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id="toc-Evelyn_Wrench_and_Wilson_Harris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evelyn_Wrench_and_Wilson_Harris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Evelyn Wrench and Wilson Harris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evelyn_Wrench_and_Wilson_Harris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ian_Gilmour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ian_Gilmour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ian Gilmour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ian_Gilmour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Tory_Leadership"_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Tory_Leadership"_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 "The Tory Leadership" article </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Tory_Leadership"_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigel_Lawson,_George_Gale,_and_Harry_Creighton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigel_Lawson,_George_Gale,_and_Harry_Creighton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Nigel Lawson, George Gale, and Harry Creighton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigel_Lawson,_George_Gale,_and_Harry_Creighton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975–2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975–2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1975–2005 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1975–2005-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1975–2005 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1975–2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Henry_Keswick_and_Alexander_Chancellor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_Keswick_and_Alexander_Chancellor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Henry Keswick and Alexander Chancellor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_Keswick_and_Alexander_Chancellor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charles_Moore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Moore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Charles Moore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Moore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominic_Lawson_and_Frank_Johnson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominic_Lawson_and_Frank_Johnson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dominic Lawson and Frank Johnson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominic_Lawson_and_Frank_Johnson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boris_Johnson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boris_Johnson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Boris Johnson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boris_Johnson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 2006–present </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2006–present-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2006–present subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2006–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matthew_d'Ancona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matthew_d'Ancona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Matthew d'Ancona </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matthew_d'Ancona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraser_Nelson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraser_Nelson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Fraser Nelson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraser_Nelson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_acquisition_by_Paul_Marshall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_acquisition_by_Paul_Marshall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 2024 acquisition by Paul Marshall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_acquisition_by_Paul_Marshall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideology_and_policy_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideology_and_policy_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political ideology and policy positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_ideology_and_policy_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cultural influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Contributors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Editors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator_(Zeitschrift)" title="The Spectator (Zeitschrift) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="The Spectator (Zeitschrift)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="اسپکتیتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپکتیتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0" title="스펙테이터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스펙테이터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator_(periodico)" title="The Spectator (periodico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="The Spectator (periodico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הספקטייטור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הספקטייטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator_(1828)" title="The Spectator (1828) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="The Spectator (1828)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC_(1828%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%B5%E5%88%8A%E3%81%AE%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C)" title="スペクテイター (1828年創刊の雑誌) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペクテイター (1828年創刊の雑誌)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator_(tygodnik)" title="The Spectator (tygodnik) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="The Spectator (tygodnik)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="The Spectator" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="دی سپیکٹیٹرز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دی سپیکٹیٹرز" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectator_USA&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British weekly conservative magazine on politics, culture, and current affairs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the UK political magazine. For Addison and Steele's periodical, see <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_(1711)" title="The Spectator (1711)">The Spectator (1711)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">The Spectator</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Spectator_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Spectator_logo.svg/180px-The_Spectator_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Spectator_logo.svg/270px-The_Spectator_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Spectator_logo.svg/360px-The_Spectator_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="116" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Specator_10000th_Issue.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/The_Specator_10000th_Issue.webp/220px-The_Specator_10000th_Issue.