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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chairmen_and_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairmen_and_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Chairmen and presidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairmen_and_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CEOs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CEOs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 CEOs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CEOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <button 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Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticizing_the_John_Birch_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societat_John_Birch" title="Societat John Birch – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Societat John Birch" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societo_John_Birch" title="Societo John Birch – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Societo John Birch" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%86" title="جامعه جان برچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه جان برچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A5%27" title="אגודת ג'ון ברץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגודת ג'ון ברץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჯონ ბირჩის საზოგადოება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ ბირჩის საზოგადოება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEono_Bir%C4%8Do_draugija" title="Džono Birčo draugija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džono Birčo draugija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="ジョン・バーチ・ソサエティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・バーチ・ソサエティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towarzystwo_Johna_Bircha" title="Towarzystwo Johna Bircha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Towarzystwo Johna Bircha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%91%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Общество Джона Бёрча – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общество Джона Бёрча" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Birch Society" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American right-wing advocacy group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">John Birch Society</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Birch_Society_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Birch_Society_logo.svg/175px-John_Birch_Society_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Birch_Society_logo.svg/263px-John_Birch_Society_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Birch_Society_logo.svg/350px-John_Birch_Society_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="140" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">JBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_(missionary)" title="John Birch (missionary)">John Birch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">December 9, 1958; 65 years ago (1958-12-09)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit_organization" title="Not-for-profit organization">Not-for-profit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Political <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy group</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a></li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Chute" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Chute">Grand Chute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chief executive officer</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Bill Hahn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Martin Ohlson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data">American Opinion Foundation FreedomProject Academy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jbs.org">jbs.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585727#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The John Birch Society (JBS) is an American <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> political <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Founded in 1958, it is <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447-2">[2]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[3]</a> supports <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">social conservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447-2">[2]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[3]</a> and is associated with <a href="/wiki/Ultraconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraconservative">ultraconservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">right-wing populist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing libertarian">right-wing libertarian</a> ideas.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Originally based in <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont, Massachusetts</a>, the JBS is now headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chute,_Wisconsin" title="Grand Chute, Wisconsin">Grand Chute, Wisconsin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> with local chapters throughout the United States. It owns American Opinion Publishing, Inc., which publishes the magazine <a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Levine_2019-7">[7]</a> and it is affiliated with an online school called FreedomProject Academy.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard_2023-14">[14]</a> The society's founder, businessman <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a> (1899–1985), developed an organizational infrastructure of nationwide chapters in December 1958. The society rose quickly in membership and influence, and also became known for Welch's <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014a15-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chapman2010-16">[16]</a> His allegation that Republican president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was a communist agent was especially controversial.<a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002425-18">[18]</a> In the 1960s, the conservative <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> attempted to shun the JBS to the fringes of the American right.<a href="#cite_note-Regnery2008-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chapman2010-16">[16]</a> JBS membership is kept private but is said to have neared 100,000 in the 1960s and 1970s, declining afterward.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> In the 2010s and 2020s, several observers and commentators argued that, while the organization's influence peaked in the 1970s, "Bircherism" and its legacy of conspiracy theories began making a resurgence in the mid-2010s,<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> and had become the dominant strain in the conservative movement.<a href="#cite_note-HeerNewRepublic-22">[22]</a> In particular, they argued that the JBS and its beliefs shaped the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ward_2023-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-HistorySpeaker2023-24">[24]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Celestini2018-25">[25]</a> the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>, and the broader conservative movement.<a href="#cite_note-Lehmann2021-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-TracedBack2022-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2023-28">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political positions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theocracy" title="American Theocracy">American Theocracy</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Tuccille" title="Jerome Tuccille">Tuccille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Usually_Begins_with_Ayn_Rand" title="It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand">It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_US" title="Template talk:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The John Birch Society from its start opposed <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism">collectivism</a> as a "cancer" and by extension <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_government" title="Big government">big government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201411-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002428–429,_436,_441–442-30">[30]</a> JBS publications referred to the fight against Communism as a <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">spiritual war</a> against the devil.<a href="#cite_note-Celestini2018-25">[25]</a> Allegations that so-called "Insiders" have conspired to control the United States through communism and <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a> are a recurring theme of JBS publications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002-31">[31]</a> The organization and its founder, <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a>, promoted <a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Americanism</a> as "the philosophical antithesis of Communism."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> It contended that the United States is a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, and argued that <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> should supersede those of the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002428–429-33">[33]</a> Welch infused <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist">constitutionalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> principles, in addition to his conspiracy theories, into the JBS's ideology and rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven20153,_56–57,_103-34">[34]</a> In 1983, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Larry_McDonald" title="Larry McDonald">Larry McDonald</a>, then the society's newly appointed chairman, characterized the JBS as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The society opposes "<a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">one world government</a>", the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN),<a href="#cite_note-SpanglerBernick2003-36">[36]</a> the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), the <a href="/wiki/Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Central America Free Trade Agreement">Central America Free Trade Agreement</a> (CAFTA), the <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas" title="Free Trade Area of the Americas">Free Trade Area of the Americas</a> (FTAA), and other <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a>. It argues the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> has been devalued in favor of political and <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a>. It has cited the existence of the former <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Prosperity_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Prosperity Partnership">Security and Prosperity Partnership</a> as evidence of a push towards a <a href="/wiki/North_American_Union" title="North American Union">North American Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pastor_2011-38">[38]</a> The JBS has sought <a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration reduction">immigration reduction</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The JBS opposed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> of the 1960s and the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman2010-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> It has campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">state nullification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stone_2021-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It opposes efforts to call an <a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Article V convention</a> to amend the U.S. Constitution,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and it has been influential at promoting opposition to it among Republican legislators.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The JBS also supports auditing and eventually dismantling the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] The JBS holds that the United States Constitution gives only Congress the ability to coin money, and does not permit it to delegate this power, or to transform the dollar into a <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat currency</a> not backed by <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silver_standard#United_States" title="Silver standard">silver</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Its publication The New American has described what it sees as American <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">moral decline</a> and threats to the family, including abortion, birth control, divorce, drugs, homosexuality, crime, violence, secular humanism, teenage pregnancy, teen suicide, environmentalism, feminism and pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002440-47">[47]</a> The JBS has alleged that moral degeneracy is perpetrated by a conspiracy to make the United States vulnerable to internationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002441-48">[48]</a> A JBS pamphlet distributed in 2024 illustrating a school on fire urged parents to withdraw children from <a href="/wiki/Public_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education in the United States">public education</a>, saying, "Reforming the schools is no longer an option. We must get them out now!"<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The JBS has been described as ultraconservative,<a href="#cite_note-UltraConservative-4">[4]</a> far-right,<a href="#cite_note-Levine_2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> extremist,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and fringe.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_2023-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> (SPLC) lists the society as a "Patriot" group, a group that "advocate[s] or adhere[s] to extreme antigovernment doctrines".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> By the 1990s, the JBS was perceived as "more mainstream conservative" than in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002443–444-53">[53]</a> It has also been associated with the <a href="/wiki/American_libertarian_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American libertarian movement">American libertarian movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Inheritance2014-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-WillTheRight2010-11">[11]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">business nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven20152,_4,_38-54">[54]</a> The society's worldview was noted in the early 2000s for influencing the American <a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">militia movement</a>, although the JBS had not publicly called for paramilitary training.<a href="#cite_note-:8-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Extremism expert <a href="/wiki/George_Michael_(professor)" title="George Michael (professor)">George Michael</a> wrote that "a virtual who's who of the American radical right had at one time or another sojourned" in the JBS.<a href="#cite_note-:8-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_conservatism">Influence on conservatism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence on conservatism">edit</a>]</div> The JBS contributed to the development of modern <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">American conservatism</a> through its organizational tactics and its promotion of right-wing political views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2015260–263,_266–271-58">[58]</a> Despite never considering itself a religious organization, the JBS played a role in the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> as major political forces, ideologically and tactically influencing multiple leaders in that movement including <a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">Tim LaHaye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Celestini2018-25">[25]</a> Scholar Celestini Carmen argues that LaHaye used the JBS's <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">culture war</a> methods and rhetoric of "fear, apocalyptic thought and conspiracy" to forge the Moral Majority, with "fear, anger, and disgust as essential ingredients."<a href="#cite_note-Celestini2018-25">[25]</a> The historian D. J. Mulloy wrote in 2014 that the JBS has served as "a kind of bridge" between the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/McCarthyites" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarthyites">McCarthyites</a>) of the 1940s–50s, the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a> of the 1970s–80s, and the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a> right of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201411-29">[29]</a> Professor Edward H. Miller wrote that Welch and the JBS were "never excommunicated" from conservatism and that "the ideas of the John Birch Society paved the way for the conservatism of the twentieth century" and "shaped events in the twenty-first century".<a href="#cite_note-Miller2021-59">[59]</a>: 8–10  Miller also writes that JBS helped stop the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> and helped set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Miller2021-59">[59]</a>: 330, 347–351  while Mulloy writes that the JBS "played an essential role in the revitalization of conservatism"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014188–189-60">[60]</a> and "trained a generation of conservative activists."<a href="#cite_note-Leonard_2023-14">[14]</a> According to Professor Matthew Dallek, modern American conservatism "bear[s] the imprint of the John Birch Society,"<a href="#cite_note-Dallek2023-61">[61]</a>: 2  and "the GOP has largely replaced the ideological tenets of Reaganism with a worldview inherited from the John Birch Society (JBS)."<a href="#cite_note-HistorySpeaker2023-24">[24]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> in 2024, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s 2016 election "saw many of its core instincts finally reflected in the White House," and the JBS "now fits neatly into the mainstream of the American right."<a href="#cite_note-Calabro2024-62">[62]</a> JBS took an early stance in opposing abortion and social liberalism,<a href="#cite_note-Miller2021-59">[59]</a>: 347, 357–360  and its TRIM committees, which supported lower taxes, helped lead to the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_tax_cuts" title="Reagan tax cuts">Reagan tax cuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2021-59">[59]</a>: 361–64 <a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> By the early 2020s, multiple commentators and academics argued that the John Birch Society and its beliefs had successfully taken over the Republican Party and the broader conservative movement.<a href="#cite_note-TracedBack2022-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann2021-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheBulwark2022-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2023-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Efforts of <a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a> in the 2020s to influence <a href="/wiki/Public_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education in the United States">public education in the United States</a> via school board elections and <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_book_banning_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 book banning in the United States">book bans</a> have been compared to JBS's efforts in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> When introducing legislation to withdraw the U.S. from the UN, Senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a> used "some of the same arguments to support the bill" that the JBS "first employed."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> By the 2020s, some national Republican and conservative figures openly associated with the JBS.<a href="#cite_note-Calabro2024-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The John Birch Society was established on December 9, 1958,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>, at the conclusion of a two-day session of a group of 12 people led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a> Welch was a retired candy manufacturer from <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont, Massachusetts</a>, who had been a state <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Republican Party</a> official and had unsuccessfully run in its 1950 lieutenant governor primary.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Birch_File-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 1954, Welch wrote the first book about <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_(missionary)" title="John Birch (missionary)">John Birch</a> (an Air Force intelligence officer and Baptist missionary), titled The Life of John Birch. He organized an anti-Communist society to "promote less government, more responsibility, and a better world".