640x421.jpg 640w" sizes="(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='Traveling through History: The Erie Canal' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/traveling-through-history-the-erie-canal/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>| By Traci Cothran | Confession: I have an Erie Canal fascination. This is, in part, geographically inspired—I grew up in upstate New York, home of this mega-tool of westward expansion, where you learn the Erie Canal song in elementary school (“We towed some barges in our day/Filled with lumber, coal, and hay/And we know … <a title="Traveling through History: The Erie Canal" class="read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/traveling-through-history-the-erie-canal/">Read more</a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='Traveling through History: The Erie Canal' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/traveling-through-history-the-erie-canal/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='Traveling through History: The Erie Canal' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/traveling-through-history-the-erie-canal/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/" rel="category tag">Public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/" rel="category tag">Schools</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/erie-canal/" rel="tag">erie canal</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-in-context/" rel="tag">Gale In Context</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/in-context/" rel="tag">In Context</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <article id="post-35061" class="post-35061 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-academic category-featured tag-historic-novels tag-history tag-outlander tag-primary-sources tag-romanticism tag-scotland tag-the-stuart-and-cumberland-papers-from-the-royal-archives" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/scottish-romanticism-and-the-jacobites/" rel="bookmark">Scottish Romanticism and the Jacobites</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-01-16T09:00:59-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">January 16, 2019</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/scottish-romanticism-and-the-jacobites/"> <img width="741" height="297" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/sp-box-3-2-final.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/sp-box-3-2-final.jpg 741w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/sp-box-3-2-final-300x120.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='Scottish Romanticism and the Jacobites' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/scottish-romanticism-and-the-jacobites/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>| By Clematis Delany | A king without a throne, a dashing young prince, and an army of exiles. These basic components of Jacobitism – with some misty lochs, rugged Highlanders, scheming Catholics and royal courts thrown in – lend themselves perfectly to high Romance and adventure. It is no surprise then, that the Stuarts … <a title="Scottish Romanticism and the Jacobites" class="read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/scottish-romanticism-and-the-jacobites/">Read more</a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='Scottish Romanticism and the Jacobites' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/scottish-romanticism-and-the-jacobites/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='Scottish Romanticism and the Jacobites' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/scottish-romanticism-and-the-jacobites/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/" rel="category tag">Academic</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/historic-novels/" rel="tag">historic novels</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/outlander/" rel="tag">Outlander</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/primary-sources/" rel="tag">primary sources</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/romanticism/" rel="tag">Romanticism</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/scotland/" rel="tag">Scotland</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/the-stuart-and-cumberland-papers-from-the-royal-archives/" rel="tag">The Stuart and Cumberland Papers from the Royal Archives</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <article id="post-38387" class="post-38387 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured category-public category-schools tag-history tag-history-month tag-in-context tag-smithsonian-primary-resources-in-u-s-history tag-us-history tag-world-history" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/judging-detroits-national-history-day-competition/" rel="bookmark">Judging Detroit’s National History Day Competition</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2018-03-23T13:48:28-04:00" itemprop="dateModified">March 23, 2018</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2018-03-23T09:00:48-04:00" itemprop="datePublished">March 23, 2018</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/judging-detroits-national-history-day-competition/"> <img width="800" height="470" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/history-month-1.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/history-month-1.jpg 800w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/history-month-1-300x176.jpg 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/history-month-1-768x451.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='Judging Detroit's National History Day Competition' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/judging-detroits-national-history-day-competition/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>| By Traci Cothran | The National History Day competition is right up our alley here at Gale—it encourages students to use factual resources (especially primary resources) to create a documentary, performance, paper, website, or exhibit on a historical topic that fits with the overall competition theme. This year’s theme is Conflict and Compromise. I’ve … <a title="Judging Detroit’s National History Day Competition" class="read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/judging-detroits-national-history-day-competition/">Read more</a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='Judging Detroit's National History Day Competition' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/judging-detroits-national-history-day-competition/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='Judging Detroit's National History Day Competition' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/judging-detroits-national-history-day-competition/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/" rel="category tag">Public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/" rel="category tag">Schools</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history-month/" rel="tag">History Month</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/in-context/" rel="tag">In Context</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/smithsonian-primary-resources-in-u-s-history/" rel="tag">Smithsonian Primary Resources in U.S. History</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/us-history/" rel="tag">us history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/world-history/" rel="tag">World History</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <article id="post-32889" class="post-32889 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-academic tag-china tag-china-from-empire-to-republic tag-china-from-empire-to-republic-records-of-the-maritime-customs-service-of-china-1854-1949 tag-chinese tag-customs tag-globalization tag-history tag-international-trade tag-opium tag-primary-sources tag-robert-hart tag-trade" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/robert-hart-and-the-chinese-maritime-customs-service/" rel="bookmark">Robert Hart and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2018-03-20T14:30:09-04:00" itemprop="dateModified">March 20, 2018</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2017-08-24T09:18:28-04:00" itemprop="datePublished">August 24, 2017</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/robert-hart-and-the-chinese-maritime-customs-service/"> <img width="2040" height="1469" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Photographs-of-customs-staff.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Photographs-of-customs-staff.jpg 2040w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Photographs-of-customs-staff-300x216.jpg 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Photographs-of-customs-staff-768x553.jpg 768w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Photographs-of-customs-staff-1024x737.