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</a> <ul id="toc-Simplex_data_modems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duplex_data_modems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duplex_data_modems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Duplex data modems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duplex_data_modems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duplex_voice/data_modules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duplex_voice/data_modules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Duplex voice/data modules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duplex_voice/data_modules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discontinued_Products_and_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discontinued_Products_and_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Discontinued Products and Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discontinued_Products_and_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>System architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gateways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gateways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gateways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gateways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Generation_Satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Generation_Satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First Generation Satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Generation_Satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First-generation_satellite_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-generation_satellite_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>First-generation satellite problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-generation_satellite_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalstar's_interim_solution_to_premature_first-generation_satellite_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalstar's_interim_solution_to_premature_first-generation_satellite_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Globalstar's interim solution to premature first-generation satellite problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalstar's_interim_solution_to_premature_first-generation_satellite_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second-generation_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second-generation_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Second-generation satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second-generation_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Business operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Business operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Business_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporate_structure_and_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_structure_and_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Corporate structure and financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_structure_and_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SPOT_LLC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SPOT_LLC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>SPOT LLC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SPOT_LLC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_with_Apple,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_with_Apple,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Collaboration with Apple, Inc.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_with_Apple,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Employees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گلوبال‌استار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلوبال‌استار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80" title="글로벌스타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글로벌스타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="グローバルスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グローバルスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Глобалстар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глобалстар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Globalstar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%98%9F" title="全球星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全球星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Globalstar, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Globalstar_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globalstar_Logo.png/220px-Globalstar_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globalstar_Logo.png/330px-Globalstar_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globalstar_Logo.png/440px-Globalstar_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NYSE_American" title="NYSE American">AMEX</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyse.com/quote/XASE:GSAT">GSAT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">Telecommunications</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">March 24, 1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-03-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Covington,_Louisiana" title="Covington, Louisiana">Covington, Louisiana</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Jacobs" title="Paul E. Jacobs">Paul E. Jacobs</a> (<a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> (20%, 2024–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalstar.com">globalstar<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Globalstar, Inc.</b> is an American telecommunications company that operates a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) for <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phone</a>, low-speed data transmission and earth observation. The Globalstar second-generation constellation consists of 25 satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-constellation_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constellation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Globalstar project was launched in 1991 as a joint venture of <a href="/wiki/Loral_Corporation" title="Loral Corporation">Loral Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>. On March 24, 1994, the two sponsors announced the formation of Globalstar LP, a <a href="/wiki/Limited_partnership" title="Limited partnership">limited partnership</a> established in the U.S., with financial participation from eight other companies, including <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel</a>, <a href="/wiki/AirTouch" title="AirTouch">AirTouch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Aerospace">Deutsche Aerospace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>. At that