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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerio_M%C3%A1ximu" title="Valerio Máximu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Valerio Máximu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB)" title="Валерий Максим (писател) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валерий Максим (писател)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_M%C3%A0xim" title="Valeri Màxim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valeri Màxim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerio_M%C3%A1ximo" title="Valerio Máximo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valerio Máximo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9riu_M%C3%A1isimu" title="Valériu Máisimu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Valériu Máisimu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerio_Maximo" title="Valerio Maximo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Valerio Maximo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A8re_Maxime" title="Valère Maxime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valère Maxime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Massim" title="Valeri Massim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Valeri Massim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%A0%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%89%EC%8B%9C%EB%AC%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="발레리우스 막시무스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발레리우스 막시무스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerio_Massimo" title="Valerio Massimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valerio Massimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ולריוס מקסימוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולריוס מקסימוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87)" title="مكسيموس (مؤرخ من روما القديمه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مكسيموس (مؤرخ من روما القديمه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9" title="ウァレリウス・マクシムス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウァレリウス・マクシムス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleriusz_Maksymus" title="Waleriusz Maksymus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Waleriusz Maksymus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9rio_M%C3%A1ximo" title="Valério Máximo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valério Máximo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Валерий Максим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валерий Максим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valer_Maksimi" title="Valer Maksimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Valer Maksimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerije_Maksim" title="Valerije Maksim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valerije Maksim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valerius Maximus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Валерій Максім – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валерій Максім" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="瓦莱里乌斯·马克西姆斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦莱里乌斯·马克西姆斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q379991#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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rhetorician, historian and author</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inkunabel.ValMax.001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Inkunabel.ValMax.001.jpg/220px-Inkunabel.ValMax.001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Inkunabel.ValMax.001.jpg/330px-Inkunabel.ValMax.001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Inkunabel.ValMax.001.jpg/440px-Inkunabel.ValMax.001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption>Page from an <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunable</a> of Valerius Maximus, <i>Facta et dicta memorabilia</i>, printed in red and black by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%B6ffer" title="Peter Schöffer">Peter Schöffer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, 1471)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Valerius Maximus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) was a 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factorum_et_dictorum_memorabilium_libri_IX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri IX (page does not exist)">Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri IX</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorum_et_dictorum_memorabilium_libri_IX" class="extiw" title="it:Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri IX">it</a>]</span></i> ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as <i>De factis dictisque memorabilibus</i> or <i>Facta et dicta memorabilia</i>). He worked during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (14 AD to 37 AD). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Valerius Maximus was one of the most copied Latin prose authors, second only to <a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a>. More than 600 medieval manuscripts of his books have survived as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nothing is known of his life except that his family was poor and undistinguished, and that he owed everything to <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_(consul_14)" title="Sextus Pompeius (consul 14)">Sextus Pompeius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> AD 14),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proconsul of Asia, whom he accompanied to the East in 27. Pompeius was the center of a literary circle to which <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> belonged; he was also an intimate friend of the most literary prince of the imperial family, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he shared the same name as a prestigious family of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>, John Briscoe says "it is unlikely in the extreme" that Valerius Maximus belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> <a href="/wiki/Valeria_gens" title="Valeria gens">Valerii</a> Maximi. He suggests instead that he was either a descendant of the plebeian Valerii Tappones or Triarii, or earned the Roman citizenship thanks to the patronage of a Valerius of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His attitude towards the imperial household is controversial: he has been represented as a mean flatterer of Tiberius,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the same type as <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>. Chisholm in 1911 argued however that, if the references to the imperial administration are carefully scanned, they will be seen to be extravagant neither in kind nor in number: few will now grudge Tiberius, when his whole action as a ruler is taken into account, such a title as <i>salutaris princeps</i>, which seemed to a former generation a specimen of shameless adulation. A quarter of a century later still, however, <a href="/wiki/H_J_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="H J Rose">H J Rose</a> claimed that Valerius "cares nothing for historical truth if by neglecting it he can flatter Tiberius, which he does most fulsomely".