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/The_Specator_10000th_Issue.webp/275px-The_Specator_10000th_Issue.webp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="362" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Spectator 25 April 2020 cover</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Categories</th><td class="infobox-data">Politics, culture</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Weekly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Sayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Freddie Sayers">Freddie Sayers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Paid circulation</th><td class="infobox-data brand">106,556</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unpaid circulation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,185</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total circulation (2023)</th><td class="infobox-data">107,812</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephen_Rintoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stephen Rintoul">Robert Stephen Rintoul</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First issue</th><td class="infobox-data">6 July 1828; 196 years ago (1828-07-06)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company</th><td class="infobox-data">Old Queen Street Ventures Limited</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based in</th><td class="infobox-data">22 Old Queen Street, Westminster, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectator.co.uk">spectator.co.uk</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectator.com.au">spectator.com.au</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thespectator.com">thespectator.com</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0038-6952">0038-6952</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1766325">1766325</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_Kingdom" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy#United_Kingdom" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_Treason_Trials" title="1794 Treason Trials">1794 Treason Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wets_and_dries" title="Wets and dries">Wets and dries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Anderson_(British_politician)" title="Lee Anderson (British politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cazalet#Advocating_Jewish_homeland" title="Victor Cazalet">Cazalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a> (1867–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a> (1912)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a> (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Men" title="The Children of Men">The Children of Men</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">Forsyth (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Littlewood" title="Mark Littlewood">Littlewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Payne" title="Sebastian Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit" title="Social Affairs Unit">Social Affairs Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> (Defunct)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jacobin_Review" title="Anti-Jacobin Review">Anti-Jacobin Review</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fawkes" title="Guido Fawkes">Guido Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkTV (British TV channel)">TalkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; 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border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Spectator is a weekly British political and cultural <a href="/wiki/News_magazine" title="News magazine">news magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> It was first published in July 1828,<a href="#cite_note-FirstNumber-2">[2]</a> making it the oldest surviving magazine in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> The Spectator is <a href="/wiki/Politically_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Politically conservative">politically conservative</a>, and its principal subject areas are politics and culture. Alongside columns and features on current affairs, the magazine also contains arts pages on books, music, opera, film, and TV reviews. It had an average circulation of 107,812 as of December 2023, excluding <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Editorship of the magazine has often been a step on the ladder to high office in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in the United Kingdom. Past editors include <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> (1999–2005) and other former cabinet members <a href="/wiki/Ian_Gilmour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Gilmour">Ian Gilmour</a> (1954–1959), <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a> (1963–1965), and <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a> (1966–1970). The former <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> took over from <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Fraser Nelson</a> as editor on 4 October 2024.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> Today, the magazine is a print-digital hybrid. In 2020, The Spectator became the longest-lived current affairs magazine in history, and was also the first magazine ever to publish 10,000 issues.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In September 2024, The Spectator was acquired by British investor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Paul Marshall</a>, owner of <a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a> and major investor in <a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Stephen_Rintoul">Robert Stephen Rintoul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Robert Stephen Rintoul">edit</a>]</div> The Spectator's founder, Scottish reformer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephen_Rintoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stephen Rintoul">Robert Stephen Rintoul</a>, former editor of the <a href="/wiki/Dundee_Courier_%26_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundee Courier & Argus">Dundee Advertiser</a> and the London-based <a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_(newspaper)" title="The Atlas (newspaper)">Atlas</a>, launched the paper on 6 July 1828.<a href="#cite_note-FirstNumber-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Rintoul consciously revived the title from the celebrated, if short-lived, daily publication by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> As he had long been determined "to edit a perfect newspaper",<a href="#cite_note-Beach_Thomas_1928-14">[14]</a> Rintoul initially insisted on "absolute power"<a href="#cite_note-Beach_Thomas_1928-14">[14]</a> over content, commencing a long-lasting tradition of the paper's editor and proprietor being one and the same person. Although he wrote little himself, "every line and word passed through the alembic of his brain."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The Spectator's political outlook in its first thirty years reflected Rintoul's <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">liberal-radical</a> agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Blake-16">[16]</a> Despite its political stance, it was widely regarded and respected for its non-partisanship, in both its political and cultural criticism. Rintoul initially advertised his new title as a "family paper", the euphemistic term for a journal free from strong political rhetoric. However, events soon compelled him to confess that it was no longer possible to be "a mere Spectator". Two years into its existence, The Spectator came out strongly for wide-reaching parliamentary reform: it produced supplements detailing vested interests in the Commons and Lords, coined the well-known phrase "The Bill, the whole Bill and nothing but the Bill", and helped drive through the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Great Reform Act of 1832</a>. Virulently anti-<a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a> in its politics, The Spectator strongly objected to the appointment of the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> as prime minister, condemning him as "a Field Marshal whose political career proves him to be utterly destitute of political principle – whose military career affords ample evidence of his stern and remorseless temperament."