time, the company predicted the system would launch in 1998, based on an investment of $1.8 billion. </p><p>Globalstar said in March 1994 that it expected to charge $0.65 per minute for cellular service, compared to $3 per minute from Iridium. By then it had a worldwide license from the <a href="/wiki/World_Administrative_Radio_Conference" title="World Administrative Radio Conference">World Administrative Radio Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wexler19940328globalstar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wexler19940328globalstar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globalstar received its US spectrum allocation from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> in January 1995, and continued to negotiate with other nations for rights to use the same radio frequencies in their countries. </p><p>The first satellites were launched in February 1998, but system deployment was delayed due to a launch failure in September 1998 that resulted in the loss of 12 satellites in a launch by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a>. </p><p>The first call on the original Globalstar system was placed on November 1, 1998, from Qualcomm chairman <a href="/wiki/Irwin_M._Jacobs" title="Irwin M. Jacobs">Irwin Jacobs</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> to <a href="/wiki/Loral_Space_%26_Communications" title="Loral Space & Communications">Loral Space & Communications</a> CEO and chairman <a href="/wiki/Bernard_L._Schwartz" title="Bernard L. Schwartz">Bernard Schwartz</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. </p><p>In October 1999, the system began "friendly user" trials with 44 of 48 planned satellites. In December 1999, the system began limited commercial service for 200 users with the full 48 satellites (no spares in orbit). In February 2000, it began full commercial service with its 48 satellites and 4 spares in North America, Europe, and Brazil. Another eight satellites were maintained as ground spares. Initial prices were $1.79/minute for satellite phone calls. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001, <a href="/wiki/Irwin_M._Jacobs" title="Irwin M. Jacobs">Irwin Jacobs</a> had his private jet re-classified as an experimental aircraft for the purpose of developing an aviation application of Globalstar. The experimental system not only provided voice and data services to the cockpit and passenger cabin, but also tied in with the aircraft's data bus and provided <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> location service. Ground monitoring of aircraft location, heading, speed, and mechanical parameters such as oil pressure and engine <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a> were demonstrated. Video surveillance of the cockpit and cabin were also demonstrated. To work around Globalstar's low data rate, the experimental system used multiple user terminals (UTs) in parallel. Each UT could be configured for voice, or as a member of a <a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">bonded link group</a> for internet access.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 15, 2002, the predecessor company Globalstar (old Globalstar) and three of its subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 11</a> of the United States Bankruptcy Code. </p><p>In 2004, restructuring of the old Globalstar was completed. The first stage of the restructuring was completed on December 5, 2003, when Thermo Capital Partners LLC was deemed to obtain operational control of the business, as well as certain ownership rights and risks. Thermo Capital Partners became the principal owner. </p><p>Globalstar LLC was formed as a Delaware limited liability company in November 2003 and was converted into Globalstar, Inc., on March 17, 2006. </p><p>In 2007, Globalstar launched eight additional first-generation spare satellites into space to help compensate for the premature failure of their in-orbit satellites. Between 2010 and 2013, Globalstar launched 24 second-generation satellites in an effort to restore their system to full service. </p><p>Between 2010 and 2011, Globalstar moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley to <a href="/wiki/Covington,_Louisiana" title="Covington, Louisiana">Covington, Louisiana</a> in part to take advantage of the state's tax breaks and low cost of living.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2018, Globalstar announced it would merge with FiberLight in a deal valued at $1.65 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That deal was called off in August 2018 following a lawsuit from Globalstar's largest investor, <a href="/wiki/Mudrick_Capital_Management" title="Mudrick Capital Management">Mudrick Capital Management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nocb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nocb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, Globalstar announced that the <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">Third Generation Partnership Project</a> ("3GPP") had approved the 5G variant of Globalstar's Band 53, to become known as n53.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 6, 2021, Globalstar announced to customers that the Sat-Fi2 (Satellite Wifi Hotspot) and Sat-Fi2 RAS (Remote Antenna Station) services would be discontinued as of March 12, 2021. </p><p>On September 7, 2022, Apple announced a cooperation with Globalstar Inc that "would allow iPhone 14 users to send emergency messages" via satellite, starting in the U.S. and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple would go on to release the feature on future iPhone models. </p><p>On October 29th 2024, Globalstar disclosed in an SEC filing that Apple had agreed to purchase a 20% stake in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_and_services">Products and services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Products and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-02.jpg/142px-Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-02.jpg/213px-Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-02.jpg/284px-Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-01.jpg/142px-Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-01.jpg/213px-Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-01.jpg/284px-Ericsson_R290_Satellite_001-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Ericsson_R290" title="Ericsson R290">Ericsson R290</a> is a combined GSM and satellite phone using the Globalstar satellite network.