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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GABA+reuptake+inhibitor%22">"GABA reuptake inhibitor"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GABA+reuptake+inhibitor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GABA+reuptake+inhibitor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GABA+reuptake+inhibitor%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GABA+reuptake+inhibitor%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GABA+reuptake+inhibitor%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg/200px-Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg/300px-Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg/400px-Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="77" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">gamma-Aminobutyric Acid</a> (GABA)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">Reuptake inhibitor</a></div> <p>A <b>GABA reuptake inhibitor</b> (<b>GRI</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a> which acts as a <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">reuptake inhibitor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">gamma-Aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA) by blocking the <a href="/wiki/Drug_action" title="Drug action">action</a> of the <a href="/wiki/GABA_transporter" title="GABA transporter">gamma-Aminobutyric acid transporters</a> (GATs). This in turn leads to increased <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrations</a> of GABA and therefore an increase in <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid that functions as the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system, playing a crucial role in modulating neuronal activity in both the brain and spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While GABA predominantly exerts inhibitory actions in the adult brain, it has an excitatory role during developmental stages.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the neuron receives the action potential, GABA is released from the pre-synaptic cell to the synaptic cleft. After the action potential transmission, GABA is detected on the dendritic side, where specific receptors collectively contribute to the inhibitory outcome by facilitating GABA transmitter uptake. Facilitated by specific enzymes, GABA binds to post-synaptic receptors, with GABAergic neurons playing a key role in system regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhibitory effects of GABA diminish when presynaptic neurons reabsorb it from the synaptic cleft for recycling by GABA transporters (GATs).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reuptake mechanism is crucial for maintaining neurotransmitter levels and synaptic functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gamma-aminobutyric acid Reuptake Inhibitors (GRIs) hinder the functioning of GATs, preventing GABA reabsorption in the pre-synaptic cell. This results in increased GABA levels in the extracellular environment, leading to elevated GABA-mediated synaptic activity in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal activity by dampening down neuron firing. Disruptions in GABAergic neurotransmission, such as reduced synthesis, reuptake dysfunction, or receptor abnormalities, can lead to various pathologies in the central nervous system, including epilepsy, anxiety disorders, Parkinson's disease, and sleep disorders. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loughlin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loughlin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA plays a complex role in modulating anxiety and stress, regulating sleep, circadian rhythms, mood, cognition, and perception. Low GABA levels are associated with emotional and behavioral disruptions, including short-term and/or long-term stress, anxiety disorders, and sleep disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indications">Indications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Indications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GRIs may be used in the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical treatment">clinical treatment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> as <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antiepileptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiepileptic">antiepileptics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a><sup id="cite_ref-Loughlin_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loughlin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a> (GAD), social phobia (SP) also known as <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a> (SAD), and <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> (PD) as <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tremor" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tremor">muscle tremors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">spasms</a> as <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a> as <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a>. They may also potentially be used as <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Special:EditPage/GABA reuptake inhibitor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>GRIs can induce a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> effects, including: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>general and <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">alteration in consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blurry_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Blurry vision">blurry vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">diplopia</a> or double vision</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiologic_nystagmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologic nystagmus">nystagmus</a> or involuntary <a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_(sensory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye movement (sensory)">eye movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblyopia" title="Amblyopia">amblyopia</a> or "lazy eye"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a> <a href="/wiki/Ringing_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringing (medicine)">ringing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiredness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiredness">tiredness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">weakness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">aches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastrointestinal disturbances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakiness">shakiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorientation">disorientation</a></li> <li>diminished <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a></li> <li>impaired <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">focus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">concentration</a></li> <li>decreased <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">stuttering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stammering" class="mw-redirect" title="Stammering">slurring</a> of <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">cognitive and memory impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> lift or drop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiolysis">anxiolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">disinhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress reduction">stress reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoria (emotion)">euphoria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">rage</a></li> <li>increased <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a> or impaired <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">coordination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle relaxation">muscle relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trembling" class="mw-redirect" title="Trembling">trembling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tremor" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tremor">muscle tremors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">spasms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paresthesia</a> or "pins and needles"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">analgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> or shortness of <a href="/wiki/Breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath">breath</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Many of these properties are dependent on whether the GRI in question is capable of crossing the <a href="/wiki/Blood-brain-barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-brain-barrier">blood-brain-barrier</a> (BBB). Those that do not will only produce <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> effects. </p><p>GRIs such as <a href="/wiki/CI-966" title="CI-966">CI-966</a> have been characterized as <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a> with effects analogous to those of the <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">muscimol</a> (a constituent of <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></i> (fly agaric) mushrooms) when administered at sufficient doses.