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id="toc-Special_Air_Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Nickel_Grass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Nickel_Grass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Operation Nickel Grass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Nickel_Grass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_Airlift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_Airlift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tactical Airlift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_Airlift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C-141/C-5_Upgrade_Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C-141/C-5_Upgrade_Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>C-141/C-5 Upgrade Programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C-141/C-5_Upgrade_Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cold War Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NATO_Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>NATO Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Urgent_Fury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Urgent_Fury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Operation Urgent Fury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Urgent_Fury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Just_Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Just_Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Operation Just Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Just_Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Special Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_Operations_Divestiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Operations_Divestiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4.1</span> <span>Special Operations Divestiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Operations_Divestiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Gulf War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inactivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inactivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Inactivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inactivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.3</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Airlift_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Airlift_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.4</span> <span>Military Airlift Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Airlift_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_Airlift_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_Airlift_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.5</span> <span>Tactical Airlift Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_Airlift_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Airlift_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Airlift_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.6</span> <span>Other Airlift Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Airlift_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Major Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Inactive U.S. Air Force major command</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the current active command, see <a href="/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command" title="Air Mobility Command">Air Mobility Command</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Military Airlift Command</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png/220px-USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png/330px-USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png/440px-USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="2030" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Military Airlift Command insignia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1966–1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Major Command</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data">Airlift</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Decorations</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg/150px-US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg/225px-US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg/300px-US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Outstanding Unit Award">Air Force Outstanding Unit Award</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Military Airlift Command</b> (<b>MAC</b>) is an inactive <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_Commands_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Major Commands of the United States Air Force">major command</a> (MAJCOM) that was headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Scott_Air_Force_Base" title="Scott Air Force Base">Scott Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. Established on 1 January 1966, MAC was the primary strategic airlift organization of the Air Force until 1974, when Air Force tactical airlift units in the <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">Tactical Air Command</a> (TAC) were merged into MAC to create a unified airlift organization. </p><p>In 1982, the heritage of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Command" title="Air Transport Command">Air Transport Command</a> (ATC) (1942–1948) and the postwar <a href="/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service" title="Military Air Transport Service">Military Air Transport Service</a> (MATS) (1948–1966) were consolidated with MAC, providing a continuous history of long range airlift. </p><p>Inactivated on 1 June 1992, most of MAC's personnel and equipment were reassigned to the new <a href="/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command" title="Air Mobility Command">Air Mobility Command</a> (AMC), with a smaller portion divided between <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Forces_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Forces in Europe">U.S. Air Forces in Europe</a> (USAFE), <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces" title="Pacific Air Forces">Pacific Air Forces</a> (PACAF) and the newly created <a href="/wiki/Air_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Air Education and Training Command">Air Education and Training Command</a> (AETC). The heritage of MAC (and its predecessor organizations) was officially consolidated into AMC in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_Air_Transport_Service">Military Air Transport Service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Military Air Transport Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service" title="Military Air Transport Service">Military Air Transport Service</a> for history of organization prior to 1 January 1966</i></dd></dl> <p>MAC was the USAF successor organization to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service" title="Military Air Transport Service">Military Air Transport Service</a> (MATS), with MATS having been disestablished on 8 January 1966. MAC's emblem reflected its predecessor's history by incorporating the globe-wings-arrows emblem of MATS into its shield. </p><p>Although MATS was under the operational control of the United States Air Force, the 4-digit USAF Military Air Transport Service units at all levels were considered major command (MAJCOM) provisional units by USAF due to MATS being a Department of Defense Unified Command. Under the USAF lineage system, they did not possess a permanent lineage or history and were discontinued upon inactivation. AFCON (HQ Air Force-controlled) units were activated under MAC, to which USAF personnel and equipment formerly assigned to MATS MAJCOM units were reassigned effective 8 January 1966. No formal lineage or history between former MATS MAJCOM units and MAC AFCON units was ever made. </p><p>With the establishment of MAC by the USAF, plans were also made to discontinue the role of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> within the new command. MATS' shore-based naval air transport squadrons (VR) were assigned back to the Navy upon its inaction, most being converted to organic Operational Support Airlift (OSA) roles for the Navy and renamed as fleet logistics support squadrons, primarily residing in the Naval Air Reserve. However, some naval aircrews formerly assigned to MATS continued to fly USAF C-130Es for MAC until 1968, when all MAC C-130s were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">Tactical Air Command</a> as part of the theater troop carrier mission being reassigned.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, MAC continued the missions of several other activities formerly under MATS: the <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Rescue_and_Recovery_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service">Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service</a> (ARRS); <a href="/wiki/Air_Weather_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Weather Service">Air Weather Service</a> (ARS); <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Mission" title="Special Air Mission">Special Air Mission</a> (SAM); Air Photographic and Charting Service (ACIC) (Reassigned to the Defense Mapping Agency in 1972), and Aeromedical Transport Wing (AMTW). </p><p>In addition to these organizations, MAC supported select USAF Special Operations forces originally organized under MATS on an as-required basis until 1984, when all USAF Special Operations under <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">Tactical Air Command</a> (TAC) were transferred to MAC's <a href="/wiki/23rd_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Air Force">23rd Air Force</a> (23AF). USAF Special Operations forces remained part of MAC until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command" title="Air Force Special Operations Command">Air Force Special Operations Command</a> (AFSOC) in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-aol_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_Era_(1966–1975)"><span id="Vietnam_Era_.281966.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Vietnam Era (1966–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vietnam Era (1966–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-141s-63dmaw-norton-1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/C-141s-63dmaw-norton-1967.jpg/220px-C-141s-63dmaw-norton-1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/C-141s-63dmaw-norton-1967.jpg/330px-C-141s-63dmaw-norton-1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/C-141s-63dmaw-norton-1967.jpg/440px-C-141s-63dmaw-norton-1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Brand-new 63d MAW C-141As on the ramp at <a href="/wiki/Norton_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton AFB">Norton AFB</a>, 1967. AF Ser. No. 66-0177 is in foreground. This aircraft will become the famous "<a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Taxi" title="Hanoi Taxi">Hanoi Taxi</a>" which flew <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> to <a href="/wiki/USO" class="mw-redirect" title="USO">USO</a> shows in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, and, in 1973, during the final days of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, repatriated American <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> was one of the POWs who flew home on the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Taxi" title="Hanoi Taxi">Hanoi Taxi</a>. 