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The paper spent its first century at premises on Wellington Street (now <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Place" title="Lancaster Place">Lancaster Place</a>). Despite its robust criticism of the Conservative Party leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> for several years, The Spectator rallied behind him when he split the Tory party by successfully repealing the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>. Rintoul's fundamental principles were freedom of the individual, freedom of the press and freedom of trade, of religious tolerance and freedom from blind political adherence. The magazine was vocal in its opposition to the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–1842), commenting that "all the alleged aims of the expedition against China are vague, illimitable, and incapable of explanation, save only that of making the Chinese pay the opium-smugglers."<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The magazine further wrote: "There does not appear to be much glory gained in a contest so unequal that hundreds are killed on one side and none on the other. What honour is there in going to shoot men, certain that they cannot hurt you? The cause of the war, be it remembered, is as disreputable as the strength of the parties is unequal. The war is undertaken in support of a co-partnery of opium-smugglers, in which the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Anglo-Indian Government</a> may be considered as the principal partner."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1853, The Spectator's lead book reviewer <a href="/wiki/George_Brimley" title="George Brimley">George Brimley</a> published an anonymous and unfavourable notice of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bleak_House" title="Bleak House">Bleak House</a>, typical of the paper's enduring contempt for him as a "popular" writer "amusing the idle hours of the greatest number of readers; not, we may hope, without improvement to their hearts, but certainly without profoundly affecting their intellects or deeply stirring their emotions."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Rintoul died in April 1858, having sold the magazine two months earlier. The circulation had already been falling, under particular pressure from its new rival, The Saturday Review. Its new owner, the 27-year-old John Addyes Scott, kept the purchase quiet, but Rintoul's death made explicit the change of guard. His tenure was unremarkable, and subscribers continued to fall.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> By the end of the year, Scott sought his escape, selling the title for £4,200 in December 1858 (equivalent to £533,901 in 2023) to two British-based Americans, James McHenry and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Moran" title="Benjamin Moran">Benjamin Moran</a>. While McHenry was a businessman, Moran was an assistant secretary to the American ambassador, <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a>; they saw their purchase as a means to influence British opinion on American affairs.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The editor was <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Leigh_Hunt" title="Thornton Leigh Hunt">Thornton Leigh Hunt</a>, a friend of Moran who had also worked for Rintoul. Hunt was also nominally the purchaser, having been given the necessary monies in an attempt by McHenry and Moran to disguise the American ownership. Circulation declined with this loss of independence and inspirational leadership, as the views of <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, then President of the United States, came to the fore. Within weeks, as the last pre-American ownership issue appears to have been that of 25 December 1858. the editorial line followed Buchanan's pronouncements in being "neither pro-<a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> nor pro-<a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a>. To unsympathetic observers Buchanan's policy seemed to apportion blame for the impasse on the slavery question equally on pro-slavery and abolitionist factions – and rather than work out a solution, simply to argue that a solution would take time. The Spectator now would publicly support that 'policy'".<a href="#cite_note-Fulton-23">[23]</a> This set it at odds with most of the British press, but gained it the sympathy of expatriate Americans in the country. Richard Fulton notes that from then until 1861, "the Spectator's commentary on American affairs read like a Buchanan administration propaganda sheet." and that this represented a volte-face.<a href="#cite_note-Fulton-23">[23]</a> Under Hunt's tenure, The Spectator may even have been steered by financial support from the court of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meredith_Townsend,_Richard_Holt_Hutton,_and_John_St_Loe_Strachey">Meredith Townsend, Richard Holt Hutton, and John St Loe Strachey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Meredith Townsend, Richard Holt Hutton, and John St Loe Strachey">edit</a>]</div> The need to promote the Buchanan position in Britain had been reduced as British papers such as <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Review (London)">The Saturday Review</a> turned in his favour, fearing the potential effects of a split in the Union. As <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was set to succeed the vacillating Buchanan after the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a>, the owners decided to stop pumping money into a loss-making publication: as Moran confided to his diary, "it don't pay, never did since Hunt became its owner."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> On 19 January 1861, The Spectator was sold to a journalist, <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Townsend" title="Meredith Townsend">Meredith Townsend</a>, for the marked-down sum of £2,000. Though not yet thirty, Townsend had spent the previous decade as an editor in India, and was prepared to restore to the paper an independent voice in a fast-changing world. From the outset, Townsend took up an anti-Buchanan, anti-slavery position, arguing that his unwillingness to act decisively had been a weakness and a contributor to the problems apparent in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Fulton-23">[23]</a> He soon went into partnership with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holt_Hutton" title="Richard Holt Hutton">Richard Holt Hutton</a>, the editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, whose primary interests were literature and theology. Hutton's close friend <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> later called him "the first critic of the nineteenth century".<a href="#cite_note-Blake-16">[16]</a> Townsend's writing in The Spectator confirmed him as one of the finest journalists of his day, and he has since been called "the greatest leader writer ever to appear in the English Press."