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<span>Video coding standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_coding_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_video_coding_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_video_coding_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of video coding standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_video_coding_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lossless,_lossy,_and_uncompressed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lossless,_lossy,_and_uncompressed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lossless, lossy, and uncompressed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lossless,_lossy,_and_uncompressed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Intra-frame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profiles_and_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profiles_and_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Profiles and levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profiles_and_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" 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class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or sometimes <b>video compression format</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">content representation format</a> of <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> content, such as in a data file or <a href="/wiki/Bitstream_format" title="Bitstream format">bitstream</a>. It typically uses a standardized <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> algorithm, most commonly based on <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT) coding and <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a>. A specific software, <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>, or hardware implementation capable of compression or decompression in a specific video coding format is called a <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video codec</a>. </p><p>Some video coding formats are documented by a detailed <a href="/wiki/Technical_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical specification">technical specification</a> document known as a <b>video coding specification</b>. Some such specifications are written and approved by <a href="/wiki/Standardization_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardization organization">standardization organizations</a> as <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standards</a>, and are thus known as a <b>video coding standard</b>. There are <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standards</a> and formal standards. </p><p>Video content encoded using a particular video coding format is normally bundled with an audio stream (encoded using an <a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio coding format</a>) inside a <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(digital)#Multimedia_container_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (digital)">multimedia container format</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a>, <a href="/wiki/MP4" class="mw-redirect" title="MP4">MP4</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLV" class="mw-redirect" title="FLV">FLV</a>, <a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a>. As such, the user normally does not have a <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a> file, but instead has a <a href="/wiki/Video_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Video file">video file</a>, which is an MP4 container of H.264-encoded video, normally alongside <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a>-encoded audio. Multimedia container formats can contain one of several different video coding formats; for example, the MP4 container format can contain video coding formats such as <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2_Part_2" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Part 2</a> or H.264. Another example is the initial specification for the file type <a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a>, which specifies the container format (Matroska), but also exactly which video (<a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a>) and audio (<a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>) compression format is inside the Matroska container, even though Matroska is capable of containing <a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a> video, and <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a> audio support was later added to the <a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a> specification. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinction_between_format_and_codec">Distinction between <i>format</i> and <i>codec</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distinction between format and codec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>format</i> is the layout plan for data produced or consumed by a <i>codec</i>. </p><p>Although video coding formats such as H.264 are sometimes referred to as <i>codecs</i>, there is a clear conceptual difference between a specification and its implementations. Video coding formats are described in specifications, and software, <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>, or hardware to encode/decode data in a given video coding format from/to uncompressed video are implementations of those specifications. As an analogy, the video coding format <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a> (specification) is to the <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> <a href="/wiki/OpenH264" title="OpenH264">OpenH264</a> (specific implementation) what the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C Programming Language</a> (specification) is to the compiler <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> (specific implementation). Note that for each specification (e.g., <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a>), there can be many codecs implementing that specification (e.g., <a href="/wiki/X264" title="X264">x264</a>, OpenH264, <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC_products_and_implementations" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC products and implementations">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC products and implementations</a>). </p><p>This distinction is not consistently reflected terminologically in the literature. The H.264 specification calls <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.262" class="mw-redirect" title="H.262">H.262</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a> <i>video coding standards</i> and does not contain the word <i>codec</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-h264_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h264-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a> clearly distinguishes between the <a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> video coding format and the accompanying codec they are developing, but calls the video coding format itself a <i><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video codec</a> specification</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a> specification calls the video coding format VP9 itself a <i>codec</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an example of conflation, Chromium's<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mozilla's<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pages listing their video formats support both call video coding formats, such as H.264 <i>codecs</i>. As another example, in Cisco's announcement of a free-as-in-beer video codec, the press release refers to the H.264 video coding format as a <i>codec</i> ("choice of a common video codec"), but calls Cisco's implementation of a H.264 encoder/decoder a <i>codec</i> shortly thereafter ("open-source our H.264 codec").