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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reusable_launch_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reusable launch vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reusable_launch_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shenlong_Spaceplane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shenlong_Spaceplane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shenlong Spaceplane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shenlong_Spaceplane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypersonic_Vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypersonic_Vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hypersonic Vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypersonic_Vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tengyun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tengyun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tengyun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tengyun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of 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.ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Speculation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emoji_u1f52e.svg/40px-Emoji_u1f52e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emoji_u1f52e.svg/60px-Emoji_u1f52e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emoji_u1f52e.svg/120px-Emoji_u1f52e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains unsourced <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CRYSTAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CRYSTAL">predictions</a>, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur</b>. Information must be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifiable</a> and based on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable published sources</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing unsourced speculative content.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; width: 22em;"> <caption>Spaceplane </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Role:</b></td> <td>Reusable launch vehicle spaceplane project </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Crew: </b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Dimensions </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Length:</b></td> <td>32 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Wingspan:</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mass:</b></td> <td>140 t </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Payload:</b></td> <td>4 t </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Project 921-3</b> is a crewed spacecraft sub-system of <a href="/wiki/Project_921" class="mw-redirect" title="Project 921">Project 921</a>. The term 921-3 is often used for the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (December 2012)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/China%27s_spaceplane_program" title="Special:EditPage/China's spaceplane program">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation of Project 921 in 1992. This broad project was divided into three phases: 921-1 to launch a crewed mission by 2002 in a craft that became the <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou spacecraft">Shenzhou</a>, the Project 921-2 temporary space station by 2010, and the 921-3 permanent space station by 2020. Care must be taken not to confuse the three phases of Project 921 with its seven sub-systems (921-1, 921-2 ... 921-7). </p><p>Early planning of Project 921 included six different proposals for a crewed space transportation system. Five of these proposals were of a space-Earth transportation system using a delta winged orbiter. By 1990, the proposal for the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a>-like capsule <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Shenzhou (spacecraft)">Shenzhou</a> had won out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some small models for a <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> were made public, but the concept was rejected in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz-like</a> capsule which became <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Shenzhou (spacecraft)">Shenzhou</a>. Concepts for a space shuttle now are only studies. There is no known Chinese government support beyond very basic research for a spaceplane.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Photographs of a two-seat spaceplane simulator were published after 1980, probably belonging to a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dynasoar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasoar">Dynasoar</a>-like vehicle. Reports of the existence of a wind tunnel model have continued since then.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="869_Project">869 Project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 869 Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1986 the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> starts its 869 Project regarding spaceplane concepts. Up to 1990, the several space-shuttle proposals studied were:<sup id="cite_ref-stratcent_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stratcent-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Tianjiao-1 space shuttle, proposed by <a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology</a>. Totally dependent on the parent rocket booster to reach orbit. 25-ton orbiter, 2-ton payload.</li> <li>Chang Cheng-1 (Great Wall-1) space shuttle, proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Academy_of_Spaceflight_Technology" title="Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology">Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=640_Institute_of_the_Air_Ministry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="640 Institute of the Air Ministry (page does not exist)">640 Institute of the Air Ministry</a>. 94-ton orbiter launched atop 3 parallel <a href="/w/index.php?title=HT-1_SLV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HT-1 SLV (page does not exist)">HT-1 SLVs</a> to a 200–500 km orbit. 5-ton payload and maximum of 5 crew members.</li> <li>V-2 rocket plane, proposed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Aeronautics_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Aeronautics Institute (page does not exist)">11th Aeronautics Institute</a>;</li> <li>H-2 spaceplane, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Aircraft_Design_Institute" title="Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute">Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute</a>. Reusable launch stage weighs 198 tons using dual rocket and ramjet engine for Mach 5+ launch speed. 132-ton orbiter.</li> <li>Mini space shuttle, proposed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=611_Aircraft_Design_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="611 Aircraft Design Institute (page does not exist)">611 Aircraft Design Institute</a>;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shenlong_Test_Platform">Shenlong Test Platform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shenlong Test Platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shenlong_(spacecraft)" title="Shenlong (spacecraft)">Shenlong (spacecraft)</a></div> <p>The latest models shown in 2000 reveal a delta winged <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> with a single vertical stabilizer, equipped with three high-expansion engines. Presuming a seating arrangement of two crew members siting side-by-side in the cockpit, dimensions could be very roughly estimated as a wingspan of 8 m, a length of 12 m and a total mass of 12 tonnes. This is within the payload capability of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/CZ-2E" class="mw-redirect" title="CZ-2E">CZ-2E</a>(A) or Type A launch vehicles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTS_Maglev_Launch_Assist_Technology">HTS Maglev Launch Assist Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: HTS Maglev Launch Assist Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai_Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuhai Airshow">Zhuhai Airshow</a>, pictures of a totally new space vehicle developed by the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_University_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics">Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> (北京航空航天大学) were published.