<a href="#cite_note-Blake-16">[16]</a> The two men remained co-proprietors and joint editors for 25 years, taking a strong stand on some of the most controversial issues of their day. They supported the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, an unpopular position which, at the time, did serious damage to the paper's circulation, reduced to some 1,000 readers. The issue of 25 January 1862, published in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>, argued that "The Southern Bid" for active support in return for an Abolition promise, "demands careful examination".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In time, the paper regained readers when the victory of the North validated its principled stance.<a href="#cite_note-Blake-16">[16]</a> They also launched an all-out assault on <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, accusing him in a series of leaders of jettisoning ethics for politics by ignoring the atrocities committed against Bulgarian civilians by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1886, The Spectator parted company with <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> when he declared his support for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule</a>. Committed to defending the Union ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> line, Townsend and Hutton aligned themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist</a> wing. As a result, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> (the future Prime Minister), who had served as a leader-writer for ten years, left his post. Townsend was succeeded by a young journalist named <a href="/wiki/John_Strachey_(journalist)" title="John Strachey (journalist)">John St Loe Strachey</a>, who would remain associated with the paper for the next 40 years. When Hutton died in 1897, Strachey became co-owner with Townsend; by the end of the year Strachey was made sole editor and proprietor. As chief leader-writer, general manager, literary critic and all things beside, Strachey embodied the spirit of The Spectator until the 1920s. Among his various schemes were the establishment of a Spectator Experimental Company, to show that new soldiers could be trained up to excellence in six months, the running of a Cheap Cottage Exhibition, which laid the foundations for Letchworth Garden City, and the impassioned defence of Free Trade against <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>'s protectionist 'Tariff Reform' programme.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Within two years he had doubled the paper's circulation, which peaked at 23,000. In the early decades of the twentieth century it was heralded as "the most influential of all the London weeklies".<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld_1999-28">[28]</a> The First World War put the paper and its editor under great strain: after the conflict it seemed to be behind the times, and circulation began to fall away. Even the introduction of signed articles, overturning the paper's fixed policy of anonymity for its first century, did little to help. After years of illness, Strachey decided at the end of 1924 to sell his controlling interest in the paper to his recently appointed business manager, Sir <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Wrench" title="Evelyn Wrench">Evelyn Wrench</a>. Although he gained a second wind as a novelist, Strachey died two years later in 1928.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1925–1975">1925–1975</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1925–1975">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evelyn_Wrench_and_Wilson_Harris">Evelyn Wrench and Wilson Harris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evelyn Wrench and Wilson Harris">edit</a>]</div> For his first year as proprietor, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Wrench" title="Evelyn Wrench">John Evelyn Wrench</a> appointed John (Jack) Atkins his editor, who had worked on the paper for the last two decades, acting as editor during Strachey's recurrent bouts of illness. But the relationship did not work: as Atkins lamented to his long-standing friend, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, Wrench "continually wants to interfere and he is very ignorant".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Wrench duly took over the editorship in 1926, successfully channeling the enthusiasm of Strachey. His global connections helped secure interviews with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. Perhaps his most remembered achievement as editor of The Spectator was the campaign to ease <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">unemployment</a> in the mining town of <a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdare</a>, one of the worst hit by the crisis of 1928, when joblessness reached 40% in <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>. Within three months, the paper's appeal for the town's relief raised over £12,000 (equivalent to £913,252 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld_1999-28">[28]</a> A statuette of an Aberdare miner, presented in gratitude to The Spectator, still sits in the editor's office, bearing the inscription: "From the Townsfolk of Aberdare in Grateful Recognition: 'The Greatest of These is Love'".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Wrench retired as editor in 1932 (he remained the magazine's proprietor), appointing the political editor <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Harris_(journalist)" title="Wilson Harris (journalist)">Wilson Harris</a> his successor. Under Harris The Spectator became increasingly outspoken on <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">developing international politics in the 1930s</a>, in particular on the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. Beneath a reader's letter referring to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> as "peaceful, orderly and kindly", Harris printed the following reply: <blockquote>No facts in recent history are established more incontestably ... than the numerous cases of murder, assault, and various forms of intimidation for which the National Socialist Party in Germany has been responsible ... The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">organized economic boycott of the Jews</a> is the climax. The Spectator has consistently shown itself a friend of Germany, but it is a friend of freedom first. Resort to violence is not condoned by styling it revolution.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </blockquote> Harris broadly supported the <a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Chamberlain_ministry" title="European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry">European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>. He praised the <a href="/wiki/Munich_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich agreement">Munich agreement</a>, explaining later that he believed "even the most desperate attempt to save the peace was worthwhile".<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld_1999-28">[28]</a> Harris abandoned the newspaper's support for appeasement after the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> pogrom, which Harris wrote "obliterated the word appeasement."