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chisholm also maintained that the few allusions to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>'s murderers and to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> hardly pass beyond the conventional style of the writer's day; and that the only passage which can fairly be called fulsome is the violently rhetorical tirade against <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The style of Valerius's writing seems to indicate that he was a professional <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorician</a>; and his writing represents much of the worst rhetorical tendencies of the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Latin">Silver Latin</a> age. Direct and simple statement is avoided and novelty pursued at any price, producing a clumsy obscurity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diction is like that of poetry; the uses of words are strained; metaphors are invented; there are startling contrasts, innuendoes and epithets; variations are played upon grammatical and rhetorical figures of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his preface, Valerius intimates that his work is intended as a commonplace book of historical anecdotes for use in the schools of rhetoric, where the pupils were trained in the art of embellishing speeches by references to history. According to the manuscripts, its title is <i>Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX</i> (shorter title <i>Facta et dicta memorabilia</i>), "Nine Books of Memorable Deeds and Sayings." The stories are loosely and irregularly arranged, each book being divided into sections, and each section bearing as its title the topic, most commonly some virtue or vice, or some merit or demerit, which the stories in the section are intended to illustrate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the tales are from Roman history, but each section has an appendix consisting of extracts from the annals of other peoples, principally the Greeks. The exposition exhibits strongly the two currents of feeling which are intermingled by almost every Roman writer of the Empire—the feeling that the Romans of the writer's own day are degenerate creatures when confronted with their own republican predecessors, and the feeling that, however degenerate, the latter-day Romans still tower above the other peoples of the world, and in particular are morally superior to the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author's chief sources are <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Trogus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus">Pompeius Trogus</a>, especially the first two.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valerius's treatment of his material is careless and inaccurate in the extreme;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in spite of his confusions, contradictions and anachronisms, the excerpts are apt illustrations, from the rhetorician's point of view, of the circumstance or quality they were intended to illustrate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And even on the historical side we owe something to Valerius. He often used sources now lost, and where he touches on his own time he affords us some glimpses of the much debated and very imperfectly recorded reign of Tiberius;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as some fragmentary information on Hellenistic art;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a revealing glimpse into the early imperial consensus on the need for the orderly logic and stability of the ancient Roman religion, in a politically unsettled world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simon_de_Hesdin_presents_his_translation_of_Valerius_Maximus%27_%27Facta_et_dicta_memorabilia%27_to_Charles_V,_king_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Simon_de_Hesdin_presents_his_translation_of_Valerius_Maximus%27_%27Facta_et_dicta_memorabilia%27_to_Charles_V%2C_king_of_France.jpg/220px-Simon_de_Hesdin_presents_his_translation_of_Valerius_Maximus%27_%27Facta_et_dicta_memorabilia%27_to_Charles_V%2C_king_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Simon_de_Hesdin_presents_his_translation_of_Valerius_Maximus%27_%27Facta_et_dicta_memorabilia%27_to_Charles_V%2C_king_of_France.jpg/330px-Simon_de_Hesdin_presents_his_translation_of_Valerius_Maximus%27_%27Facta_et_dicta_memorabilia%27_to_Charles_V%2C_king_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Simon_de_Hesdin_presents_his_translation_of_Valerius_Maximus%27_%27Facta_et_dicta_memorabilia%27_to_Charles_V%2C_king_of_France.jpg/440px-Simon_de_Hesdin_presents_his_translation_of_Valerius_Maximus%27_%27Facta_et_dicta_memorabilia%27_to_Charles_V%2C_king_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Simon de Hesdin presents his translation of Valerius Maximus' 'Facta et dicta memorabilia' to Charles V, King of France</figcaption></figure> <p>The collection of Valerius was much used for school purposes, and its popularity throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> is attested by the large number of manuscripts in which it has been preserved: indeed, <a href="/wiki/B._G._Niebuhr" class="mw-redirect" title="B. G. Niebuhr">B. G. Niebuhr</a> went so far as to claim that it was then "the most important book next to the Bible".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other schoolbooks it was epitomised: one complete epitome, probably of the 4th or 5th century, bearing the name of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Paris (page does not exist)">Julius Paris</a>, has come down to us; also a portion of another by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Januarius_Nepotianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Januarius Nepotianus (page does not exist)">Januarius Nepotianus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januarius_Nepotianus" class="extiw" title="fr:Januarius Nepotianus">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, however, did it enter the central Latin curriculum in unabridged form, and it is then that its influence was arguably at its peak.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> for example used Valerius for details in his account of the generosity and modesty of <a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Pisistratus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although in the manuscripts of Valerius a tenth book is given, which consists of the so-called <i>Liber de Praenominibus</i>, this is the work of some grammarian of a much later date.