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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Announcement_of_the_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Announcement_of_the_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Announcement of the program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Announcement_of_the_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_search_for_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_search_for_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early search for support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_search_for_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimated_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimated_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Estimated costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimated_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_launch_and_target_for_regular_flights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_launch_and_target_for_regular_flights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First launch and target for regular flights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_launch_and_target_for_regular_flights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ESA's_part_in_Kliper_—_uncertainty_over_European_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ESA's_part_in_Kliper_—_uncertainty_over_European_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>ESA's part in Kliper — uncertainty over European cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ESA's_part_in_Kliper_—_uncertainty_over_European_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Space_Agency's_tender_for_Kliper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Space_Agency's_tender_for_Kliper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Russian Space Agency's tender for Kliper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Space_Agency's_tender_for_Kliper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifting_body_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifting_body_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lifting body design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifting_body_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_a_space_tug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_a_space_tug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Using a space tug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_a_space_tug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carrier_rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carrier_rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Carrier rockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carrier_rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_news" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_news"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In the news</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_news-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kliper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1)" title="Клипер (космически кораб) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клипер (космически кораб)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="کلیپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper_(pesawat_luar_angkasa)" title="Kliper (pesawat luar angkasa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kliper (pesawat luar angkasa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8_(%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="קליפר (חללית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליפר (חללית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC" title="ക്ലിപ്പർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലിപ്പർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB" title="クリーペル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリーペル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper_(pojazd_kosmiczny)" title="Kliper (pojazd kosmiczny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kliper (pojazd kosmiczny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Клипер (космический корабль) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клипер (космический корабль)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper_(kozmonautika)" title="Kliper (kozmonautika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kliper (kozmonautika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper_(vesoljsko_plovilo)" title="Kliper (vesoljsko plovilo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kliper (vesoljsko plovilo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Клипер (свемирски брод) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клипер (свемирски брод)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Кліпер (космічний апарат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кліпер (космічний апарат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kliper" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q257932#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Kliper</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_Infografia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_Infografia.jpg/260px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_Infografia.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_Infografia.jpg/390px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_Infografia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_Infografia.jpg/520px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_Infografia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1318" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kliper spacecraft rendering</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S.P._Korolev_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia">S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roskosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roskosmos">Roskosmos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Applications</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design life</th><td class="infobox-data">2004 to 2006</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Production</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Cancelled (2006)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kliper</b> (<b>Клипер</b>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <b>Clipper</b>) was an early-2000s proposed partially-<a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> (excluding orbital section and thermal protection shield) crewed <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> concept by <a href="/wiki/S.P._Korolev_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia">RSC