<a href="#cite_note-John_Birch_File-71">[71]</a> He named his new organization in memory of Birch, saying that Birch was an unknown but dedicated anti-Communist, and the first American casualty of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schoenwald1-73">[73]</a> Welch alleged that a Communist conspiracy within the American government had suppressed the truth about Birch's killing.<a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Birch">John Birch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: John Birch">edit</a>]</div> John Birch was an <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">American Baptist</a> who went to China as a <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> in 1940, when the Japanese invasion had created suffering and chaos during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. He was a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> officer under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Claire_Lee_Chennault" title="Claire Lee Chennault">Claire Lee Chennault</a> in China. Chennault commanded the "<a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a>" and afterwards <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a> units in China. In April 1942, Birch helped Lieutenant Colonel Doolittle and his flight crew, among other crews, a few days after they bailed out of their <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25 bomber</a> over Japanese-held territory in China. Sixteen B-25s led by Doolittle bombed Tokyo (<a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">"Doolittle raid"</a>) off the Navy aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-12)" title="USS Hornet (CV-12)">USS Hornet</a> during the United States' first attack on Japan.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> Beginning in July 1942, Birch, who spoke Chinese, became an Army intelligence officer. He operated alone or with <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Chinese">Nationalist Chinese</a> soldiers, and regularly risked his life in Japanese-held territory in China. His many activities included setting up Chinese agent and radio intelligence networks, and rescuing downed American pilots; he had two emergency aircraft runways built.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> Although he suffered from malaria, he refused furloughs.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> In 1945, Birch was promoted to captain and began working in China both for and with the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS), the U.S. wartime intelligence service in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> In August, after the Japanese surrendered, Birch was ordered by the OSS to northern China to obtain the surrender of the Japanese commanders at their installations. On August 24, nine days after the war, Birch left by train with his party which included two American soldiers, five Chinese officers, and two Koreans who spoke Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> After spending a night in a village, the party proceeded by <a href="/wiki/Handcar" title="Handcar">handcar</a> the next morning, and ran into a group of 300 armed Chinese Communists. Birch and his Chinese officer aide approached them and were told to surrender their weapons and the group's equipment. Birch refused, and after arguing about it with their commander, they were allowed to proceed. Along the way, Birch's party encountered more groups of Communists. The party arrived at a train station at Hwang Kao which was occupied by more Chinese Communists.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> Birch requested to speak with their leader. Birch and his aide approached the group's leader and after Birch refused to give up his sidearm, both were beaten and shot. Birch's corpse was bayonetted.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> The rest of Birch's party were taken prisoner. Birch's aide survived and the prisoners were later released.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> Birch's remains were recovered, and a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> burial service was held with military honors on a hillside outside of <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, in eastern China.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> The Chinese Communists, who were active in northern China and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, were supposedly World War II allies with the United States. Birch believed that <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and the Chinese Communists intended to take over China after the war and move into Korea.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> There were different explanations and theories as to why Birch was killed, ranging from his party showing up at Hwang Kao instead of Ninchuan, Birch's scheduled meeting with Chinese puppet troops of the Sixth Army under General Hu Peng-chu, misunderstanding by local guerillas, and provocation from Birch himself.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Founding_and_beliefs">Founding and beliefs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Founding and beliefs">edit</a>]</div> The founding members of the JBS included <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lynde_Bradley" title="Harry Lynde Bradley">Harry Lynde Bradley</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Allen_Bradley_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Bradley Company">Allen Bradley Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation">Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_C._Koch" title="Fred C. Koch">Fred C. Koch</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Koch_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Industries">Koch Industries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Waring_Stoddard" title="Robert Waring Stoddard">Robert Waring Stoddard</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Wyman-Gordon" title="Wyman-Gordon">Wyman-Gordon</a>, a major industrial enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-NYtimesobit-82">[82]</a> Another was <a href="/wiki/Revilo_P._Oliver" title="Revilo P. Oliver">Revilo P. Oliver</a>, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> professor who was later expelled from the Society and helped found the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance</a>. Koch became one of the organization's primary financial supporters. According to investigative journalist Jane Mayer, <a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Charles Koch</a>, Koch's sons, were also members of the JBS; however, both left it before the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> A transcript of Welch's two-day presentation at the founding meeting was published as The Blue Book of the John Birch Society, and became a cornerstone of its beliefs, with each new prospective member receiving a copy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy20143-84">[84]</a> Welch stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"[B]oth the U.S. and Soviet governments are controlled by the same furtive conspiratorial cabal of internationalists, greedy bankers, and corrupt politicians. If left unexposed, the traitors inside the U.S. government would betray the country's sovereignty to the United Nations for a collectivist <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a>, managed by a 'one-world socialist government'."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-PublicEye-86">[86]</a></blockquote> Welch saw <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism">collectivism</a> as the main threat to <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_American_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern American liberals">modern American liberals</a> as "secret Communist traitors" who provided cover for the gradual process of collectivism, with the ultimate goal of replacing the nations of western civilization with a one-world socialist government. He wrote: "There are many stages of <a href="/wiki/Welfarism" title="Welfarism">welfarism</a>, socialism, and collectivism in general, but Communism is the ultimate state of them all, and they all lead inevitably in that direction."<a href="#cite_note-PublicEye-86">[86]</a> Welch predicted that "you have only a few more years before the country in which you live will become four separate provinces in a world-wide Communist dominion ruled by police-state methods from the Kremlin."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447-2">[2]</a> The JBS was organized to be, in Welch's words, "under completely authoritative control at all levels". It incorporated aspects of business hierarchies and also the Communist cells Welch opposed but whose discipline he admired. Chapters of 10 to 20 members each had a leader appointed from above, and were expected to meet twice a month. Members of chapters that grew larger than 20 members were expected to break off and form a new small chapter.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[3]</a> The activities of the JBS include distributing literature, pamphlets, magazines, videos and other material; the society also sponsors a Speaker's Bureau, which invites "speakers who are keenly aware of the motivations that drive political policy".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> One of the first public activities of the society was a "Get US Out!" (of membership in the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>) campaign, which claimed in 1959 that the "Real nature of [the] UN is to build a One World Government".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The society also alleged that Communists and UN supporters were conducting an "assault on Christmas" to "destroy all religious beliefs and customs".<a href="#cite_note-Chapman2010-16">[16]</a> In 1960, Welch advised JBS members to: "Join your local <a href="/wiki/P.T.A." class="mw-redirect" title="P.T.A.">P.T.A.</a> at the beginning of the school year, get your conservative friends to do likewise, and go to work to take it over."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> One Man's Opinion,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> a magazine launched by Welch in 1956, was renamed American Opinion.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 1965, Welch established a JBS-affiliated publication known as The Review of the News, which was intended for a larger readership and covered news.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 1985, these magazines merged into <a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a>, a biweekly magazine published by the Society.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eisenhower_issue">Eisenhower issue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eisenhower issue">edit</a>]</div> For the first eighteen months of its existence, JBS "operated in relative obscurity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014a15-15">[15]</a> Then in July 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News" title="Chicago Daily News">Chicago Daily News</a> published a relatively in-depth story on the Society, including the contention of founder Robert Welch, that President Dwight D. Eisenhower was a "dedicated, conscious agent" of the communist conspiracy in the United States. "For the next few years Birchers found themselves at the center of a storm of controversy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014a15-15">[15]</a> Welch had first made the statement in 1954 when he wrote in a widely circulated statement, The Politician: "Could Eisenhower really be simply a smart politician, entirely without principles and hungry for glory, who is only the tool of the Communists? The answer is yes." He went on: "With regard to ... Eisenhower, it is difficult to avoid raising the question of deliberate treason."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The controversial paragraph was removed before final publication of The Politician.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> of Welch's charges against Eisenhower prompted several conservatives and Republicans, most prominently Goldwater and the intellectuals of <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley's</a> circle, to renounce outright or quietly shun the group. Buckley, an early friend and admirer of Welch, regarded his accusations against Eisenhower as "paranoid and idiotic libels" and attempted unsuccessfully to purge Welch from the Birch Society.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> From then on, Buckley became the leading intellectual spokesman and organizer of the anti-Bircher conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-97">[97]</a> Buckley's biographer, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Judis" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Judis">John B. Judis</a>, wrote that "Buckley was beginning to worry that with the John Birch Society growing so rapidly, the right-wing upsurge in the country would take an ugly, even Fascist turn rather than leading toward the kind of conservatism National Review had promoted."<a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-97">[97]</a> Despite Buckley's opposition, the author Edward H. Miller wrote, the JBS "remained a force in the conservative movement", and arguments to the contrary are "greatly exaggerated".<a href="#cite_note-Miller2021-59">[59]</a>: 211, 258  The booklet found support from <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Ezra Taft Benson</a>, then Eisenhower's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> and later the 13th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">president of the LDS Church</a>. In a letter to his friend FBI chief <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, Benson asked "how can a man [Eisenhower] who seems to be so strong for Christian principles and base American concepts be so effectively used as a tool to serve the Communist conspiracy?" Benson privately fought to prevent the Bureau from condemning the JBS, which prompted Hoover to distance himself from Benson. At one point in 1971, Hoover directed his staff to lie to Benson to avoid having to meet with him about the issue.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> In the 1960s, the JBS became known as a right-wing organization with an anti-Communist ideology.<a href="#cite_note-ForCountry-74">[74]</a> It was moderately active in that decade with numerous chapters, but rarely engaged in coalition building with other conservatives. It was rejected by most conservatives because of Welch's conspiracy theories. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> said in a 1964 <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a> interview: "I consider the Birch Society futile, because they are not for capitalism but merely against Communism ... I gather they believe that the disastrous state of today's world is caused by a Communist conspiracy. This is childishly naïve and superficial. No country can be destroyed by a mere conspiracy, it can be destroyed only by ideas."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Some historians said the JBS had a large role in 1960s politics, and functioned much like a third party, forcing "the GOP, the Democrats, and conservatives of all types to respond to its agenda", in Jonathan M. Schoenwald's words.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201412–13-102">[102]</a> By March 1961, the JBS had 60,000 to 100,000 members and, according to Welch, "a staff of 28 people in the Home Office; about 30 Coordinators (or Major Coordinators) in the field, who are fully paid as to salary and expenses; and about 100 Coordinators (or Section Leaders as they are called in some areas), who work on a volunteer basis as to all or part of their salary, or expenses, or both". According to <a href="/wiki/Political_Research_Associates" title="Political Research Associates">Political Research Associates</a> (a non-profit research group that investigates the far-right), the society "pioneered grassroots lobbying, combining educational meetings, petition drives and letter-writing campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-PublicEye-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perlstein" title="Rick Perlstein">Rick Perlstein</a> described its main activity in the 1960s as "monthly meetings to watch a film by Welch, followed by writing postcards or letters to government officials linking specific policies to the Communist menace".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> One early campaign against the second summit between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (which urged <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">President Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, "If you go, don't come back!"&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[3]</a>) generated over 600,000 postcards and letters, according to the society. In 1961 Welch offered $2,300 in prizes to college students for the best essays on "grounds of impeachment" of <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Chief Justice Warren</a>, a prime target of ultra-conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A June 1964 society campaign to oppose <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> corporate sponsorship of TV programs favorable to the UN produced 51,279 letters from 12,785 individuals."<a href="#cite_note-PublicEye-86">[86]</a> By the middle of the decade, it had 400 American Opinion bookstores selling its literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447-2">[2]</a> In 1962, <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a>, editor of the <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, an influential conservative magazine, denounced Welch and the John Birch Society as "far removed from common sense" and urged the <a href="/wiki/GOP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOP">GOP</a> to purge itself of Welch's influence.<a href="#cite_note-G_JB_me-105">[105]</a> In the late 1960s, Welch insisted that the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Lyndon B. Johnson administration</a>'s war against Communist guerillas and North Vietnamese troops during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, which was unpopular among liberals and leftists but not among conservatives, was part of a Communist plot aimed at taking over the United States. Welch <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">demanded that the United States get out of Vietnam</a>, thus aligning the JBS with the left.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The society opposed <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">water fluoridation</a>, which it called "mass medicine" and a Communist effort to destroy American children.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002430-110">[110]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower cabinet">Eisenhower cabinet</a> member <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Ezra Taft Benson</a>—a leading <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a>—spoke in favor of the JBS. In January 1963, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> issued a statement distancing itself from the Society.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Antisemitic, racist, anti-Mormon, anti-Masonic groups criticized the organization's acceptance of Jews, non-whites, Masons, and Mormons as members. These opponents accused Welch of harboring feminist, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical">ecumenical</a>, and evolutionary ideas.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Welch rejected these accusations by his detractors: "All we are interested in here is opposing the advance of the Communists, and eventually destroying the whole Communist conspiracy, so that Jews and Christians alike, and Mohammedans and Buddhists, can again have a decent world in which to live."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In a 1963 report, the <a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Factfinding_Subcommittee_on_Un-American_Activities" title="California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities">California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities</a>, following an investigation into the JBS, found no evidence it was "a secret, fascist, subversive, un-American, [or] anti-Semitic organization."