66-0177 was the last C-141 to be withdrawn from Air Force service after a career of almost 40 years, as the last of the fleet was retired in 2006. Today, 66-0177 is on permanent display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright-Patterson AFB">Wright-Patterson AFB</a>, Ohio</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonnell_C-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/McDonnell_C-9.jpg/220px-McDonnell_C-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/McDonnell_C-9.jpg/330px-McDonnell_C-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/McDonnell_C-9.jpg/440px-McDonnell_C-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_C-9" title="McDonnell Douglas C-9">C-9 Nightingale</a>, AF Ser. No. 71-0874, used for <a href="/wiki/Aeromedical_Evacuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeromedical Evacuation">Aeromedical Evacuation</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-141_at_Pago_Pago_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/C-141_at_Pago_Pago_Airport.jpg/220px-C-141_at_Pago_Pago_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/C-141_at_Pago_Pago_Airport.jpg/330px-C-141_at_Pago_Pago_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/C-141_at_Pago_Pago_Airport.jpg/440px-C-141_at_Pago_Pago_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption>A Military Airlift Command C-141A at Pago Pago International Airport in July 1968. The aircraft behind the C-141 is an Air New Zealand DC-8.</figcaption></figure> <p>Established at the height of the United States' involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, MAC provided long-range strategic airlift from bases in the United States to Military Airlift Support Squadrons (MASS) located on <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces" title="Pacific Air Forces">Pacific Air Forces</a> bases in the Pacific AOR. These were:<sup id="cite_ref-outsideab_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outsideab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base" title="Kadena Air Base">Kadena Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa, Japan">Okinawa, Japan</a>, (603rd MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, (604th MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Agana" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Agana">NAS Agana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, (605th MASS)</li> <li>Mactan AB, Philippines (606th MASS)</li> <li>Henderson Field Airport, <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Island</a>, (607th MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base" title="Yokota Air Base">Yokota Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, (610th MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osan_Air_Base" title="Osan Air Base">Osan Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, (611th MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Cam Ranh Air Base">Cam Ranh Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (608th MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base" title="Tan Son Nhut Air Base">Tan Son Nhut Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (616th MASS)</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Phu_Cat_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Phu Cat Air Base">Phu Cat Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (Det. 1, 616th MASS)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa_Air_Base" title="Bien Hoa Air Base">Bien Hoa Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (Det. 2, 616th MASS)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da_Nang_Air_Base" title="Da Nang Air Base">Da Nang Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (617th MASS)</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pleiku_Air_Base" title="Pleiku Air Base">Pleiku Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (Det. 1, 617th MASS)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-Tapao_Royal_Thai_Navy_Airfield" title="U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield">U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (618th MASS)</li></ul> <p>In addition, MAC operated MASS Squadrons on Non-CONUS bases in both Alaska and Hawaii: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elmendorf_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmendorf AFB">Elmendorf AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, (602d MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickam_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hickam AFB">Hickam AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, (61st MASS)</li></ul> <p>By 1968, MAC military and contract transports were hauling 150,000 passengers and 45,000 tons of cargo monthly to and from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. At first, MAC transports to Vietnam landed regularly only at Tan Son Nhut AB, necessitating considerable transshipment within Vietnam by the Common Service Airlift System. New air bases opened at Da Nang AB and Cam Ranh AB in January 1966, and later at Pleiku, Bien Hoa and Phu Cat Air Bases, reducing the need for redistribution.<sup id="cite_ref-multi37_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major unit movements by MAC aircraft from the United States usually required further airlifts to operating areas by in-country transports. Introduction of the <a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5 Galaxy</a> transport in the summer of 1970 created new problems of in-country distribution, since C-5 deliveries were massive, and, initially the planes could land only at Cam Ranh Bay. Eventually, however, C-5s could unload at Tan Son Nhut and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-multi37_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily, MAC transports carried high-value cargo such as aircraft and equipment parts, while MAC civilian-contract flights transported passengers to and from the combat zone.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aol_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the winter of 1965–66, MAC conducted Operation "Blue Light," the deployment of elements of the <a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="25th Infantry Division (United States)">25th Infantry Division</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hickam_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hickam AFB">Hickam AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pleiku" title="Pleiku">Pleiku</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. </p><p>During the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a>, MAC transports airlifted additional troops from the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Campbell" title="Fort Campbell">Fort Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, supporting a buildup of forces in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in response to the seizure of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> intelligence-gathering ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo (AGER-2)</a> by <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> in January 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-aol_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Undoubtedly the most important development of MAC during the Vietnam War was the use of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> <a href="/wiki/C-141_Starlifter" class="mw-redirect" title="C-141 Starlifter">C-141 Starlifter</a> as an airborne ambulance evacuating casualties out of South Vietnam to hospitals in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Generally, patients requiring hospitalization for thirty days or more were moved to offshore hospitals; others were sometimes evacuated to keep an empty-bed reserve of fifty percent in Vietnam. Military Airlift Command transports carried the more serious cases from Clark AB to the United States, and, in 1966, began making patient pickups in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-aol_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multi37_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1972_Easter_Offensive">1972 Easter Offensive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1972 Easter Offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 March 1972, <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> launched an all-out invasion of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a>. The "Vietnamization" policy of the United States had resulted in the vast majority of US ground combat forces been withdrawn from South Vietnam with PACAF's tactical air units also being reduced. Military Airlift Command's C-141 force, accustomed to operating in and out of Vietnam from offshore were utilized for movement of large numbers of men and amounts of materiel to oppose the invasion. Beginning on 21 April, MAC C-141s began shuttling passengers and cargo between Tan Son Nhut AB and the other main in-country bases, principally Da Nang AB, Bien Hoa AB, and Pleiku AB. Planes and crews were based for one or more nights at Tan Son Nhut and performed two or more days of in-country work before departing for offshore destinations. This C-141 effort permitted the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Air Force">Vietnam Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces" title="Pacific Air Forces">PACAF</a> <a href="/wiki/C-130" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130">C-130s</a> to concentrate on drops, unit hauls, and deliveries to forward locations. The rapid American response to the invasion allowed the South Vietnamese forces to defeat the invaders for the moment.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multi37_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Homecoming">Operation Homecoming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operation Homecoming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi_Taxi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hanoi_Taxi.jpg/220px-Hanoi_Taxi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hanoi_Taxi.jpg/330px-Hanoi_Taxi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hanoi_Taxi.jpg/440px-Hanoi_Taxi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>C-141B, AF Ser. No. 66-0177, the <i>Hanoi Taxi</i>, after 2002 repainting to revert to 1970s scheme. Note the stretched fuselage indicating its modification from its earlier C-141A configuration to the C-141B configuration. Other C-141Bs with the standard USAF paint scheme of 2006 can be seen in the background.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg/220px-Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg/330px-Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg/440px-Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Recently released United States POWs from North Vietnamese prison camps being flown on board the "Hanoi Taxi" from Hanoi, North Vietnam to <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, March 1973.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the terms of the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>, the cease-fire was to become effective in Vietnam the morning of 28 January 1973, <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> time.