Energia</a>. Due to a lack of funding from the European Space Agency (<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>) and the Russian Space Agency (<a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">RSA</a>), the project was indefinitely postponed in 2006. </p><p>Designed primarily to replace the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a>, Kliper was proposed in two versions: as a pure <a href="/wiki/Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">lifting body</a> design and as <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> with small <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wings</a>. In either case, the spacecraft would have been able to glide into the atmosphere at an angle that produces much less stress on the human occupants than the current Soyuz spacecraft. Kliper was intended to be designed to be able to carry up to six people and to perform ferry services between Earth and the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Announcement_of_the_program">Announcement of the program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Announcement of the program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-6_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Soyuz_TMA-6_spacecraft.jpg/250px-Soyuz_TMA-6_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Soyuz_TMA-6_spacecraft.jpg/330px-Soyuz_TMA-6_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Soyuz_TMA-6_spacecraft.jpg/500px-Soyuz_TMA-6_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-6" title="Soyuz TMA-6">Soyuz TMA-6</a> spacecraft approaching the International Space Station - the Soyuz spacecraft would have been replaced by Kliper</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2004 <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Moiseyev" title="Nikolay Moiseyev">Nikolay Moiseyev</a>, the deputy director of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> (also known as Roscosmos) told journalists that the Kliper project had been included in the Russian federal space program for 2005-2015. At that point he announced that if the program was implemented successfully, the first launch would take place in five years' time. Kliper had been developed since 2000 and reportedly relied heavily on research studies as well as proposals for a small Russian <a href="/wiki/Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">lifting body</a> spacecraft from the 1990s. Externally its design was comparable to the cancelled European minishuttle <a href="/wiki/Hermes_(shuttle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermes (shuttle)">Hermes</a> or the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> study <a href="/wiki/X-38" class="mw-redirect" title="X-38">X-38</a>. It was planned to be the successor to the Soyuz spacecraft, which has been built as various versions since 1961. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_search_for_support">Early search for support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early search for support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005 Kliper was displayed in several <a href="/wiki/Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Airshow">air shows</a> around Europe and Asia, in order to recruit international partners to co-fund and co-develop the spacecraft. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a> especially looked to Europe as the European Space Agency (<a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>) had become its major partner in space activities during the preceding years. In May 2005, rumours started in the press that Europe would join the Kliper project in a specially funded venture that would be part of the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora Programme">Aurora Programme</a>. These rumours turned out to be correct when both Russian and European space officials announced their intent to cooperate on Kliper during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a> in <a href="/wiki/Le_Bourget" title="Le Bourget">Le Bourget</a> on June 10, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vladimir Taneev, the leading designer of the Kliper system, speculated on the contribution of Europe to the project in the following way:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd>The European companies will likely contribute avionics, materials, and cabin systems. Many different options are on the table, and in the near future we expect to form Russian-European working groups specialized in different subsystems and fields of design.</dd></dl> <p>A further element of this process was made public on October 12, 2005, when various press agencies revealed that <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>, the Japanese space agency, had been officially approached by Russia to participate in the project. <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> has made it clear that they are more likely to join the project if ESA does so first, which was in doubt after ESA members rejected a study for Europe's involvement in the Kliper project in December 2005.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The addition of Japan would make Kliper a truly multinational project, potentially combining the rugged reliability of Russian launchers with Japanese computer technology. A greater pan-national consensus would have allowed for a lighter funding burden on each participant as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimated_costs">Estimated costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Estimated costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Announcements and speculations following the February 2004 press conference suggested a development budget of 10,000,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a> (about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>400,000,000). In looking at costs for human space travel it was clear that the 10 billion rubles figure was a rather low estimate. In May 2005 <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that costs were estimated to be roughly <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>3,000,000,000 (for development and construction of Kliper until 2015) of which the bulk of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,800,000,000 was speculated to come from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different sources in 2005 have reported that the money needed for the program would be <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>1,500,000,000 (about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,800,000,000)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on December 12, 2005 an article stated it would be <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>1,000,000,000 (solely in relation to development costs).