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This new Chinese space shuttle was based on the HTS (<a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity" title="High-temperature superconductivity">High Temperature Superconductor</a>) <a href="/wiki/Maglev_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev (transport)">Maglev</a> Launch Assist Technology for Space Flight Vehicle (航天运载器高温超导磁悬浮助推发射技术), with an initial take off speed of 1000 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reusable_launch_vehicle">Reusable launch vehicle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reusable launch vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concept proposed by <a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology</a>. A 140-ton, 32-metre-length orbiter launched atop a <a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a> rocket with a payload of 7 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-stratcent_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stratcent-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shenlong_Spaceplane">Shenlong Spaceplane</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shenlong Spaceplane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shenlong_(spacecraft)" title="Shenlong (spacecraft)">Shenlong (spacecraft)</a></div> <p>Images of an aerodynamic scaled model, ready to be launched from under the fuselage of a <a href="/wiki/Xian_H-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Xian H-6">H-6K</a> bomber, were first published in the Chinese media on 11 December 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Code named Project 863-706, the Chinese name of this spacecraft was revealed as “神龙”空天飞机 or "Shenlong Space Plane", meaning Divine Dragon in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a>. These images, possibly taken in late 2005, show the vehicle's black reentry heat shielding, indicating a reusable design, and its engine assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-shenlong_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shenlong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First sub-orbital flight of the Shenlong reportedly took place on 8 January 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier, images of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=High-enthalpy_Shock_Waves_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High-enthalpy Shock Waves Laboratory (page does not exist)">High-enthalpy Shock Waves Laboratory</a> <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">CAS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_Laboratory_of_high-temperature_gas_dynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Key Laboratory of high-temperature gas dynamics (page does not exist)">Key Laboratory of high-temperature gas dynamics</a> (LHD) were published in the Chinese media. Test with speed up to Mach 20 where reached around 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypersonic_Vehicle">Hypersonic Vehicle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hypersonic Vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to 'informal sources', another hypersonic vehicle has been tested, which is equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/NASA_X-43" title="NASA X-43">X-43</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tengyun">Tengyun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tengyun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tengyun is a reusable <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> project unveiled in 2016 by <a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation</a>. The spaceplane is composed of two planes, with the larger aircraft acting as a carrier aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small scale model was shown at the Zhuhai Airshow 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%27s_spaceplane_program&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stratcent-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stratcent_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stratcent_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFisher2011" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.253/pub_detail.asp">"China's Space Plane Program"</a>. <i>www.strategycenter.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912040106/http://www.strategycenter.net:80/research/pubID.253/pub_detail.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.strategycenter.net&rft.atitle=China%27s+Space+Plane+Program&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategycenter.net%2Fresearch%2FpubID.253%2Fpub_detail.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%27s+spaceplane+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181840/http://www.war-sky.com/forum/attachment/Day_061111/18_57548_7ff3c90ba5d2489.jpg">"航天运载器高温超导磁悬浮助推发射技术"</a>. 虚幻军事天空. 11 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.war-sky.com/forum/attachment/Day_061111/18_57548_7ff3c90ba5d2489.jpg">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD%E5%99%A8%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%A9%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E7%A3%81%E6%82%AC%E6%B5%AE%E5%8A%A9%E6%8E%A8%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.pub=%E8%99%9A%E5%B9%BB%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA&rft.date=2006-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.war-sky.com%2Fforum%2Fattachment%2FDay_061111%2F18_57548_7ff3c90ba5d2489.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%27s+spaceplane+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqvip.com/qk/90750X/200501/12046101.html?SUID=EGBNBFDHDNCBCOPIBOLGEMCBCDOIPNFP">"航天发射用磁悬浮助推发射系统概念研究"</a>. 维普资讯网. 31 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E7%94%A8%E7%A3%81%E6%82%AC%E6%B5%AE%E5%8A%A9%E6%8E%A8%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=%E7%BB%B4%E6%99%AE%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2005-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2Fqk%2F90750X%2F200501%2F12046101.html%3FSUID%3DEGBNBFDHDNCBCOPIBOLGEMCBCDOIPNFP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%27s+spaceplane+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShats2021" class="citation book cs1">Shats, Daniel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206132831/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/documents/Research/Space/2021-12-13%20Spaceplanes.pdf"><i>Chinese spaceplane programs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Peter Wood, BluePath Labs, China Aerospace Studies Institute. Montgomery, AL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798763459043" title="Special:BookSources/9798763459043"><bdi>9798763459043</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1288576470">1288576470</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1288576470">the original</a> on 6 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+spaceplane+programs&rft.place=Montgomery%2C+AL&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1288576470&rft.isbn=9798763459043&rft.aulast=Shats&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1288576470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%27s+spaceplane+program" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shenlong-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shenlong_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121214200521/http://mil.sohu.com/20080111/n254590647.shtml">"中国"神龙"飞行器首度曝光身世扑朔迷离"</a>. SOHU.com. 11 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mil.news.sohu.com/20080111/n254590647.shtml">the original</a> on 14 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%22%E7%A5%9E%E9%BE%99%22%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%99%A8%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%A6%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89+%E8%BA%AB%E4%B8%96%E6%89%91%E6%9C%94%E8%BF%B7%E7%A6%BB&rft.pub=SOHU.com&rft.date=2008-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmil.news.sohu.com%2F20080111%2Fn254590647.