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> When the conflict broke, the team abandoned their Gower Street office for <a href="/wiki/Harmondsworth" title="Harmondsworth">Harmondsworth</a>, but within a few days decided to return to London: the basement caught fire from shrapnel, and the printers were <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">bombed</a>, but the paper continued to appear each week. Although the Second World War required The Spectator to downgrade its size and paper quality, its readership doubled during the conflict, exceeding 50,000. From 1945 to 1950, Harris served as MP for <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge University</a>; although he stood as an independent, this was the first formal overlap between The Spectator and the House of Commons. In February 1947, when a fuel shortage suspended the publication of weekly magazines, The Spectator appeared in an abridged form over two successive Thursdays on page 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ian_Gilmour">Ian Gilmour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ian Gilmour">edit</a>]</div> In 1954, Wrench and his co-owner Angus Watson sold The Spectator to the barrister <a href="/wiki/Ian_Gilmour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Gilmour">Ian Gilmour</a>, who restored the Spectator tradition of simultaneously acting as editor. Having a libertarian and pro-European outlook, he "enlivened the paper and injected a new element of irreverence, fun and controversy".<a href="#cite_note-Blake-16">[16]</a> He was critical of both <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>'s governments, and while supporting the Conservatives was also friendly to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaitskellism" title="Gaitskellism">Gaitskellism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-royjenkins-auto-33">[33]</a> Gilmour lent The Spectator's voice to the campaign to end <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Britain">capital punishment in Britain</a>, writing an incensed leader attacking the hanging of <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ellis" title="Ruth Ellis">Ruth Ellis</a> in 1955, in which he claimed "Hanging has become the national sport", and that the home secretary <a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Lloyd_George" title="Gwilym Lloyd George">Gwilym Lloyd George</a>, for not reprieving the sentence, "has now been responsible for the hanging of two women over the past eight months".<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld_1999-28">[28]</a> The Spectator opposed Britain's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez crisis">Suez crisis</a> in 1956, strongly criticising the government's handling of the debacle. The paper went on to oppose Macmillan's government's re-election in the <a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959 United Kingdom general election</a>, complaining: "The continued Conservative pretence that Suez was a good, a noble, a wise venture has been too much to stomach ... the Government is taking its stand on a solid principle: 'Never admit a mistake.'"<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld_1999-28">[28]</a> The paper also says that it was influential in campaigning for the <a href="/wiki/Decriminalisation_of_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalisation of homosexuality">decriminalisation of homosexuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It gave vocal support to the proposals of the <a href="/wiki/Wolfenden_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfenden Committee">Wolfenden Committee</a> in 1957, condemning the "utterly irrational and illogical" old laws on homosexuality: "Not only is the law unjust in conception, it is almost inevitably unjust in practice."<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld_1999-28">[28]</a> In March 1957, Jenny Nicholson, a frequent contributor, wrote a piece on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> congress in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, which mentioned three <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> politicians (<a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Phillips" title="Morgan Phillips">Morgan Phillips</a>) "who puzzled the Italians by filling themselves like tanks with whisky and coffee".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> All three sued for libel, the case went to trial, and The Spectator was forced to make a large payment in damages and costs, a sum well over the equivalent of £150,000 today.<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> It has since emerged that "all three plaintiffs, to a greater or lesser degree, perjured themselves in court".<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> Gilmour gave up the editorship in 1959, in part to abet his chance of selection as a Conservative MP. He appointed his deputy <a href="/wiki/Brian_Inglis" title="Brian Inglis">Brian Inglis</a>, who introduced to the magazine a fresh spirit of political satire. In 1959—much to the embarrassment of Gilmour (who remained the owner)—The Spectator advised either voting for the Liberal Party or tactically abstaining. Despite a marked increase in sales, Gilmour felt that The Spectator was losing its political edge, so replaced him in 1962 with <a href="/wiki/Iain_Hamilton_(journalist)" title="Iain Hamilton (journalist)">Iain Hamilton</a>. Hamilton successfully balanced a keener focus on current affairs with some more raucous contributions as the young team behind <a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a> were commissioned to write a mock eight-page Child's Guide to Modern Culture.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Much to the shock of Hamilton and the Spectator staff, Gilmour replaced Hamilton in 1963 with <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>, the Conservative MP who had resigned from the cabinet on the controversial appointment of Sir <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> as prime minister. A widely circulated letter, signed by Spectator journalists and board members, berated Gilmour for mistreating an admired editor and appointing an active politician who could jeopardise the independence of the magazine: "We believe strongly that The Spectator, with its long and honourable history of independent opinion, should not be tossed about at the whim of the proprietor or lose its independence by identification with a narrow political faction."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Tory_Leadership"_article">"The Tory Leadership" article</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "The Tory Leadership" article">edit</a>]</div> Two months into his post, in January 1964, Macleod intensified the shock by revealing the behind-the-scenes machinations of the Conservative party. In a long article entitled "The Tory Leadership", ostensibly a review of a new book (The Fight for the Tory Leadership) by <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a>, Macleod laid out his version of events in great detail. In disclosing, from the horse's mouth, the mysterious circumstances of Douglas-Home's appointment, the article caused an immediate sensation. Churchill's book was all but obliterated by the review, which said that "four fifths" of it "could have been compiled by anyone with a pair of scissors, a pot of paste and a built-in prejudice against Mr <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Haley" title="William Haley">William Haley</a>".