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multi37_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American prisoners in <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> were to be released and the last 23,700 American troops withdrawn from Vietnam within sixty days. Planning for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Homecoming" title="Operation Homecoming">Operation Homecoming</a>, the mission for the return of Americans held by North Vietnam, was given to the Military Airlift Command. C-141s of the <a href="/wiki/63d_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="63d Airlift Wing">63d Military Airlift Wing</a>, stationed at <a href="/wiki/Norton_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton AFB">Norton AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> were given responsibility for bringing out the men. On 11 February, two C-130s of <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">TAC's</a> <a href="/wiki/374th_Airlift_Wing" title="374th Airlift Wing">374th Tactical Airlift Wing</a> flew from <a href="/wiki/Ching_Chuan_Kang_Air_Base" title="Ching Chuan Kang Air Base">Ching Chuan Kang Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to Clark AB as primary and spare ships for the movement of the support team to Hanoi the next day. A second C-130 left Tan Son Nhut AB carrying members of the international commission to <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> to oversee the repatriations. This C-130 arrived at <a href="/wiki/Gia_Lam_Airport" title="Gia Lam Airport">Gia Lam Airport</a> about one hour before the C-130 from Ching Chuan Kang arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-multi37_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the ground at Gia Lam, the C-130 crew met the airport manager and went indoors for tea offered by the North Vietnamese. The first of three C-141s flown in from Clark landed soon after and repatriation began. As the first returnee moved from the release desk, one of the C-130 flight engineers quickly moved to clear the way, leading the former prisoner by the arm. Taking the cue, the other C-130 crewmen in the same way escorted each man to the waiting C-141. Over and over, returnees expressed their deepest appreciation at having been greeted by a "brother-in-arms" and, in those first few moments of freedom, welcomed home by their own countrymen. A total of 116 Americans were released at Gia Lam that day and all were flown to Clark by the C-141s. Further releases of Americans in Hanoi followed the pattern of the first day. Releases took place on 18 February and on seven dates in March, ending with the final repatriation of the last sixty-seven men on 29 March 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-multi37_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_South_Vietnam">Fall of South Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fall of South Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the impending <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind" title="Operation Frequent Wind">evacuation of American nationals from South Vietnam</a> in April 1975, the Air Force started evacuation flights out of Tan Son Nhut AB. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">Operation Babylift</a>, the airlift of some two thousand mixed-blood orphans and children of American servicemen and Vietnamese women, most of them destined for homes in the United States, was initiated. Unfortunately, the Babylift missions were marred by <a href="/wiki/1975_Tan_Son_Nhut_C-5_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Tan Son Nhut C-5 accident">the crash of a MAC C-5A</a> shortly after takeoff on 4 April, killing 155 persons, most of them children.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multi37_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the American and some Vietnamese refugees departed openly aboard military or contract-jet transports, but a few individuals formerly associated with intelligence activities came out semi-covertly through the <a href="/wiki/Air_America_(airline)" title="Air America (airline)">Air America</a> terminal. On two days, 21 and 22 April, sixty-four hundred persons left Tan Son Nhut for Clark AB aboard thirty-three C-141s and forty-one C-130s. Operations were around-the-clock, the C-141s landing by day and the C-130s generally by night. Other C-141s and the contract carriers meanwhile moved those refugees already at Clark eastward to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>. Nearly all aircrews reported tracer fire and airbursts with some bursts reaching to eighteen-thousand feet. On 26 and 27 April, twelve-thousand persons left Tan Son Nhut for Clark AB aboard forty-six C-130 and twenty-eight C-141 flights. The intensifying enemy fire forced the decision to stop C-141 landings at Saigon at nightfall on the twenty-seventh, while C-130 flights continued.<sup id="cite_ref-multi37_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 April all US fixed-wing evacuation flights from Tan Son Nhut were stopped due to North Vietnamese artillery fire.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MAC subsequently supported <a href="/wiki/Operation_New_Life" title="Operation New Life">Operation New Life</a> (April 1975 – September 1975), the transport to Guam of Vietnamese refugees and their subsequent resettlement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Air_Mission">Special Air Mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Special Air Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_C-135B_62-4126_VIP.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boeing_C-135B_62-4126_VIP.JPEG/220px-Boeing_C-135B_62-4126_VIP.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boeing_C-135B_62-4126_VIP.JPEG/330px-Boeing_C-135B_62-4126_VIP.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boeing_C-135B_62-4126_VIP.JPEG/440px-Boeing_C-135B_62-4126_VIP.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2728" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>VC-135B Stratolifter, AF Ser. No. 62-4126, used for <a href="/wiki/VIP_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="VIP transport">VIP transport</a> parked on the flight line at <a href="/wiki/Andrews_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrews AFB">Andrews AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Inherited from MATS, MAC assumed the Special Air Mission (SAM) of providing global airlift, logistics, aerial port and communications for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a>, and senior government leaders as tasked by the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the Air Force</a>. The <a href="/wiki/89th_Airlift_Wing" title="89th Airlift Wing">89th Military Airlift Wing</a>, stationed at <a href="/wiki/Andrews_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrews AFB">Andrews AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> carried out this mission on a worldwide basis.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Nickel_Grass">Operation Nickel Grass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Operation Nickel Grass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">October War</a> began, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Armed Forces">Israeli Armed Forces</a>' stocks of munitions and other consumables were rapidly drained. One of the most critical but least celebrated airlifts in history unfolded over a desperate 32 days in the fall of 1973. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel_Grass" title="Operation Nickel Grass">Operation Nickel Grass</a> was the United States' effort to ship thousands of tons of materiel over vast distances into the midst of the most ferocious fighting the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> had ever witnessed. MAC C-141 and C-5 transport aircraft went in harm's way, vulnerable to attack from fighters, as they carved a demanding track across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, and to missiles and sabotage, as they were off-loading in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-afa_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The airlift proved key to the Israeli victory. It had not only brought about the timely resupply of the Israeli armed forces but also provided a series of deadly new weapons put to good use in the latter part of the war. These included the <a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65 Maverick</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a> anti-tank weapons and extensive new electronic countermeasures equipment that warded off successful attacks on Israeli fighters. Reflecting on the operation's vital contribution to the war effort, Reader's Digest would call it "The Airlift That Saved Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-afa_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The airlift taught the Air Force many lessons, large and small. With refueling denied for MAC airlift flights bound for Israel by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lajes_Field" title="Lajes Field">Lajes Field</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> had to be used instead. The Air Force established an immediate requirement for aerial refueling to become standard practice in MAC so that its airlifters could operate without forward bases, if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-afa_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C5a-69-009-60thmaw-travis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/C5a-69-009-60thmaw-travis.jpg/220px-C5a-69-009-60thmaw-travis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/C5a-69-009-60thmaw-travis.jpg/330px-C5a-69-009-60thmaw-travis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/C5a-69-009-60thmaw-travis.jpg/440px-C5a-69-009-60thmaw-travis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>C-5A (AF Ser. No. 69-0009) of the 60 MAW, <a href="/wiki/Travis_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis AFB">Travis AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, circa 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>The C-5 Galaxy proved to be one of the finest military airlift aircraft in history, not the expensive military mistake as it had been portrayed in the media. Since its introduction in 1970, the C-5A had been plagued by problems. The Air Force claimed to have rectified the problems, but the C-5A was still viewed by the press as an expensive failure. During Nickel Grass, C-5s carried 48% of the total cargo in only 145 of the 567 total missions. The C-5A also carried "outsize" cargo such as <a href="/wiki/M60_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M60 Patton">M60 Patton</a> tanks, <a href="/wiki/M109_howitzer" title="M109 howitzer">M109 howitzers</a>, ground radar systems, mobile tractor units, <a href="/wiki/CH-53_Sea_Stallion" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-53 Sea Stallion">CH-53 Sea Stallion</a> helicopters, and <a href="/wiki/A-4_Skyhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="A-4 Skyhawk">A-4 Skyhawk</a> components; cargo that could not fit in smaller aircraft. This performance justified the C-5's existence, and allowed the Air Force to move forward with their proposed upgrade to the C-5B variant.