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A video coding format does not dictate all <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> used by a <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> implementing the format. For example, a large part of how video compression typically works is by finding <a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">similarities between video frames</a> (block-matching) and then achieving compression by copying previously-coded similar subimages (such as <a href="/wiki/Macroblock" title="Macroblock">macroblocks</a>) and adding small differences when necessary. Finding optimal combinations of such predictors and differences is an <a href="/wiki/NP-hard" class="mw-redirect" title="NP-hard">NP-hard</a> problem,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that it is practically impossible to find an optimal solution. Though the video coding format must support such compression across frames in the bitstream format, by not needlessly mandating specific algorithms for finding such block-matches and other encoding steps, the codecs implementing the video coding specification have some freedom to optimize and innovate in their choice of algorithms. For example, section 0.5 of the H.264 specification says that encoding algorithms are not part of the specification.<sup id="cite_ref-h264_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h264-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free choice of algorithm also allows different <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">space–time complexity</a> trade-offs for the same video coding format, so a live feed can use a fast but space-inefficient algorithm, and a one-time <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> encoding for later mass production can trade long encoding-time for space-efficient encoding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Analog_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog video">analog video</a> compression dates back to 1929, when R.D. Kell in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> proposed the concept of transmitting only the portions of the scene that changed from frame-to-frame. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> compression dates back to 1952, when <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> researchers B.M. Oliver and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Harrison_(American_football)" title="Chris Harrison (American football)">C.W. Harrison</a> proposed the use of <a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">differential pulse-code modulation</a> (DPCM) in video coding. In 1959, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Inter-frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-frame">inter-frame</a> <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> researchers Y. Taki, M. Hatori and S. Tanaka, who proposed predictive inter-frame video coding in the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal dimension">temporal dimension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> researchers A.H. Robinson and C. Cherry proposed <a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">run-length encoding</a> (RLE), a <a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">lossless compression</a> scheme, to reduce the transmission bandwidth of <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a> signals.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest digital video coding algorithms were either for <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a> or used <a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">lossless compression</a>, both methods inefficient and impractical for digital video coding.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lea_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital video was introduced in the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially using uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM), requiring high <a href="/wiki/Bitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitrate">bitrates</a> around 45–200 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> for <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-definition">standard-definition</a> (SD) video,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lea_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was up to 2,000 times greater than the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> (up to 100<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a>) available until the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, uncompressed <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition</a> (HD) <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> video requires bitrates exceeding 1<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a>, significantly greater than the bandwidth available in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion-compensated_DCT">Motion-compensated DCT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Motion-compensated DCT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Practical <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> emerged with the development of <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion-compensated</a> <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a> (MC DCT) coding,<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called block motion compensation (BMC)<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or DCT motion compensation. This is a hybrid coding algorithm,<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which combines two key <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> techniques: <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT) coding<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Spatial_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial dimension">spatial dimension</a>, and predictive <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal dimension">temporal dimension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DCT coding is a <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> block compression <a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">transform coding</a> technique that was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a>, who initially intended it for <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image compression</a>, while he was working at <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a> in 1972. It was then developed into a practical image compression algorithm by Ahmed with T. Natarajan and <a href="/wiki/K._R._Rao" title="K. R. Rao">K. R. Rao</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> in 1973, and was published in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pubDCT_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubDCT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pubRaoYip_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubRaoYip-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other key development was motion-compensated hybrid coding.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, Ali Habibi at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> introduced hybrid coding,<sup id="cite_ref-Habibi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habibi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which combines predictive coding with transform coding.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He examined several transform coding techniques, including the DCT, <a href="/wiki/Hadamard_transform" title="Hadamard transform">Hadamard transform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a>, slant transform, and <a href="/wiki/Karhunen-Loeve_transform" class="mw-redirect" title="Karhunen-Loeve transform">Karhunen-Loeve transform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Habibi_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habibi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his algorithm was initially limited to <a href="/wiki/Intra-frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-frame">intra-frame</a> coding in the spatial dimension. In 1975, John A. Roese and Guner S. Robinson extended Habibi's hybrid coding algorithm to the temporal dimension, using transform coding in the spatial dimension and predictive coding in the temporal dimension, developing <a href="/wiki/Inter-frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-frame">inter-frame</a> motion-compensated hybrid coding.