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> That week's edition, bearing the headline "Iain Macleod, What Happened", sold a record number of copies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigel_Lawson,_George_Gale,_and_Harry_Creighton">Nigel Lawson, George Gale, and Harry Creighton</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nigel Lawson, George Gale, and Harry Creighton">edit</a>]</div> The "Tory Leadership" article prompted a furious response from many Spectator readers and caused Macleod, for a time, to be shunned by political colleagues. He eventually regained his party's favour, however, and rejoined the shadow cabinet in the same year. On his appointment as Shadow Chancellor in 1965, he stepped down as editor on the last day of the year, to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>. Sometimes called "The Great Procrastinator" because of his tendency to leave writing leaders until the last minute,<a href="#cite_note-Blake-16">[16]</a> Lawson had been City editor for <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a> and Alec Douglas-Home's personal assistant during the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 United Kingdom general election</a>. In 1966, largely due to Lawson, The Spectator opposed America's increasing military commitment in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a>. In a signed article he estimated "the risks involved in an American withdrawal from Vietnam are less than the risks in escalating a bloody and brutal war".<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> In 1967, Ian Gilmour, who by then had joined parliament and was already finding the proprietorship a hindrance in political life, sold The Spectator to <a href="/wiki/Harold_Creighton" title="Harold Creighton">Harry Creighton</a> for £75,000 (equivalent to £1,719,458 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1970, Creighton replaced Lawson as editor with <a href="/wiki/George_Gale_(journalist)" title="George Gale (journalist)">George Gale</a>; there had been growing resentment between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> Gale shared Creighton's political outlook,<a href="#cite_note-Blake-16">[16]</a> in particular his strong opposition to the EEC, and much of the next five years was spent attacking the pro-EEC prime minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, treating his eventual defeat by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> with undisguised delight. Gale's almost obsessive opposition to the EEC and antagonistic attitude towards Heath began to lose the magazine readers. In 1973 Creighton took over the editorship himself, but was, if possible, even less successful in stemming the losses. Circulation fell from 36,000 in 1966 to below 13,000. As one journalist who joined The Spectator at that time said: "It gave the impression, an entirely accurate one, of a publication surviving on a shoestring".<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> George Gale later remarked that Creighton had only wanted the job to get into <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1975–2005">1975–2005</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1975–2005">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_Keswick_and_Alexander_Chancellor">Henry Keswick and Alexander Chancellor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Henry Keswick and Alexander Chancellor">edit</a>]</div> In 1975, Creighton sold The Spectator to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Keswick_(businessman)" title="Henry Keswick (businessman)">Henry Keswick</a>, again for £75,000 (Creighton sold the 99 Gower Street premises separately, so the magazine moved to 56 Doughty Street).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Keswick was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Jardines_(company)" title="Jardines (company)">Jardine Matheson</a> multinational corporation. He was drawn to the paper partly because he harboured political aspirations (the paper's perk as a useful stepping stone to Westminster was, by now, well established), but also because his father had been a friend of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Peter Fleming</a>, its well-known columnist (under the name "Strix"). Keswick gave the job of editor to "the only journalist he knew",<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chancellor" title="Alexander Chancellor">Alexander Chancellor</a>, an old family friend and his mother's godson, with whom he had been at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge</a>. Before then, Chancellor had worked at <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> news agency and had been a scriptwriter and reporter for <a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">ITN</a>. In spite of his relative inexperience, he was to become known as "one of the best editors in the history of The Spectator".<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> Chancellor's editorship of the paper relied principally on a return to earlier values. He adopted a new format and a more traditional weekly style, with the front page displaying five cover lines above the leader. Most significantly, he recognised the need "to bring together a number of talented writers and, with the minimal of editorial interference, let them write".<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> To this end he persuaded <a href="/wiki/Auberon_Waugh" title="Auberon Waugh">Auberon Waugh</a> (who had been sacked by Nigel Lawson) to return from the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>, and enticed <a href="/wiki/Richard_West_(journalist)" title="Richard West (journalist)">Richard West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bernard" title="Jeffrey Bernard">Jeffrey Bernard</a> from the same magazine. Another columnist recruited by Chancellor was <a href="/wiki/Taki_Theodoracopulos" title="Taki Theodoracopulos">Taki Theodoracopulos</a> whose column ‘High Life’ was then printed beside Bernard's ‘Low Life’. Taki's column, frequently criticised for its content by the press,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> remains in the paper. In September 1978, a 96-page issue was released to mark The Spectator's 150th anniversary. <a href="/wiki/William_Rees-Mogg" title="William Rees-Mogg">William Rees-Mogg</a> congratulated the paper in a <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times</a>'s leading article, praising it in particular for its important part in "the movement away from <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_Moore">Charles Moore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Charles Moore">edit</a>]</div> Chancellor was replaced by the 27-year-old <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Moore (journalist)">Charles Moore</a> in February 1984, after the magazine's then owner Algy Cluff had become concerned that The Spectator was "lacking in political weight" and considered Chancellor to be "commercially irresponsible".<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> Moore had been a leader writer at <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> before Chancellor recruited him to The Spectator as political commentator. Under Moore, the paper became more political than it had been under Chancellor. The new editor adopted an approach that was, in general, pro-<a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, while showing no restraint in opposing her on certain issues. The paper called the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a> "a fraudulent prospectus" in 1985, came out against the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a>, and in 1989 criticised the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">handover</a> of Hong Kong to <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>. Moore wrote that, if Britain failed to allow the city's <a href="/wiki/UK_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="UK passport">UK passport</a> holders <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Right of abode in the United Kingdom">right of abode</a> in Britain, "we shall have to confess that, for the first time in our history, we have forced Britons to be slaves."