<sup id="cite_ref-DWeurope_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWeurope-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 14, 2005 the Russian government approved the national space program for 2006 to 2015 with a budget of 305,000,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a> (about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>11,000,000,000). The whole budget for the 10-year period was to have been 425,000,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a> (about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>15,000,000,000).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The budget included the needed funding for the Kliper program.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in face of Europe's denial to fund a <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>50,000,000 feasibility study for the Kliper project at the European space summit in December 2005, Russian space officials have announced that Russia would fund Kliper even without any European contribution.<sup id="cite_ref-DWeurope_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWeurope-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most recent <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> article on Kliper stated that the project would have incurred 16,000,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a> (about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>600,000,000) in development costs, 11,000,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a> of which will be financed by the government and 5,000,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a> by contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-notflightglobal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notflightglobal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The article that is being used as a source for this sentence has been removed or is unavailable, another source is needed. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_launch_and_target_for_regular_flights">First launch and target for regular flights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First launch and target for regular flights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004 it was announced that it was likely that Kliper would make its first launch as early as 2010 or 2011, the same time the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> was scheduled to be retired. It was reported by <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> News on September 27, 2005, that the first flight tests were planned for 2011, with the first crewed flights in 2012 and the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a> being phased out over time until 2014. An article on December 3, 2005<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> cited the president of the <a href="/wiki/NPO_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Energia">Energia</a> Rocket and Space Corporation <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Sevastyanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Sevastyanov">Nikolai Sevastyanov</a> that "the first regular lift-off is scheduled for 2012, while a complete transport system will be in place by 2015." After the termination of the Russian Space Agency's tender for a new spacecraft, Energia announced that this would push its Kliper proposal's first flight — if developed at all — back further. In the event, the development project did not continue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ESA's_part_in_Kliper_—_uncertainty_over_European_cooperation"><span id="ESA.27s_part_in_Kliper_.E2.80.94_uncertainty_over_European_cooperation"></span>ESA's part in Kliper — uncertainty over European cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ESA's part in Kliper — uncertainty over European cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 28, 2005 the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC</a> reported that Alan Thirkettle, head of ESA's Human Spaceflight Development Department, stated that Kliper would be used: "For future exploration, when we have the objective of going to the Moon, it is important to have several possibilities to go there, and within this framework of cooperation to have our own access to orbit around the Moon." In the same context, Alain Fournier-Sicre, head of the ESA permanent mission in the Russian Federation, also stated that: "The objective is to have a vehicle which is more comfortable than the Soyuz capsule which will be used with pilots and four passengers… It is meant to service the space station and to go between Earth and an orbit around the Moon with six crew members." </p><p>Although there seemed to be a lot of enthusiasm for Kliper within Alan Thirkettle's team at ESA (as outlined in the above paragraph), on December 7, 2005, the European space summit of governmental officials of ESA member states declined to approve a 50-million-euro two-year study focusing on ESA's potential involvement in the Kliper project. In denying funding for the study ESA members stated that, among other factors that seemed unfavourable, under the current Russian proposal Europe would not share control over the design of the program and would be limited to being a small industrial contributor. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dordain" title="Jean-Jacques Dordain">Jean-Jacques Dordain</a>, ESA's Director General, put the refusal to fund the study into context: "It is not a question of member states for and member states against. I think the decision could not be taken for reasons that are not linked to Clipper itself. The decision could not be taken because of budgetary restraints." Dordain concluded that he was convinced that European support for Kliper was vital for ESA's future involvement in space transport and that a favourable decision can be achieved until June 2006. In concluding "We need two transportation systems in the world",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dordain also outlined shortly after the European Space Summit that the primary requirement of Europe's involvement in the Kliper project was to rely on two separate systems to support the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> as had been proven vital after the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a> Space Shuttle disaster in 2003. </p><p>Dordain's remarks were echoed by Daniel Sacotte, ESA's director of human spaceflight, microgravity and exploration, in saying simply that "The Russians are not going to finance it, we will finance it from our