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 2040px) 100vw, 2040px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='Robert Hart and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/robert-hart-and-the-chinese-maritime-customs-service/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>| By Richard Horowitz, Professor of History |</p> <p><em>Richard Horowitz is a Professor of History at California State University. Trained as a historian of modern China, he subsequently developed a second specialization in the emerging field of World History. His research explores the intersection of China and processes of global integration from the 1820s to the 1920s. He teaches courses on China, Japan, World History, and historical methods. </em></p> <p><strong>This is an excerpt from an essay by Professor Richard S. Horowitz entitled “The Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854–1949: An Introduction”.</strong></p> <p>For almost a century, the Chinese Maritime Customs Service played a central role in the relationship between China and the global economy. The Customs Service was part of the Chinese Government, but it was led by foreigners. Technically, its role was limited to ensuring the accurate assessment of Customs duties (taxes on imports and exports). However, over time, it became involved in many activities including the maintenance of harbors and lighthouses, the payment of foreign loans, the preparation of a very wide range of published reports, and the provision of technical assistance to the Chinese Government. Customs officials were often involved in diplomatic discussions and served as informal intermediaries between Chinese officials and foreign representatives.</p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="Robert Hart and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service" class="read-more content-read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/robert-hart-and-the-chinese-maritime-customs-service/#more-32889">Read more<span class="screen-reader-text">Robert Hart and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service</span></a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='Robert Hart and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/robert-hart-and-the-chinese-maritime-customs-service/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='Robert Hart and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/robert-hart-and-the-chinese-maritime-customs-service/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/" rel="category tag">Academic</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/china/" rel="tag">China</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/china-from-empire-to-republic/" rel="tag">China from Empire to Republic</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/china-from-empire-to-republic-records-of-the-maritime-customs-service-of-china-1854-1949/" rel="tag">China from Empire to Republic: Records of the Maritime Customs Service of China (1854–1949)</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/chinese/" rel="tag">Chinese</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/customs/" rel="tag">Customs</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/globalization/" rel="tag">Globalization</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/international-trade/" rel="tag">International Trade</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/opium/" rel="tag">Opium</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/primary-sources/" rel="tag">primary sources</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/robert-hart/" rel="tag">Robert Hart</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/trade/" rel="tag">Trade</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <article id="post-32855" class="post-32855 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-academic category-featured category-public category-schools tag-1700s tag-1800s tag-1900s tag-eclipse tag-history tag-primary-sources tag-solar-eclipse" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/300-years-of-eclipse-intrigue/" rel="bookmark">300 Years of Eclipse Intrigue: 8 Primary Sources</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2017-08-18T15:33:28-04:00" itemprop="dateModified">August 18, 2017</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2017-08-18T14:48:01-04:00" itemprop="datePublished">August 18, 2017</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/300-years-of-eclipse-intrigue/"> <img width="2460" height="1548" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ECLIPSE.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ECLIPSE.png 2460w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ECLIPSE-300x189.png 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ECLIPSE-768x483.png 768w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ECLIPSE-1024x644.png 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 2460px) 100vw, 2460px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='300 Years of Eclipse Intrigue: 8 Primary Sources' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/300-years-of-eclipse-intrigue/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>Across North America people are poking holes in shoe boxes and going store to store to scoop up the last pairs of specialty “eclipse glasses” off the shelves. All of this preparation is for the solar eclipse that will cast the moons shadow on a path across the globe Monday, August 21st. While we have … <a title="300 Years of Eclipse Intrigue: 8 Primary Sources" class="read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/300-years-of-eclipse-intrigue/">Read more</a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='300 Years of Eclipse Intrigue: 8 Primary Sources' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/300-years-of-eclipse-intrigue/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='300 Years of Eclipse Intrigue: 8 Primary Sources' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/300-years-of-eclipse-intrigue/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/" rel="category tag">Academic</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/" rel="category tag">Public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/" rel="category tag">Schools</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/1700s/" rel="tag">1700's</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/1800s/" rel="tag">1800's</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/1900s/" rel="tag">1900's</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/eclipse/" rel="tag">Eclipse</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/primary-sources/" rel="tag">primary sources</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/solar-eclipse/" rel="tag">Solar eclipse</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <article id="post-28865" class="post-28865 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured category-public category-schools tag-archives tag-curriculum-aligned tag-gale tag-history tag-museums tag-primary-source tag-product-update tag-public-2 tag-public-libraries tag-public-library tag-schools tag-smithsonian tag-smithsonian-primary-sources tag-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history tag-u-s-history tag-us-history" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/new-curriculum-correlations-in-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/" rel="bookmark">New Curriculum Correlations in <em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em></a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2017-04-11T09:08:11-04:00" itemprop="datePublished">April 11, 2017</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/new-curriculum-correlations-in-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/"> <img width="805" height="311" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/smithsonianbanner.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/smithsonianbanner.jpg 805w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/smithsonianbanner-300x116.jpg 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/smithsonianbanner-768x297.