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roese_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roese-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the spatial transform coding, they experimented with different transforms, including the DCT and the <a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">fast Fourier transform</a> (FFT), developing inter-frame hybrid coders for them, and found that the DCT is the most efficient due to its reduced complexity, capable of compressing image data down to 0.25-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> per <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Videotelephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videotelephone">videotelephone</a> scene with image quality comparable to a typical intra-frame coder requiring 2-bit per pixel.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roese_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roese-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DCT was applied to video encoding by Wen-Hsiung Chen,<sup id="cite_ref-Stankovic_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stankovic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who developed a fast DCT algorithm with C.H. Smith and S.C. Fralick in 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-t81_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t81-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded <a href="/wiki/Compression_Labs,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Compression Labs, Inc.">Compression Labs</a> to commercialize DCT technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Stankovic_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stankovic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Anil_K._Jain_(electrical_engineer,_born_1946)" title="Anil K. Jain (electrical engineer, born 1946)">Anil K. Jain</a> and Jaswant R. Jain further developed motion-compensated DCT video compression.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to Chen developing a practical video compression algorithm, called motion-compensated DCT or adaptive scene coding, in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motion-compensated DCT later became the standard coding technique for video compression from the late 1980s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_coding_standards">Video coding standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Video coding standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first digital video coding standard was <a href="/wiki/H.120" title="H.120">H.120</a>, developed by the <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a> (now ITU-T) in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-history_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.120 was not usable in practice, as its performance was too poor.<sup id="cite_ref-history_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.120 used motion-compensated DPCM coding,<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a lossless compression algorithm that was inefficient for video coding.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 1980s, a number of companies began experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT) coding, a much more efficient form of compression for video coding. The CCITT received 14 proposals for DCT-based video compression formats, in contrast to a single proposal based on <a href="/wiki/Vector_quantization" title="Vector quantization">vector quantization</a> (VQ) compression. The <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a> standard was developed based on motion-compensated DCT compression.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.261 was the first practical video coding standard,<sup id="cite_ref-history_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and uses <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a> licensed from a number of companies, including <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/PictureTel" title="PictureTel">PictureTel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a>, <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-h261-patents_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h261-patents-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since H.261, motion-compensated DCT compression has been adopted by all the major video coding standards (including the <a href="/wiki/H.26x" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> formats) that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a>, developed by the <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">Moving Picture Experts Group</a> (MPEG), followed in 1991, and it was designed to compress <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>-quality video.<sup id="cite_ref-history_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was succeeded in 1994 by <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>/<a href="/wiki/H.262" class="mw-redirect" title="H.262">H.262</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-history_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was developed with patents licensed from a number of companies, primarily <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technicolor_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicolor SA">Thomson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mp2-patents_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp2-patents-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG-2 became the standard video format for <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/SD_digital_television" class="mw-redirect" title="SD digital television">SD digital television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its motion-compensated DCT algorithm was able to achieve a <a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratio</a> of up to 100:1, enabling the development of <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> (VOD)<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV).<sup id="cite_ref-Shishikui_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shishikui-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, it was followed by <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Visual" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Visual">MPEG-4</a>/<a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a>, which was a major leap forward for video compression technology.