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201463-116">[116]</a> In 1964, Welch favored <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> for the Republican presidential nomination, but the membership split, with two-thirds supporting Goldwater and one-third supporting <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, who did not run. A number of Birch members and their allies were Goldwater supporters in 1964<a href="#cite_note-G_JB_me-105">[105]</a> and a hundred of them were delegates at the <a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 Republican National Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201498-117">[117]</a> In April 1966, a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> article on <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and the society voiced—in part—a concern for "the increasing tempo of radical right attacks on local government, libraries, school boards, parent-teacher associations, mental health programs, the Republican Party and, most recently, the ecumenical movement."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> It then characterized the society as "by far the most successful and 'respectable' radical right organization in the country. It operates alone or in support of other extremist organizations whose major preoccupation, like that of the Birchers, is the internal Communist conspiracy in the United States." The JBS also opposed the creation of the first <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> curriculum in the United States through a division called the Movement to Restore Decency (MOTOREDE).<a href="#cite_note-:5-119">[119]</a> Surviving MOTOREDE pamphlets date from 1967 to 1971. Additionally, the JBS advocated against other manifestations of social liberalism, including abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2021-59">[59]</a>: 347, 357–360  JBS members and activities were featured in "The Radical Americans", a series produced by <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">National Educational Television</a> (NET) and <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH-TV</a> that aired in 1966 on NET outlets.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> JBS membership peaked in 1965 or 1966 at an estimated 100,000.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[3]</a> The JBS opposed the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and claimed the movement had Communists in important positions. In the latter half of 1965, the JBS produced a flyer titled "What's Wrong With Civil Rights?" and used the flyer as a newspaper advertisement.<a href="#cite_note-:0-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In the piece, one of the answers was: "For the civil rights movement in the United States, with all of its growing agitation and riots and bitterness, and insidious steps towards the appearance of a civil war, has not been infiltrated by the Communists, as you now frequently hear. It has been deliberately and almost wholly created by the Communists patiently building up to this present stage for more than forty years."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The society believed that the ultimate aim of the civil rights movement was the creation of a "<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Negro_Republic" title="Soviet Negro Republic">Soviet Negro Republic</a>" in the southeastern United States<a href="#cite_note-:4-39">[39]</a> and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, claiming it violated the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> and overstepped individual states' rights to enact laws regarding <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>. Some prominent <a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">black conservatives</a> such as <a href="/wiki/George_Schuyler" title="George Schuyler">George Schuyler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manning_Johnson" title="Manning Johnson">Manning Johnson</a> joined forces with the JBS during this period and echoed the Society's rhetoric about the civil-rights movement and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Russler_pp._121–145-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berlet2018-125">[125]</a> Although Welch and the JBS publicly opposed racism and anti-Semitism, and had a policy of expelling individuals who held such views,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201463–64,_109-126">[126]</a> in 1968, a notable faction of JBS members expressed opposition towards <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">desegregation</a> efforts and demonstrated solidarity with <a href="/wiki/White_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalist">white nationalists</a> by supporting <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-129">[129]</a> Both the SPLC and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith</a> have ascertained the existence in the past of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> and racist elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Revilo_P._Oliver" title="Revilo P. Oliver">Revilo P. Oliver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Butler" title="Eric Butler">Eric D. Butler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Many of these individuals later left or were expelled from the JBS because of these views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201464,_185-131">[131]</a> The JBS launched a "Support Your Local Police" campaign in the mid-1960s. The campaign openly advocated against the use of federal officers to enforce civil rights laws.<a href="#cite_note-Berlet2018-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> By 1976, the JBS had 90,000 members, 240 paid staffers, and a $7 million annual budget according to a paper written by the American <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian conservative">libertarian conservative</a> tycoon <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Charles Koch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-20">[20]</a> The JBS was at the center of a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">free-speech</a> law case in the 1970s, after American Opinion accused a Chicago lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Gertz" title="Elmer Gertz">Elmer Gertz</a>, who was representing the family of a young man killed by a police officer, of being part of a Communist conspiracy to merge all police agencies in the country into one large force. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Slander_and_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander and libel">libel</a> suit, <a href="/wiki/Gertz_v._Robert_Welch,_Inc." title="Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.</a>, reached the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a>, which held that a state may allow a private figure such as Gertz to recover actual damages from a media defendant without proving malice but that a public figure does have to prove actual malice, according to the standard laid out in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a>, in order to recover presumed damages or punitive damages.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The court ordered a retrial in which Gertz prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Key causes of the JBS in the 1970s included opposition to both the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) and to the establishment of diplomatic ties with the People's Republic of China. The JBS claimed that <a href="/wiki/Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon">Nixon</a>'s visit to mainland China had "humiliated the American people and betrayed our anti-communist allies" and that it was the primary supplier of illicit heroin into the United States.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The society also was opposed to transferring control of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> from American to Panamanian sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> During the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> in the Republic of China under <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> organized a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="People's diplomacy">people's diplomacy</a> campaign in the United States in an effort to mobilize American political sentiment in opposition to the PRC through mass demonstrations and petitions.<a href="#cite_note-:Minami-137">[137]</a>: 42  Among these efforts, the John Birch Society worked with the KMT on a petition writing campaign through which Americans were urged to write their local government officials and ask them to "Cut the Red China connection."<a href="#cite_note-:Minami-137">[137]</a>: 42  The John Birch Society, along with other conservative groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>, successfully opposed the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> JBS played a key role in stopping the ERA's ratification – on par with <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a>, herself a JBS member – and it organized opposition to it across the nation.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2021-59">[59]</a>: 347–351  JBS accused the ERA's supporters of subversion, asserting that the ERA was part of a Communist plot "to reduce human beings to living at the same level as animals."<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> The JBS advocated for lower taxes, including reducing the federal income tax rate. By 1977, it had established over 200 TRIM (Tax Relief Immediately) committees across the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2021-59">[59]</a>: 361–64  In the 1970s, the JBS also played a prominent role in promoting the false claim that <a href="/wiki/Laetrile" class="mw-redirect" title="Laetrile">laetrile</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Cancer_cure" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer cure">cancer cure</a>, and in advocating for the legalization of the compound as a drug.<a href="#cite_note-Lyons-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Markle-140">[140]</a> A New York Times review in 1977 found JBS and other far-right groups were involved in pro-laetrile campaigns in at least nine states.<a href="#cite_note-Lyons-139">[139]</a> "Virtually all" of the officers of the "Committee for Freedom of Choice in Cancer Therapy," the leading pro-laetrile group, were JBS members.<a href="#cite_note-Markle-140">[140]</a> Congressman and Birch Society leader <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_P._McDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence P. McDonald">Lawrence P. McDonald</a> was involved in the campaign as a member of the committee.<a href="#cite_note-Lyons-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorfman-141">[141]</a> The JBS opposed <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a>, suggesting that it was a Communist plot and noting that the first celebration fell on the 100th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s birth.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman2010-16">[16]</a> The JBS was organized into local chapters during this period. Ernest Brosang, a New Jersey regional coordinator, claimed that it was virtually impossible for opponents of the society to penetrate its policy-making levels, thereby protecting it from "anti-American" takeover attempts. Its activities included the distribution of literature critical of civil rights legislation, warnings over the influence of the United Nations, and the release of petitions to impeach United States Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>. To spread their message, members held showings of documentary films and operated initiatives such as "Let Freedom Ring", a nationwide network of recorded telephone messages.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_and_1990s">1980s and 1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1980s and 1990s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USOutOfUN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Political sign in white background advocating for the removal of United States from the United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USOutOfUN.jpg/250px-USOutOfUN.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USOutOfUN.jpg/375px-USOutOfUN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USOutOfUN.jpg/500px-USOutOfUN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A sign advocating America's withdrawal produced by the John Birch Society</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the JBS's membership and influence declined. This decline continued through the 1980s and 1990s due to Welch's death in 1985 (at age 85) and the <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="End of the Cold War">end of the Cold War</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002425-18">[18]</a> By the mid-1990s, membership in the JBS was estimated between 15,000 and 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> While other anti-Communist organizations faded away following the Cold War's end, the JBS survived and experienced some growth in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002425–426,_441–444-146">[146]</a> News reports said <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">President George H.W. Bush</a>'s invocation of a "new world order" during the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> gave the society a new audience.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002424–447-148">[148]</a> The society consolidated its national office in Appleton, Wisconsin, the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Senator Joseph McCarthy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447-2">[2]</a> In 1984, three members of the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Padres" title="San Diego Padres">San Diego Padres</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Eric_Show" title="Eric Show">Eric Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Thurmond" title="Mark Thurmond">Mark Thurmond</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Dravecky" title="Dave Dravecky">Dave Dravecky</a>, revealed they were members of the JBS.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The society campaigned against the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>, arguing it would erode U.S. national sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The JBS continued to press for an end to United States membership in the United Nations. As evidence of its effectiveness, the society pointed to the <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Legislature" title="Utah State Legislature">Utah State Legislature</a>'s failed resolution calling for United States withdrawal, as well as the actions of several other states where the society's membership was active.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The second head of the JBS was Congressman <a href="/wiki/Larry_McDonald" title="Larry McDonald">Larry McDonald</a> (D) from Georgia. McDonald's first wife "estimated that, over the years, he had hosted 10,000 people in his living room for Bircher-inspired lectures and documentaries."<a href="#cite_note-Dorfman-141">[141]</a> In 1982, McDonald was appointed as national chairman of the Society.<a href="#cite_note-Dorfman-141">[141]</a> McDonald was killed in 1983 when airliner <a href="/wiki/KAL_007" class="mw-redirect" title="KAL 007">KAL 007</a> was shot down by a Soviet interceptor.<a href="#cite_note-Dorfman-141">[141]</a> William P. Hoar, a writer for the JBS who has attacked mainstream politicians from <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, published regularly in <a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a> and its predecessor American Opinion. He coauthored The Clinton Clique with Larry Abraham alleging that <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> was part of the Anglo-American conspiracy supposedly ruled through the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a>. The Birch Society publications arm, <a href="/wiki/Western_Islands_(publisher)" title="Western Islands (publisher)">Western Islands</a>, published his Architects of Conspiracy: An Intriguing History (1984), and Huntington House Publishers published his Handouts and Pickpockets: Our Government Gone Berserk (1996).<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 1995, the JBS campaigned against plans for a Conference of States; proponents said such a conference would reduce federal powers. The JBS feared it would lead to a <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Convention_of_the_United_States" title="Second Constitutional Convention of the United States">second Constitutional Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_1995-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–present">2000–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2000–present">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-2000s, the JBS, along with the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a>, mobilized conservative opposition to a so-called <a href="/wiki/North_American_Union" title="North American Union">North American Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Prosperity_Partnership_of_North_America" title="Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America">Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America</a>. As a result of two organizations' activities, 23 state legislatures saw bills introduced condemning an NAU while the Bush and Obama administrations were deterred "from any grand initiatives."<a href="#cite_note-Pastor_2011-38">[38]</a> In 2007, The New American published a special issue devoted to the topic; approximately 500,000 copies were distributed.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The JBS also advocated for U.S. withdrawal from the UN.<a href="#cite_note-SpanglerBernick2003-36">[36]</a> The JBS was a co-sponsor of the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">Conservative Political Action Conference</a> (CPAC), ending its decades-long distance from the mainstream conservative movement.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tanenhaus2010-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard_2023-14">[14]</a> It attended CPAC again in 2023<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Calabro2024-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Although JBS membership numbers are kept private, it reported a resurgence of members in the 2010s and 2020s, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> A 2017 article in <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> describing the group's activities in Texas listed some of its stances as opposing the UN's <a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a> based on a conspiracy theory that it will "establish control over all human activity", opposing a bill that would allow people who entered the United States illegally to pay in-state college tuition, pulling the United States out of <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a>, returning America to what the group calls its Christian foundations, and abolishing the federal departments of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">Tennessee House of Representatives</a> passed an anti-Agenda 21 resolution with nearly identical wording as a JBS model resolution.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s election in 2016, the JBS "saw many of its core instincts finally reflected in the White House."<a href="#cite_note-Calabro2024-62">[62]</a> Political commentator <a href="/wiki/Jeet_Heer" title="Jeet Heer">Jeet Heer</a> argued in 2016 that "<a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>" is essentially Bircherism,<a href="#cite_note-HeerNewRepublic-22">[22]</a> and journalist Andrew Reinbach called the JBS "the intellectual <a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">seed bank</a> of the right."<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Trump confidant and longtime advisor <a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Roger Stone</a> said that Trump's father <a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump" title="Fred Trump">Fred Trump</a> was a financier of the JBS and a personal friend of founder Robert Welch.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Trump's former Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a> was the speaker at the John Birch Society's National Council dinner shortly before joining the Trump administration.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Former Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> (R-Texas) has had a long and close relationship with the JBS, celebrating its work in his 2008 keynote speech at its 50th anniversary event and saying that the JBS was leading the fight to restore freedom.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The keynote speaker at the organization's 60th anniversary celebration was Congressman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Thomas Massie</a> (R-Kentucky), who maintained a near-perfect score on the JBS's "Freedom Index" ranking of members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] Right-wing conspiracy theorist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a>, who hosted Trump on his <a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a> radio show and claimed to have a personal relationship with the president, called Trump a "John Birch Society president",<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> and previously said Trump was "more John Birch Society than the John Birch Society."