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='New Curriculum Correlations in <em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em>' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/new-curriculum-correlations-in-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History now connects literary concepts to primary sources located in the product. Detailed curriculum correlations align the primary source to national social science and literary standards for easy-to-see application across subjects. Primary source materials greatly enrich learning for high school students by helping them develop critical thinking skills, pursue independent … <a title="New Curriculum Correlations in Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History" class="read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/new-curriculum-correlations-in-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/">Read more</a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='New Curriculum Correlations in <em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em>' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/new-curriculum-correlations-in-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='New Curriculum Correlations in <em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em>' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/new-curriculum-correlations-in-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/" rel="category tag">Public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/" rel="category tag">Schools</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/archives/" rel="tag">archives</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/curriculum-aligned/" rel="tag">curriculum-aligned</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale/" rel="tag">Gale</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/museums/" rel="tag">museums</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/primary-source/" rel="tag">primary source</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/product-update/" rel="tag">product update</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-2/" rel="tag">public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-libraries/" rel="tag">public libraries</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-library/" rel="tag">public library</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/schools/" rel="tag">Schools</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/smithsonian/" rel="tag">smithsonian</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/smithsonian-primary-sources/" rel="tag">Smithsonian Primary Sources</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/" rel="tag">Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/u-s-history/" rel="tag">U.S. History</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/us-history/" rel="tag">us history</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <article id="post-28555" class="post-28555 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured category-public category-schools tag-archives tag-curriculum-aligned tag-gale tag-history tag-museums tag-primary-source tag-public-2 tag-public-libraries tag-public-library tag-schools tag-smithsonian tag-smithsonian-primary-sources tag-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history tag-u-s-history tag-us-history" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/a-remarkable-review-for-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/" rel="bookmark">A Remarkable Review for <em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em></a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2017-03-24T10:53:55-04:00" itemprop="datePublished">March 24, 2017</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/a-remarkable-review-for-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/"> <img width="805" height="311" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/smithsonianbanner.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/smithsonianbanner.jpg 805w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/smithsonianbanner-300x116.jpg 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/smithsonianbanner-768x297.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='A Remarkable Review for <em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em>' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/a-remarkable-review-for-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>History is not just a list of dates and events. But history taught well is vibrant, relevant, and engaging. And nothing brings history to life like primary sources that give students a close-up look at history as it unfolded.</p> <p>Gale and Smithsonian have partnered to deliver an online resource that includes unique and seminal primary sources, including documents, maps, historical objects, and other materials from the museums and archives from the collections of the Smithsonian and from Gale’s leading digital collections: <a href="http://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/databases_smithsonian_ps_us_history_k12_sellsheet-1.pdf"><em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em>.</a></p> <p>Designed for use by both teachers and librarians, this resource from Gale supports core and Advanced Placement U.S. history programs. Primary source images are hand-curated by scholars at the Smithsonian – experts who have a unique knowledge of U.S. history as seen through the Smithsonian’s valuable collections and shaped for the school curriculum by an advisory board of teachers.</p> <p>See how a reviewer feels about the collection of Primary Sources:</p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="A Remarkable Review for Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History" class="read-more content-read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/a-remarkable-review-for-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/#more-28555">Read more<span class="screen-reader-text">A Remarkable Review for <em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em></span></a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='A Remarkable Review for <em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em>' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/a-remarkable-review-for-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='A Remarkable Review for <em>Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</em>' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/a-remarkable-review-for-smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/" rel="category tag">Public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/" rel="category tag">Schools</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/archives/" rel="tag">archives</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/curriculum-aligned/" rel="tag">curriculum-aligned</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale/" rel="tag">Gale</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/museums/" rel="tag">museums</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/primary-source/" rel="tag">primary source</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-2/" rel="tag">public</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-libraries/" rel="tag">public libraries</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-library/" rel="tag">public library</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/schools/" rel="tag">Schools</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/smithsonian/" rel="tag">smithsonian</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/smithsonian-primary-sources/" rel="tag">Smithsonian Primary Sources</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/smithsonian-primary-sources-in-u-s-history/" rel="tag">Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/u-s-history/" rel="tag">U.S. History</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/us-history/" rel="tag">us history</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <article id="post-28035" class="post-28035 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-academic category-featured tag-feminism tag-history tag-national-womens-history-project tag-primary-sources tag-womens-history tag-womens-history-month" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/the-woman-behind-national-womens-history-month/" rel="bookmark">The Woman Behind National Women’s History Month</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2018-03-20T14:50:08-04:00" itemprop="dateModified">March 20, 2018</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2017-02-27T15:13:45-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">February 27, 2017</time></span> </div> </header> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/the-woman-behind-national-womens-history-month/"> <img width="4000" height="2333" src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/MMMBlog.