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%27s+spaceplane+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinasignpost.com/2012/05/shenlong-divine-dragon-takes-flight-is-china-developing-its-first-spaceplane/">"Shenlong 'Divine Dragon' Takes Flight: Is China developing its first spaceplane?"</a>. China Signpost. 4 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shenlong+%27Divine+Dragon%27+Takes+Flight%3A+Is+China+developing+its+first+spaceplane%3F&rft.pub=China+Signpost&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinasignpost.com%2F2012%2F05%2Fshenlong-divine-dragon-takes-flight-is-china-developing-its-first-spaceplane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%27s+spaceplane+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051207025016/http://www.lhd.cn/lhd/shebei1.html">"氢氧爆轰驱动激波高焓风洞"</a>. 中国科学院高温气体动力学重点实验室. 17 March 2005. 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Strategycenter.net. 29 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.247/pub_detail.asp">the original</a> on 31 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Its Spaceplanes Are Racing Ahead"</a>. <i>Defense One</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213180634/https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/12/dont-buy-chinas-hypersonic-head-fake-its-spaceplanes-are-racing-ahead/359705/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sounding rocket">T-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace" title="OneSpace">OS-XO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbital launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1" title="Ceres-1">Ceres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity-1" title="Gravity-1">Gravity-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-1" title="Hyperbola-1">Hyperbola-1</a></li> <li><a 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2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2F" title="Long March 2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5B" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 5B">5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6A" title="Long March 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6C" title="Long March 6C">6C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS-M1">OS-M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-2" title="Tianlong-2">Tianlong-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-2" title="Zhuque-2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orienspace" title="Orienspace">Gravity-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbola-2">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga-L" title="Naga-L">Naga-L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebula 1">Nebula 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Line_1" class="mw-redirect" title="New Line 1">New Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">OS-M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">OS-M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Energy#Pallas-1_and_2" title="Galactic Energy">Pallas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace#Zhuque-3" title="LandSpace">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Bao_1" title="Feng Bao 1">Feng Bao 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaituozhe-1">Kaituozhe-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">CZ-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1D" title="Long March 1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2A" title="Long March 2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2E" title="Long March 2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuque-1">1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reusable_launch_systems_and_spacecraft127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Launch_systems127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Launch systems</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> (core stages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>* (fully reusable)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> (orbiter and boosters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_(rocket)" title="Petrel (rocket)">Petrel</a>* (booster)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skua_(rocket)" title="Skua (rocket)">Skua</a>* (booster)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_(launch_vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur (launch vehicle)">Amur</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Next" title="Ariane Next">Ariane Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALLISTO" title="CALLISTO">CALLISTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONA_(rocket)" title="CORONA (rocket)">CORONA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)#Hyperbola-3" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Hyperbola-3</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li>6X (first stage)</li> <li>8R (first stage)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RLV-TD" class="mw-redirect" title="RLV-TD">RLV-TD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Rocket Lab Neutron</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship (SpaceX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Stoke Space Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan (rocket)">Vulcan</a> (engines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankoh-maru" title="Kankoh-maru">Kankoh-maru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_SASSTO" title="Douglas SASSTO">SASSTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeline_(rocket_stage)" title="Adeline (rocket stage)">Adeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> (boosters)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#869_Project">Chang Cheng-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia II (Uragan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 1e">Falcon 1e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 5">Falcon 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_Nexus" title="General Dynamics Nexus">Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)#Hyperbola-2" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper / <i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_HOTOL" title="British Aerospace HOTOL">HOTOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="K-1 (rocket)">K-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Fly-back_Booster" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Fly-back Booster">Liquid Fly-back Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_Booster_System" title="Reusable Booster System">Reusable Booster System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_Rocket" title="Rotary Rocket">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon_(rocket)" title="Sea Dragon (rocket)">Sea Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#869_Project">Tianjiao-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#869_Project">V-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Spacecraft127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Boeing X-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>* (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenlong_(spacecraft)" title="Shenlong (spacecraft)">Shenlong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_SC-2" title="Gemini SC-2">Gemini SC-2</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel (spacecraft)</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> upper stage</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(spacecraft)" title="Avatar (spacecraft)">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Meteor_Junior" title="Goodyear Meteor Junior">Goodyear Meteor Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Ya Guidao Gainian Feixingqi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Upper_Stage_for_Innovative_Exploration" title="Smart Upper Stage for Innovative Exploration">SUSIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran-class orbiter</a> (never