<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Former JBS CEO <a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._Thompson" title="Arthur R. Thompson">Arthur R. Thompson</a> stated, "The bulk of Trump’s campaign was Birch".<a href="#cite_note-:2-175">[175]</a> Trump's talk of a <a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_the_United_States" title="Deep state in the United States">deep state</a> has been described as "repeating a longtime Birch talking point."<a href="#cite_note-:2-175">[175]</a> In July 2021, the Republican central committees of <a href="/wiki/Kootenai_County,_Idaho" title="Kootenai County, Idaho">Kootenai County, Idaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benewah_County,_Idaho" title="Benewah County, Idaho">Benewah County, Idaho</a>, unanimously approved resolutions calling JBS "a valuable organization that is dedicated to restoring the Republic according to the vision of the Founding Fathers."<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho Republican Party</a> declined to endorse the resolutions,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> though the party elected a JBS member, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Moon" title="Dorothy Moon">Dorothy Moon</a>, as chair in July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The JBS had been active in Idaho.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2022-180">[180]</a> In the early 2020s, the JBS campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon-capture pipelines</a> in Iowa, arguing they threatened property rights.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The JBS is affiliated with FreedomProject Academy, an online school "based on Judeo-Christian values." Between 2011 and 2020, its enrollment grew from 22 to 1,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard_2023-14">[14]</a> The JBS publishes the Freedom Index, which rates members of Congress and state legislators "based on their adherence to constitutional principles of limited government, fiscal responsibility, national sovereignty and a traditional foreign policy of avoiding foreign entanglements."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officers">Officers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Officers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/John_Birch_Society" title="Special:EditPage/John Birch Society">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22John+Birch+Society%22">"John Birch Society"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22John+Birch+Society%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22John+Birch+Society%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22John+Birch+Society%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22John+Birch+Society%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22John+Birch+Society%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairmen_and_presidents">Chairmen and presidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chairmen and presidents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a> (1958–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_McDonald" title="Larry McDonald">Larry McDonald</a> (1983), a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> who was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">KAL-007 shootdown</a> incident</li> <li>Robert W. Welch Jr. (1983–1985)</li> <li>Charles R. Armour (1985–1991)</li> <li>John F. McManus (1991–2004)</li> <li>G. Vance Smith (2004–2005)</li> <li>John F. McManus (2005–2016)</li> <li>Ray Clark (2016–2019)<a href="#cite_note-The_John_Birch_Society_Leadership-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Martin Ohlson (since 2019)<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CEOs">CEOs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: CEOs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>G. Allen Bubolz (1988–1991)</li> <li>G. Vance Smith (1991–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._Thompson" title="Arthur R. Thompson">Arthur R. Thompson</a> (2005–2020)</li> <li>Bill Hahn (2020–present)<a href="#cite_note-The_John_Birch_Society_Leadership_Team-187">[187]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> lampooned the John Birch Society with a song called "The Jack Ash Society", recorded on his 1961 <a href="/wiki/Folkways_Records" title="Folkways Records">Folkways Records</a> LP album Gazette Vol. 2. The name is a pun. On the surface, it changes the name from one type of tree, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> to another, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>. However, the name Jack Ash also sounds like the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jackass" class="extiw" title="wikt:jackass">jackass</a> meaning 'a foolish person'.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li>In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> recorded "<a href="/wiki/Talkin%27_John_Birch_Paranoid_Blues" title="Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues">Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues</a>", which poked fun at the society and its tendency to see Communist conspiracies in many situations. When he attempted to perform it on the <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Sullivan Show">Ed Sullivan Show</a> in 1963, however, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>'s Standards and Practices department forbade it, fearing that lyrics equating the Society's views with those of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> might trigger a defamation lawsuit. Dylan was offered the opportunity to perform a different song, but he responded that if he could not sing the number of his choice he would rather not appear at all. The story generated widespread media attention in the days that followed; Sullivan denounced the network's decision in published interviews.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(comic_strip)" title="Pogo (comic strip)">Pogo</a> cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Walt_Kelly" title="Walt Kelly">Walt Kelly</a> lampooned the American anti-Communist movement, and the John Birch Society in particular, in a series of strips collected in 1962 in The Jack Acid Society Black Book.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>In 1962 <a href="/wiki/The_Chad_Mitchell_Trio" title="The Chad Mitchell Trio">The Chad Mitchell Trio</a> recorded a satirical song, "The John Birch Society", which made its way to no. 99 in the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li>When <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Dizzy Gillespie 1964 presidential campaign">joke presidential campaign</a> in 1963, fans created a "John Birks Society" to campaign for him.<a href="#cite_note-Lusane2013-193">[193]</a></li> <li>In the 1964 film <a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a>, a deranged U.S. Air Force general claims that <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">water fluoridation</a> would "sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids" and is part of a communist conspiracy, a parody of JBS claims.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li>The 1973 song "<a href="/wiki/Uneasy_Rider" title="Uneasy Rider">Uneasy Rider</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Daniels" title="Charlie Daniels">Charlie Daniels</a> contains a reference to "Brother John Birch" in the lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>In 2020, American journalist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_(journalist)" title="Robert Evans (journalist)">Robert Evans</a> released a multi-part series on his podcast Behind the Bastards entitled "How The John Birch Society Invented the Modern Far Right".<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Cleon Skousen">W. Cleon Skousen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Webster's guide to American history: a chronological, geographical, and biographical survey and compendium. Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Co. 1971. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877790815" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877790815"><bdi>978-0877790815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+guide+to+American+history%3A+a+chronological%2C+geographical%2C+and+biographical+survey+and+compendium&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=G.+%26+C.+Merriam+Co&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0877790815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2002423–447_2-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2002">Stewart 2002</a>, pp. 423–447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulloy2014">Mulloy 2014</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-UltraConservative-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UltraConservative_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UltraConservative_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunsford2009" class="citation news cs1">Lunsford, J. Lynn (February 4, 2009). "Business Bookshelf: Piles of Green From Black Gold". The Wall Street Journal. p. A.11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Business+Bookshelf%3A+Piles+of+Green+From+Black+Gold&rft.pages=A.11&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft.aulast=Lunsford&rft.aufirst=J.+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddock2009" class="citation news cs1">Haddock, Sharon (March 21, 2009). "Beck's backing bumps Skousen book to top". <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. Salt Lake City, Utah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Beck%27s+backing+bumps+Skousen+book+to+top&rft.date=2009-03-21&rft.aulast=Haddock&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2008" class="citation news cs1">Byrd, Shelia (May 25, 2008). "Churches tackle tough topic of race". Sunday Gazette-Mail. Charleston, W.V. p. C.5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Gazette-Mail&rft.atitle=Churches+tackle+tough+topic+of+race&rft.pages=C.5&rft.date=2008-05-25&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Shelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gomorrah-5"><a href="#cite_ref-gomorrah_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2010" class="citation book cs1">Blumenthal, Max (2010). Republican Gomorrah: inside the movement that shattered the party. New York: Nation Books. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568584171" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568584171"><bdi>978-1568584171</bdi></a>. <q>Skousen's vocal support for the Far-right John Birch Society's claim that Communists controlled President Dwight Eisenhower cost him the support of the corporate backers who had paid for his Red-bashing lecture tours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republican+Gomorrah%3A+inside+the+movement+that+shattered+the+party&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1568584171&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwell2004" class="citation cs2">Eatwell, Roger (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z5wEpDK9d0C&pg=PA7">"Introduction: The new extreme right challenge"</a>, Western Democracies and The New Extreme Right challenge, Routledge, p. 7, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134201570" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134201570"><bdi>978-1134201570</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Democracies+and+The+New+Extreme+Right+challenge&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+new+extreme+right+challenge&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1134201570&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Z5wEpDK9d0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotok2004" class="citation cs2">Potok, Mark (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z5wEpDK9d0C&pg=PA7">"The American radical right: The 1990s and beyond"</a>, Western Democracies and The New Extreme Right challenge, Routledge, p. 43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134201570" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134201570"><bdi>978-1134201570</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Democracies+and+The+New+Extreme+Right+challenge&rft.atitle=The+American+radical+right%3A+The+1990s+and+beyond&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1134201570&rft.aulast=Potok&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Z5wEpDK9d0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine_2019-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_2019_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_2019_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_2019_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineBrenman2019" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Deborah; Brenman, Marc (November 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pWwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">"The Local–Global Context"</a>. When Hate Groups March Down Main Street: Engaging a Community Response. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3266-1"><bdi>978-1-5381-3266-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>...there are fierce objections on the extreme right to initiatives related to international collaboration. 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"The JFK assassination and a '60s leftist prism Letter from America". International Herald Tribune. Paris. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+JFK+assassination+and+a+%2760s+leftist+prism+Letter+from+America&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2007-05-21&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2001" class="citation news cs1">Jordan, Ida Kay (August 26, 2001). "Voters Admired N.C. Senator's Independent Streak, Southern Charm". The Virginian-Pilot. Norfolk, Va. p. J.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginian-Pilot&rft.atitle=Voters+Admired+N.C.+Senator%27s+Independent+Streak%2C+Southern+Charm&rft.pages=J.1&rft.date=2001-08-26&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Ida+Kay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley1997" class="citation news cs1">Brinkley, Douglas (February 10, 1997). "The Right Choice for the C.I.A.". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A.15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Right+Choice+for+the+C.I.A.&rft.pages=A.15&rft.date=1997-02-10&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Webb, Clive. Rabble rousers: the American far right in the civil rights era. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820327646" title="Special:BookSources/0820327646">0820327646</a> p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Inheritance2014-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inheritance2014_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inheritance2014_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenhausRutenberg2014" class="citation news cs1">Tanenhaus, Sam; Rutenberg, Jim (January 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/us/politics/rand-pauls-mixed-inheritance.html">"Rand Paul's Mixed Inheritance"</a>. The New York Times. 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May 1983. Event occurs at 2:22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Larry+McDonald+on+the+New+World+Order&rft.pub=Crossfire&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLarryMcdonaldOnTheNewWorldOrder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpanglerBernick2003-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpanglerBernick2003_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpanglerBernick2003_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpanglerBernick2003" class="citation web cs1">Spangler, Jerry D.; Bernick, Bob Jr. (June 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2003/6/16/19729070/john-birch-society-forges-on-in-utah">"John Birch Society forges on in Utah"</a>. Deseret News. Retrieved July 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=John+Birch+Society+forges+on+in+Utah&rft.date=2003-06-16&rft.aulast=Spangler&rft.aufirst=Jerry+D.&rft.au=Bernick%2C+Bob+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2003%2F6%2F16%2F19729070%2Fjohn-birch-society-forges-on-in-utah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2007" class="citation web cs1">Farmer, Brian (September 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020053033/http://jbs.org/node/5524">"The North American Union: Conspiracy Theory or Conspiracy Fact?"</a>. The John Birch Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbs.org/node/5524">the original</a> on October 20, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+North+American+Union%3A+Conspiracy+Theory+or+Conspiracy+Fact%3F&rft.pub=The+John+Birch+Society&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbs.org%2Fnode%2F5524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pastor_2011-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pastor_2011_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pastor_2011_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pastor" title="Robert Pastor">Pastor, Robert</a> (2011). The North American Idea: A Vision of a Continental Future. New York: Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 11, 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978241-3"><bdi>978-0-19-978241-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741646639">741646639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+American+Idea%3A+A+Vision+of+a+Continental+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11%2C+76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741646639&rft.isbn=978-0-19-978241-3&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1963" class="citation news cs1">Hill, Gladwin (August 16, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1963/08/16/archives/birch-head-sees-red-rights-plot-welch-calls-aim-formation-of-soviet.html">"Birch Head Sees Red Rights Plot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved November 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Birch+Head+Sees+Red+Rights+Plot&rft.date=1963-08-16&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Gladwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1963%2F08%2F16%2Farchives%2Fbirch-head-sees-red-rights-plot-welch-calls-aim-formation-of-soviet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhode2009" class="citation book cs1">Rhode, Deborah L. (2009). Justice and Gender. Harvard University Press. pp. 63, 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674042674" title="Special:BookSources/9780674042674"><bdi>9780674042674</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he John Birch Society perceived the amendment as an integral part of "Communist plans...at work in a now vast effort to reduce human beings to the same level as animals."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+and+Gender&rft.pages=63%2C+70-71&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674042674&rft.aulast=Rhode&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone_2021-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Stone_2021_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2021" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Junius (October 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texarkanagazette.com/news/2021/oct/28/local-patriots-talk-about-constitutional/">"Local Patriots talk about constitutional convention, nullification"</a>. Texarkana Gazette. Retrieved October 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texarkana+Gazette&rft.atitle=Local+Patriots+talk+about+constitutional+convention%2C+nullification&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Junius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texarkanagazette.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2Foct%2F28%2Flocal-patriots-talk-about-constitutional%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinback2011" class="citation web cs1">Steinback, Robert (April 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2011/04/26/nullification-advocates-take-show-road">"Nullification Advocates Take Show On The Road"</a>. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved April 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Nullification+Advocates+Take+Show+On+The+Road&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft.aulast=Steinback&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Fhatewatch%2F2011%2F04%2F26%2Fnullification-advocates-take-show-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Neale2017" class="citation web cs1">H. Neale, Thomas (November 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44435.pdf">"The Article V Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments:Current Developments"</a> (PDF). fas.org. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=The+Article+V+Convention+to+Propose+Constitutional+Amendments%3ACurrent+Developments&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=H.+Neale&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR44435.