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/MMMBlog.png 4000w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/MMMBlog-300x175.png 300w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/MMMBlog-768x448.png 768w, https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/MMMBlog-1024x597.png 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 4000px) 100vw, 4000px" /> </a> </div> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='The Woman Behind National Women’s History Month' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/the-woman-behind-national-womens-history-month/' data-app-id-name='category_above_content'></div><p>Our understanding of history shapes the way we see the world and helps us define who we are as individuals. When Molly Murphy MacGregor was asked to define the women’s movement by one of her high school students in 1972 her search for an answer not only redefined her view of the world but helped redefine the … <a title="The Woman Behind National Women’s History Month" class="read-more" href="https://blog.gale.com/the-woman-behind-national-womens-history-month/">Read more</a></p> <div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='The Woman Behind National Women’s History Month' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/the-woman-behind-national-womens-history-month/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div><div style='display:none;' class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app='recommendations' data-title='The Woman Behind National Women’s History Month' data-link='https://blog.gale.com/the-woman-behind-national-womens-history-month/' data-app-id-name='category_below_content'></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/" rel="category tag">Academic</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/feminism/" rel="tag">Feminism</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/national-womens-history-project/" rel="tag">National Women's History Project</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/primary-sources/" rel="tag">primary sources</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/womens-history/" rel="tag">Women's History</a>, <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/womens-history-month/" rel="tag">Women's History Month</a></span> </footer> </div> </article> <nav id="nav-below" class="paging-navigation" aria-label="Archive Page"> <div class="nav-previous"> <span class="prev" title="Previous"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/page/2/" >Older posts</a></span> </div> <div class="nav-links"><span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page</span>1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/page/2/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page</span>2</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">…</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/page/5/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page</span>5</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/page/2/">Next <span aria-hidden="true">→</span></a></div> </nav> </main> </div> <div class="widget-area sidebar is-right-sidebar grid-25 tablet-grid-25 grid-parent" id="right-sidebar"> <div class="inside-right-sidebar"> <aside id="search-7" class="widget inner-padding widget_search"><form method="get" class="search-form" action="https://blog.gale.com/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" title="Search for:"> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search"></form> </aside><aside id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">Subscribe</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><form method="post" name="GOT211596043" action="https://s2138.t.eloqua.com/e/f2" onsubmit="return handleFormSubmit(this)" id="form3330" class="elq-form"> <input value="GOT211596043" type="hidden" name="elqFormName"> <input value="2138" type="hidden" name="elqSiteId"> <input name="elqCampaignId" type="hidden"> <div class="layout container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="grid-layout-col"> <div class="layout-col col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div id="formElement0" class="elq-field-style form-element-layout row"> <div style="text-align:left;" class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <label class="elq-label " for="fe49300">Email Address <span class="elq-required">* </span> </label> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="field-control-wrapper"> <input type="text" class="elq-item-input" name="emailAddress" id="fe49300" value="" style="width:100%;"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <br> <div class="row"> <div class="grid-layout-col"> <div class="layout-col col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div id="formElement1" class="elq-field-style form-element-layout row"> <div style="text-align:left;" class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <label class="elq-label " for="fe49315">Country <span class="elq-required">* </span> </label> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="field-control-wrapper"> <select class="elq-item-select" id="fe49315" name="country" style="width:100%;" data-value="~~eloqua..type--emailfield..syntax--Country~~"> <option value="">Select </option> <option value="United States">United States </option> <option value="Canada">Canada </option> <option value="Afghanistan">Afghanistan </option> <option value="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands </option> <option value="Albania">Albania </option> <option value="Algeria">Algeria </option> <option value="American Samoa">American Samoa </option> <option value="Andorra">Andorra </option> <option value="Angola">Angola </option> <option value="Anguilla">Anguilla </option> <option value="Antarctica">Antarctica </option> <option value="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda </option> <option value="Argentina">Argentina </option> <option value="Armenia">Armenia </option> <option value="Aruba">Aruba </option> <option value="Australia">Australia </option> <option value="Austria">Austria </option> <option value="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan </option> <option value="Bahamas">Bahamas </option> <option value="Bahrain">Bahrain </option> <option value="Bangladesh">Bangladesh </option> <option value="Barbados">Barbados </option> <option value="Belarus">Belarus </option> <option value="Belgium">Belgium </option> <option value="Belize">Belize </option> <option value="Benin">Benin </option> <option value="Bermuda">Bermuda </option> <option value="Bhutan">Bhutan </option> <option value="Bolivia">Bolivia </option> <option value="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba">Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba </option> <option value="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina </option> <option value="Botswana">Botswana </option> <option value="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island </option> <option value="Brazil">Brazil </option> <option value="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory </option> <option value="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam </option> <option value="Bulgaria">Bulgaria </option> <option value="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso </option> <option value="Burundi">Burundi </option> <option value="Cabo Verde">Cabo Verde </option> <option value="Cambodia">Cambodia </option> <option value="Cameroon">Cameroon </option> <option value="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands </option> <option value="Central African Republic">Central African Republic </option> <option value="Chad">Chad </option> <option value="Chile">Chile </option> <option value="China">China </option> <option value="Christmas Island">Christmas Island </option> <option value="Cocos Islands">Cocos Islands </option> <option value="Colombia">Colombia </option> <option value="Comoros">Comoros </option> <option value="Congo">Congo </option> <option value="Cook Islands">Cook Islands </option> <option value="Costa Rica">Costa Rica </option> <option value="Cote d'Ivoire">Cote d'Ivoire </option> <option value="Croatia">Croatia </option> <option value="Cuba">Cuba </option> <option value="Curacao">Curacao </option> <option value="Cyprus">Cyprus </option> <option value="Czechia">Czechia </option> <option value="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo </option> <option value="Denmark">Denmark </option> <option value="Djibouti">Djibouti </option> <option value="Dominica">Dominica </option> <option value="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic </option> <option value="Ecuador">Ecuador </option> <option value="Egypt">Egypt </option> <option value="El Salvador">El Salvador </option> <option value="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea </option> <option value="Eritrea">Eritrea </option> <option value="Estonia">Estonia </option> <option value="Eswatini">Eswatini </option> <option value="Ethiopia">Ethiopia </option> <option value="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands </option> <option value="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands </option> <option value="Fiji">Fiji </option> <option value="Finland">Finland </option> <option value="France">France </option> <option value="French Guiana">French Guiana </option> <option value="French Polynesia">French Polynesia </option> <option value="French Southern Territories">French Southern Territories </option> <option value="Gabon">Gabon </option> <option value="Gambia">Gambia </option> <option value="Georgia">Georgia </option> <option value="Germany">Germany </option> <option value="Ghana">Ghana </option> <option value="Gibraltar">Gibraltar </option> <option value="Greece">Greece </option> <option value="Greenland">Greenland </option> <option value="Grenada">Grenada </option> <option value="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe </option> <option value="Guam">Guam </option> <option value="Guatemala">Guatemala </option> <option value="Guernsey">Guernsey </option> <option value="Guinea">Guinea </option> <option value="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau </option> <option value="Guyana">Guyana </option> <option value="Haiti">Haiti </option> <option value="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands </option> <option value="Holy See">Holy See </option> <option value="Honduras">Honduras </option> <option value="Hong Kong">Hong