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Moore also introduced several new contributors, including a restaurant column by <a href="/wiki/Nigella_Lawson" title="Nigella Lawson">Nigella Lawson</a> (the former editor's daughter), and a humorous column by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Brown_(satirist)" title="Craig Brown (satirist)">Craig Brown</a>. When Taki was briefly imprisoned for cocaine possession Moore refused to accept his resignation, explaining publicly: "We expect our High Life columnist to be high some of the time."<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> The Spectator changed hands again in 1985, by which time it was facing financial meltdown, having an accumulated an overdraft of over £300,000.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] Cluff had reached the conclusion that the paper "would be best secured in the hands of a publishing group", and sold it to Australian company <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Media" title="Fairfax Media">John Fairfax</a>, which promptly paid off the overdraft. With the support of its new proprietor, the paper was able to widen its readership through subscription drives and advertising, reaching a circulation of 30,000 in 1986, exceeding the circulation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> for the first time. The magazine was again sold in 1988, after an uncertain period during which several candidates, including <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>, attempted to buy the magazine. Moore wrote to Murdoch, saying: "Most of our contributors and many of our readers would be horrified at the idea of your buying The Spectator. They believe you are autocratic and that you have a bad effect on journalism of quality – they cite <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> as the chief example."<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominic_Lawson_and_Frank_Johnson">Dominic Lawson and Frank Johnson</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dominic Lawson and Frank Johnson">edit</a>]</div> As The Spectator was bought by the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Group">Telegraph Group</a>, Moore resigned the editorship in 1990 to become deputy editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. He was replaced by his own deputy editor, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lawson" title="Dominic Lawson">Dominic Lawson</a>—the former editor's son. Shortly after becoming editor, Lawson became responsible for the resignation of a cabinet minister when he interviewed the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Trade_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Trade and Industry">Secretary of State for Trade and Industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley,_Baron_Ridley_of_Liddesdale" title="Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale">Nicholas Ridley</a>. During the interview, Ridley described the proposed <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Union">Economic and Monetary Union</a> as "a German racket designed to take over the whole of Europe", and seemed to draw comparisons between the German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. The interview appeared in the issue of 14 July 1990, the cover of which showed a cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Garland" title="Nicholas Garland">Nicholas Garland</a> that showed Ridley painting a crude comb-over and a Hitler moustache onto a poster of Kohl. Ridley resigned from Thatcher's government immediately.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Spectator caused controversy in 1994 when it printed an article entitled "Kings of the Deal" on a claimed Jewish influence in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/William_Cash_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cash (journalist)">William Cash</a>, who at the time was based in Los Angeles and working mainly for <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, which had considered the article too risky to publish. Lawson thought Cash's idea was as old as Hollywood itself and that Lawson's being Jewish would mitigate adverse reactions to publication. There was considerable controversy. Although owner <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Conrad Black</a> did not personally rebuke Lawson, <a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Max Hastings</a>, then editor of The Daily Telegraph, wrote with regard to Black, who also owned <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a> at the time, "It was one of the few moments in my time with Conrad when I saw him look seriously rattled: 'You don't understand, Max. My entire interests in the United States and internationally could be seriously damaged by this'."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The article was defended by some conservatives. <a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">John Derbyshire</a>, who says he has "complicated and sometimes self-contradictory feelings about Jews", wrote on <a href="/wiki/National_Review_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="National Review Online">National Review Online</a> regarding what he saw as the Jewish overreaction to the article that "It was a display of arrogance, cruelty, ignorance, stupidity, and sheer bad manners by rich and powerful people towards a harmless, helpless young writer, and the Jews who whipped up this preposterous storm should all be thoroughly ashamed of themselves".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Lawson left in 1995 to become editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a>, and was replaced by a deputy editor of the same newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Johnson_(journalist)" title="Frank Johnson (journalist)">Frank Johnson</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997 United Kingdom general election</a>, Johnson averted a decline in The Spectator's sales by recruiting "<a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> contributors", and shifting the magazine's direction slightly away from politics. In 1996, the magazine's Christmas issue featured an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Spice_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spice Girls">The Spice Girls</a>, in which the band members gave their "<a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euro-sceptic</a> and generally anti-labour" views on politics. Shortly before her death <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a>, was depicted on the magazine's cover as the figurehead of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Al-Fayed" title="Mohamed Al-Fayed">Mohamed Al-Fayed</a>'s boat, The Jonikal.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boris_Johnson">Boris Johnson</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Boris Johnson">edit</a>]</div> Before joining The Spectator as editor, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> had worked for <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, the Wolverhampton <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_Express_and_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton Express and Star">Express & Star</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. He had also briefly been political commentator for The Spectator under Dominic Lawson, but Frank Johnson replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Anderson_(columnist)" title="Bruce Anderson (columnist)">Bruce Anderson</a> in 1995. Succeeding Frank Johnson in 1999, Johnson increased Spectator subscriptions to a record 70,000 per year, and has been described as a "colourful editor".