<sup id="cite_ref-history_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses patents licensed from a number of companies, primarily Mitsubishi, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mp4-patents_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp4-patents-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widely used video coding format as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> is <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitmovin_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitmovin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed in 2003, and uses patents licensed from a number of organizations, primarily Panasonic, <a href="/wiki/Godo_kaisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Godo kaisha">Godo Kaisha IP Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-avc-patents_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avc-patents-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the standard DCT used by its predecessors, AVC uses the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">integer DCT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stankovic_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stankovic-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.264 is one of the video encoding standards for <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Discs</a>; all Blu-ray Disc players must be able to decode H.264. It is also widely used by streaming internet sources, such as videos from <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>, web software such as the <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Microsoft Silverlight</a>, and also various <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> broadcasts over terrestrial (<a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-T">ISDB-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> or <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a>), cable (<a href="/wiki/DVB-C" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a>), and satellite (<a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A main problem for many video coding formats has been <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, making it expensive to use or potentially risking a patent lawsuit due to <a href="/wiki/Submarine_patent" title="Submarine patent">submarine patents</a>. The motivation behind many recently designed video coding formats such as <a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a>, <a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a> have been to create a (<a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">libre</a>) video coding standard covered only by royalty-free patents.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patent status has also been a major point of contention for the choice of which video formats the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> will support inside the <a href="/wiki/HTML_video" title="HTML video">HTML video</a> tag. </p><p>The current-generation video coding format is <a href="/wiki/HEVC" class="mw-redirect" title="HEVC">HEVC</a> (H.265), introduced in 2013. AVC uses the integer DCT with 4x4 and 8x8 block sizes, and HEVC uses integer DCT and <a href="/wiki/Discrete_sine_transform" title="Discrete sine transform">DST</a> transforms with varied block sizes between 4x4 and 32x32.<sup id="cite_ref-apple_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HEVC is heavily patented, mostly by <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/GE" class="mw-redirect" title="GE">GE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JVCKenwood" title="JVCKenwood">JVCKenwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hevc-patents_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hevc-patents-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is challenged by the <a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> format, intended for free license. As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, AVC is by far the most commonly used format for the recording, compression, and distribution of video content, used by 91% of video developers, followed by HEVC which is used by 43% of developers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitmovin_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitmovin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_video_coding_standards">List of video coding standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of video coding standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs#Video_compression_formats" title="List of codecs">List of codecs § Video compression formats</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Timeline of international video compression standards </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Basic algorithm </th> <th>Video coding standard </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Publishers </th> <th>Committees </th> <th>Licensors </th> <th>Market presence <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Bitmovin_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitmovin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Popular implementations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/DPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="DPCM">DPCM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H.120" title="H.120">H.120</a> </td> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VCEG" class="mw-redirect" title="VCEG">VCEG</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a> </td> <td>1988</td> <td>CCITT </td> <td>VCEG </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/PictureTel" title="PictureTel">PictureTel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a>, <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.261#Patent_holders" title="H.261">etc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-h261-patents_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h261-patents-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">Motion JPEG</a> (MJPEG) </td> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open Source does NOT mean free!</a> <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Part_2" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-1 Part 2">MPEG-1 Part 2</a> </td> <td>1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matsushita_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsushita Electric">Matsushita</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1#Patent_holders" title="MPEG-1">etc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262 / MPEG-2 Part 2</a> (MPEG-2 Video) </td> <td>1995</td> <td>ISO, IEC, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> </td> <td>MPEG, VCEG </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technicolor_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicolor SA">Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2#Patent_holders" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">etc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-mp2-patents_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp2-patents-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>29% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SVCD" class="mw-redirect" title="SVCD">SVCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/SDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="SDTV">SDTV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>IEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> </td> <td>Sony, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camcorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Camcorders">Camcorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_cassettes" title="Digital cassettes">digital cassettes</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a> </td> <td>1996</td> <td>ITU-T </td> <td>VCEG </td> <td>Mitsubishi, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, Panasonic, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2#Patent_holders" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">etc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-mp4-patents_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp4-patents-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>Videoconferencing, videotelephony, <a href="/wiki/H.320" title="H.320">H.320</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile video">mobile video</a> (<a href="/wiki/3GP" class="mw-redirect" title="3GP">3GP</a>), <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Visual" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Visual">MPEG-4 Visual</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Part 2</a> (MPEG-4 Visual) </td> <td>1999</td> <td>ISO, IEC </td> <td>MPEG </td> <td>Mitsubishi, Hitachi, Panasonic, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2#Patent_holders" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">etc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-mp4-patents_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp4-patents-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>Internet video, <a