<sup id="cite_ref-afa_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactical_Airlift">Tactical Airlift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tactical Airlift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7405th_Operations_Squadron_C-130E_62-1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/7405th_Operations_Squadron_C-130E_62-1819.jpg/220px-7405th_Operations_Squadron_C-130E_62-1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/7405th_Operations_Squadron_C-130E_62-1819.jpg/330px-7405th_Operations_Squadron_C-130E_62-1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/7405th_Operations_Squadron_C-130E_62-1819.jpg/440px-7405th_Operations_Squadron_C-130E_62-1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>C-130E Hercules, AF Ser. No 62-1819</figcaption></figure> <p>It was found during the Vietnam War that there was a large duplication of aerial port facilities and mission objectives between MAC, <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">Tactical Air Command</a> (TAC) and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces" title="Pacific Air Forces">Pacific Air Forces</a> (PACAF). A study group recommended the consolidation of all tactical airlift forces as a cost-saving measure under MAC. On 1 December 1974, all TAC C-130 Tactical Airlift Wings were reassigned to MAC. In 1975, PACAF and USAFE Tactical Airlift Wings were also reassigned to MAC, thus ending the theater troop carrier mission as it had existed since the beginning of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, MAC became the controlling Major Command for C-130 wings at <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock AFB">Little Rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope AFB">Pope AFB</a> and the 433 TAW at <a href="/wiki/Kelly_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelly AFB">Kelly AFB</a> became a MAC tenant unit. With the impending arrival of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Fighter_Wing" title="1st Fighter Wing">1st Tactical Fighter Wing</a> (1 TFW) from <a href="/wiki/MacDill_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDill AFB">MacDill AFB</a> and their standup of USAF's first <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a> aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Langley_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley AFB">Langley AFB</a>, the 316 TAW at Langley was inactivated in 1975 with one squadron from the 316th reassigned to the 62d MAW at <a href="/wiki/McChord_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="McChord AFB">McChord AFB</a> and the rest of the wing's aircraft reassigned throughout MAC, <a href="/wiki/AFRES" class="mw-redirect" title="AFRES">AFRES</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a>. MAC also assumed command of Tactical Airlift Wings at <a href="/wiki/Clark_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark AB">Clark AB</a> (374 TAW) in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a> and the 513 TAW at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall" title="RAF Mildenhall">RAF Mildenhall</a> and the 435 TAW at <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Main_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhein-Main AB">Rhein-Main AB</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, with these MAC overseas wings becoming tenant units under <a href="/wiki/PACAF" class="mw-redirect" title="PACAF">PACAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/USAFE" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFE">USAFE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-outsideab_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outsideab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C-141/C-5_Upgrade_Programs"><span id="C-141.2FC-5_Upgrade_Programs"></span>C-141/C-5 Upgrade Programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: C-141/C-5 Upgrade Programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Vietnam War era, the C-141A was found to "bulk out" (e.g., exceeded max cubic foot in the cargo bay) before it "massed out" (e.g., exceeded max gross weight of cargo in the cargo bay), meaning that it often had additional lift capacity that went wasted because the cargo hold was too full. To correct the perceived deficiencies of the original model and utilize the C-141 to the fullest of its capabilities, the entire fleet of 270 in-service C-141As were stretched, adding needed payload volume.<sup id="cite_ref-multi141_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi141-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These modified aircraft were designated <b>C-141B</b>. Additional 'plug' sections were added before and after the wings, lengthening the fuselage by 23 ft 4 in (7.11 m) and allowing the carriage of 103 litters for wounded, 13 standard pallets, 205 troops, 168 <a href="/wiki/Paratroopers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratroopers">paratroopers</a>, or an equivalent increase in other loads. Also added at this time was a boom receptacle for <a href="/wiki/Inflight_refueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflight refueling">inflight refueling</a> which gave the C-141 truly intercontinental range. The conversion program took place between 1977 and 1982, with first delivery taking place in December 1979. It was estimated that this stretching program was the equivalent of buying 90 new aircraft, in terms of increased capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-multi141_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi141-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multic5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multic5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During its development phase, problems with the C-5 had been discovered, including structural problems that required the replacement of wing sections. During the early 1980s, the C-5A force was retrofitted with a new wing to strengthen the aircraft and allow it to carry additional cargo loads. Also, a shortage of airlift capability was addressed with the introduction of the C-5B, The first C-5B incorporating significant improvements such as strengthened wings and updated avionics was delivered to Altus Air Force Base in January 1986. C-5B production concluded with delivery of the last "B" model aircraft in April 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-multic5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multic5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third C-5 variant, the C-5C was developed for transporting large cargo. Two C-5As (68-0213 and 68-0216) were modified to have a larger internal cargo capacity to accommodate large payloads, such as satellites for use by NASA and the National Reconnaissance Office.<sup id="cite_ref-multic5_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multic5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_Operations">Cold War Operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cold War Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-130e-64-0557-314taw-littlerock-RDF-1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/C-130e-64-0557-314taw-littlerock-RDF-1980.jpg/220px-C-130e-64-0557-314taw-littlerock-RDF-1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/C-130e-64-0557-314taw-littlerock-RDF-1980.jpg/330px-C-130e-64-0557-314taw-littlerock-RDF-1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/C-130e-64-0557-314taw-littlerock-RDF-1980.jpg/440px-C-130e-64-0557-314taw-littlerock-RDF-1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>The United States <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Deployment_Joint_Task_Force" title="Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force">Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force</a> (RDJTF) of the early 1980s led to this prototype desert scheme shown on this Little Rock AFB-based C-130E, AF Ser. No. 64-0557, assigned to the 314 TAW</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-141-urgent-fury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/C-141-urgent-fury.jpg/220px-C-141-urgent-fury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/C-141-urgent-fury.jpg/330px-C-141-urgent-fury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/C-141-urgent-fury.jpg/440px-C-141-urgent-fury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>A wounded soldier is treated by U.S. military personnel before being placed aboard a C-141B Starlifter aircraft for medical evacuation during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Urgent Fury">Operation Urgent Fury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-5_Galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/C-5_Galaxy.jpg/220px-C-5_Galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/C-5_Galaxy.jpg/330px-C-5_Galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/C-5_Galaxy.jpg/440px-C-5_Galaxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3656" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5A Galaxy</a>, AF Ser. No. 66-0386</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Vietnam War ended, MAC returned to a training role, though it continued to operate the worldwide route structure to support United States interests around the world. With the tactical airlift mission now part of MAC, emphasis on tactical operations was increased. While C-130s were assigned an increased logistical role C-141 and C-5 crews were given training in tactical procedures as more emphasis was placed on deployment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NATO_Support">NATO Support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: NATO Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the forces in the Pacific, MAC operated air transshipment facilities on <a href="/wiki/USAFE" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFE">USAFE</a> bases in the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> AORs. These were:<sup id="cite_ref-outsideab_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outsideab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheelus_Air_Base" title="Wheelus Air Base">Wheelus Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, (623d MASS) (Closed 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrejon_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrejon Air Base">Torrejon Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, (625th MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall" title="RAF Mildenhall">RAF Mildenhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, (627th MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">Incirlik Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, (628th MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenikon_Air_Base" title="Hellenikon Air Base">Hellenikon Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, (629th MASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base" title="Rhein-Main Air Base">Rhein-Main Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, (630th MASS)</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ramstein_Air_Base" title="Ramstein Air Base">Ramstein Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, (Det. 1, 630th MASS)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajes_Field" title="Lajes Field">Lajes Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, (1605th MASS)</li></ul> <p>Annual <a href="/wiki/Exercise_REFORGER" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise REFORGER">Exercise REFORGER</a> deployments of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> forces to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. MAC C-5 and C-141 aircraft transported entire units of Army infantry, artillery and mechanized personnel yearly after some forces were withdrawn back to the United States. Reforger was conducted annually until just after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bright_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bright Star">Operation Bright Star</a> deployment airlifts to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, beginning in 1981 were flown by MAC C-5 and C-141 aircraft. Bright Star was a series of biennial combined and joint training exercises by American and Egyptian forces. These deployments were designed to strengthen ties between the Egyptian and American militaries and demonstrate and enhance the ability of the Americans to reinforce their allies in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in the event of war.