Kong </option> <option value="Hungary">Hungary </option> <option value="Iceland">Iceland </option> <option value="India">India </option> <option value="Indonesia">Indonesia </option> <option value="Iran">Iran </option> <option value="Iraq">Iraq </option> <option value="Ireland">Ireland </option> <option value="Isle of Man">Isle of Man </option> <option value="Israel">Israel </option> <option value="Italy">Italy </option> <option value="Jamaica">Jamaica </option> <option value="Japan">Japan </option> <option value="Jersey">Jersey </option> <option value="Jordan">Jordan </option> <option value="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan </option> <option value="Kenya">Kenya </option> <option value="Kiribati">Kiribati </option> <option value="Kuwait">Kuwait </option> <option value="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan </option> <option value="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic </option> <option value="Latvia">Latvia </option> <option value="Lebanon">Lebanon </option> <option value="Lesotho">Lesotho </option> <option value="Liberia">Liberia </option> <option value="Libya">Libya </option> <option value="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein </option> <option value="Lithuania">Lithuania </option> <option value="Luxembourg">Luxembourg </option> <option value="Macao">Macao </option> <option value="Macedonia">Macedonia </option> <option value="Madagascar">Madagascar </option> <option value="Malawi">Malawi </option> <option value="Malaysia">Malaysia </option> <option value="Maldives">Maldives </option> <option value="Mali">Mali </option> <option value="Malta">Malta </option> <option value="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands </option> <option value="Martinique">Martinique </option> <option value="Mauritania">Mauritania </option> <option value="Mauritius">Mauritius </option> <option value="Mayotte">Mayotte </option> <option value="Mexico">Mexico </option> <option value="Micronesia">Micronesia </option> <option value="Moldova">Moldova </option> <option value="Monaco">Monaco </option> <option value="Mongolia">Mongolia </option> <option value="Montenegro">Montenegro </option> <option value="Montserrat">Montserrat </option> <option value="Morocco">Morocco </option> <option value="Mozambique">Mozambique </option> <option value="Myanmar">Myanmar </option> <option value="Namibia">Namibia </option> <option value="Nauru">Nauru </option> <option value="Nepal">Nepal </option> <option value="Netherlands">Netherlands </option> <option value="New Caledonia">New Caledonia </option> <option value="New Zealand">New Zealand </option> <option value="Nicaragua">Nicaragua </option> <option value="Niger">Niger </option> <option value="Nigeria">Nigeria </option> <option value="Niue">Niue </option> <option value="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island </option> <option value="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands </option> <option value="Norway">Norway </option> <option value="Oman">Oman </option> <option value="Pakistan">Pakistan </option> <option value="Palau">Palau </option> <option value="Palestine, State of">Palestine, State of </option> <option value="Panama">Panama </option> <option value="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea </option> <option value="Paraguay">Paraguay </option> <option value="Peru">Peru </option> <option value="Philippines">Philippines </option> <option value="Pitcairn">Pitcairn </option> <option value="Poland">Poland </option> <option value="Portugal">Portugal </option> <option value="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </option> <option value="Qatar">Qatar </option> <option value="Reunion">Reunion </option> <option value="Romania">Romania </option> <option value="Russian Federation">Russian Federation </option> <option value="Rwanda">Rwanda </option> <option value="Saint Barthelemy">Saint Barthelemy </option> <option value="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha </option> <option value="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis </option> <option value="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia </option> <option value="Saint Martin">Saint Martin </option> <option value="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon </option> <option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </option> <option value="Samoa">Samoa </option> <option value="San Marino">San Marino </option> <option value="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe </option> <option value="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia </option> <option value="Senegal">Senegal </option> <option value="Serbia">Serbia </option> <option value="Seychelles">Seychelles </option> <option value="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone </option> <option value="Singapore">Singapore </option> <option value="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten </option> <option value="Slovakia">Slovakia </option> <option value="Slovenia">Slovenia </option> <option value="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands </option> <option value="Somalia">Somalia </option> <option value="South Africa">South Africa </option> <option value="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </option> <option value="South Korea">South Korea </option> <option value="South Sudan">South Sudan </option> <option value="Spain">Spain </option> <option value="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka </option> <option value="Sudan">Sudan </option> <option value="Suriname">Suriname </option> <option value="Svalbard and Jan Mayen">Svalbard and Jan Mayen </option> <option value="Sweden">Sweden </option> <option value="Switzerland">Switzerland </option> <option value="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic </option> <option value="Taiwan">Taiwan </option> <option value="Tajikistan">Tajikistan </option> <option value="Tanzania, United Republic of">Tanzania, United Republic of </option> <option value="Thailand">Thailand </option> <option value="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste </option> <option value="Togo">Togo </option> <option value="Tokelau">Tokelau </option> <option value="Tonga">Tonga </option> <option value="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago </option> <option value="Tunisia">Tunisia </option> <option value="Turkey">Turkey </option> <option value="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan </option> <option value="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands </option> <option value="Tuvalu">Tuvalu </option> <option value="Uganda">Uganda </option> <option value="Ukraine">Ukraine </option> <option value="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates </option> <option value="United Kingdom">United Kingdom </option> <option value="Uruguay">Uruguay </option> <option value="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan </option> <option value="Vanuatu">Vanuatu </option> <option value="Venezuela">Venezuela </option> <option value="Viet Nam">Viet Nam </option> <option value="Virgin Islands (British)">Virgin Islands (British) </option> <option value="Virgin Islands (U.S.)">Virgin Islands (U.S.) </option> <option value="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna </option> <option value="Yemen">Yemen </option> <option value="Zambia">Zambia </option> <option value="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe </option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <br> <div class="row"> <div class="grid-layout-col"> <div class="layout-col col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div id="formElement2" class="elq-field-style form-element-layout row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div> <input type="Submit" class="submit-button-style " value="OPT IN" id="fe49314"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="channelDesignation" id="fe49308" value="Library"> <input type="hidden" name="utm_source" id="fe49309" value="wordpress"> <input type="hidden" name="utm_medium" id="fe49310" value="blog"> <input type="hidden" name="utm_campaign" id="fe49311" value="GOT211596043"> </div> </form> </div></aside><aside id="text-21" class="widget inner-padding widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><b><font color="#365f7f">Follow Us:</font></b></br> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/GaleCengage"> <img src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/facebook.png" alt="HTML tutorial" style="width:30px;height:30px;border:0;"> </a><a href="https://twitter.com/galecengage"> <img src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/twitter-2.png" alt="HTML tutorial" style="width:30px;height:30px;border:0;"> </a></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/GaleCengage"> <img src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/youtubet.png" alt="HTML tutorial" style="width:30px;height:30px;border:0;"> </a> </div> </aside><aside id="tag_cloud-6" class="widget inner-padding widget_tag_cloud"><h2 class="widget-title">Popular