side", despite adding a cautionary note that "We needed the support from at least two states out of France, Italy and Germany. We didn't get it." What this means in practical terms remains to be seen; ESA officials are still pushing for Europe's involvement in the Kliper project. </p><p>Very negative comments relative to Kliper were brought by the various national delegations at the December meeting, in particular by the French Minister of Research <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Goulard" title="François Goulard">François Goulard</a>. In short, there remain for the time being member states strongly committed to Kliper, and others just as strongly opposed. The long-term view remains uncertain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Space_Agency's_tender_for_Kliper"><span id="Russian_Space_Agency.27s_tender_for_Kliper"></span>Russian Space Agency's tender for Kliper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russian Space Agency's tender for Kliper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 2005, <a href="/wiki/Roskosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roskosmos">Roskosmos</a> announced that a tender for Kliper would be held in January 2006 between <a href="/wiki/RKK_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="RKK Energia">RKK Energia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khrunichev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrunichev">Khrunichev</a> and <a href="/wiki/OKB-4_Molniya" class="mw-redirect" title="OKB-4 Molniya">Molniya</a> with a selection date of February 3, 2006. Concerns about the bids led to a delay in the process, with a resubmission deadline of March 2006 and selection was rescheduled for April 2006. Following further delays, the tender was cancelled on 18 July 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-flightglobal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flightglobal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late July 2006, the Russian Space Agency and the European Space Agency agreed to collaborate on a different project to develop a new spacecraft. They decided to fund a study under a program labelled Crew Space Transportation System (<a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a>) which started in September 2006 and evaluate a capsule type concept, derived from Soyuz. While this program is the follow-on project of the RSA's and ESA's collaboration on a new space vehicle, this program is no longer connected to Energia's winged Kliper design. </p><p>RSC Energia continued to pursue the project without Russian government support and announced that it would seek private investment for the craft.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News reports in Russia indicated that Kliper was still expected to be ready for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a> test flights around the year 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was officially halted in June 2007, after the biggest proponent of the project, Nikolai Sevastyanov, was dismissed from the position of the president of RSC Energia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly appointed president of RSC Energia, Vitaly Lopota, confirmed that Kliper would not be displayed at the 2007 MAKS air show. He said that Energia would spend more time on the project analysis, perform additional dynamic modeling, revise the design and appearance and then would come up with new proposals for Roscosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 Vitaly Lopota shared his vision for the new Russian spacecraft. He mentioned two possible options: a space capsule, better for missions to the Moon and Mars, and a lifting body design for low Earth orbit missions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his new plans, instead of Kliper, the new <a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel capsule</a> would be developed from 2009 to 2017-2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the Russian Space Agency's preference for Energia's lifting body proposal this part of the article concentrates entirely on Energia's design for Kliper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kliper's <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> was another attempt to solve the geometric problems of spacecraft. Soyuz has an Orbital Module, a hollow sphere, to be used for eating and hygiene, and an airlock located above the Reentry module (the capsule), with the docking mechanism at the top. In the event of an emergency, it would be lifted away from the rocket along with the reentry module, and the fairing over the spacecraft was designed to successfully split apart either circumferentially just below the reentry module in such an emergency or longitudinally if the flight should be successful. Kliper was designed with the Orbital Module below its reentry module, and the docking mechanism below that. This was made possible by constructing a reentry module broader than the orbital module, so that a pair of rocket nozzles for orbital maneuvering could have been fitted alongside it, as the later <a href="/wiki/Salyut" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut">Salyut</a> space stations had. </p><p>In connection with this new design, Kliper would feature a launch escape system that would enable it to detach from the <a href="/wiki/Carrier_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier rocket">carrier rocket</a> if an abort of the mission during orbital ascent is required. An abort would be possible during every phase of the launch with the limitation of the first seconds after launch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifting_body_design">Lifting body design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lifting body design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On return from space, Kliper's <a href="/wiki/Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">lifting body</a> design would not only allow a smoother descent into Earth's atmosphere than the <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">capsule</a> design, such as Soyuz; but also permit control. <a href="/wiki/RKK_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="RKK Energia">RKK Energia</a> claimed that the craft would be able to land in a predetermined one-square-kilometre area. Artistic impressions showed that the Kliper would have resembled a cylinder topped by a cone. Originally, landing proposals involved both a landing by <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> and as an alternative, in a modified version, a landing on a runway similar to an aircraft, or the Space Shuttle. Leading designer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Daneev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Daneev (page does not exist)">Vladimir Daneev</a> commented on this issue in June 2005: </p> <dl><dd><i>We are 99% sure that it will be a spaceship with upturned little wings, enabling the Kliper to land on any class-one military airfield with a runway from three to three and a half kilometres in length.