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Editions and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Editions by C. Halm (1865), C. Kempf (1888), contain the epitomes of Paris and Nepotianus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New editions have been produced by R. Combès (1995-) with a French translation, J. Briscoe (1998), and D.R. Shackleton Baily (2000) with an English translation. Recent discussions of Valerius' work include W. Martin Bloomer, <i>Valerius Maximus and the Rhetoric of the New Nobility</i> (Chapel Hill, 1992), Clive Skidmore, <i>Practical Ethics for Roman Gentlemen: the Work of Valerius Maximus</i> (Exeter, 1996), and Hans-Friedrich Mueller, <i>Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus</i> (London, 2002). </p><p>A translation into <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> was published in 1614,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was read by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> and other artists (and their patrons), stimulating interest in some new subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_II_of_Caria" title="Artemisia II of Caria">Artemisia</a> drinking her husband's ashes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>600 manuscripts of Valerius have survived, 800 when counting <a href="/wiki/Epitomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitomes">epitomes</a>, more than any other Latin prose writer after the grammarian <a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a>. Most manuscripts date from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>, but 30 predates the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three oldest manuscripts are the authoritative sources for the text: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgerbibliothek_of_Berne" title="Burgerbibliothek of Berne">Burgerbibliothek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland, n°366 (manuscript A).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Library" title="Laurentian Library">Laurentian Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, Ashburnham 1899 (manuscript L). Both A and L were written in northern France in the 9th century and share a common source.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium" title="Royal Library of Belgium">Royal Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium, n°5336 (manuscript G). It was probably written at <a href="/wiki/Gembloux_Abbey" title="Gembloux Abbey">Gembloux Abbey</a> (south of Brussels) in the 11th century. Briscoe says that G has a different parent from A and L, as several mistakes shared by A and L are not found in G.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Briscoe, <i>Valerius Maximus</i>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H J Rose, <i>A Handbook of Latin Literature</i> (London 1966) p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briscoe, <i>Valerius Maximus</i>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H Nettleship, <i>A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i> (London 1891) p. 664</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H J Rose, <i>A Handbook of Latin Literature</i> (London 1966) p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H J Rose, <i>A Handbook of Latin Literature</i> (London 1966) p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H Nettleship, <i>A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i> (London 1891) p. 664</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H J Rose, <i>A Handbook of Latin Literature</i> (London 1966) p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/9182">Reading for the moral in Valerius Maximus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Boardman ed, <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i> (1986) p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H-F Mueller, <i>Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus</i> (2002) p. 2 and p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in M Crab, <i>Exemplary Reading</i> (2015) p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H J Rose, <i>A Handbook of Latin Literature</i> (London 1966) p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Crab, <i>Exemplary Reading</i> (2015) p. 2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dante, Purgatory, Canto XV (Penguin 1971; p. 187)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H J Rose, <i>A Handbook of Latin Literature</i> (London 1966) p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaximus1614" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maximus, Valerius (1614). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfKtoECJbq8C"><i>Des alder-vermaertsten ende wel-sprekensten Histori-schrijvers Valerii Maximi, negen boecken, van ghedenck-weerdighe, loflicke woorden, daaden ende gheschiedenissen der Romeynen en de uytlantsche volcken</i></a> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Des+alder-vermaertsten+ende+wel-sprekensten+Histori-schrijvers+Valerii+Maximi%2C+negen+boecken%2C+van+ghedenck-weerdighe%2C+loflicke+woorden%2C+daaden+ende+gheschiedenissen+der+Romeynen+en+de+uytlantsche+volcken&rft.date=1614&rft.aulast=Maximus&rft.aufirst=Valerius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfKtoECJbq8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValerius+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golahny, Amy, <i>Rembrandt's Reading: The Artist's Bookshelf of Ancient Poetry and History</i>, pp. 129-133, 2003, Amsterdam University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9053566090" title="Special:BookSources/9053566090">9053566090</a>, 9789053566091</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briscoe, <i>Valerius Maximus</i>, pp. 15–21.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Valerius_Maximus" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 860.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Valerius+Maximus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=860&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValerius+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Bloomer, W. Martin. <i>Valerius Maximus and the Rhetoric of the New Nobility.</i> University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, 1992.</li> <li>Briscoe, John. "Some Notes on Valerius Maximus." <i>Sileno</i> 19: 398–402, 1993.</li> <li>——, <i>Valerius Maximus, Facta Et Dicta Memorabilia, Book 8: Text, Introduction, and Commentary</i>, Berlin/Boston, de Gruyter, 2019.</li> <li>Farrell, Joseph. "The Poverty of Our Ancestral Speech." <i>Latin Language and Latin Culture from Ancient to Modern Times.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.</li> <li>Guerrini, Roberto. <i>Studi su Valerio Massimo.</i> Pisa, Italy: Giardini, 1981.</li> <li>Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. "Getting Away with Murder: The Literary and Forensic Fortune of Two Roman 'Exempla.'" International Journal of the Classical Tradition, vol. 7, no. 4, 2001, pp. 489–514.