Tags</h2><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/academic-2/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-463 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 18.9454545455pt;" aria-label="academic (247 items)">academic</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/academic-libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-163 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 16.0181818182pt;" aria-label="academic libraries (144 items)">academic libraries</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/academic-onefile/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-267 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 10.5454545455pt;" aria-label="Academic OneFile (53 items)">Academic OneFile</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/analytics-on-demand/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-903 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 8.63636363636pt;" aria-label="Analytics On Demand (37 items)">Analytics On Demand</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/chiltonlibrary/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-805 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 10.4181818182pt;" aria-label="ChiltonLibrary (52 items)">ChiltonLibrary</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/digital-humanities/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3665 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 9.01818181818pt;" aria-label="digital humanities (40 items)">digital humanities</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/ebooks/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-23 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 19.7090909091pt;" aria-label="eBooks (283 items)">eBooks</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/featured-2/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-539 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 10.6727272727pt;" aria-label="featured (54 items)">featured</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-45 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 21.8727272727pt;" aria-label="Gale (415 items)">Gale</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-academic-onefile-update/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-10092 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 10.2909090909pt;" aria-label="Gale Academic OneFile Update (50 items)">Gale Academic OneFile Update</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-courses/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-683 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 9.78181818182pt;" aria-label="Gale Courses (46 items)">Gale Courses</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-ebooks/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5517 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 13.0909090909pt;" aria-label="Gale eBooks (84 items)">Gale eBooks</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-general-onefile-update/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-10093 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 8.38181818182pt;" aria-label="Gale General OneFile update (35 items)">Gale General OneFile update</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-in-context/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3013 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 11.3090909091pt;" aria-label="Gale In Context (60 items)">Gale In Context</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-in-context-biography/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-9872 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 10.5454545455pt;" aria-label="Gale In Context: Biography (53 items)">Gale In Context: Biography</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/gale-primary-sources/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4841 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 12.7090909091pt;" aria-label="Gale Primary Sources (79 items)">Gale Primary Sources</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/general-onefile/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-269 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 10.4181818182pt;" aria-label="General OneFile (51 items)">General OneFile</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/google/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2115 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 10.1636363636pt;" aria-label="Google (49 items)">Google</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-649 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 8.12727272727pt;" aria-label="health (34 items)">health</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/health-reference-center-academic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-271 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 8.12727272727pt;" aria-label="Health Reference Center Academic (34 items)">Health Reference Center Academic</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-217 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.27272727273pt;" aria-label="history (42 items)">history</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/in-context/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-195 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 15.8909090909pt;" aria-label="In Context (141 items)">In Context</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/k12/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-387 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 9.14545454545pt;" aria-label="K12 (41 items)">K12</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/large-print/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-481 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 13.0909090909pt;" aria-label="large print (84 items)">large print</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/lgbtq/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4585 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 9.78181818182pt;" aria-label="LGBTQ (46 items)">LGBTQ</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-415 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 10.1636363636pt;" aria-label="libraries (49 items)">libraries</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/library/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-549 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 10.9272727273pt;" aria-label="library (56 items)">library</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/michigan/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4383 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Michigan (33 items)">Michigan</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/my-library-story/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3395 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 18.9454545455pt;" aria-label="My Library Story (245 items)">My Library Story</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/primary-sources/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-105 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 15.8909090909pt;" aria-label="primary sources (140 items)">primary sources</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/product-review/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2717 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 9.78181818182pt;" aria-label="Product Review (46 items)">Product Review</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/product-update/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-783 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 11.1818181818pt;" aria-label="product update (59 items)">product update</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/product-updates/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1379 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 12.2pt;" aria-label="Product updates (71 items)">Product updates</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-2/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-461 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="public (424 items)">public</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-37 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 20.8545454545pt;" aria-label="public libraries (345 items)">public libraries</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/public-library/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-35 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 20.2181818182pt;" aria-label="public library (305 items)">public library</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-155 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 11.4363636364pt;" aria-label="research (62 items)">research</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/school/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1159 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 9.14545454545pt;" aria-label="school (41 items)">school</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/schools/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4775 