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <p>Kliper, as a vehicle alone, would have been primarily a crewed spaceship, carrying six cosmonauts and payloads of up to 700 kilograms (mostly experiments and other equipment used for carrying through experiments in orbit) and was planned to stay in orbit for approximately 15 days independently and for up to 360 days if <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">docked</a> to the International Space Station. This highlighted both the Russian/European and the American change in space transportation philosophy. Rather than focusing on the lifting of cargo and a crew, in the same way as the Space Shuttle or <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Buran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle Buran">Buran</a>, the Russian space agency adopted a 'people first' philosophy with the aim of 'bolting' extra capabilities for more advanced missions onto Kliper at a later date. Each orbiter was intended to make 25 flights prior to retirement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_a_space_tug">Using a space tug</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Using a space tug"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 2005 Kliper's design was changed again. In order to fit the Kliper on the planned upgraded version of the Soyuz-2 rocket, labeled the Soyuz-2-3, Kliper would be 'split up' into two spacecraft, the Kliper crew vehicle and <a href="/wiki/Parom" title="Parom">Parom</a> (rus. <i>"ferry"</i>), a space tug. Parom would have been a permanent orbital spacecraft awaiting Kliper in orbit, docking with it and then providing orbital manoeuvering and boosting Kliper to higher orbits in order to dock with the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. The Parom was planned to be indefinitely reusable, refueling itself via the cargo container, space station, or spacecraft that it is attached to.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kliper program was proposed as the Russian-European counterpart to the American <a href="/wiki/Orion_(Constellation_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion (Constellation program)">Orion Spacecraft</a> and was therefore designed (similar to the Orion) to be part of a modular system that enabled it to be both a <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Earth Orbit">LEO</a>-shuttle type vehicle as well as part of a spacecraft able to go beyond Earth orbit to the Moon and even Mars (there were outline suggestions of lunar applications in September 2005). The modular design would have included the Kliper crew module and - depending on the mission - a mission module or propulsion module. Although far-fetched, this corresponds to announcements by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a> that according to a lunar mission study, using the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a>, a landing on the Moon could be achieved within the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information on Kliper's beyond LEO mission capabilities were expanded further by RSC Energia, with a picture released in December 2005 of what a possible Kliper interplanetary configuration might have looked like. The design was entirely theoretical but made for a view of where <a href="/wiki/RSC_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSC Energia">RSC Energia</a> saw the Kliper operating, and how it might have done so. This configuration was unlike anything seen so far for a crewed space vehicle, with the solar arrays needed for electrical power vastly bigger than the habitable volume at the centre. It was also unclear what the mode of propulsion was. The very large solar array suggested an <a href="/wiki/Ion_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion propulsion">ion propulsion</a> system might have been contemplated for such a mission, though it might also simply be that there was another reason for such a large array, such as increased power for better telemetry transmission rates over large distances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carrier_rockets">Carrier rockets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carrier rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz rocket</a> would not be able to lift Kliper into low earth orbit, because the spacecraft (the version designed without Parom) was expected to weigh between 13 and 14.5 metric tons (with payload and crew) whereas Soyuz only has a lifting capacity of around 8 metric tons. It was originally planned to heavily enhance the Soyuz rocket - a project that was labelled the <a href="/wiki/Onega_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Onega rocket">Onega rocket</a> or Soyuz-3. Until late 2005 it was much more likely that Kliper would have used an <a href="/wiki/Angara_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Angara rocket">Angara-A3</a> rocket, which was scheduled to make its first launch in 2012 (the Angara program has been delayed and Angara-A3 may not be developed in light of the funding of the development of Soyuz 2-3) or possibly a <a href="/wiki/Zenit_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenit rocket">Zenit rocket</a> that is built in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. </p><p>At the end of 2005, Kliper's design was changed again (as outlined above) and the most likely solution for a carrier rocket became the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_2-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz 2-3 (page does not exist)">Soyuz 2-3</a>, an upgraded <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2 (rocket)">Soyuz 2</a> rocket. This enhanced Soyuz should have been able to launch Kliper into space because of weight reduction resulting in the use of the <a href="/wiki/Parom" title="Parom">Parom</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Space_tug" title="Space tug">space tug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FIN-Parom_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIN-Parom-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to launch sites for Kliper, further information became available as of October 2005, with a planning-stage declaration from Nikolai Moiseev, Deputy Director of the Russian Space Agency that Kliper could have