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2021" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Sam (February 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helenair.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/fiery-constitutional-debate-splits-senate-republicans/article_8ad20c76-e8c5-55af-aeb4-6a7f80859eb4.html">"Fiery Constitutional Debate Splits Senate Republicans"</a>. Independent Record. Retrieved April 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Record&rft.atitle=Fiery+Constitutional+Debate+Splits+Senate+Republicans&rft.date=2021-02-11&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelenair.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fgovt-and-politics%2Ffiery-constitutional-debate-splits-senate-republicans%2Farticle_8ad20c76-e8c5-55af-aeb4-6a7f80859eb4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussPrindiville2022" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Feingold; Prindiville, Peter (2022). The Constitution in Jeopardy. New York: Hachette Book Group. pp. 142, 164–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541701526" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541701526"><bdi>978-1541701526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+in+Jeopardy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=142%2C+164-65&rft.pub=Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1541701526&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Feingold&rft.au=Prindiville%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721011333/http://www.jbs.org/issues-pages/federal-reserve">"Federal Reserve"</a>. Jbs.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbs.org/issues-pages/federal-reserve">the original</a> on July 21, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jbs.org&rft.atitle=Federal+Reserve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbs.org%2Fissues-pages%2Ffederal-reserve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002440-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2002440_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2002">Stewart 2002</a>, p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002441-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2002441_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2002">Stewart 2002</a>, p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchott2024" class="citation web cs1">Schott, Bryan (April 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2024/04/10/fringe-politics-take-center-stage/">"Fringe politics take center stage at Republican U.S. Senate debate hosted by Utah Eagle Forum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a>. Retrieved April 16, 2024. <q>One particularly eye-catching pamphlet from the radical John Birch Society shows a public school on fire with the phrase "Get them out!" in capital letters on the front. "If the public school were on fire, and your children and grandchildren were inside, what would you do?" the back of the pamphlet read. After warning of the dangers of critical race theory and how students are allegedly being sexualized, the reader is told, "Reforming the schools is no longer an option. We must get them out now!"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fringe+politics+take+center+stage+at+Republican+U.S.+Senate+debate+hosted+by+Utah+Eagle+Forum&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft.aulast=Schott&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F04%2F10%2Ffringe-politics-take-center-stage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchRobert_Allen_Denemark1997" class="citation book cs1">Burch, Kurt; Robert Allen Denemark (1997). Constituting international political economy. 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The New York Times Book Review. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Book+Review&rft.atitle=In+the+Heart+of+the+Heart+of+Conspiracy&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2008-01-27&rft.aulast=Oshinsky&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Danielson, Chris (February 2009). "Lily White and Hard Right: The Mississippi Republican Party and Black Voting, 1965–1980". The Journal of Southern History. 75 (1): 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Lily+White+and+Hard+Right%3A+The+Mississippi+Republican+Party+and+Black+Voting%2C+1965%E2%80%931980&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2009-02&rft.aulast=Danielson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Martha F (Fall 2005). "Nesta Webster: The Voice of Conspiracy". Journal of Women's History. 17 (3): 81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2005.0033">10.1353/jowh.2005.0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143991823">143991823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+History&rft.atitle=Nesta+Webster%3A+The+Voice+of+Conspiracy&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjowh.2005.0033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143991823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Martha+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2010" class="citation book cs1">Blumenthal, Max (2010). Republican Gomorrah: inside the movement that shattered the party. New York: Nation Books. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568584171" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568584171"><bdi>978-1568584171</bdi></a>. <q>Skousen's vocal support for the Far-right John Birch Society's claim that Communists controlled President Dwight Eisenhower cost him the support of the corporate backers who had paid for his Red-bashing lecture tours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republican+Gomorrah%3A+inside+the+movement+that+shattered+the+party&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1568584171&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, DA. (2020). "The Right-Wing Popular Front: The Far Right and American Conservatism in the 1950s". Journal of American History. 107 (2): 411–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjaaa182">10.1093/jahist/jaaa182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Right-Wing+Popular+Front%3A+The+Far+Right+and+American+Conservatism+in+the+1950s.&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=411-432&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjaaa182&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=DA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> "But this emphasis on the 1960s and the setting of the boundaries between the 'responsible' conservatism of Buckley and Goldwater and the far-right 'fringe' of the Birchers has occluded the deep relationship between conservatives and the far right in the 1950s." </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebman1996" class="citation news cs1">Liebman, Marvin (March 17, 1996). "Perspective on Politics; The Big Tent Isn't Big Enough; By allowing extremists to flourish openly, the GOP forces out those who represent the party's moderate values". Los Angeles Times. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Perspective+on+Politics%3B+The+Big+Tent+Isn%27t+Big+Enough%3B+By+allowing+extremists+to+flourish+openly%2C+the+GOP+forces+out+those+who+represent+the+party%27s+moderate+values.&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1996-03-17&rft.aulast=Liebman&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin2008" class="citation news cs1">Tobin, Jonathan S. (March 9, 2008). "The writer who chased the anti-Semites out". The Jerusalem Post. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+writer+who+chased+the+anti-Semites+out&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2008-03-09&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerson2009" class="citation news cs1">Gerson, Michael (March 10, 2009). "Looking for conservatism". Times Daily. Florence, Ala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Daily&rft.atitle=Looking+for+conservatism&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/patriot-groups">"'Patriot' Groups"</a>. Southern Poverty Law Center. February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2018. <q>Generally, Patriot groups define themselves as opposed to the 'New World Order' or advocate or adhere to extreme antigovernment doctrines. ... Listing here does not imply that the groups advocate or engage in violence or other criminal activities, or are racist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Patriot%27+Groups&rft.pub=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fintelligence-report%2F2009%2Fpatriot-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2002443–444-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2002443–444_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2002">Stewart 2002</a>, pp. 443–444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven20152,_4,_38-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven20152,_4,_38_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerhoeven2015">Verhoeven 2015</a>, pp. 2, 4, 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael, George (September 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203563212">Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA</a>. Routledge. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203563212">10.4324/9780203563212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37762-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37762-6"><bdi>978-1-134-37762-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Right+Wing+Extremism+and+Terrorism+in+the+USA&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203563212&rft.isbn=978-1-134-37762-6&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203563212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreilichPienikHoward2001" class="citation journal cs1">Freilich, Joshua D.; Pienik, Jeremy A.; Howard, Gregory J. (May 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/abstract/journals/ijcs/42/1-2/article-p163_8.xml">"Toward Comparative Studies of the U.S. Militia Movement"</a>. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 42 (1): 163–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851801300171751">10.1163/156851801300171751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Comparative+Sociology&rft.atitle=Toward+Comparative+Studies+of+the+U.S.+Militia+Movement&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-210&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851801300171751&rft.aulast=Freilich&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft.au=Pienik%2C+Jeremy+A.&rft.au=Howard%2C+Gregory+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fabstract%2Fjournals%2Fijcs%2F42%2F1-2%2Farticle-p163_8.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrothers2002" class="citation journal cs1">Crothers, Lane (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07393140220145225">"The Cultural Foundations of the Modern Militia Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="New Political Science">New Political Science</a>. 24 (2): 222, 230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140220145225">10.1080/07393140220145225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-3148">0739-3148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143461538">143461538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Foundations+of+the+Modern+Militia+Movement&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222%2C+230&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143461538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0739-3148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393140220145225&rft.aulast=Crothers&rft.aufirst=Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F07393140220145225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2015260–263,_266–271-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2015260–263,_266–271_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerhoeven2015">Verhoeven 2015</a>, pp. 260–263, 266–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2021-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2021_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2021_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2021_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2021_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2021_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2021_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2021_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2021_59-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2021" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Edward H. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZxNEAAAQBAJ">A Conspiratorial Life: Robert Welch, the John Birch Society, and the Revolution of American Conservatism</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226449050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226449050"><bdi>978-0226449050</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1304351277">1304351277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Conspiratorial+Life%3A+Robert+Welch%2C+the+John+Birch+Society%2C+and+the+Revolution+of+American+Conservatism&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1304351277&rft.isbn=978-0226449050&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtZxNEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014188–189-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy2014188–189_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulloy2014">Mulloy 2014</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dallek2023-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Dallek2023_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2023" class="citation book cs1">Dallek, Matthew (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMF4EAAAQBAJ">Birchers: How the John Birch Society Radicalized the American Right</a>. New York: Hachette Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541673564" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541673564"><bdi>978-1541673564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birchers%3A+How+the+John+Birch+Society+Radicalized+the+American+Right&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1541673564&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMF4EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calabro2024-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calabro2024_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calabro2024_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calabro2024_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calabro2024_62-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalabro2024" class="citation web cs1">Calabro, Elaina Plott (February 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/02/john-birch-society-cpac-conservatism/677542/">"The Return of the John Birch Society"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved February 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+the+John+Birch+Society&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft.aulast=Calabro&rft.aufirst=Elaina+Plott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2024%2F02%2Fjohn-birch-society-cpac-conservatism%2F677542%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksChang2022" class="citation web cs1">Brooks, Anthony; Chang, Jonathan (July 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2022/07/13/the-history-of-far-right-populism-from-the-john-birch-society-to-qanon">"The history of far-right populism, from the John Birch Society to Trumpism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WBUR-FM" title="WBUR-FM">WBUR-FM</a>. Retrieved July 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WBUR-FM&rft.atitle=The+history+of+far-right+populism%2C+from+the+John+Birch+Society+to+Trumpism&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Chang%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fonpoint%2F2022%2F07%2F13%2Fthe-history-of-far-right-populism-from-the-john-birch-society-to-qanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheBulwark2022-64"><a href="#cite_ref-TheBulwark2022_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebulwark.com/did-the-john-birch-society-win-in-the-end/">"Did the John Birch Society Win in the End?"</a>. The Bulwark. April 13, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bulwark&rft.atitle=Did+the+John+Birch+Society+Win+in+the+End%3F&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebulwark.com%2Fdid-the-john-birch-society-win-in-the-end%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2023" class="citation book cs1">Dallek, Matthew (2023). Birchers: How the John Birch Society Radicalized the American Right. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541673564" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541673564"><bdi>978-1541673564</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1334884890">1334884890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birchers%3A+How+the+John+Birch+Society+Radicalized+the+American+Right&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1334884890&rft.isbn=978-1541673564&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Perlstein, Rick (March 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/161603/john-birch-society-qanon-trump">"The John Birch Society Never Left"</a>. The New Republic. Retrieved October 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+John+Birch+Society+Never+Left&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F161603%2Fjohn-birch-society-qanon-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengelly2023" class="citation web cs1">Pengelly, Martin (May 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/06/moms-for-liberty-john-birch-society-far-right-book-bans">"Moms for Liberty, meet John Birch: the roots of US rightwing book bans"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved October 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Moms+for+Liberty%2C+meet+John+Birch%3A+the+roots+of+US+rightwing+book+bans&rft.date=2023-05-06&rft.aulast=Pengelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2023%2Fmay%2F06%2Fmoms-for-liberty-john-birch-society-far-right-book-bans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2023" class="citation news cs1">Dallek, Matthew (September 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/john-birch-society-18374455.php">"How the extreme right tried to 'win' California schools in the 1960s"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=How+the+extreme+right+tried+to+%27win%27+California+schools+in+the+1960s&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Fopenforum%2Farticle%2Fjohn-birch-society-18374455.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchott2023" class="citation web cs1">Schott, Bryan (December 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2023/12/07/sen-mike-lee-wants-us-sever-ties/">"Sen. Mike Lee wants the U.S. to sever ties with the United Nations"</a>. The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sen.+Mike+Lee+wants+the+U.S.+to+sever+ties+with+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.aulast=Schott&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F12%2F07%2Fsen-mike-lee-wants-us-sever-ties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> "John Birch Society", by Thomas C. Ellington, in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, ed. by Roger Chapman (M. E. Sharpe, 2010) p. 286 </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Birch_File-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Birch_File_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Birch_File_71-1">b</a> James and Marti Hefley, The Secret File on John Birch, Tyndale House Publishers, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8423-5862-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8423-5862-5">0-8423-5862-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-birch-society-founded">History</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schoenwald1-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Schoenwald1_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenwald2002" class="citation book cs1">Schoenwald, Jonathan M. (2002). "3 – A New Kind of Conservatism: The John Birch Society". A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515726-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515726-5"><bdi>0-19-515726-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3+%E2%80%93+A+New+Kind+of+Conservatism%3A+The+John+Birch+Society&rft.btitle=A+Time+for+Choosing%3A+The+Rise+of+Modern+American+Conservatism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-515726-5&rft.aulast=Schoenwald&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForCountry-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForCountry_74-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2016" class="citation web cs1">McGowan, Sam (September 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/09/06/for-god-and-country-the-story-of-john-birch/">"For God and Country: The Story of John Birch"</a>. Warfare History Net. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warfare+History+Net&rft.atitle=For+God+and+Country%3A+The+Story+of+John+Birch&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2F2016%2F09%2F06%2Ffor-god-and-country-the-story-of-john-birch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector2007" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Ronald H. (2007). In the ruins of empire: the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia (1st ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375509155" title="Special:BookSources/9780375509155"><bdi>9780375509155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+ruins+of+empire%3A+the+Japanese+surrender+and+the+battle+for+postwar+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780375509155&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitzBauer2015" class="citation web cs1">Horwitz, Jeff; Bauer, Scott (June 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/walker-run-conservative-foundation-set-stage-072245498--election.html">"Before Walker run, a conservative foundation set the stage"</a>. Yahoo.com. Retrieved October 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Before+Walker+run%2C+a+conservative+foundation+set+the+stage&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fwalker-run-conservative-foundation-set-stage-072245498--election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielBillPoston2011" class="citation news cs1">Daniel, Bice; Bill, Glauber; Poston, Ben (November 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.seattletimes.com/text/2016875571.html">"Conservative empire built from Wisconsin foundation"</a>. The Seattle Times. Retrieved November 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Conservative+empire+built+from+Wisconsin+foundation&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Bice&rft.au=Bill%2C+Glauber&rft.au=Poston%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.seattletimes.com%2Ftext%2F2016875571.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1997" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Jonathan T. (1997). Forbes Richest People: The Forbes Annual Profile of the World's Wealthiest Men and Women. Wiley. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-17751-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-17751-7"><bdi>978-0-471-17751-7</bdi></a>. <q>Founding member (1958) John Birch Society—reportedly after seeing Russian friends liquidated</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbes+Richest+People%3A+The+Forbes+Annual+Profile+of+the+World%27s+Wealthiest+Men+and+Women&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-17751-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hoovers50000refe/page/286">Hoover's 500: Profiles of America's Largest Business Enterprises</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover's">Hoover's Business Press</a>. 1996. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hoovers50000refe/page/286">286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57311-009-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57311-009-9"><bdi>978-1-57311-009-9</bdi></a>. <q>In 1929 Koch took his process to the Soviet Union, but he grew disenchanted with Stalinism and returned home to become a founding member of the anticommunist John Birch Society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoover%27s+500%3A+Profiles+of+America%27s+Largest+Business+Enterprises&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Hoover%27s+Business+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57311-009-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoovers50000refe%2Fpage%2F286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne1986" class="citation news cs1">Wayne, Leslie (December 7, 1986). 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Sec. 6; Part 2, p 100 col. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <q>He returned a fervent anti-Communist who would later become a founding member of the John Birch Society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brothers+at+Odds&rft.pages=Sec.+6%3B+Part+2%2C+p+100+col.+1.&rft.date=1986-12-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1995" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Sara (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadstodominionr00diamrich/page/324">Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States</a>. New York: Guilford Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadstodominionr00diamrich/page/324">324 n. 86.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89862-862-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89862-862-8"><bdi>0-89862-862-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+to+Dominion%3A+Right-Wing+Movements+and+Political+Power+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=324+n.+86.&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-89862-862-8&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadstodominionr00diamrich%2Fpage%2F324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYtimesobit-82"><a href="#cite_ref-NYtimesobit_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/16/obituaries/robert-stoddard-dies-at-78-a-founder-of-birch-society.html">"Robert Stoddard Dies at 78; A Founder of Birch Society"</a>. The New York Times. December 16, 1984. Retrieved May 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Stoddard+Dies+at+78%3B+A+Founder+of+Birch+Society&rft.date=1984-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F12%2F16%2Fobituaries%2Frobert-stoddard-dies-at-78-a-founder-of-birch-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowler2018" class="citation web cs1">Towler, Christopher (December 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-john-birch-society-is-still-influencing-american-politics-60-years-after-its-founding-107925">"The John Birch Society is still influencing American politics, 60 years after its founding"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved May 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+John+Birch+Society+is+still+influencing+American+politics%2C+60+years+after+its+founding&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft.aulast=Towler&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-john-birch-society-is-still-influencing-american-politics-60-years-after-its-founding-107925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy20143-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy20143_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulloy2014">Mulloy 2014</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1961" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Robert E. (1961). The Blue Book of the John Birch Society. American Opinion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88279-215-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88279-215-6"><bdi>0-88279-215-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blue+Book+of+the+John+Birch+Society&rft.pub=American+Opinion+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-88279-215-6&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PublicEye-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PublicEye_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PublicEye_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PublicEye_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PublicEye_86-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publiceye.org/tooclose/jbs.html">"John Birch Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Political_Research_Associates" title="Political Research Associates">Political Research Associates</a>. Retrieved July 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Birch+Society&rft.pub=Political+Research+Associates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publiceye.org%2Ftooclose%2Fjbs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbs.org/speakers-bureau/">John Birch Society Speakers Bureau</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_LyonsChip_Berlet2000" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Lyons; Chip Berlet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightwingpopulis00berlrich">Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort</a>. New York: The Guilford Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightwingpopulis00berlrich/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57230-562-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57230-562-2"><bdi>1-57230-562-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right-Wing+Populism+in+America%3A+Too+Close+for+Comfort&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57230-562-2&rft.au=Matthew+Lyons&rft.au=Chip+Berlet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightwingpopulis00berlrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1967" class="citation book cs1">French, William Marshall (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=180bAAAAMAAJ">American Secondary Education</a>. Odyssey Press. p. 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7719-9198-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7719-9198-3"><bdi>0-7719-9198-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Secondary+Education&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=Odyssey+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-7719-9198-3&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=William+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D180bAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1713996">1713996</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0003-0236">0003-0236</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1480501">1480501</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12803345">12803345</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbagallo2006" class="citation web cs1">Barbagallo, Paul (June 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adweek.com/media/an-interview-the-new-american-publisher-chief-executive-john-f-mcmanus-magazines-new-mobile-content-keeps-him-awake-night-39575/">"The New American Goes Mobile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adweek" title="Adweek">Adweek</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adweek&rft.atitle=The+New+American+Goes+Mobile&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft.aulast=Barbagallo&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fmedia%2Fan-interview-the-new-american-publisher-chief-executive-john-f-mcmanus-magazines-new-mobile-content-keeps-him-awake-night-39575%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Quoted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbs.org/jbs-news-feed/1375-glenn-beck-talks-with-jbs-president-john-f-mcmanus">"Glenn Beck talks with JBS President John F. McManus" Aug. 15, 2006</a>, The John Birch Society <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112151401/http://www.jbs.org/jbs-news-feed/1375-glenn-beck-talks-with-jbs-president-john-f-mcmanus">Archived</a> January 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1975" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Robert (1975). The Politician. Boston: Western Islands. cxxxviii–cxxxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99908-64-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/99908-64-98-5"><bdi>99908-64-98-5</bdi></a>. <q>At this point in the original manuscript, there was one paragraph in which I expressed my own personal belief as to the most likely explanation of the events and actions with this document had tried to bring into focus. In a confidential letter, neither published nor offered for sale and restricted to friends who were expected to respect the confidence but offer me in exchange their own points of view, this seemed entirely permissible and proper. It does not seem so for an edition of the letter that is now to be published and given, probably, fairly wide distribution. So that paragraph, and two explanatory paragraphs, connected with it, have been omitted here. And the reader is left entirely free to draw his own conclusions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politician&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=cxxxviii-cxxxix&rft.pub=Western+Islands&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=99908-64-98-5&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (2001) pp. 193–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYorker-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewYorker_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewYorker_97-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/18/101018fa_fact_wilentz?printable=true">Confounding Fathers: The Tea Party's Cold War Roots</a> by historian <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, October 18, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2010" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Lee (November 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=50349153&itype=CMSID">"FBI files shed light on Ezra Taft Benson, Ike and the Birch Society"</a>. The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved February 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=FBI+files+shed+light+on+Ezra+Taft+Benson%2C+Ike+and+the+Birch+Society&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sltrib.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D50349153%26itype%3DCMSID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellensplace.net/ar_pboy.html">"Who was Ayn Rand? – a biography, Playboy interview, 1964"</a>. Retrieved July 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+was+Ayn+Rand%3F+%E2%80%93+a+biography%2C+Playboy+interview%2C+1964&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellensplace.net%2Far_pboy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauptman2004" class="citation web cs1">Hauptman, Don (March 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620073111/http://www.objectivistcenter.org/cth--836-The_Lost_Parts_Ayn_Rands_Playboy_Interview.aspx">"The 'Lost' Parts of Ayn Rand's Playboy Interview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_Society" title="The Atlas Society">The Atlas Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.objectivistcenter.org/cth--836-The_Lost_Parts_Ayn_Rands_Playboy_Interview.aspx">the original</a> on June 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Lost%27+Parts+of+Ayn+Rand%27s+Playboy+Interview&rft.pub=The+Atlas+Society&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.aulast=Hauptman&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.objectivistcenter.org%2Fcth--836-The_Lost_Parts_Ayn_Rands_Playboy_Interview.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenwald2001" class="citation book cs1">Schoenwald, Jonathan M. (2001). Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism. Oxford University Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+for+Choosing%3A+The+Rise+of+Modern+American+Conservatism&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Schoenwald&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201412–13-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy201412–13_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulloy2014">Mulloy 2014</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRick_Perlstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Rick Perlstein (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DG3BE0C0VkAC&pg=PA117">Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus</a>. Hill and Wang. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786744154" title="Special:BookSources/0786744154"><bdi>0786744154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Storm%3A+Barry+Goldwater+and+the+Unmaking+of+the+American+Consensus&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0786744154&rft.au=Rick+Perlstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDG3BE0C0VkAC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOscar_Theodore_Barck_Jr.Nelson_Manfred_Blake1969" class="citation book cs1">Oscar Theodore Barck Jr.; Nelson Manfred Blake (1969). Since 1900 A History of the United States in Our Times. New York: Macmillan Company. p. 754.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Since+1900+A+History+of+the+United+States+in+Our+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=754&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Oscar+Theodore+Barck+Jr.&rft.au=Nelson+Manfred+Blake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G_JB_me-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G_JB_me_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_JB_me_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_F._Buckley_Jr.2008" class="citation magazine cs1">William F. Buckley Jr. (March 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/goldwater-the-john-birch-society-and-me/">"Goldwater, the John Birch Society, and Me"</a>. Commentary. Retrieved March 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=Goldwater%2C+the+John+Birch+Society%2C+and+Me&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft.au=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticle%2Fgoldwater-the-john-birch-society-and-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Earl1971" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen Earl, Bennett (1971). "Modes of Resolution of a 'Belief Dilemma' in the Ideology of the John Birch Society". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Politics">Journal of Politics</a>. 33 (3): 735–772. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2128280">10.2307/2128280</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2128280">2128280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154740758">154740758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Modes+of+Resolution+of+a+%27Belief+Dilemma%27+in+the+Ideology+of+the+John+Birch+Society&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=735-772&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154740758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2128280%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2128280&rft.aulast=Stephen+Earl&rft.aufirst=Bennett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDion_Lefler2012" class="citation news cs1">Dion Lefler (October 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansas.com/news/article1101667.html">"Fluoride fight has long roots, passionate advocates"</a>. The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved December 8, 2016. <q>The John Birch Society was an active participant in Wichita's 1964 referendum that repealed fluoridation after the City Commission had voted to implement it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wichita+Eagle&rft.atitle=Fluoride+fight+has+long+roots%2C+passionate+advocates&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft.au=Dion+Lefler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansas.com%2Fnews%2Farticle1101667.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Heisel2016" class="citation journal cs1">William Heisel (November 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/2016/11/10/does-fluoride-have-lessons-vaccine-debate">"Does fluoride have lessons for the vaccine debate?"</a>. Center for Health Journalism Newsletter. Retrieved December 8, 2016. <q>From the 1940s through the 1960s, groups like the John Birch Society were vocal opponents of water fluoridation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Health+Journalism+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Does+fluoride+have+lessons+for+the+vaccine+debate%3F&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.au=William+Heisel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centerforhealthjournalism.org%2F2016%2F11%2F10%2Fdoes-fluoride-have-lessons-vaccine-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates1966" class="citation news cs1">Coates, Paul (April 28, 1966). "It's a Day of Decision". 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Mckay's Confrontation with Communism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a>. 37 (2): 37–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45227582">10.2307/45227582</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45227582">45227582</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254391712">254391712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Red+Peril%2C+the+Candy+Maker%2C+and+the+Apostle%3A+David+O.+Mckay%27s+Confrontation+with+Communism&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-94&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254391712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45227582%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45227582&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F45227582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mormoninquiry.typepad.com/mormon_inquiry/2006/06/a_spectre_was_h.html">"A Spectre Haunting Mormonism"</a>. Retrieved July 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Spectre+Haunting+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormoninquiry.typepad.com%2Fmormon_inquiry%2F2006%2F06%2Fa_spectre_was_h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBove" class="citation web cs1">Bove, Nicholas J. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185843/http://watch.pair.com/belmont.html">"The Belmont Brotherhood"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watch.pair.com/belmont.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2008. 