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Urgent_Fury">Operation Urgent Fury</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Operation Urgent Fury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983 the United States invaded the tiny island of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>. Code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Urgent Fury">Operation Urgent Fury</a>, the invasion tasked MAC for planning a military combat operation using its tactical M/<a href="/wiki/C-130" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130">C-130</a> wings. Though the outcome of the conflict was assured, many problems occurred during the assault. There was confusion among the initial assault force of special operations MC-130s and conventional airlifter C-130s, confusion that resulted in a lightly armed force of US Army Ranger headquarters troops parachuting onto the airfield at <a href="/wiki/Point_Salines_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Salines International Airport">Point Salines</a> without their heavier weapons. Once the airfield was secured, C-141s began landing with <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> paratroopers to reinforce the Rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aol_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Just_Cause">Operation Just Cause</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operation Just Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Christmas Week 1989, MAC transports dropped paratroopers onto key military points in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> after a US serviceman was killed by Panamanian soldiers. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Just Cause">Operation Just Cause</a>, the United States invasion of Panama saw MAC C-141s being flown performing an Army combat parachute drop. The drop formation included C-130s as well as C-141s. The US forces quickly overwhelmed the Panamanian military and soon captured the Panamanian dictator, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>, and brought him to the United States to stand trial.<sup id="cite_ref-multi2_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aol_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_Operations">Special Operations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Special Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_130a_7406os_rm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/C_130a_7406os_rm.jpg/220px-C_130a_7406os_rm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/C_130a_7406os_rm.jpg/330px-C_130a_7406os_rm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/C_130a_7406os_rm.jpg/440px-C_130a_7406os_rm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Lockheed C-130A-LM Hercules, AF Serial No. 54-1637, of the 7406th Operations Squadron. This aircraft was later converted to GC-130A. It is now at <a href="/wiki/Goodfellow_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodfellow AFB">Goodfellow AFB</a> as ground trainer.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mc_130e_rmain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mc_130e_rmain.jpg/220px-Mc_130e_rmain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mc_130e_rmain.jpg/330px-Mc_130e_rmain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mc_130e_rmain.jpg/440px-Mc_130e_rmain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>MC-130E of the 7th <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command" title="Air Force Special Operations Command">Special Operations Squadron</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, special operations utilizing transport aircraft were a part of the USAAF mission. Troop Carrier Command (TCC) C-47 squadrons worked with the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) in Europe, Asia and other regions flying clandestine missions behind enemy lines.<sup id="cite_ref-multi99_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi99-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the MATS <a href="/wiki/Air_Resupply_And_Communications_Service" title="Air Resupply And Communications Service">Air Resupply And Communications Service</a> (ARCS) controlled special operations forces during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and throughout the 1950s supporting both DoD as well as CIA activities. MATS worked closely with the USAF Special Air Warfare Center (later, USAF Special Operations Force) in the 1960s and early years of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. </p><p>After 1964, Special Operations were assigned to <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">Tactical Air Command</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force" title="Ninth Air Force">Ninth Air Force</a>, and when the war in Vietnam ended, the special operations forces were cut back along with the rest of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-multi99_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi99-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a> Iranian rescue mission in April 1980 led to a resurgence of emphasis on long-range special operations teams whose mission would be primarily to conduct operations such as the rescue of hostages. A new special operations force was created under the Ninth Air Force, and based at <a href="/wiki/Hurlburt_Field" title="Hurlburt Field">Hurlburt Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, but the mission soon transferred to the Military Airlift Command where it became the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Third_Air_Force" title="Twenty-Third Air Force">Twenty-Third Air Force</a> on 10 February 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-multi99_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi99-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multi1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty-Third Air Force units both in Europe (<a href="/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base" title="Rhein-Main Air Base">Rhein-Main Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall" title="RAF Mildenhall">RAF Mildenhall</a>) and Japan (<a href="/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base" title="Yokota Air Base">Yokota Air Base</a> supported various clandestine missions throughout the 1980s, flying specially-equipped MC-130s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Special_Operations_Divestiture">Special Operations Divestiture</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Special Operations Divestiture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 May 1990, Twenty-Third Air Force was redesignated as <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command" title="Air Force Special Operations Command">Air Force Special Operations Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/AFSOC" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSOC">AFSOC</a>) and elevated to the major command (MAJCOM) level, with all Air Force special operations aircraft, installations and personnel, to include those "operationally-gained" special operations aircraft, installations and personnel in the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Reserve">Air Force Reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a>, transferred to AFSOC.<sup id="cite_ref-multi1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War">Gulf War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gulf War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a response to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in August 1990, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">President Bush</a> responded by dispatching American armed forces to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to protect the kingdom and the oilfields vital to the western industrial nations. The <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> began moving by air from its base at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg_(North_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Bragg (North Carolina)">Fort Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> to the Saudi desert. MAC's entire force of C-141s and C-5s was dedicated to the airlift, including <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Reserve">Air Force Reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a> aircraft and crews who were called to active duty. </p><p>MAC C-130s were deployed to Saudi Arabia to support the arriving ground forces as they arrived in-country by air and by ship. Fortunately, Iraq made no move against Saudi Arabia, and the United States and an international coalition was able to build up a massive military force that eventually drove the Iraqis out of Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-aol_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inactivation">Inactivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Inactivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the Air Force reorganized its command structure. A lesson learned from the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> was that the division of forces as then existed in the USAF led to confusion in actual combat operations. The emphasis on rapid force deployment led the Air Force to reorganize its major commands, with MAC being inactivated on 1 June 1992. </p><p>Most of the personnel and equipment formerly assigned to MAC was absorbed by the new <a href="/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command" title="Air Mobility Command">Air Mobility Command</a> (AMC), which was activated the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-multi1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMC also assumed control of most of the former <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC) aerial refueling fleet that same day, to include all <a href="/wiki/KC-10_Extender" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-10 Extender">KC-10 Extender</a> aircraft and most <a href="/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135 Stratotanker</a> aircraft, the only exceptions being those KC-135s that were transferred to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Forces_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Forces in Europe">U.S. Air Forces in Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/USAFE" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFE">USAFE</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces" title="Pacific Air Forces">Pacific Air Forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/PACAF" class="mw-redirect" title="PACAF">PACAF</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Air_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Air Education and Training Command">Air Education and Training Command</a> (AETC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage">Lineage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Air Transport Command</dt></dl> <ul><li>Constituted as the <b>Air Corps Ferrying Command</b> on 29 May 1941</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: <b>Army Air Forces Ferry Command</b> on 9 March 1942</dd> <dd>Redesignated: <b>Army Air Forces Ferrying Command</b> on 31 March 1942</dd> <dd>Redesignated: <b>Air Transport Command</b> on 1 July 1942</dd> <dd>Inactivated, on 1 June 1948</dd></dl> <ul><li>Consolidated with <b>Military Airlift Command</b> as <b>Military Airlift Command</b> on 13 May 1982</li></ul> <dl><dt>Military Airlift Command</dt></dl> <ul><li>Established as <b>Military Air Transport Service</b> on 1 June 1948 and activated</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated <b>Military Airlift Command</b> on 1 January 1966</dd> <dd>Designated a specified command on 1 February 1977</dd></dl> <ul><li>Consolidated with <b>Military Air Transport Service</b> on 13 May 1982</li></ul> <dl><dd>Lost specified command status on 1 October 1988</dd> <dd>Inactivated on 1 June 1992<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Consolidated with <b>Air Mobility Command</b> as <b>Air Mobility Command</b> on 1 October 2016<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Headquarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Headquarters, MAC</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott AFB">Scott AFB</a>, Illinois, 1 January 1966 – 1 June 1992.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-5A_75th_MAS_60th_MAW_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/C-5A_75th_MAS_60th_MAW_in_flight.jpg/220px-C-5A_75th_MAS_60th_MAW_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/C-5A_75th_MAS_60th_MAW_in_flight.jpg/330px-C-5A_75th_MAS_60th_MAW_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/C-5A_75th_MAS_60th_MAW_in_flight.jpg/440px-C-5A_75th_MAS_60th_MAW_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">C-5A Galaxy</a> assigned to the 75th Military Airlift Squadron, 60th Military Airlift Wing</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Air_Force" title="Twenty-First Air Force">Twenty-First Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/McGuire_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="McGuire AFB">McGuire AFB</a>, New Jersey, 3 January 1966 – 1 June 1992.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Second_Air_Force" title="Twenty-Second Air Force">Twenty-Second Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Travis_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis AFB">Travis AFB</a>, California, 8 January 1966 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Third_Air_Force" title="Twenty-Third Air Force">Twenty-Third Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott AFB">Scott AFB</a>, Illinois, 1 March 1983 – 22 May 1990,</dd> <dd>Redesignated <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command" title="Air Force Special Operations Command">Air Force Special Operations Command</a>, with the status of a major command</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Services">Services</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Weather_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Weather Service">Air Weather Service</a>, 1 January 1966 – 30 June 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Rescue Service">Air Rescue Service</a>, 1 January 1966</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service, 8 January 1966 – 30 June 1991</dd></dl> <ul><li>Air Photographic and Charting Service, 1 January 1966 – 1972</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divisions">Divisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2d_Air_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2d Air Division">2d Air Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurlburt_Field" title="Hurlburt Field">Hurlburt Field</a>, Florida, 1 March 1983 – 1 February 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/76th_Airlift_Division" title="76th Airlift Division">76th Airlift Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base" title="Andrews Air Force Base">Andrews Air Force Base</a>, Maryland, 1 March 1976</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated 76th Military Airlift Wing, 30 September 1977</dd> <dd>Redesignated 76th Airlift Division, 15 December 1980 – 1 October 1985</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/322d_Airlift_Division" title="322d Airlift Division">322d Airlift Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="High Wycombe Air Station">High Wycombe Air Station</a>, United Kingdom, 1 January 1966 – 24 December 1968; <a href="/wiki/Ramstein_Air_Base" title="Ramstein Air Base">Ramstein Air Base</a>, Germany, 3 June 1978 – 1 April 1992<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/832d_Air_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="832d Air Division">832d Air Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewart_Air_Force_Base" title="Sewart Air Force Base">Sewart Air Force Base</a>, Tennessee, 1–31 December 1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/834th_Airlift_Division" title="834th Airlift Division">834th Airlift Division</a>, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, 1 October 1978 – 1 April 1991, Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, 1–31 December 1974 (as 834th Air Division)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_Airlift_Units">Military Airlift Units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Military Airlift Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operated <a href="/wiki/C-141_Starlifter" class="mw-redirect" title="C-141 Starlifter">C-141 Starlifter</a> or <a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5 Galaxy</a> aircraft </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 50%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/60th_Military_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="60th Military Airlift Wing">60th Military Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travis_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis AFB">Travis AFB</a>, California, 8 January 1966</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 60d Airlift Wing, 1 November 1991 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/62d_Military_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="62d Military Airlift Wing">62d Military Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/McChord_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="McChord AFB">McChord AFB</a>, Washington, 8 January 1966</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 62d Airlift Wing, 1 December 1991 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/63d_Military_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="63d Military Airlift Wing">63d Military Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norton_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton AFB">Norton AFB</a>, California, 8 January 1966</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 63d Airlift Wing, 1 January-1 Jun 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/436th_Military_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="436th Military Airlift Wing">436th Military Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dover_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dover AFB">Dover AFB</a>, Delaware, 8 January 1966</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 436th Airlift Wing, 1 December 1991 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 50%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/437th_Military_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="437th Military Airlift Wing">437th Military Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleston AFB">Charleston AFB</a>, South Carolina, 8 January 1966</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 437th Airlift Wing, 1 October 1991 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/438th_Military_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="438th Military Airlift Wing">438th Military Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/McGuire_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="McGuire AFB">McGuire AFB</a>, New Jersey, 8 January 1966</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 438th Airlift Wing, 1 November 1991 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/443d_Airlift_Wing" title="443d Airlift Wing">443d Military Airlift Wing (Training)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tinker_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinker AFB">Tinker AFB</a>, Oklahoma, 8 January 1966</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altus_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Altus AFB">Altus AFB</a>, Oklahoma, 5 May 1969</dd> <dd>Redesignated: 443d Airlift Wing, 27 August 1991 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tactical_Airlift_Units">Tactical Airlift Units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tactical Airlift Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operated <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> aircraft </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/314th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="314th Tactical Airlift Wing">314th Tactical Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock AFB">Little Rock AFB</a>, Arkansas, 31 December 1974</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 314th Airlift Wing, 1 November 1991 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/316th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="316th Tactical Airlift Wing">316th Tactical Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langley_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley AFB">Langley AFB</a>, Virginia, 31 December 1974 – 30 June 1975</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Andrews_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrews AFB">Andrews AFB</a>, Maryland, 15 December 1980 – 12 July 1991</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/317th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="317th Tactical Airlift Wing">317th Tactical Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope AFB">Pope AFB</a>, North Carolina, 31 December 1974</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 317th Airlift Wing, 1 January-1 Jun 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/463d_Tactical_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="463d Tactical Airlift Wing">463d Tactical Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyess_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyess AFB">Dyess AFB</a>, Texas, 31 December 1974</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 463d Airlift Wing-1 November 1991 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Airlift_Units">Other Airlift Units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other Airlift Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/89th_Military_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="89th Military Airlift Wing">89th