been launched from ESA's <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>. Though this aim had already been suggested, the comment was made in the context of facility upgrades for Kourou that are already under way since 2003 and expected to be finished in 2007 with the first launch of a Soyuz rocket from French Guiana in 2008. It had been suggested that Kliper could have been launched from both <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Baikonur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a>, by Alan Thirkettle, head of ESA's human spaceflight, microgravity and exploration directorate, in December 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FIN-Parom_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIN-Parom-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion (spacecraft)</a> - the American counterpart program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Launch_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news4524.html">"ESA to join Russia's Kliper program"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.Ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%9A%D0%9A+%22%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%22+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeta.ru%2F2007%2F07%2F31%2Foa_245696.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKliper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/2008/02/05/lopota.html">"Виталий Лопота: Нужно прийти к тому, чтобы новый образец космической техники появлялся не через десятилетия, а через месяцы"</a>. <i>Российская газета</i>. 5 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%3A+%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B&rft.date=2008-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rg.ru%2F2008%2F02%2F05%2Flopota.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKliper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ng.ru/style/2008-04-23/24_cliper.html">"К "Клиперу" вернулась "Энергия"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A+%22%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%22+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C+%22%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ng.ru%2Fstyle%2F2008-04-23%2F24_cliper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKliper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kliper.html">Kliper (Clipper) spacecraft</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightinternational.com/Articles/2005/11/01/Navigation/200/202471/Lighter+Kliper+could+make+towed+trip+to+ISS.html">Lighter Kliper could make towed trip to ISS-01/11/2005-Flight International</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20051229144901/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/11/24/moon.shtml">Mosnews.com</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIN-Parom-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FIN-Parom_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIN-Parom_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightinternational.com/Articles/2005/11/01/Navigation/200/202471/Lighter+Kliper+could+make+towed+trip+to+ISS.html">Flight International</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/051207_tech_wednesday.html">"Russia's Next Spaceship: Alternative to NASA's CEV"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. 7 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Next+Spaceship%3A+Alternative+to+NASA%27s+CEV&rft.date=2005-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fbusinesstechnology%2F051207_tech_wednesday.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKliper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kliper_spacecraft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kliper spacecraft">Kliper spacecraft</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kliper.html">Images and information at Russian Space Web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103004636/http://astronautix.com/craft/kliper.htm">Images and information at Astronautix</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buran.ru/htm/cliper.htm">Kliper section at www.buran.ru</a> (in Russian) (Also see buran.ru author's comments about this section at Новости Космонавтики forum: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005144509/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=123141#123141">1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005144533/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=123145#123145">2</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buran-energia.com/kliper-clipper-shuttle/kliper-desc.php">Detailed website about the Kliper shuttle, contains many diagrams and explanations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://missiles.ru/foto_MAKS-2005_Press-tur.htm">Winged Kliper at MAKS-2005 Air Show</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051103014212/http://missiles.ru/foto_MAKS-2005_Press-tur.htm">Archived</a> 2005-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (August 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050611030617/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/photogallery/gallery_032/index.shtml">Kliper mock-up photo gallery</a> (May 2005). Also see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029094149/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=1156">thread at Новости Космонавтики forum</a> about the presentation on November 30, 2004 (in Russian).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ESA_Permanent_Mission_in_Russia/SEMG5R9DFZD_0.html">ESA on its permanent cooperation with Russia in space and Putin's commitment to the Kliper project</a> - 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050913091855/http://www.esrin.esa.int/SPECIALS/ESA_Permanent_Mission_in_Russia/SEMONS5DIAE_0.html">Europe envisages cooperation on new Russian space plane</a> July 1, 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_news">In the news</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In the news"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>July, 2006 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701035626/http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/news/news-2006/public_07-01.html">RSC Energia: Concept of national manned space navigation</a></li> <li>April, 2006 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060811140634/http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/news/news-2006/public_02-01.html">Russian Space - Manned Spaceflight To Be Cost-Efficient</a></li> <li>February 14, 2006 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightinternational.com/Articles/2006/02/14/Navigation/177/204620/Kliper+choice+delayed.html">Kliper choice delayed</a></li> <li>January 31, 2006 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flightinternational.com/Articles/2006/01/31/Navigation/200/204434/Energia+holds+lead+in+Kliper+contest.html">Energia holds lead in Kliper contest</a></li> <li>January 18, 2006 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230518/http://www.roscosmos.