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 19.0727272727pt;" aria-label="Schools (250 items)">Schools</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-91 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.50909090909pt;" aria-label="science (36 items)">science</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/students/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-533 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 8.12727272727pt;" aria-label="students (34 items)">students</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/technology/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-93 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 8.12727272727pt;" aria-label="technology (34 items)">technology</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/thorndike/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-483 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 11.1818181818pt;" aria-label="thorndike (59 items)">thorndike</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/thorndike-press/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-341 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 15.3818181818pt;" aria-label="Thorndike Press (128 items)">Thorndike Press</a> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/tag/updates/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2773 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 9.78181818182pt;" aria-label="Updates (46 items)">Updates</a></div> </aside><aside id="categories-8" class="widget inner-padding widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Categories</h2> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/">Academic</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4955"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/digital-humanities/">Digital Humanities</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-8"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/events/">Events</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/">Featured</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/">Public</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-6"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/">Schools</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5847"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/special/">Special</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3965"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/thorndike-press/">Thorndike Press</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-7"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/updates/">Updates</a> </li> </ul> </aside><aside id="archives-7" class="widget inner-padding widget_archive"><h2 class="widget-title">Archives</h2> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-7">Archives</label> <select id="archives-dropdown-7" name="archive-dropdown"> <option value="">Select Month</option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/11/'> November 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/10/'> October 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/09/'> September 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/08/'> August 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/07/'> July 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/06/'> June 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/05/'> May 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/04/'> April 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/03/'> March 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/02/'> February 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2024/01/'> January 2024 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/12/'> December 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/11/'> November 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/10/'> October 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/09/'> September 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/08/'> August 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/07/'> July 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/06/'> June 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/05/'> May 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/04/'> April 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/03/'> March 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/02/'> February 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2023/01/'> January 2023 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/12/'> December 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/11/'> November 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/10/'> October 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/09/'> September 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/08/'> August 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/07/'> July 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/06/'> June 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/05/'> May 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/04/'> April 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/03/'> March 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/02/'> February 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2022/01/'> January 2022 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/12/'> December 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/11/'> November 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/10/'> October 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/09/'> September 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/08/'> August 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/07/'> July 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/06/'> June 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/05/'> May 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/04/'> April 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/03/'> March 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/02/'> February 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2021/01/'> January 2021 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/12/'> December 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/11/'> November 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/10/'> October 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/09/'> September 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/08/'> August 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/07/'> July 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/06/'> June 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/05/'> May 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/04/'> April 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/03/'> March 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/02/'> February 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2020/01/'> January 2020 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/12/'> December 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/11/'> November 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/10/'> October 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/09/'> September 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/08/'> August 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/07/'> July 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/06/'> June 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/05/'> May 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/04/'> April 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/03/'> March 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/02/'> February 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2019/01/'> January 2019 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/12/'> December 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/11/'> November 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/10/'> October 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/09/'> September 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/08/'> August 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/07/'> July 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/06/'> June 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/05/'> May 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/04/'> April 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/03/'> March 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/02/'> February 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2018/01/'> January 2018 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/12/'> December 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/11/'> November 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/10/'> October 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/09/'> September 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/08/'> August 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/07/'> July 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/06/'> June 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/05/'> May 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/04/'> April 