</div></div></div></div> <p>Globalstar is a provider of satellite and terrestrial connectivity services. Globalstar offers these services to commercial and recreational users in more than 120 countries around the world. </p><p>Globalstar's terrestrial spectrum, Band 53 and its 5G variant n53 offers carriers, cable companies and system integrators a versatile, fully licensed channel for private networks, while Globalstar's XCOMP technology offers capacity gains in dense wireless deployments. </p><p>The company's products include simplex and duplex satellite devices, data modems, and satellite airtime packages. </p><p>Many land-based and maritime industries make use of the various Globalstar products and services from remote areas beyond the reach of cellular and landline telephone services. However, many areas of the Earth's surface are left without service coverage, since a satellite requires being in range of an <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Earth station</a> gateway. </p><p>Global customer segments include oil and gas, government, mining, forestry, commercial fishing, utilities, military, transportation, heavy construction, emergency preparedness, and business continuity as well as individual recreational users. </p><p>Globalstar <a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">data communication</a> services are used for a variety of asset and personal tracking, data monitoring, and <a href="/wiki/SCADA" title="SCADA">SCADA</a> applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_messengers">Satellite messengers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Satellite messengers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 2007, Globalstar subsidiary SPOT LLC launched a handheld satellite messaging and tracking personal safety device known as the <a href="/wiki/SPOT_Satellite_Messenger" title="SPOT Satellite Messenger">SPOT Satellite Messenger</a>. SPOT X, a two-way satellite messenger with GPS location tracking, <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigational</a> capabilities, social media linking and direct communication options to emergency services, was launched in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simplex_data_modems">Simplex data modems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Simplex data modems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Globalstar STINGR</li> <li>Globalstar STX2</li> <li>Globalstar STX3</li> <li>Globalstar ST100</li> <li>Globalstar SmartOne C</li> <li>Globalstar SmartOne Solar</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duplex_data_modems">Duplex data modems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duplex data modems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>SPOT Trace</li> <li>SPOT Gen4</li> <li>SPOT X</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duplex_voice/data_modules"><span id="Duplex_voice.2Fdata_modules"></span>Duplex voice/data modules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Duplex voice/data modules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Globalstar GSP-1620</li> <li>Globalstar GSP-1720</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">Voice Telephony</a></li> <li>One-way mobile terminated <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a> <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a></li> <li>9,600 <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit/s</a> <a href="/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data" title="Circuit Switched Data">circuit switched data</a> calls (Direct Dial-Up)</li> <li>9,600 <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit/s</a> <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switched</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> access (Direct Internet)</li> <li>One-way mobile originated short-burst messages (simplex devices only)</li> <li>Two-way mobile originated / mobile terminated short-burst messages (SPOT X device only)</li> <li>Device <a href="/wiki/Geolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation">geolocation</a> within approximately 30 km</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discontinued_Products_and_Services">Discontinued Products and Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discontinued Products and Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sat-Fi2 (Satellite WiFi Hotspot) and Sat-Fi2 RAS (Remote Antenna Station)</li> <li>72 <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">kbit/s</a> <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switched</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> access (on 2nd-gen WCDMA network)</li> <li>Globalstar GSP-1620</li> <li>Globalstar GSP-1720</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_architecture">System architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: System architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gateways">Gateways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gateways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Globalstar satellites are simple "<a href="/wiki/Bent_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent pipe">bent pipe</a>" analog <a href="/wiki/Radio_repeater" title="Radio repeater">repeaters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike <a href="/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation#Satellites" title="Iridium satellite constellation">Iridium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A network of ground <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateway</a> stations provides connectivity from the 40 satellites to the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> and Internet. A satellite must have a Gateway station in view to provide service to any users. Twenty four Globalstar Gateways are located around the world, including seven in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globalstar Gateways are the largest cellular <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a> in the world with a design capacity for over 10,000 concurrent phone calls over a coverage area that is roughly 50% of the size of the US. Globalstar supports <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> technology such as the <a href="/wiki/Rake_receiver" title="Rake receiver">rake receiver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_handoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft handoff">soft handoffs</a>, so a handset may be talking via two <a href="/wiki/Spot_beam" title="Spot beam">spot beams</a> to two Gateways for path diversity. </p><p>Globalstar users are assigned <a href="/wiki/Telephone_number" title="Telephone number">telephone numbers</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">North American Numbering Plan</a> in North America or the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">telephone numbering plan</a> for the country that the overseas gateway is located in, except for Brazil, where the official Globalstar country code (+8818) is used. The use of gateway ground stations provides