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=1322">Tender to build new-generation spaceship has started. (in Russian)</a></li> <li>December 9, 2005 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/space/12/09/russia.esa.clipper.reut/">ESA vows to clinch cash for shuttle</a></li> <li>December 9, 2005 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211008/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=63923&version=1&template_id=39&parent_id=21">Europe keen to join Russia in new spaceship project</a></li> <li>December 6, 2005 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/051205_clipper.html">Europeans Unlikely to Back Russia's Manned Space Vehicle</a></li> <li>November 1, 2005 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightinternational.com/Articles/2005/11/01/202471/Lighter+Kliper+could+make+towed+trip+to+ISS.html">A lighter version of Kliper (which would work in combination with the Parom space tug) is under consideration by RSA and ESA</a></li> <li>October 12, 2005 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20051014a4.htm">Japanese Space Agency confirms its invitation to participate in the project</a></li> <li>October 6, 2005 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news7024.html">Short note concerning the RSA's outline intention to use the Kourou launch site for Kliper</a></li> <li>September 28, 2005 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4286086.stm">ESA chiefs release more information on the collaboration</a></li> <li>August 21, 2005 -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/resource/aug05/0805nshut.html">ESA and Russia collaborate on Kliper</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>July 15, 2005 -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1649104,00.html">Europeans take on NASA</a></li> <li>June, 2005 -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001184944/http://www.1tv.ru/owa/win/ort6_videopage.main?sender=news&p_topic_id=78194&p_video_num=1&counter1_href=287212&counter2_href=id=268366;t=56">Report on the Paris Air Show, partly about Kliper (in Russian)</a></li> <li>June 17, 2005 -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050707090626/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/wonews/jun05/0605nparis.html">Spectrum article on Kliper at Le Bourget</a></li> <li>June 15, 2005 -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050617011709/http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/379/15647_lebourget.html">Article in the Pravda over the European-Russian partnership with Kliper (English)</a></li> <li>February 15, 2005 -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050421133940/http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/379/14964_klipper.html">Article in the Pravda on planned Kliper exposition at Le Bourget'2005 airshow</a></li> <li>September 2004 -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060324015811/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/09/16/kliper.shtml">Mosnews - Russia Prepares Launch of New Space Shuttle</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> -- (with image of barebone Kliper)</li> <li>April 2004—Energija's Nikolaj Brjuchanov and ESA's Joerg Feustel-Buechl on Kliper in ARD (German TV) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.daserste.de/wwiewissen/thema_dyn~id,oialj0zadyy2227v~cm.asp">[1]</a> (in German)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> government human spaceflight programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <small> (joint) </small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz</a> <small> (joint) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a> <small> (joint) </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Moon: </i> <a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_human_lunar_programs#Moon_landing_N1.2FL3_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet human lunar programs">N1-L3</a>, <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a></li> <li><i>Interplanetary: </i> <a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelita_project" title="Aelita project">Aelita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martian_Piloted_Complex" title="Martian Piloted Complex">Martian Piloted Complex</a></li> <li><i>Spaceplanes: </i> <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kliper</a>, <a href="/wiki/LKS_(Spaceship)" class="mw-redirect" title="LKS (Spaceship)">LKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2000" title="Tupolev Tu-2000">Tupolev Tu-2000</a></li> <li><i>Capsules: </i> <a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><i>Space Stations: </i> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">List of Soyuz missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program317" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program" title="Template talk:Russian space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program317" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <small>(in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/80px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/160px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Soyuz-Apollo</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a> <small>(Moon flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> <small>(Moon landing)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> <small>(moonbase)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> <small>(Mars/Venus flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kliper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <small>(joint)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik" title="Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik">Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik</a> (1961–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_programme" title="Prognoz programme">Prognoz</a> (1972–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (1958–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> (1961–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a> (1984–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> (2006–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS</a> (1994–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> <small>(failed)</small> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(failed)</span> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L" title="Elektro–L">Elektro–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a> (begun 