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollister1990_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollister1990-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiagabine is another GRI that selectively inhibits the action of GABA reuptake and its mechanism of action is the same as <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (<a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRI</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Loughlin_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loughlin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used as a treatment for partial seizures in adults and children over 12, and works by amplifying GABA's calming effects in the brain. This, however, comes with potential drawbacks. While generally well-tolerated, some users experience concentration issues, language difficulties, and even a higher risk of depression, hallucinations, and paranoia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overdose">Overdose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overdose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At very high doses characterized by <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> may come to prominence, including: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>severe <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">cognitive deficit</a> to the point of acute <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">retardation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde</a> or <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_amnesia" title="Retrograde amnesia">retrograde amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drooling" title="Drooling">drooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloerection" class="mw-redirect" title="Piloerection">piloerection</a> or "goose bumps"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">agitation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">restlessness</a></li> <li>flailing</li> <li>thrashing and screaming</li> <li>unintentional or accidental <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">dystonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faintness" class="mw-redirect" title="Faintness">faintness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of consciousness">loss of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">respiratory arrest</a> or cessation of <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a></li></ul> </div><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_GRIs">List of GRIs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of GRIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CI-966" title="CI-966">CI-966</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7851497_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7851497-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deramciclane" title="Deramciclane">Deramciclane</a> (EGIS-3886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabaculine" title="Gabaculine">Gabaculine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guvacine" title="Guvacine">Guvacine</a> (C10149)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipecotic_acid" title="Nipecotic acid">Nipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_05-2090&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 05-2090 (page does not exist)">NNC 05-2090</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC-711" title="NNC-711">NNC-711</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7851497_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7851497-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-89976A" title="SKF-89976A">SKF-89976A</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7851497_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7851497-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNAP-5114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNAP-5114 (page does not exist)">SNAP-5114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a> (Gabitril)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7851497_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7851497-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10882845_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10882845-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaidine" title="Arecaidine">Arecaidine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">Reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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-1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid</span> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/GABA_transporter" title="GABA transporter">transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">Transporter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABA_transporter" title="GABA transporter"><abbr title="GABA transporter">GAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip GABA transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Aminovaleric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Aminovaleric acid (page does not exist)">4-Aminovaleric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaidine" title="Arecaidine">Arecaidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI-966" title="CI-966">CI-966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Diaminobutyric_acid" title="2,4-Diaminobutyric acid">DABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deramciclane" title="Deramciclane">Deramciclane (EGIS-3886, EGYT-3886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EF-1502" title="EF-1502">EF-1502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabaculine" title="Gabaculine">Gabaculine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guvacine" title="Guvacine">Guvacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipecotic_acid" title="Nipecotic acid">Nipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_05-2090&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 05-2090 (page does not exist)">NNC 05-2090</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NO-711" class="mw-redirect" title="NO-711">NO-711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-89976A" title="SKF-89976A">SKF-89976A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNAP-5114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNAP-5114 (page does not exist)">SNAP-5114</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-4-Aminocrotonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-4-Aminocrotonic acid (page does not exist)">TACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_inhibitory_amino_acid_transporter" title="Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter"><abbr title="Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter">VIAAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafilomycin_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bafilomycin A1">Bafilomycin A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_sky_blue_6B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago sky blue 6B (page does not exist)">Chicago sky blue 6B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Butyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Butyric acid">N-Butyric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigericin" title="Nigericin">Nigericin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipecotic_acid" title="Nipecotic acid">Nipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinomycin" title="Valinomycin">Valinomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase"><abbr title="Glutamate decarboxylase">GAD</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Mercaptopropionic_acid" title="3-Mercaptopropionic acid">3-Mercaptopropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminooxyacetic_acid" title="Aminooxyacetic acid">AAOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Allylglycine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Allylglycine"><span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-Allylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semicarbazide" title="Semicarbazide">Semicarbazide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Activators:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-GABA" title="3-Methyl-GABA">3-Methyl-GABA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyrate_aminotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase">GABA-T</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Hydrazinopropionic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Hydrazinopropionic acid (page does not exist)">3-Hydrazinopropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Diaminobutyric_acid" title="2,4-Diaminobutyric acid">DABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Acetylenic-GABA" title="Γ-Acetylenic-GABA">γ-Acetylenic-GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminooxyacetic_acid" title="Aminooxyacetic acid">AOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanolamine-O-sulfate" title="Ethanolamine-O-sulfate">EOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabaculine" title="Gabaculine">Gabaculine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">Isoniazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Cycloserine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Cycloserine"><small>L</small>-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">Phenelzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylidenehydrazine" title="Phenylethylidenehydrazine">PEH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">Rosmarinic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">lemon balm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium (divalproex sodium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Activators:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-GABA" title="3-Methyl-GABA">3-Methyl-GABA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antivitamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Antivitamin">Antivitamin B6</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgotoxin" title="Ginkgotoxin">Ginkgotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators">GABA receptor modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor positive modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Glutamate_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators">Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators</a> </i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GABA_reuptake_inhibitor&oldid=1230859809">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GABA_reuptake_inhibitor&oldid=1230859809</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:GABA_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Category:GABA reuptake 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