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/03/'> March 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/02/'> February 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2017/01/'> January 2017 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/12/'> December 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/11/'> November 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/10/'> October 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/09/'> September 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/08/'> August 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/07/'> July 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/06/'> June 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/05/'> May 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/04/'> April 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/03/'> March 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/02/'> February 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2016/01/'> January 2016 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/12/'> December 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/11/'> November 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/10/'> October 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/09/'> September 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/08/'> August 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/07/'> July 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/06/'> June 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/05/'> May 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/04/'> April 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/03/'> March 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/02/'> February 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2015/01/'> January 2015 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/12/'> December 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/11/'> November 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/10/'> October 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/09/'> September 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/08/'> August 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/07/'> July 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/06/'> June 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/05/'> May 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/04/'> April 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/03/'> March 2014 </option> <option value='https://blog.gale.com/2014/02/'> February 2014 </option> </select> <script> (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "archives-dropdown-7" ); function onSelectChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value !== '' ) { document.location.href = this.options[ this.selectedIndex ].value; } } dropdown.onchange = onSelectChange; })(); </script> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer"> <div id="footer-widgets" class="site footer-widgets"> <div class="footer-widgets-container grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="inside-footer-widgets"> <div class="footer-widget-1 grid-parent grid-33 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="text-15" class="widget inner-padding widget_text"><h2 class="widget-title">Gale</h2> <div class="textwidget"><p>Learn more about us:<br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com">Gale.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com/about">About Gale</a></p> <p>Learn about our markets:<br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com/academic">Academic</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com/schools">Schools</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gale.com/public">Public</a><br /> <a href="http://gale.com/special">Government & Special</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.cengage.com/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-2 grid-parent grid-33 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="categories-7" class="widget inner-padding widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Blog Post Categories</h2> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/academic/">Academic</a> (1,042) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4955"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/digital-humanities/">Digital Humanities</a> (38) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-8"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/events/">Events</a> (12) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/featured/">Featured</a> (1,728) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/public/">Public</a> (1,536) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-6"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/schools/">Schools</a> (1,258) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5847"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/special/">Special</a> (74) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3965"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/thorndike-press/">Thorndike Press</a> (197) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-7"><a href="https://blog.gale.com/category/updates/">Updates</a> (351) </li> </ul> </aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-3 grid-parent grid-33 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="search-3" class="widget inner-padding widget_search"><h2 class="widget-title">Search the Gale Blog</h2><form method="get" class="search-form" action="https://blog.gale.com/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" title="Search for:"> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search"></form> </aside><aside id="wpcom_social_media_icons_widget-4" class="widget inner-padding widget_wpcom_social_media_icons_widget"><h2 class="widget-title">Social</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/GaleCengage/" class="genericon genericon-facebook" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View GaleCengage’s profile on Facebook</span></a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/GaleCengage/" class="genericon genericon-twitter" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View GaleCengage’s profile on Twitter</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/GaleCengage/" class="genericon genericon-youtube" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View GaleCengage’s profile on YouTube</span></a></li><li><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+GaleCengage/" class="genericon genericon-googleplus" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View GaleCengage’s profile on Google+</span></a></li></ul></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="site-info" aria-label="Site" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" itemscope> <div class="inside-site-info grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="copyright-bar"> Copyright © 2024 Gale, part of Cengage Learning </div> </div> </footer> </div> <a title="Scroll back to top" aria-label="Scroll back to top" rel="nofollow" href="#" class="generate-back-to-top" data-scroll-speed="400" data-start-scroll="300"> </a><script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-6554141-41', 'auto'); ga('set', 'anonymizeIp', true); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','nw169'); twq('track','PageView'); </script> <script id="generate-a11y">!function(){"use strict";if("querySelector"in document&&"addEventListener"in window){var e=document.body;e.addEventListener("mousedown",function(){e.classList.add("using-mouse")}),e.addEventListener("keydown",function(){e.classList.remove("using-mouse")})}}();</script><link rel='stylesheet' id='genericons-css' href='https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.1' media='all' /> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/worth-the-read/js/wtr.js?ver=6.6.1" id="wtr-js-js"></script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/dist/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.19" id="gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js"></script>  <script id="generate-menu-js-extra"> var generatepressMenu = {"toggleOpenedSubMenus":"1","openSubMenuLabel":"Open Sub-Menu","closeSubMenuLabel":"Close Sub-Menu"}; </script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/menu.min.js?ver=3.4.0" id="generate-menu-js"></script> <script id="generate-back-to-top-js-extra"> var generatepressBackToTop = {"smooth":"1"}; </script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/back-to-top.min.js?ver=3.4.0" id="generate-back-to-top-js"></script> <script src="https://blog.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/page-links-to/dist/new-tab.js?ver=3.3.5" id="page-links-to-js"></script> <script src='https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js' defer></script> <script> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ 'view', {v:'ext',j:'1:9.4.3',blog:'64822524',post:'0',tz:'-5',srv:'blog.gale.com'} ]); _stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '64822524', '0' ]); </script> </body> </html>