actually reused, flew just once)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#869_Project">H-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCOR_Lynx" title="XCOR Lynx">Lynx</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Mustard" title="BAC Mustard">Mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetSpace#Silver_Dart" title="PlanetSpace">Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAR_(spaceplane)" title="SOAR (spaceplane)">SOAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">X-30 NASP</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-33" title="Lockheed Martin X-33">X-33</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipThree" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceShipThree">SpaceShipThree</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> vehicles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_space_program512" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CNSA_space_program" title="Template:CNSA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CNSA_space_program" title="Template talk:CNSA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CNSA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CNSA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_space_program512" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration (CNSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Agency" title="China Manned Space Agency">China Manned Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Astronaut_Corps" title="People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps">People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a> and landing sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siziwang_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Siziwang Banner">Siziwang Banner</a> (landing site)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">Long March 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2" title="Long March 2">Long March 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">Long March 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">Long March 3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">Long March 3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">Long March 3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4" title="Long March 4">Long March 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">Long March 4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">Long March 4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">Long March 4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">Long March 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">Long March 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">Long March 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">Long March 9</a> (In development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">Long March 10</a> (In development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">Long March 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">Long March 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Exploration programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a> (cancelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">CMS</a> (human spaceflight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a> (lunar exploration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a> (space station)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Tianwen</a> (interplanetary exploration)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Projects and missions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2007–09)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2010–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinghuo_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinghuo 1">Yinghuo 1</a>† <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2013–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2014–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu rover</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2013–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2 rover</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong rover</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2029)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2015–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2017–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" class="extiw" title="fr:Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2022–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Polar_Orbit_Observatory" title="Solar Polar Orbit Observatory">Solar Polar Orbit Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2029)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSES" class="mw-redirect" title="CSES">CSES</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2003–07)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen Series</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2013–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HY_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="HY (satellite)">Haiyang Series</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2002–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanSat" title="TanSat">TanSat</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2016–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan Series</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2006–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Brazil_Earth_Resources_Satellite_program" title="China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program">CBERS</a>) <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1999–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind_Magnetosphere_Ionosphere_Link_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer">SMILE</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2025)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Human<br />spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Uncrewed expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_1" title="Shenzhou 1">Shenzhou 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_2" title="Shenzhou 2">Shenzhou 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_3" title="Shenzhou 3">Shenzhou 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_4" title="Shenzhou 4">Shenzhou 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_8" title="Shenzhou 8">Shenzhou 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Crewed expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_6" title="Shenzhou 6">Shenzhou 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_9" title="Shenzhou 9">Shenzhou 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_10" title="Shenzhou 10">Shenzhou 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_11" title="Shenzhou 11">Shenzhou 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_12" title="Shenzhou 12">Shenzhou 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_13" title="Shenzhou 13">Shenzhou 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_14" title="Shenzhou 14">Shenzhou 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_15" title="Shenzhou 15">Shenzhou 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_16" title="Shenzhou 16">Shenzhou 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_17" title="Shenzhou 17">Shenzhou 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_18" title="Shenzhou 18">Shenzhou 18</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">List of Chinese astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Space laboratories and cargos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangong 1">Tiangong 1</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2011–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangong 2">Tiangong 2</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2016–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_1" title="Tianzhou 1">Tianzhou 1</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_2" title="Tianzhou 2">Tianzhou 2</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_3" title="Tianzhou 3">Tianzhou 3</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_4" title="Tianzhou 4">Tianzhou 