</li> <li>Ker, James. "Roman Repraesentatio." <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>, vol. 128, no. 3, 2007, pp. 341–365.</li> <li>Koster, Isabel K. "How to Kill a Roman Villain: The Deaths of Quintus Pleminus." <i>The Classical Journal</i>, vol. 109, no. 3, 2014, pp. 309–332.</li> <li>Lennon, Jack. "Dining and Obligation in Valerius Maximus: The Case of the Sacra Mensae." <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, vol. 65, no. 2, 2015, pp. 719–731.</li> <li>Lobur, John Alexander. Consensus, Concordia and the Formation of Roman Imperial Ideology, Routledge, 2008 (chapter six).</li> <li>Mueller, Hans-Friedrich. <i>Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus.</i> Routledge: London, 2002.</li> <li>Murray, J. and Wardle, D. (eds). <i>Reading by Example: Valerius Maximus and the Historiography of Exempla.</i> Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2022.</li> <li>Nguyen, V. Henry T. <i>Christian Identity in Corinth: A Comparative Study of 2 Corinthians, Epictetus and Valerius Maximus.</i> Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. 2. Reihe 243. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008.</li> <li>Skidmore, Clive. <i>Practical Ethics for Roman Gentlemen: The Work of Valerius Maximus.</i> University of Exeter Press: Exeter, 1996.</li> <li>Vorobyova, Nataliya. "Valerius Maximus: Moral <i>Exempla</i> in Kierkegaard's Writings" in <i>Kierkegaard and the Roman World</i> edited by Jon Bartley Stewart. Ashgate: Farnham, 2009.</li> <li>Wardle, David. "Valerius Maximus and the End of the First Punic War." <i>Latomus</i>, vol. 64, no. 2, 2005, pp. 377–384.</li> <li>Wardle, David. The Sainted Julius: Valerius Maximus and the Dictator. <i>Classical Philology</i> 92:323–345, 1997.</li> <li>Wardle, David. <i>Valerius Maximus' Memorable Deeds and Sayings: Book 1.</i> Oxford University Press (Clarendon Ancient History Series): Oxford and New York, 1998.</li> <li>Welch, Tara S. "Was Valerius Maximus a Hack?" <i>American Journal of Philology</i> 134:67–82, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Liber_de_Praenominibus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Translation:Liber de Praenominibus">Translation:Liber de Praenominibus</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Valerius Maximus</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Valerius+Maximus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Valerius+Maximus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Valerius+Maximus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Valerius Maximus</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Valerius+Maximus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Valerius+Maximus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Valerius+Maximus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus%3Acorpus%3Aperseus%2Cauthor%2CValerius%20Maximus">Works by Valerius Maximus at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/valmax.html">VALERI MAXIMI FACTORVM ET DICTORVM MEMORABILIVM LIBRI NOVEM</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Latin_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Latin Library">The Latin Library</a>, his most famous work, often quoted by orators of the time.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan2015" class="citation web cs1">Sheridan, Paul (2015-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anecdotesfromantiquity.net/selected-anecdotes-by-valerius-maximus/">"Selected Anecdotes by Valerius Maximus"</a>. Anecdotes from Antiquity<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Anecdotes+by+Valerius+Maximus&rft.pub=Anecdotes+from+Antiquity&rft.date=2015-09-19&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anecdotesfromantiquity.net%2Fselected-anecdotes-by-valerius-maximus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValerius+Maximus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/info/valerius.html">Valerius Maximus, <i>Memorable Deeds and Sayings</i></a> - English translation at <i>attalus.org</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/784154380968030291326">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9355159477700927990000">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84976721">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/182160307244257740518">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146167803562517772532">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138167803561417772526">9</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/95868/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118625969">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82097560">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043057z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043057z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001262640">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Valerius : Maximus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV039073">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36580585">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002161393&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000008655&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000089846&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1142330">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/76481">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069823685">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90782462">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000009682&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000085153&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=217153">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqstnxx177v3bk">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660509405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/36106">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/36107">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/36108">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269337205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616930606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14784622">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08222913?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355327">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1304221">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118625969.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118625969">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028635140">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wm2jbz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&oldid=1229895256">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Maximus&oldid=1229895256</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_historians" title="Category:Latin historians">Latin 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