customers with localized regional phone numbers for their satellite handsets. But service cannot be provided in remote areas (such as areas of the South Pacific and the polar regions) if there are no gateway stations to cover the area. As of May 2012, voice and full-duplex data services are currently non-functional over much of Africa, the South Asian subcontinent, and most mid-ocean regions due to the lack of nearby gateway <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">earth stations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Globalstar system uses the Qualcomm CDMA air interface; however, the <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telit" class="mw-redirect" title="Telit">Telit</a> phones accept standard <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <a href="/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber Identity Module">SIM</a> cards, while the <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> GSP-1600/1700 phones do not have a SIM card interface, but use <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>/<a href="/wiki/IS-41" title="IS-41">IS-41</a> based authentication. Therefore, the Globalstar gateways need to support both the <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>/<a href="/wiki/IS-41" title="IS-41">IS-41</a> and the GSM standards. </p><p>Globalstar has roaming agreements with local cellular operators in some regions, enabling the use of a single phone number in satellite and cellular mode on multi-mode Globalstar handsets.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cellular roaming agreements are not in place in North America. Because of improvements in cellular phones and networks and the limitations inherent to satellite phones, the newest Globalstar handset (released in 2006) does not include cellular connectivity as Globalstar does not expect subscribers to carry it as their only mobile phone.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Generation_Satellites">First Generation Satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First Generation Satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Globalstar orbits have an <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> of 52 degrees. Therefore, Globalstar does not cover polar areas, due to the lower orbital inclination. </p><p>Globalstar orbits have an orbital height of approximately 1400 km and latency is still relatively low (approximately 60ms). </p><p>A Globalstar satellite has two body-mounted, Earth-facing arrays. First-generation Globalstars weigh approximately 550 kg. However, the second-generation Globalstar design will gain significant mass. </p><p>In 2005, some of the satellites began to reach the limit of their operational lifetime of 7.5 years. In December 2005, Globalstar began to move some of its satellites into a <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_orbit" title="Graveyard orbit">graveyard orbit</a> above LEO.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First-generation_satellite_problems">First-generation satellite problems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First-generation satellite problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to documents filed with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC</a> on January 30, 2007, Globalstar's previously identified problems with its <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S-band</a> amplifiers used on its satellites for two-way communications are occurring at a higher rate than expected, possibly eventually leading to reduced levels of two-way voice and duplex data service in 2008. The company's simplex data services used to support the asset tracking products as well as the SPOT Satellite Messenger are not affected by the S-band satellite issue mentioned above. Globalstar also launched eight ground spare satellites in 2007 to help reduce the impact of the issue. </p><p>In the filing, Globalstar made the following statements: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Based on data recently collected from satellite operations, the Company has concluded that the degradation of the amplifiers is now occurring at a rate that is faster than previously experienced and faster than the Company had previously anticipated. </p><p>Based on its most recent analysis, the Company now believes that, if the degradation of the S-band antenna amplifiers continues at the current rate or further accelerates, and if the Company is unsuccessful in developing additional technical solutions, the quality of two-way communications services will decline, and by some time in 2008 substantially all of the Company's currently in-orbit satellites will cease to be able to support two-way communications services. </p> <p><sup id="cite_ref-sec_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Industry analysts speculate the problem is caused by radiation exposure the satellites receive when they pass through the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Anomaly" title="South Atlantic Anomaly">South Atlantic Anomaly</a> in their 876-mile (1414 km) altitude orbits.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The S-band antenna amplifier degradation does not affect adversely the Company's one-way "Simplex" data transmission services, which utilize only the L-band uplink from a subscriber's "Simplex" terminal to the satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>The Company is working on plans, including new products and services and pricing programs, and exploring the feasibility of accelerating procurement and launch of its second-generation satellite constellation, to attempt to reduce the effects of this problem upon its customers and operations. The Company will be able to forecast the duration of service coverage at any particular location in its service area and intends to make this information available without charge to its service providers, including its wholly owned operating subsidiaries, so that they may work with their subscribers to reduce the impact of the degradation in service quality in their respective service areas. The Company is also reviewing its business plan in light of these developments.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>The Company's liquidity remains strong. At December 31, 2006, in addition to its credit agreement, the Company had unrestricted cash on hand and undrawn amounts under the Thermo Funding Company irrevocable standby stock purchase agreement of approximately $195 million.