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Sputnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network" title="Soviet Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_(rocket_booster)" title="Baikal (rocket booster)">Baikal-Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation)" title="Sfera (satellite constellation)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok" title="Soviet space dogs">Veterok and Ugolyok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_(Vostok_programme)" title="Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a></i> (1995 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reusable_launch_systems_and_spacecraft127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reusable_launch_systems" title="Template:Reusable launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reusable_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Reusable launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reusable_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reusable launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reusable_launch_systems_and_spacecraft127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">Reusable launch systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_spacecraft" title="Reusable spacecraft">spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Launch_systems127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Launch systems</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> (core stages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>* (fully reusable)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> (orbiter and boosters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_(rocket)" title="Petrel (rocket)">Petrel</a>* (booster)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skua_(rocket)" title="Skua (rocket)">Skua</a>* (booster)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_(launch_vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur (launch vehicle)">Amur</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Next" title="Ariane Next">Ariane Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALLISTO" title="CALLISTO">CALLISTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONA_(rocket)" title="CORONA (rocket)">CORONA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)#Hyperbola-3" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Hyperbola-3</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li>6X (first stage)</li> <li>8R (first stage)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RLV-TD" class="mw-redirect" title="RLV-TD">RLV-TD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Rocket Lab Neutron</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship (SpaceX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Stoke Space Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan (rocket)">Vulcan</a> (engines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankoh-maru" title="Kankoh-maru">Kankoh-maru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_SASSTO" title="Douglas SASSTO">SASSTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeline_(rocket_stage)" title="Adeline (rocket stage)">Adeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> (boosters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">Chang Cheng-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia II (Uragan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 1e">Falcon 1e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 5">Falcon 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_Nexus" title="General Dynamics Nexus">Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)#Hyperbola-2" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper / <i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_HOTOL" title="British Aerospace HOTOL">HOTOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="K-1 (rocket)">K-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Fly-back_Booster" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Fly-back Booster">Liquid Fly-back Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_Booster_System" title="Reusable Booster System">Reusable Booster System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_Rocket" title="Rotary Rocket">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon_(rocket)" title="Sea Dragon (rocket)">Sea Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">Tianjiao-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">V-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Spacecraft127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Boeing X-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>* (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenlong_(spacecraft)" title="Shenlong (spacecraft)">Shenlong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_SC-2" title="Gemini SC-2">Gemini SC-2</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel (spacecraft)</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> upper stage</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(spacecraft)" title="Avatar (spacecraft)">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Meteor_Junior" title="Goodyear Meteor Junior">Goodyear Meteor Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Ya Guidao Gainian Feixingqi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Upper_Stage_for_Innovative_Exploration" title="Smart Upper Stage for Innovative Exploration">SUSIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran-class orbiter</a> (never actually reused, flew just once)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">H-2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCOR_Lynx" title="XCOR Lynx">Lynx</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Mustard" title="BAC Mustard">Mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetSpace#Silver_Dart" title="PlanetSpace">Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAR_(spaceplane)" title="SOAR (spaceplane)">SOAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">X-30 NASP</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-33" title="Lockheed Martin X-33">X-33</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipThree" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceShipThree">SpaceShipThree</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> vehicles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kliper&oldid=1278825122">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kliper&oldid=1278825122</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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