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John Birch Society. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neutralizers&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=John+Birch+Society&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Robert+Welch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1963ReportOfCalifSenateFactfindingSubcommitteeOnUnAmericanActivities/page/n77/mode/2up">Twelfth Report of the Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>: Senate of the State of California. 1963. pp. 61–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelfth+Report+of+the+Senate+Factfinding+Subcommittee+on+Un-American+Activities&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+California&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=Senate+of+the+State+of+California&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1963ReportOfCalifSenateFactfindingSubcommitteeOnUnAmericanActivities%2Fpage%2Fn77%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201463-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy201463_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulloy2014">Mulloy 2014</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201498-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy201498_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulloy2014">Mulloy 2014</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1966" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Ronald (April 20, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1966/04/20/archives/foes-of-rising-birch-society-organize-in-jersey-foes-of-rising.html">"Foes of Rising Birch Society Organize in Jersey"</a>. The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Foes+of+Rising+Birch+Society+Organize+in+Jersey&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1966-04-20&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1966%2F04%2F20%2Farchives%2Ffoes-of-rising-birch-society-organize-in-jersey-foes-of-rising.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-119"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2004" class="citation book cs1">Irvine, Janice M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBWYvXt18CwC&q=movement+to+restore+decency&pg=PA52">Talk about Sex: the battles over sex education in the United States</a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520243293" title="Special:BookSources/9780520243293"><bdi>9780520243293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talk+about+Sex%3A+the+battles+over+sex+education+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780520243293&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Janice+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBWYvXt18CwC%26q%3Dmovement%2Bto%2Brestore%2Bdecency%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog?utf8=%E2%9C%93&f%5Bseries_titles%5D%5B%5D=Radical+Americans&f%5Baccess_types%5D%5B%5D=online&q=Radical+Americans">"The Radical Americans"</a>. American Archive of Public Broadcasting. Retrieved March 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Archive+of+Public+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=The+Radical+Americans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanarchive.org%2Fcatalog%3Futf8%3D%25E2%259C%2593%26f%255Bseries_titles%255D%255B%255D%3DRadical%2BAmericans%26f%255Baccess_types%255D%255B%255D%3Donline%26q%3DRadical%2BAmericans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-121"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpsteinForster1966" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Benjamin R.; <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Forster_(ADL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Forster (ADL)">Forster, Arnold</a> (1966). Report on the John Birch Society, 1966. 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Belmont, MA: American Opinion. 1965. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56596124">56596124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+Wrong+with+Civil+Rights%3F&rft.place=Belmont%2C+MA&rft.pub=American+Opinion&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56596124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u4syAAAAIBAJ&pg=4291,7598936">"The John Birch Society Asks: What's Wrong With Civil Rights?"</a>. The Post-Times. West Palm Beach, FL. October 31, 1965. p. A10 cols. 1–6. 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Guilford Publications. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-3760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-3760-0"><bdi>978-1-4625-3760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right-Wing+Populism+in+America%3A+Too+Close+for+Comfort&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Guilford+Publications&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4625-3760-0&rft.aulast=Berlet&rft.aufirst=Chip&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Matthew+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDtRDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulloy201463–64,_109-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulloy201463–64,_109_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulloy2014">Mulloy 2014</a>, p. 63–64, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2017" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Michael (2017). 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Retrieved July 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Progressive.org&rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Afterlife+of+the+Infamous+John+Birch+Society&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Zach+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprogressive.org%2Fapi%2Fcontent%2Fc3a423ce-eb70-11ed-ba80-12163087a831%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry2013" class="citation journal cs1">Terry, Don (March 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2013/bringing-back-birch">"The John Birch Society, the conspiracist group exiled by the right a half century ago, is on the march and gaining influence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Report">Intelligence Report</a> (2013 Spring Issue).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Report&rft.atitle=The+John+Birch+Society%2C+the+conspiracist+group+exiled+by+the+right+a+half+century+ago%2C+is+on+the+march+and+gaining+influence&rft.issue=2013+Spring+Issue&rft.date=2013-03-03&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fintelligence-report%2F2013%2Fbringing-back-birch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/john-birch-society-charged-with-contributing-to-anti-semitism">"John Birch Society Charged with 'contributing to Anti-semitism'"</a>. 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Robert Welch, Inc"</a>. Freedom Of Speech In The United States. Strata Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891136-10-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-891136-10-0"><bdi>1-891136-10-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/gertz.html">the original</a> on May 17, 2008. 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April 23, 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Civil+Libertarian+Wins+%24400%2C00+in+Suit+for+Libel&rft.date=1981-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F04%2F23%2Fus%2Fcivil-libertarian-wins-40000-in-suit-for-libel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Neil A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eANpoTtB4QwC">The 1970s</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0878-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-0878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1970s&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0878-0&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeANpoTtB4QwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarity1971" class="citation news cs1">Clarity, James F. (September 26, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/26/archives/wallace-here-to-test-the-atmosphere-attacks-president-and-mayor.html">"Wallace, Here to 'Test the Atmosphere,' Attacks President and Mayor"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wallace%2C+Here+to+%27Test+the+Atmosphere%2C%27+Attacks+President+and+Mayor&rft.date=1971-09-26&rft.aulast=Clarity&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F09%2F26%2Farchives%2Fwallace-here-to-test-the-atmosphere-attacks-president-and-mayor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1976" class="citation news cs1">Hudson, Richard (May 16, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/16/archives/storm-over-the-crnal-the-military-and-economic-importance-of-the.html">"Storm Over the Canal"</a>. The New York Times. 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Lyons, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/05/archives/rightists-are-linked-to-laetriles-lobby-but-backers-of-purported.html">Rightists Are Linked to Laetrile's Lobby, The New York Times (July 5, 1977).</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markle-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markle_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markle_140-1">b</a> Gerald E. Markle, James C. 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Retrieved January 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=The+Congressman+Who+Created+His+Own+Deep+State.+Really.&rft.date=2018-12-02&rft.aulast=Dorfman&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2018%2F12%2F02%2Flarry-mcdonald-communists-deep-state-222726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2017" class="citation web cs1">Glass, Andrew (December 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/09/john-birch-society-founded-dec-9-1958-281369">"John Birch Society founded Dec 9, 1958"</a>. Politico. 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The Oklahoman. 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Retrieved July 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ringer&rft.atitle=Remembering+Baseball%27s+Right-Wing+Rotation&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theringer.com%2Fmlb%2F2017%2F10%2F31%2F16578390%2Fpadres-john-birch-society-mlb-alt-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberdorferCannon1984" class="citation news cs1">Oberdorfer, Don; Cannon, Lou (September 6, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/09/06/administration-calls-for-ratification-of-treaty-against-genocide/c8c00984-79d6-4756-b05a-04795f2448ce/">"Administration Calls for Ratification of Treaty Against Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved November 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Administration+Calls+for+Ratification+of+Treaty+Against+Genocide&rft.date=1984-09-06&rft.aulast=Oberdorfer&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Cannon%2C+Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1984%2F09%2F06%2Fadministration-calls-for-ratification-of-treaty-against-genocide%2Fc8c00984-79d6-4756-b05a-04795f2448ce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRelations1985" class="citation book cs1">Relations, United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXDW64GKeg0C&q=%22Why+is+the+killing+of+a+million+a+lesser+crime+than+the+killing+of+a+single+individual%22">Crime of Genocide: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, First Session, on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, March 5, 1985</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+of+Genocide%3A+Hearing+Before+the+Committee+on+Foreign+Relations%2C+United+States+Senate%2C+Ninety-ninth+Congress%2C+First+Session%2C+on+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide%2C+March+5%2C+1985&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Relations&rft.aufirst=United+States+Congress+Senate+Committee+on+Foreign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXDW64GKeg0C%26q%3D%2522Why%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bkilling%2Bof%2Ba%2Bmillion%2Ba%2Blesser%2Bcrime%2Bthan%2Bthe%2Bkilling%2Bof%2Ba%2Bsingle%2Bindividual%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpanglerBernick2003" class="citation news cs1">Spangler, Jerry; Bernick, Bob (June 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2003/6/16/19729070/john-birch-society-forges-on-in-utah">"John Birch Society forges on in Utah"</a>. Deseret News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=John+Birch+Society+forges+on+in+Utah&rft.date=2003-06-16&rft.aulast=Spangler&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Bernick%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2003%2F6%2F16%2F19729070%2Fjohn-birch-society-forges-on-in-utah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claremont.org/contributor-list/213/">short biography from Claremont Review of Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/1995/5/30/19215195/birch-informant-decries-influence-of-big-business">"Birch Informant Decries 'Influence' of Big Business"</a>. Deseret News. May 30, 1995. Retrieved August 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Birch+Informant+Decries+%27Influence%27+of+Big+Business&rft.date=1995-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F1995%2F5%2F30%2F19215195%2Fbirch-informant-decries-influence-of-big-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post_1995-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_1995_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/03/27/states-conference-encounters-resistance/274ba62b-0f60-45da-8eb1-a0b59b719882/">"States Conference Encounters Resistance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. March 27, 1995. Retrieved August 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=States+Conference+Encounters+Resistance&rft.date=1995-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1995%2F03%2F27%2Fstates-conference-encounters-resistance%2F274ba62b-0f60-45da-8eb1-a0b59b719882%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/apr/25/states-rights-meeting-coming-under-attack-right/">"States' Rights Meeting Coming Under Attack Right-Wingers Undermining Plans, Idaho Lawmaker Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review" title="The Spokesman-Review">The Spokesman-Review</a>. April 25, 1995. Retrieved August 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=States%27+Rights+Meeting+Coming+Under+Attack+Right-Wingers+Undermining+Plans%2C+Idaho+Lawmaker+Says&rft.date=1995-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokesman.com%2Fstories%2F1995%2Fapr%2F25%2Fstates-rights-meeting-coming-under-attack-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1995" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Laurie (April 25, 1995). "States' Rights Backers Are Not Backing Down". The Salt Lake Tribune. <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>. p. D-2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=States%27+Rights+Backers+Are+Not+Backing+Down&rft.pages=D-2&rft.date=1995-04-25&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlet2008" class="citation journal cs1">Berlet, Chip (March 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politicalresearch.org/2008/03/10/the-north-american-union-right-wing-populist-conspiracism-rebounds-2">"The North American Union Right-Wing Populist Conspiracism Rebounds"</a>. Political Research Associates. Retrieved April 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Associates&rft.atitle=The+North+American+Union+Right-Wing+Populist+Conspiracism+Rebounds&rft.date=2008-03-10&rft.aulast=Berlet&rft.aufirst=Chip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalresearch.org%2F2008%2F03%2F10%2Fthe-north-american-union-right-wing-populist-conspiracism-rebounds-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJust2010" class="citation news cs1">Just, Sara (February 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221132221/http://blogs.abcnews.com/thenote/2010/02/farright-john-birch-society-2010.html">"Far-Right John Birch Society 2010"</a>. ABC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/thenote/2010/02/farright-john-birch-society-2010.html">the original</a> on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Far-Right+John+Birch+Society+2010&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.aulast=Just&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Fthenote%2F2010%2F02%2Ffarright-john-birch-society-2010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanenhaus2010-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Tanenhaus2010_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Tanenhaus2010" class="citation book cs1">Sam Tanenhaus (October 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RW6NcqD5bFoC&pg=PA121">The Death of Conservatism: A Movement and Its Consequences</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8103-2"><bdi>978-0-8129-8103-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Conservatism%3A+A+Movement+and+Its+Consequences&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010-10-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-8103-2&rft.au=Sam+Tanenhaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRW6NcqD5bFoC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiquette2023" class="citation web cs1">Niquette, Mark (March 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-02/trump-cpac-appearance-aimed-at-fending-off-desantis">"Donald Trump Is a Star Among Ultra-Conservatives, But He Faces a New Test"</a>. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 7, 2023. <q>Nearby, conference-goers could pick up Ginger Betty Bakery's $8 gingerbread Trump-shaped cookies while browsing booths set up by groups including the John Birch Society and Moms For America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+Is+a+Star+Among+Ultra-Conservatives%2C+But+He+Faces+a+New+Test&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.aulast=Niquette&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-03-02%2Ftrump-cpac-appearance-aimed-at-fending-off-desantis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondeaux2024" class="citation web cs1">Mondeaux, Cami (February 24, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/2873188/cpac-2024-republican-bastion-fringe-movement-mainstream/">"CPAC 2024: Once a Republican bastion, annual gathering brings fringe movement to the mainstream"</a>. 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Retrieved August 9, 2020. <q>Title PRESIDENT Name OHLSON, MARTIN P</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunbiz.org&rft.atitle=2019+FOREIGN+NOT+FOR+PROFIT+CORPORATION+ANNUAL+REPORT+Entity+Name%3ATHE+JOHN+BIRCH+SOCIETY+INCORPORATED&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.sunbiz.org%2FInquiry%2FCorporationSearch%2FGetDocument%3FaggregateId%3Dfornp-f05000007289-001bb50f-941b-47aa-899b-b3347bac7735%26transactionId%3Df05000007289-e80d39cb-3c31-4a7a-bb1b-f50d59a88cd2%26formatType%3DPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_John_Birch_Society_Leadership_Team-187"><a href="#cite_ref-The_John_Birch_Society_Leadership_Team_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jbs.org/about/leadership/">"The John Birch Society Leadership Team"</a>. 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Retrieved March 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Gazette%2C+Vol.+2+-+Pete+Seeger&rft.aulast=Ruhlmann&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Frelease%2Fgazette-vol-2-mr0002873253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bob-dylan-walks-out-on-the-ed-sullivan-show">"Bob Dylan walks out on "The Ed Sullivan Show""</a>. HISTORY. May 11, 2021. 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Journal of American Culture. 26 (1): 134–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1542-734X.00081">10.1111/1542-734X.00081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Subversion+in+the+Swamp%3A+Pogo+and+the+Folk+in+the+McCarthy+Era&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134-141&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1542-734X.00081&rft.aulast=Dussere&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/">"Billboard Hot 100: May 19, 1962"</a>. Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Hot+100%3A+May+19%2C+1962&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fcharts%2Fhot-100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lusane2013-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Lusane2013_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence_Lusane2013" class="citation book cs1">Clarence Lusane (January 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9khHvNKPv8cC&pg=PT332">The Black History of the White House</a>. City Lights Books. pp. 332–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-611-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-611-9"><bdi>978-0-87286-611-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+History+of+the+White+House&rft.pages=332-&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-611-9&rft.au=Clarence+Lusane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9khHvNKPv8cC%26pg%3DPT332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2001" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Ronald (December 5, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2001/12/05/impurifying-our-precious-bodil/">"Impurifying our precious bodily fluids"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Impurifying+our+precious+bodily+fluids&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2001%2F12%2F05%2Fimpurifying-our-precious-bodil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Charlie-daniels-uneasy-rider-lyrics">"Uneasy Rider"</a>. Genius. Retrieved October 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genius&rft.atitle=Uneasy+Rider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FCharlie-daniels-uneasy-rider-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Robert (December 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/behind-the-bastards/episode/part-one-how-the-john-birch-society-invented-the-modern-far-right-80165219">"Part One: How The John Birch Society Invented The Modern Far Right"</a>. Stitcher. Retrieved October 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stitcher&rft.atitle=Part+One%3A+How+The+John+Birch+Society+Invented+The+Modern+Far+Right&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stitcher.com%2Fshow%2Fbehind-the-bastards%2Fepisode%2Fpart-one-how-the-john-birch-society-invented-the-modern-far-right-80165219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulloy2014" class="citation book cs1">Mulloy, D. J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RHHYAwAAQBAJ">The World of the John Birch Society: Conspiracy, Conservatism, and the Cold War</a>. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826519818" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826519818"><bdi>978-0826519818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+John+Birch+Society%3A+Conspiracy%2C+Conservatism%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0826519818&rft.aulast=Mulloy&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRHHYAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulloy2014a" class="citation book cs1">Mulloy, D. J. (2014a). "1. exposure". The World of the John Birch Society: Conspiracy, Conservatism, and the Cold War. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 15–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1675660">10.2307/j.ctv1675660</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826519818" title="Special:BookSources/9780826519818"><bdi>9780826519818</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1675660">j.ctv1675660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+exposure&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+John+Birch+Society%3A+Conspiracy%2C+Conservatism%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=15-41&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1675660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1675660&rft.isbn=9780826519818&rft.aulast=Mulloy&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Charles J. (2002). "The Master Conspiracy of the John Birch Society: From Communism to the New World Order". Western Journal of Communication. 66 (4): 423–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10570310209374748">10.1080/10570310209374748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145081268">145081268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=The+Master+Conspiracy+of+the+John+Birch+Society%3A+From+Communism+to+the+New+World+Order&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423-447&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10570310209374748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145081268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeven2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Verhoeven, Bart (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28893/1/VerhoevenThesisNottinghamFinalVersion.pdf">The Rearguard of Freedom: The John Birch Society and the Development of Modern Conservatism in the United States, 1958–1968</a> (PDF) (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>. Retrieved September 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Rearguard+of+Freedom%3A+The+John+Birch+Society+and+the+Development+of+Modern+Conservatism+in+the+United+States%2C+1958%E2%80%931968&rft.inst=University+of+Nottingham&rft.date=2015-07&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F28893%2F1%2FVerhoevenThesisNottinghamFinalVersion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_studies">Scholarly studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scholarly studies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLautz2016" class="citation book cs1">Lautz, Terry E (2016). John Birch: A Life. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190262891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190262891"><bdi>978-0190262891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Birch%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0190262891&rft.aulast=Lautz&rft.aufirst=Terry+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McGirr, Lisa. Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (2001), focus on Los Angeles suburbs in 1960s</li> <li>Schoenwald, Jonathan M. (2002). A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism pp. 62–99 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195157265/">excerpt and text search</a>, a national history of the party</li> <li>Stone, Barbara S. "The John Birch Society: a Profile", Journal of Politics 1974 36(1): 184–197, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2129115">2129115</a>.</li> <li>Wander, Philip. "The John Birch and Martin Luther King, Symbols in the Radical Right", Western Speech (Western Journal of Communication), 1971 35(1): 4–14.</li> <li>Wilcox, Clyde. "Sources of Support for the Old Right: A Comparison of the John Birch Society and the Christian Anti-Communism Crusade". Social Science History 1988 12(4): 429–450, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1171382">1171382</a>.</li> <li>Wright, Stuart A. Patriots, politics, and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Cambridge University Press. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87264-5">978-0-521-87264-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Gary Allen. None Dare Call It Conspiracy. G S G & Associates, Inc., 1971.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin, G. Edward</a> (1972). This is the John Birch Society; an invitation to membership. Thousand Oaks, Calif: American Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912986-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-912986-04-2"><bdi>0-912986-04-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2192524">2192524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+the+John+Birch+Society%3B+an+invitation+to+membership&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif&rft.pub=American+Media&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2192524&rft.isbn=0-912986-04-2&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=G.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2018" class="citation book cs1">McManus, John F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shopjbs.org/the-john-birch-society-its-history-recounted-by-someone-who-was-there">The John Birch Society: Its History Recounted by Someone Who Was There</a>. Wakefield, Massachusetts: Overview Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0692132968" title="Special:BookSources/978-0692132968"><bdi>978-0692132968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+John+Birch+Society%3A+Its+History+Recounted+by+Someone+Who+Was+There&rft.place=Wakefield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Overview+Productions&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0692132968&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshopjbs.org%2Fthe-john-birch-society-its-history-recounted-by-someone-who-was-there&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Robert W. Welch Jr. The New Americanism and Other Speeches. Boston: Western Islands, 1966.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Welch, Robert</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluebookofjohnbi00welc">The blue book of the John Birch Society</a>. Boston: Western Islands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88279-105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88279-105-2"><bdi>0-88279-105-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16903114">16903114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+blue+book+of+the+John+Birch+Society&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Western+Islands&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16903114&rft.isbn=0-88279-105-2&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbluebookofjohnbi00welc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Welch, Robert</a> (1964). The Politician. Belmont, Massachusetts: Belmont Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99908-64-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/99908-64-98-5"><bdi>99908-64-98-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/376165">376165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politician&rft.place=Belmont%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belmont+Publishing&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F376165&rft.isbn=99908-64-98-5&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Welch, Robert</a> (1964). The White Book of the John Birch Society for 1964. Belmont, Massachusetts: John Birch Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21571870">21571870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Book+of+the+John+Birch+Society+for+1964&rft.place=Belmont%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=John+Birch+Society&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21571870&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Welch, Robert</a> (1966). The New Americanism and Other Speeches. Boston: Western Islands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88279-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88279-211-3"><bdi>0-88279-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Americanism+and+Other+Speeches&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Western+Islands&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-88279-211-3&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticizing_the_John_Birch_Society">Criticizing the John Birch Society</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticizing the John Birch Society">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Buckley, William F. Jr. (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/william-buckley-jr/goldwater-the-john-birch-society-and-me/">"Goldwater, the John Birch Society, and Me"</a>. Commentary.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner2013" class="citation book cs1">Conner, Claire (2013). Wrapped in the Flag: A Personal History of America's Radical Right. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807077504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807077504"><bdi>978-0807077504</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/930959176">930959176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wrapped+in+the+Flag%3A+A+Personal+History+of+America%27s+Radical+Right&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F930959176&rft.isbn=978-0807077504&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Birch+Society" class="Z3988"></li> <li>De Koster, Lester (1967). The Citizen and the John Birch Society. A Reformed Journal monograph. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans.</li> <li>Epstein, Benjamin R., and Arnold Forster (1966). The Radical Right: Report on the John Birch Society and Its Allies. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>.</li> <li>Grove, Gene (1961). Inside the John Birch Society. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett.</li> <li>Grupp, Fred W. Jr. (1969). "The Political Perspectives of Birch Society Members". In Robert A. Schoenberger, ed., The American Right Wing: Readings in Political Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470572700">470572700</a>.</li> <li>Hardisty, Jean V. (1999). Mobilizing Resentment: Conservative Resurgence from the John Birch Society to the Promise Keepers. Boston: Beacon Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Birch_Society" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jbs.org">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585727#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenewamerican.com/">The New American</a>, JBS biweekly publication which publishes the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewamerican.com/freedomindex/">Freedom Index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827164100/http://www.thenewamerican.com/freedomindex/">Archived</a> August 27, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> congressional scorecard twice a year</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publiceye.org/tooclose/jbs.html">John Birch Society</a> at Political Research Associates</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dg6ixwmcMcc">"What Is the John Birch Society?"</a>, short excerpt of a film, released c. 1965, of <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a>, explaining why he founded the John Birch Society and its aims</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://votesmart.org/interest-group/1627/the-john-birch-society">Rating group positions by year</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Vote_Smart" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Vote Smart">Project Vote Smart</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585727#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585727#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585727#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106746848">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157696755">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/43925-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082514">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2016904853&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1208802">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7015804">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813160895005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263569705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/153675209">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&oldid=1260577592">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Birch_Society&oldid=1260577592</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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title="Category:Conspiracist media">Conspiracist media</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Far-right_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Far-right organizations in the United States">Far-right organizations in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1958" title="Category:Organizations established in 1958">Organizations established in 1958</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paleoconservative_organizations" title="Category:Paleoconservative organizations">Paleoconservative organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Political organizations based in the United States">Political organizations based in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_and_race_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Politics and race in the United States">Politics and race in the United States</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFConner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrothers2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek2023\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Barry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielBillPoston2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDion_Lefler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorfman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDussere2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatwell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpsteinForster1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreilichPienikHoward2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._Neale2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddock2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaimanTedfordHerbeck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHauptman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorwitzBauer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvine2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJane_Mayer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJust2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaminer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirchick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLackmeyer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLautz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevineBrenman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunsford2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_LyonsChip_Berlet2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGowan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcManus2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinami2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonacelli2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMondeaux2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseley-Morris2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulloy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulloy2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNiquette2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberdorferCannon1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOscar_Theodore_Barck_Jr.Nelson_Manfred_Blake1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOshinsky2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPastor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPengelly2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlstein2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotok2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrince2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegnery2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinbach2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRelations1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhode2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRick_Perlstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Welch1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuhlmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussPrindiville2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSam_Tanenhaus2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenwald2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenwald2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchott2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchott2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelhart2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpanglerBernick2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpector2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinback2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Earl1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanenhausRutenberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhoeven2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch1961\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWelch1964\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWelch1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_F._Buckley_Jr.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Heisel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfson2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 57,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox organization\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 2,\n [\"Libertarianism in the United States sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 3,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 1,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 4,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 11,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 38,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","19.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","19.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","7.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","7.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","4.7"],["type","100","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.8"],["[others]","440","20.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-7f597874bd-g5czb","timestamp":"20241202171457","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John Birch Society","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Birch_Society","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q585727","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q585727","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-21T22:14:31Z","dateModified":"2024-12-01T15:04:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/be\/John_Birch_Society_logo.svg","headline":"American right-wing advocacy group"}</script> </body> </html>