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Globalstar's_interim_solution_to_premature_first-generation_satellite_problems"><span id="Globalstar.27s_interim_solution_to_premature_first-generation_satellite_problems"></span>Globalstar's interim solution to premature first-generation satellite problems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Globalstar's interim solution to premature first-generation satellite problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, Globalstar launched eight spare satellites for its existing constellation with a view to reducing the gaps in its two-way voice and data services pending commercial availability of its second-generation satellite constellation. Globalstar continued to operate its failing satellite constellation to provide and support services on an intermittently-available until the second-generation Globalstar satellites became available for service. </p><p>Until the new second-generation Globalstar satellite constellation became operational, Globalstar offered its "Optimum Satellite Availability Tool" website, which subscribers could use to predict when one or more unaffected satellites would be overhead at a specific geographic location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second-generation_satellites">Second-generation satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second-generation satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2006, Globalstar announced that Alcatel Alenia Space, now <a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Mandelieu_Space_Center" title="Cannes Mandelieu Space Center">Cannes headquarters</a>, has been awarded a €661 million contract for the second-generation constellation. The satellites were designed with a life expectancy of 15 years, significantly longer than the design life of Globalstar's first-generation constellation. The second- generation constellation will consist of 24 satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-constellation_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constellation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Globalstar announced on April 3, 2007, that it has signed a €9 million agreement with Thales Alenia Space to upgrade the Globalstar satellite constellation, including necessary hardware and software upgrades to Globalstar's satellite control network facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2008, Thales Alenia Space began production assembly, integration, and testing of the second-generation flight model satellites, in its <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> factory, for launch as early as Q3 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2009, Globalstar, Inc. announced that it has received complete financing for its second-generation satellite constellation and signed an amendment to the initial contract, specifying in particular, the adjusted conditions for production and the new satellite delivery timetable.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first six second-generation satellites were launched on October 19, 2010, from the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> in Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch used a <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2 (rocket)">Soyuz-2</a> launch vehicle with a <a href="/wiki/Fregat" title="Fregat">Fregat</a> upper stage.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These second-generation satellites are expected to provide Globalstar customers with satellite voice and data services until at least 2025. Six more second-generation satellites were launched in July 2011<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by another six satellites in December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The launch of the second-generation constellation was completed on February 6, 2013, with the launch of the final six satellites using a Soyuz 2-1a launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 24 second-generation spacecraft weighed approximately 700 kg (1,500 lb) each at launch, and are <a href="/wiki/3-axis_stabilized_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="3-axis stabilized spacecraft">3-axis stabilized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2022, it was announced that Globalstar purchased 17 new satellites to continue its constellation built by <a href="/wiki/MDA_(company)" title="MDA (company)">MDA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a> for $327 million. The satellites are expected to be launched by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 19, 2022, a backup satellite for Globalstar was launched on a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket. This was the first Globalstar satellite to launch in over 9 years. Prior to the launch, Globalstar did not announce the mission, besides a vague quarterly report stating the satellite would launch.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_operations">Business operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Business operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_structure_and_financing">Corporate structure and financing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Corporate structure and financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Predecessor Company – Globalstar LP</b>. In February 1995, Globalstar Telecommunications Ltd. raised $200 million from its <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> in the <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a> market. The IPO price of $20 per share was equivalent to $5 per share after two stock splits. The stock price peaked at (post-split) $50 per share in January 2000, but institutional investors began predicting bankruptcy as early as June 2000. The stock price eventually fell below $1 per share, and the stock was delisted by NASDAQ in June 2001. </p><p>After the IPO, the publicly traded Globalstar Telecommunications (NASDAQ symbol GSTRF) owned part of system operator Globalstar LP. From that point on, the primary financing for Globalstar LP was vendor financing from its suppliers (including Loral and Qualcomm), supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Junk_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Junk bonds">junk bonds</a>. </p><p>After a total debt and equity investment of $4.3 billion, on February 15, 2002, Globalstar Telecommunications filed for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 11">Chapter 11</a> bankruptcy protection, listing assets of $570 million and liabilities of $3.3 billion. The assets were later bought for $43 million by Thermo Capital Partners LLC. </p><p>Globalstar LLC and Globalstar, Inc. When the new Globalstar emerged from bankruptcy in April 2004, it was owned by Thermo Capital Partners (81.25%) and the original creditors of Globalstar L.P. (18.75%). Globalstar LLC was incorporated in April 2006 to become Globalstar, Inc. </p><p>Globalstar, Inc. completed an IPO in November 2006. The stock currently trades on the NYSE American under the symbol GSAT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SPOT_LLC">SPOT LLC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: SPOT LLC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2007, Globalstar announced the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/SPOT_Satellite_Messenger" title="SPOT Satellite Messenger">SPOT Satellite Messenger</a> product, to be marketed through its latest subsidiary SPOT, Inc., later named SPOT LLC. The SPOT Messenger is manufactured by Globalstar partner Axonn LLC and combines the company's simplex data technology with a Nemerix GPS chipset. SPOT is intended to leverage Globalstar's still adequate L-Band uplink, which is used by simplex modems. The product was launched in early November 2007. Subsequent launches included the SPOT Trace, SPOT X with Bluetooth and Gen4. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_with_Apple,_Inc."><span id="Collaboration_with_Apple.2C_Inc."></span>Collaboration with Apple, Inc.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Collaboration with Apple, Inc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Globalstar provides the infrastructure for the <i>Emergency SOS via satellite functionality</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> announced in 2022 for all versions of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_14" title="IPhone 14">iPhone 14</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> series and newer. Globalstar reserves 85% of its network capacity for the service, and previous to the announcement of the service, Globalstar invested in expanding its infrastructure, including "material upgrades to Globalstar’s ground network to enhance redundancy and coverage" and "construction of 10 new gateways around the world".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2023, Globalstar announced it would be repaying a $150 million debt under a 2019 agreement to <a href="/wiki/EchoStar" title="EchoStar">EchoStar</a>, which could have prevented the Apple partnership.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employees">Employees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Employees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first five employees of Globalstar were transferred from the founding companies in 1991. Although few figures were publicly disclosed, the company apparently reached a peak of about 350 employees until layoffs in March 2001. However, this figure was misleading, as most of the development, operations, and sales employees were employed by the company's strategic partners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The company then appointed satellite telecommunications veteran Olof Lundberg to lead a turnaround at the company to serve as chairman and CEO. After beginning his career with Swedish Telecom, Lundberg had been founding Director General (later CEO) of <a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a> from 1979 to 1995. He served as founding CEO and later CEO and Chairman of <a href="/wiki/ICO_Global_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="ICO Global Communications">ICO Global Communications</a> from 1995 to 1999. </p><p>Lundberg resigned from the company (then in bankruptcy) on June 30, 2003. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Jacobs" title="Paul E. Jacobs">Paul E. Jacobs</a> was named CEO of Globalstar on Aug. 29, 2023, replacing David Kagan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile-satellite_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile-satellite service">Mobile-satellite service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_Global_Area_Network" title="Broadband Global Area Network">Broadband Global Area Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonets" title="Gonets">Gonets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICO_Satellite_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="ICO Satellite Management">ICO Satellite Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Satellite_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium Satellite LLC">Iridium Satellite LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_Networks" title="O3b Networks">O3b Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyWave_Mobile_Communications" title="SkyWave Mobile Communications">SkyWave Mobile Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledesic" title="Teledesic">Teledesic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TerreStar" class="mw-redirect" title="TerreStar">TerreStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuraya" title="Thuraya">Thuraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbcomm" title="Orbcomm">Orbcomm</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-constellation-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constellation_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constellation_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Now&rft.atitle=Live+coverage%3A+SpaceX+launches+Globalstar+satellite+from+Florida+%E2%80%93+Spaceflight+Now&rft.date=2022-06-19&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2022%2F06%2F19%2Ffalcon-9-globalstar-fm15-live-coverage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalstar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/09/apple-debuts-iphone-14-pro-and-iphone-14-pro-max/">"Apple debuts iPhone 14 Pro and iPhone 14 Pro Max"</a>. <i>Apple Newsroom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Apple+debuts+iPhone+14+Pro+and+iPhone+14+Pro+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2022%2F09%2Fapple-debuts-iphone-14-pro-and-iphone-14-pro-max%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalstar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-picks-globalstar-satellite-service-iphone-14-series-2022-09-07/">"Apple picks Globalstar for emergency satellite service on iPhone 14"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 2022-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Apple+picks+Globalstar+for+emergency+satellite+service+on+iPhone+14&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fapple-picks-globalstar-satellite-service-iphone-14-series-2022-09-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalstar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlobalstar,_Inc.2022" class="citation web cs1">Globalstar, Inc. (September 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1366868/000136686822000059/gsat-20220907.htm">"Form 8-K"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226102041/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1366868/000136686822000059/gsat-20220907.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft.atitle=Form+8-K&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft.au=Globalstar%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F1366868%2F000136686822000059%2Fgsat-20220907.