4</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_5" title="Tianzhou 5">Tianzhou 5</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_6" title="Tianzhou 6">Tianzhou 6</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a> modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianhe_core_module" title="Tianhe core module">Tianhe</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentian_module" title="Wentian module">Wentian</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2022–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengtian_module" title="Mengtian module">Mengtian</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2022–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou Navigation Satellite System</a> (BDS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings" title="APT Satellite Holdings">Apstar Series</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1994–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinasat" title="Chinasat">Chinasat Series</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1994–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian I">Tianlian I</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2008–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian II">Tianlian II</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2019–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Qianfan</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2024–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft" title="Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft">Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanhui_Shi_Weixing" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing">FSW Program</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1969–2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Experiments_at_Space_Scale" title="Quantum Experiments at Space Scale">QUESS</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2016–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Shijian 13">Shijian Series</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1971–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar-based_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray pulsar-based navigation">XPNAV 1</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2016–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue Lunar Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Future missions marked in <i>italics</i>. Failed missions marked with † sign</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceplanes74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceplanes" title="Template:Spaceplanes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceplanes" title="Template talk:Spaceplanes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceplanes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceplanes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceplanes74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplanes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Project" title="Da Vinci Project">Wild Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_921-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Project 921-3">Project 921-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenlong_(spacecraft)" title="Shenlong (spacecraft)">Shenlong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Experimental_Spaceplane" title="Atmospheric Reentry Experimental Spaceplane">ARES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aerospace#Conceptual_vehicles_and_spacecraft" title="Bristol Aerospace">Bristol Ascender, Spacebus, Spacecab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falke_(spacecraft)" title="Falke (spacecraft)">Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTOL" class="mw-redirect" title="HOTOL">HOTOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Mustard" title="BAC Mustard">MUSTARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCASPACE#Orizont" class="mw-redirect" title="ARCASPACE">Orizont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Systems#SOAR" title="Swiss Space Systems">S3 SOAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saenger_(spacecraft)" title="Saenger (spacecraft)">Saenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbervogel" title="Silbervogel">Silbervogel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space_Spaceplane" title="Airbus Defence and Space Spaceplane">Airbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceLiner" title="SpaceLiner">SpaceLiner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(spacecraft)" title="Avatar (spacecraft)">AVATAR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RLV-TD" class="mw-redirect" title="RLV-TD">RLV-TD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_Flight_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic Flight Experiment">Hypersonic Flight Experiment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HYFLEX" title="HYFLEX">HYFLEX</a>/<a href="/wiki/OREX" title="OREX">OREX</a>/<a href="/wiki/ALFLEX" title="ALFLEX">ALFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_Reusable_Sounding_rocket" title="Winged Reusable Sounding rocket">WIRES</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union/Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BOR-4" title="BOR-4">BOR-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOR-5" title="BOR-5">BOR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolis_XXI" title="Cosmopolis XXI">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keldysh_bomber" title="Keldysh bomber">Keldysh bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsybin_RSR" title="Tsybin RSR">Lapotok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LKS_(spacecraft)" title="LKS (spacecraft)">LKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS (Molniya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev" title="Tupolev">RAKS (Tu-444/2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev" title="Tupolev">Zvezda (Tu-136/139)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Boeing X-37</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASSET_(spacecraft)" title="ASSET (spacecraft)">ASSET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_X-23_PRIME" title="Martin X-23 PRIME">Martin X-23 PRIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir Program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_SERV" title="Chrysler SERV">Chrysler SERV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA_Falcon_Project" title="DARPA Falcon Project">DARPA Falcon Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta_Spacemaster" title="Martin Marietta Spacemaster">Martin Marietta Spacemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">X-20 Dyna-Soar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_X-34" title="Orbital Sciences X-34">Orbital Sciences X-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">Rockwell X-30 (NASP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_X-43" title="NASA X-43">NASA X-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Dart_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Dart (spacecraft)">Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-42_(spacecraft)" title="HL-42 (spacecraft)">HL-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketplane_XP" title="Rocketplane XP">Rocketplane XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Horse_(rocket)" title="Black Horse (rocket)">Black Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_X-38" title="NASA X-38">NASA X-38 (Spacewedge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCOR_Lynx" title="XCOR Lynx">XCOR Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerus_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerus (spacecraft)">Xerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(spacecraft)" title="Prometheus (spacecraft)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XS-1_(spacecraft)" title="XS-1 (spacecraft)">DARPA XS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipThree" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceShipThree">SpaceShipThree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li> <li><a 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