href="/wiki/DivX" title="DivX">DivX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xvid" title="Xvid">Xvid</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a> (MJ2) </td> <td>2001</td> <td>JPEG<sup id="cite_ref-j2kpart3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j2kpart3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>JPEG<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="7">DCT</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">Advanced Video Coding</a> (H.264 / <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> AVC) </td> <td>2003</td> <td>ISO, IEC, ITU-T </td> <td>MPEG, VCEG </td> <td>Panasonic, <a href="/wiki/Godo_kaisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Godo kaisha">Godo Kaisha IP Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC#Patent_holders" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">etc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-avc-patents_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avc-patents-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>91% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> (<a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a>), <a href="/wiki/Video_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Video streaming">video streaming</a> (<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a>), <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPod_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="IPod Video">iPod Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a>, videoconferencing, <a href="/wiki/Flash_Player" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Player">Flash Player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silverlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverlight">Silverlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/VOD" class="mw-redirect" title="VOD">VOD</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiph" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiph">Xiph</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiph" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiph">Xiph</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>Internet video, <a href="/wiki/Web_browsers" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browsers">web browsers</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a> </td> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SMPTE" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SMPTE" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, Panasonic, LG, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/VC-1#Patent_holders" title="VC-1">etc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>Blu-ray, Internet video </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">Apple ProRes</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">Video production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">High Efficiency Video Coding</a> (H.265 / <a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">MPEG-H</a> HEVC) </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>ISO, IEC, ITU-T </td> <td>MPEG, VCEG </td> <td>Samsung, <a href="/wiki/GE" class="mw-redirect" title="GE">GE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a>, <a href="/wiki/JVCKenwood" title="JVCKenwood">JVCKenwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Patent_holders" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">etc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-hevc-patents_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hevc-patents-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hevcadvance_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hevcadvance-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>43% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UHD_Blu-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="UHD Blu-ray">UHD Blu-ray</a>, DVB, <a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHD</a> streaming, <a href="/wiki/HEIF" class="mw-redirect" title="HEIF">HEIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS High Sierra</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">iOS 11</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AOMedia" class="mw-redirect" title="AOMedia">AOMedia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AOMedia" class="mw-redirect" title="AOMedia">AOMedia</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>7% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML_video" title="HTML video">HTML video</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Versatile Video Coding</a> (VVC / H.266) </td> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">JVET</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">JVET</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lossless,_lossy,_and_uncompressed"><span id="Lossless.2C_lossy.2C_and_uncompressed"></span>Lossless, lossy, and uncompressed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lossless, lossy, and uncompressed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consumer video is generally compressed using <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video codecs</a>, since that results in significantly smaller files than <a href="/wiki/Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless">lossless</a> compression. Some video coding formats designed explicitly for either lossy or lossless compression, and some video coding formats such as <a href="/wiki/Dirac_(video_compression_format)" title="Dirac (video compression format)">Dirac</a> and <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a> support both.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed video</a> formats, such as <i>Clean HDMI</i>, is a form of lossless video used in some circumstances such as when sending video to a display over a <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> connection. Some high-end cameras can also capture video directly in this format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intra-frame">Intra-frame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Intra-frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interframe compression complicates editing of an encoded video sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhojani_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhojani-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One subclass of relatively simple video coding formats are the <a href="/wiki/Intra-frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-frame">intra-frame</a> video formats, such as <a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a>, in which each frame of the video stream is compressed independently without referring to other frames in the stream, and no attempt is made to take advantage of correlations between successive pictures over time for better compression. One example is <a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">Motion JPEG</a>, which is simply a sequence of individually <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>-compressed images. This approach is quick and simple, at the expense of the encoded video being much larger than a video coding format supporting <a href="/wiki/Inter_frame" title="Inter frame">Inter frame</a> coding. </p><p>Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another, if the original frame is simply cut out (or lost in transmission), the following frames cannot be reconstructed properly. Making <a href="/wiki/Cut_(transition)" title="Cut (transition)">cuts</a> in intraframe-compressed video while <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a> is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video: one finds the beginning and ending of each frame, and simply copies bit-for-bit each frame that one wants to keep, and discards the frames one does not want. Another difference between intraframe and interframe compression is that, with intraframe systems, each frame uses a similar amount of data. In most interframe systems, certain frames (such as <a href="/wiki/I-frame" class="mw-redirect" title="I-frame">I-frames</a> in <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>) are not allowed to copy data from other frames, so they require much more data than other frames nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaiswal_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaiswal-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible to build a computer-based video editor that spots problems caused when I frames are edited out while other frames need them. This has allowed newer formats like <a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> to be used for editing. However, this process demands a lot more computing power than editing intraframe compressed video with the same picture quality. But, this compression is not very effective to use for any audio format.