Military Airlift Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrews_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrews AFB">Andrews AFB</a>, Maryland, 8 January 1966 (Special Air Mission)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 89th Military Airlift Group, 30 September 1977</dd> <dd>Redesignated: 89th Military Airlift Wing, 15 December 1980</dd> <dd>Redesignated: 89th Airlift Wing, 12 July 1991 – 1 June 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li>65th Military Airlift Group^, <a href="/wiki/Yokota_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokota AB">Yokota AB</a>, Japan, 14 August 1967 (PACAF Operations)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: <a href="/wiki/65th_Military_Airlift_Support_Group" title="65th Military Airlift Support Group">65th Military Airlift Support Group</a>^, 24 December 1968 – 1 January 1972</dd> <dd>Replaced by: 610th Military Airlift Support Squadron^, 1 January 1972 – 1 October 1978</dd> <dd>MAC operations at Yokota operated by MAC/TA Section, <a href="/wiki/475th_Air_Base_Wing" title="475th Air Base Wing">475th Air Base Wing</a> (PACAF) 1 October 1978 – 1 October 1989</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69th_Military_Airlift_Support_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="69th Military Airlift Support Group">69th Military Airlift Support Group</a>^, <a href="/wiki/Clark_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark AB">Clark AB</a>, Philippines, 8 January 1966 (PACAF Operations)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Redesignated: 69th Military Airlift Support Squadron^, 1 January 1972</dd> <dd>Replaced by: <a href="/wiki/374th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="374th Tactical Airlift Wing">374th Tactical Airlift Wing</a>, 31 March 1975</dd> <dd>Reassigned: <a href="/wiki/Yokota_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokota AB">Yokota AB</a>, Japan, 1 October 1989 – 1 April 1992</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/435th_Military_Airlift_Support_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="435th Military Airlift Support Wing">435th Military Airlift Support Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_High_Wycombe" title="RAF High Wycombe">RAF High Wycombe</a>, England, 24 December 1968 (USAFE Operations)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Reassigned: <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Main_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhein-Main AB">Rhein-Main AB</a>, West Germany (later Germany), 1 July 1969 – 1 June 1992</dd> <dd>Redesignated: 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, 1 July 1975</dd> <dd>Redesignated: 435th Airlift Wing, 1 April 1992</dd></dl> <p>Note: ^Commanded by: <a href="/wiki/61st_Military_Airlift_Support_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="61st Military Airlift Support Wing">61st Military Airlift Support Wing</a>, Hickam AFB, Hawaii. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_Aircraft">Major Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Major Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 50%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">C-47 Skytrain</a>, 1975–1976; 1983–1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-54_Skymaster" class="mw-redirect" title="C-54 Skymaster">C-54 Skymaster</a>, 1966–1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-121" class="mw-redirect" title="C-121">C-121 Constellation</a>, 1966–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-124_Globemaster_II" class="mw-redirect" title="C-124 Globemaster II">C-124 Globemaster II</a>, 1966–1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a>, 1974–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-130_Spectre" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-130 Spectre">AC-130 Spectre</a>, 1983–1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="HC-130 Hercules">HC-130 Hercules</a>, 1964–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MC-130_Combat_Talon" class="mw-redirect" title="MC-130 Combat Talon">MC-130 Combat Talon</a> & Combat Shadow, 1983–1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WC-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="WC-130 Hercules">WC-130 Hercules</a>, 1962–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-133_Cargomaster" class="mw-redirect" title="C-133 Cargomaster">C-133 Cargomaster</a>, 1966–1971</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 50%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-135_Stratolifter" class="mw-redirect" title="C-135 Stratolifter">C-135 Stratolifter</a>, 1966–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-140_Jetstar" class="mw-redirect" title="C-140 Jetstar">C-140 Jetstar</a>, 1961–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-141_Starlifter" class="mw-redirect" title="C-141 Starlifter">C-141 Starlifter</a>, 1966–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5 Galaxy</a>, 1970–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_C-9" title="McDonnell Douglas C-9">C-9 Nightingale</a>, 1968–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_VC-137" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing VC-137">Boeing VC-137</a>, 1961–1992 (<a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> / <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Two" title="Air Force Two">Air Force Two</a> / Special Assignment Airlift Mission (SAAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_VC-25" title="Boeing VC-25">Boeing VC-25</a>, 1990–1992 (<a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a>)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><small>source for lineage, assignments, stations, components, aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small><sup id="cite_ref-multi1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service" title="Military Air Transport Service">Military Air Transport Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command" title="Air Mobility Command">Air Mobility Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Resupply_And_Communications_Service" title="Air Resupply And Communications Service">Air Resupply And Communications Service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afhra.af.mil/">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a> </p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dreyer, MSgt Kristine. "AMC consolidates with MAC". Air Mobility Command Public Affairs. Retrieved 7 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multi2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi2_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBetty_R._Kennedy1991" class="citation web cs1">Betty R. Kennedy, ed. (May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amc.af.mil/Portals/12/documents/AFD-131018-048.pdf">"Anything, anywhere, anytime: an illustrated history of the Military Airlift Command, 1941–1991"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scott AFB, Il.: Headquarters Military Airlift Command.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anything%2C+anywhere%2C+anytime%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+the+Military+Airlift+Command%2C+1941%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Scott+AFB%2C+Il.&rft.pub=Headquarters+Military+Airlift+Command&rft.date=1991-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amc.af.mil%2FPortals%2F12%2Fdocuments%2FAFD-131018-048.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Airlift+Command" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aol-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aol_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aol_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aol_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aol_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aol_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aol_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aol_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/SamBlup82/mats.html">MATS, MAC and AMC</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-outsideab-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-outsideab_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outsideab_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outsideab_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher, Harry R. (1989) Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-53-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-912799-53-6">0-912799-53-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multi37-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multi37_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi37_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi37_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi37_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi37_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi37_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi37_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi37_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi37_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia: Tactical Airlift, Ray L. Bowers, 1983.; Department of the Air Force History office</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1978" class="citation book cs1">Tobin, Thomas (1978). <i>USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series Volume IV Monograph 6: Last Flight from Saigon</i>. US Government Printing Office. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-0571-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-0571-1"><bdi>978-1-4102-0571-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USAF+Southeast+Asia+Monograph+Series+Volume+IV+Monograph+6%3A+Last+Flight+from+Saigon&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-1-4102-0571-1&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Airlift+Command" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afa-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afa_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afa_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afa_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afa_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nickel Grass, by <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Boyne" title="Walter J. Boyne">Walter J. Boyne</a>. Air Force magazine, December 1998 Vol. 81, No. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two O'clock War: The 1973 Yom Kippur Conflict and the Airlift that Saved Israel. New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multi141-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multi141_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi141_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c141heaven.com/lockheed/c141_history_dave_grant.pdf">C-141 Starlifter Narrative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006085858/http://www.c141heaven.com/lockheed/c141_history_dave_grant.pdf">Archived</a> 6 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Office of MAC History, Military Airlift Command, 1973</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multic5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multic5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multic5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multic5_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norton, Bill. Lockheed Martin C-5 Galaxy, Specialty Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58007-061-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58007-061-2">1-58007-061-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multi99-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multi99_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi99_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi99_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thigpen, Jerry L. (2001). The Praetorian STARShip: The untold story of the Combat Talon. Air University Press, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. ASIN: B000116LSI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multi1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multi1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi1_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/">Air Force Historical Research Agency website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=12476">AFHRA Military Airlift Command Lineage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016032548/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=12476">Archived</a> 16 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer2016" class="citation web cs1">Dreyer, MSG Kristine (30 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/961155/amc-consolidates-with-mac/">"AMC consolidates with MAC"</a>. Air Mobility Command Public Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMC+consolidates+with+MAC&rft.pub=Air+Mobility+Command+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=MSG+Kristine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amc.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F961155%2Famc-consolidates-with-mac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Airlift+Command" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030120159/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10138">"Factsheet 322 Airlift Division"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency. 12 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10138">the original</a> on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Factsheet+322+Airlift+Division&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Research+Agency&rft.date=2007-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Ffactsheets%2Ffactsheet.asp%3Fid%3D10138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Airlift+Command" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell AFB">Maxwell AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>: Office of Air Force History. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9">0-912799-12-9</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMAC_Office_of_History1991" class="citation book cs1">MAC Office of History (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amc.af.mil/Portals/12/documents/AFD-131018-047.pdf"><i>Anything, Anywhere, Anytime: An Illustrated History of the Military Airlift Command, 1941-1991</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scott AFB, IL: Military Airlift Command. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001GTIDDA">B001GTIDDA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anything%2C+Anywhere%2C+Anytime%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Military+Airlift+Command%2C+1941-1991&rft.place=Scott+AFB%2C+IL&rft.pub=Military+Airlift+Command&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001GTIDDA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=MAC+Office+of+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amc.af.mil%2FPortals%2F12%2Fdocuments%2FAFD-131018-047.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Airlift+Command" class="Z3988"></span> (part I)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMAC_Office_of_History1991" class="citation book cs1">MAC Office of History (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amc.af.mil/Portals/12/documents/AFD-131018-048.pdf"><i>Anything, Anywhere, Anytime: An Illustrated History of the Military Airlift Command, 1941-1991</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scott AFB, IL: Military Airlift Command. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001GTIDDA">B001GTIDDA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anything%2C+Anywhere%2C+Anytime%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Military+Airlift+Command%2C+1941-1991&rft.place=Scott+AFB%2C+IL&rft.pub=Military+Airlift+Command&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001GTIDDA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=MAC+Office+of+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amc.af.mil%2FPortals%2F12%2Fdocuments%2FAFD-131018-048.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Airlift+Command" class="Z3988"></span> (part 2 Chapter VI to end)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Krisinger, Chris J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105033858/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj89/spr89/krisinger.html">Operation Nickel Grass – Airlift in Support of National Policy</a>, Aerospace Power Journal, Spring 1989.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207060117/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1967/may-jun/brooks.html">U.S. Air Force: Aerospace Rescue and Recovery – Southeast Asia to Apollo</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_Airlift_Command" title="Template:Military Airlift Command"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_Airlift_Command" title="Template talk:Military Airlift Command"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_Airlift_Command" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military Airlift Command"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="28px_Military_Airlift_Command_(MAC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_USAF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Roundel_of_the_USAF.svg/28px-Roundel_of_the_USAF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Roundel_of_the_USAF.svg/42px-Roundel_of_the_USAF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Roundel_of_the_USAF.svg/56px-Roundel_of_the_USAF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military Airlift Command</a> (MAC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Air_Force" title="Numbered Air Force">Air Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_Expeditionary_Mobility_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Expeditionary Mobility Task Force">Twenty-First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Second_Air_Force" title="Twenty-Second Air Force">Twenty-Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Third_Air_Force" title="Twenty-Third Air Force">Twenty-Third</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png/70px-USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png/105px-USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png/140px-USAF_-_Military_Airlift_Command.png 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="2030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Division_(United_States)" title="Air Division (United States)">Air Divisions</a><br />Named Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2d_Air_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2d Air Division">2d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76th_Air_Division" title="76th Air Division">76th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/322d_Airlift_Division" title="322d Airlift Division">322d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/834th_Airlift_Division" title="834th Airlift Division">834th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Weather_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Weather Agency">Air Weather Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Rescue Service">Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/89th_Airlift_Wing" title="89th Airlift Wing">Special Air Mission</a></li> <li>Air Photographic Service</li> <li>Aeromedical Transport</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing (military aviation unit)">Wings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">MAW</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/60th_Air_Mobility_Wing" title="60th Air Mobility Wing">60th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Airlift_Wing" title="62nd Airlift Wing">62d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63d_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="63d Airlift Wing">63d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/436th_Airlift_Wing" title="436th Airlift Wing">436th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/437th_Airlift_Wing" title="437th Airlift Wing">437th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/438th_Air_Expeditionary_Wing" title="438th Air Expeditionary Wing">438th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/443d_Airlift_Wing" title="443d Airlift Wing">443d</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">TAW</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/314th_Airlift_Wing" title="314th Airlift Wing">314th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/316th_Wing" title="316th Wing">316th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/317th_Airlift_Group" title="317th Airlift Group">317th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/433d_Airlift_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="433d Airlift Wing">433d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/443d_Airlift_Wing" title="443d Airlift Wing">463d</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Bases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altus_Air_Force_Base" title="Altus Air Force Base">Altus AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Andrews_Naval_Air_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Base Andrews Naval Air Facility">Andrews AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Air_Force_Base" title="Charleston Air Force Base">Charleston AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Air_Force_Base" title="Dover Air Force Base">Dover AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyess_Air_Force_Base" title="Dyess Air Force Base">Dyess AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurlburt_Field" title="Hurlburt Field">Hurlburt Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Field_Annex" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelly Field Annex">Kelly AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base" title="Langley Air Force Base">Langley AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Air_Force_Base" title="Little Rock Air Force Base">Little Rock AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McChord_Field" title="McChord Field">McChord AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGuire_Air_Force_Base" title="McGuire Air Force Base">McGuire AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Air_Force_Base" title="Norton Air Force Base">Norton AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Air Force Base">Pope AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Air_Force_Base" title="Scott Air Force Base">Scott AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewart_Air_Force_Base" title="Sewart Air Force Base">Sewart AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base" title="Travis Air Force Base">Travis AFB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" 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