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalstar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForrester2023" class="citation web cs1">Forrester, Chris (2023-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advanced-television.com/2023/02/15/globalstar-to-repay-debt-to-echostar/">"GlobalStar to repay debt to EchoStar"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GlobalStar+to+repay+debt+to+EchoStar&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft.aulast=Forrester&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadvanced-television.com%2F2023%2F02%2F15%2Fglobalstar-to-repay-debt-to-echostar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalstar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalstar.com">Official website</a></span></span> </p> <ul><li>Business data for 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href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_Global_Area_Network" title="Broadband Global Area Network">BGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">DSCS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation" title="Iridium satellite constellation">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="O3b (satellite)">O3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbcomm_(satellite)" title="Orbcomm (satellite)">Orbcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Qianfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_data_relay_satellite" title="Tracking and data relay satellite">TDRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Viasat, Inc.">ViaSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideband_Global_SATCOM" title="Wideband Global SATCOM">WGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRIS%C2%B2" title="IRIS²">IRIS²</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_OneWeb" title="Eutelsat OneWeb">OneWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_mPOWER" title="O3b mPOWER">O3b mPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Systems" title="Kuiper Systems">Kuiper Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">SpaceMobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abandoned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestri" title="Celestri">Celestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledesic" title="Teledesic">Teledesic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Observation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs" title="Planet Labs">Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (satellite)">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidEye" title="RapidEye">RapidEye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_communications342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satcomm" title="Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satcomm" title="Template talk:Satcomm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_communications342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">Amateur satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-throughput_satellite" title="High-throughput satellite">High-throughput satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Relay satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dispute" title="Carriage dispute">Carriage dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sat-IP" title="Sat-IP">SAT>IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblock_LNB" title="Monoblock LNB">Monoblock LNB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Satellites_Automatic_Location_System" title="Universal Satellites Automatic Location System">USALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Tracking_Satellite_Dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish">Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish#Motor-driven_dish" title="Satellite dish">Motor-driven Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish#Multi-satellite" title="Satellite dish">Multi-satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">Parabolic antennas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_modem" title="Satellite modem">Satellite modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_data_unit" title="Satellite data unit">Satellite data unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacebus" title="Spacebus">Spacebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-small-aperture_terminal" title="Very-small-aperture terminal">Very-small-aperture terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">TV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-RCS" title="DVB-RCS">DVB-RCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2X" title="DVB-S2X">DVB-S2X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_radio_service" title="Digital audio radio service">Digital audio radio service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">Astra Digital Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1worldspace" title="1worldspace">1worldspace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relay satellite companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">AST SpaceMobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar" title="EchoStar">EchoStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispasat" title="Hispasat">Hispasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Network_Systems" title="Hughes Network Systems">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Communications" title="Iridium Communications">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SED_Systems" title="SED Systems">SED Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_One_(satellite_operator)" title="Star One (satellite operator)">Star One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesat" title="Telesat">Telesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooway" title="Tooway">Tooway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(satellite)" title="Türksat (satellite)">Turksat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(American_company)" title="Viasat (American company)">Viasat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INVAP" title="INVAP">INVAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">ETSI Satellite Digital Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communications_satellite_firsts" title="List of communications satellite firsts">List of communications satellite firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communication_satellite_companies" title="List of communication satellite companies">List of communication satellite companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_satellites" title="Category:Communications satellites">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in 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