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profiles_and_levels">Profiles and levels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Profiles and levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A video coding format can define optional restrictions to encoded video, called <a href="/wiki/Profile_(engineering)" title="Profile (engineering)">profiles</a> and levels. It is possible to have a decoder which only supports decoding a subset of profiles and levels of a given video format, for example to make the decoder program/hardware smaller, simpler, or faster.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>profile</i> restricts which encoding techniques are allowed. For example, the H.264 format includes the profiles <i>baseline</i>, <i>main</i> and <i>high</i> (and others). While <a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">P-slices</a> (which can be predicted based on preceding slices) are supported in all profiles, <a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">B-slices</a> (which can be predicted based on both preceding and following slices) are supported in the <i>main</i> and <i>high</i> profiles but not in <i>baseline</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-adobe_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>level</i> is a restriction on parameters such as maximum resolution and data rates.<sup id="cite_ref-adobe_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_container_formats" title="Comparison of video container formats">Comparison of video container formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Data compression § Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_compression_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of video compression formats">List of video compression formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_file_format" title="Video file format">Video file format</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>video coding</i> includes <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">Advanced Video Coding</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">High Efficiency Video Coding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">Video Coding Experts Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_coding_format&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas_WiegandGary_J._SullivanGisle_BjontegaardAjay_Luthra2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wiegand" title="Thomas Wiegand">Thomas Wiegand</a>; Gary J. Sullivan; Gisle Bjontegaard & Ajay Luthra (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://654lab.webstarts.com/uploads/csvt_overview.pdf">"Overview of the H.264 / AVC Video Coding Standard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+the+H.264+%2F+AVC+Video+Coding+Standard&rft.pub=IEEE+TRANSACTIONS+ON+CIRCUITS+AND+SYSTEMS+FOR+VIDEO+TECHNOLOGY&rft.date=2003-07&rft.au=Thomas+Wiegand&rft.au=Gary+J.+Sullivan&rft.au=Gisle+Bjontegaard&rft.au=Ajay+Luthra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F654lab.webstarts.com%2Fuploads%2Fcsvt_overview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+coding+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h264-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h264_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h264_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-H.264-200305-S!!PDF-E&type=items">"SERIES H: AUDIOVISUAL AND MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS : Infrastructure of audiovisual services – Coding of moving video : Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services"</a>. 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compression_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compression formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (computing)">container</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">MJPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2 / ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">Part 10 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_IVC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 IVC">Part 33 / IVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">MPEG-H</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2 / HEVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPEG-I (page does not exist)">MPEG-I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3 / VVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-5">MPEG-5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1 / EVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2 / LCEVC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">VCEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.120" title="H.120">H.120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265 / HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266 / VVC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_(video_compression_format)" title="Dirac (video compression format)">VC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_DNxHD" title="Avid DNxHD">VC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CineForm" title="CineForm">VC-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-6" title="VC-6">VC-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion</a> and AOMedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies#TrueMotion_S" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP7" class="mw-redirect" title="VP7">VP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P2/AVS+</a>(GB/T 20090.2/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P2</a>(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) <ul><li>HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)</li></ul></li> <li>AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Video" title="Apple Video">Apple Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Interactive" title="Digital Video Interactive">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFV1" title="FFV1">FFV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Video_1" title="Microsoft Video 1">Microsoft Video 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_Video" title="OMS Video">OMS Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixlet" title="Pixlet">Pixlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_422" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 422">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_4444" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 4444">4444</a></li></ul></li> <li>QuickTime <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Animation" title="QuickTime Animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Graphics" title="QuickTime Graphics">Graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVideo" title="RTVideo">RTVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheerVideo" title="SheerVideo">SheerVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Video/Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(video_codec)" title="Thor (video codec)">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_Video_Codec_Suite" title="Ut Video Codec Suite">Ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" title="Windows Media Video">WMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">XEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YULS" title="YULS">YULS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">Multichannel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Lossless_Coding" title="Audio Lossless Coding">MPEG-4 ALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_SLS" title="MPEG-4 SLS">MPEG-4 SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD#DST" title="Super Audio CD">MPEG-4 DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding" title="Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding">MPEG-4 HVXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">MPEG-4 CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">MPEG-D USAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.718" title="G.718">G.718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.719" title="G.719">G.719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722" title="G.722">G.722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722.1" title="G.722.1">G.722.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">G.722.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723" title="G.723">G.723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723.1" title="G.723.1">G.723.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.726" title="G.726">G.726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.728" title="G.728">G.728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729" title="G.729">G.729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729.1" title="G.729.1">G.729.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">iLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_audio_codec" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec">AMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">AMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec">EVRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec B">EVRC-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Voice_Services" title="Enhanced Voice Services">EVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Rate" title="Half Rate">GSM-HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Rate" title="Full Rate">GSM-FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_full_rate" title="Enhanced full rate">GSM-EFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBC_(codec)" title="SBC (codec)">SBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC3_(codec)" title="LC3 (codec)">LC3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P10</a>(GB/T 20090.10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P3</a>(GB/T 33475.3) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Vivid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio Vivid (page does not exist)">Audio Vivid</a>(GY/T 363)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a>(GB/T 22726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L2HC" title="L2HC">L2HC</a></li> <li>ExAC(SJ/T 11299.4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless_Audio_Codec" title="Apple Lossless Audio Codec">ALAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asao_(codec)" title="Asao (codec)">Asao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELT" title="CELT">CELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codec_2" title="Codec 2">Codec 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">iSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_(codec)" title="Lyra (codec)">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-excitation_linear_prediction" title="Mixed-excitation linear prediction">MELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT9" title="MT9">MT9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Sound_Quality" title="Original Sound Quality">OSQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction">QCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Relaxed code-excited linear prediction">RCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTAudio" title="RTAudio">RTAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_Audio#Sound_Designer_file_formats" title="Avid Audio">SD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorten_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorten file format">SHN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(codec)" title="Siren (codec)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectable_Mode_Vocoder" title="Selectable Mode Vocoder">SMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVOPC" title="SVOPC">SVOPC</a></li> <li>TTA <ul><li>True Audio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-Rate_Multimode_Wideband" title="Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband">VMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">VSELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX" title="AptX">aptX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_HD" title="AptX">aptX HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Low_Latency" title="AptX">aptX Low Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Adaptive" title="AptX">aptX Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDAC_(codec)" title="LDAC (codec)">LDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)" title="LHDC (codec)">LHDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)#LLAC" title="LHDC (codec)">LLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">CCITT Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format#HEIC:_HEVC_in_HEIF" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC / HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="TIFF/IT">TIFF/IT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR">EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format">FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File">PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)">QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR">QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format">WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_elementary_stream" title="MPEG elementary stream">MPEG-ES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packetized_elementary_stream" title="Packetized elementary stream">MPEG-PES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG-PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG-TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_base_media_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC base media file format">ISO/IEC base media file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MPEG-4 Part 14</a> (MP4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">MPEG-21 Part 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MPEG media transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2#Systems" title="MPEG-2">H.222.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">T.802</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Exchange_Format" title="General Exchange Format">GXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">MXF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP and 3G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMV_video_format" title="AMV video format">AMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_file_format" title="Au file format">AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivX#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" title="DivX">DivX Media Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_VOB" title="Enhanced VOB">EVO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.m2ts" title=".m2ts">M2TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">RatDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD and TOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOB" title="VOB">VOB, IFO and BUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NETVC" title="NETVC">NETVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">LZ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods">Compression methods</a> for techniques and <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_software" title="Template:Compression software">Compression software</a> for codecs</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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