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001 United Kingdom general election</a>, Johnson was elected MP for <a href="/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Henley (UK Parliament constituency)">Henley</a>, and by 2004 had been made vice-chairman of the Conservative party, with a place in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a>'s shadow cabinet. In 2003, he explained his editorial policy for The Spectator would "always be roughly speaking in favour of getting rid of Saddam, sticking up for Israel, free-market economics, expanding choice" and that the magazine was "not necessarily a <a href="/wiki/Thatcherite" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatcherite">Thatcherite</a> Conservative or a <a href="/wiki/Neo-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-conservative">neo-conservative</a> magazine, even though in our editorial coverage we tend to follow roughly the conclusions of those lines of arguments."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In February 2003, Johnson was the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> inquiry relating to a column by <a href="/wiki/Taki_Theodoracopulos" title="Taki Theodoracopulos">Taki Theodoracopulos</a> titled "Thoughts on Thuggery" targeting barrister <a href="/wiki/Peter_Herbert_(lawyer)" title="Peter Herbert (lawyer)">Peter Herbert</a>, a black man.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert-53">[53]</a> Following the column's publication, Herbert had received over 40 racist emails, mostly from the United States, some of which contained death threats.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert-53">[53]</a> Johnson called the column "a terrible thing" which "should never have gone in."<a href="#cite_note-Herbert-53">[53]</a> In October 2004, a Spectator editorial suggested that the death of the hostage <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bigley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Bigley">Kenneth Bigley</a> was being over-sentimentalised by the people of Liverpool, accusing them of indulging in a "vicarious victimhood" and of possessing a "deeply unattractive psyche".’<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Simon Heffer had written the leader but, as editor, Johnson took full responsibility for it. Michael Howard subsequently ordered him to visit Liverpool on a "penitential pilgrimage".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> At this time, the paper began jokingly to be referred to as the 'Sextator', owing to the number of sex scandals connected with the magazine during his editorship. These included an affair between columnist <a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Rod Liddle</a> and the magazine's receptionist, and Johnson's own affair with another columnist, <a href="/wiki/Petronella_Wyatt" title="Petronella Wyatt">Petronella Wyatt</a>. Johnson at first denied the relationship, dismissing the allegations as "an inverted pyramid of piffle", but was sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in November 2004 when they turned out to be true. In the same year <a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">David Blunkett</a>, the Home Secretary, resigned from the government after it emerged he had been having an affair with the publisher of The Spectator, <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Quinn" title="Kimberly Quinn">Kimberly Quinn</a>, and had fast-tracked her nanny's visa application.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 2005, circulation was as high as 60,000 by the time Johnson left to be the Shadow Minister for Higher Education. On the announcement of his departure, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neil" title="Andrew Neil">Andrew Neil</a>, chairman of The Spectator<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-parliamentaryregister-58">[58]</a> paid tribute to his editorship;<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> however, Neil later rebuked Johnson for having delegated most of his responsibilities to an assistant, in a <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> <a href="/wiki/Dispatches_(TV_programme)" title="Dispatches (TV programme)">Dispatches</a> episode titled Boris Johnson: Has He Run Out of Road?<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> During Johnson's editorship, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wakefield_(journalist)" title="Mary Wakefield (journalist)">Mary Wakefield</a> began working at the magazine: she is now the magazine's commissioning editor and is married to Johnson's former political advisor <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings">Dominic Cummings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theindependent1-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-ft.com-64">[64]</a> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Barclay_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Brothers">Barclay Brothers</a> purchased the Telegraph Group from <a href="/wiki/Hollinger_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollinger International">Hollinger International</a> which included The Spectator within its titles.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2006–present">2006–present</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2006–present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22_Old_Queen_Street,_Westminster,_December_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/22_Old_Queen_Street%2C_Westminster%2C_December_2023.jpg/220px-22_Old_Queen_Street%2C_Westminster%2C_December_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/22_Old_Queen_Street%2C_Westminster%2C_December_2023.jpg/330px-22_Old_Queen_Street%2C_Westminster%2C_December_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/22_Old_Queen_Street%2C_Westminster%2C_December_2023.jpg/440px-22_Old_Queen_Street%2C_Westminster%2C_December_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>22 Old Queen Street, Westminster, the home of The Spectator since 2007</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matthew_d'Ancona">Matthew d'Ancona</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Matthew d'Ancona">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_d%27Ancona" title="Matthew d'Ancona">D’Ancona</a> had been Deputy Editor at <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a>, and before that an assistant editor at The Times. During his four years as editor of The Spectator, he made several editorial and structural changes to the magazine, "not all of which were universally popular with readers". He ended the traditional summary of the week's events, "Portrait of the Week", and in 2006 launched a new lifestyle section entitled "You Earned It". He removed <a href="/wiki/Peter_Oborne" title="Peter Oborne">Peter Oborne</a> as political editor, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Fraser Nelson</a> in his place. He decided not to appoint a new media columnist to succeed <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Glover_(columnist)" title="Stephen Glover (columnist)">Stephen Glover</a>, explaining, "I do not think The Spectator needs a media columnist. Our pages are precious and I do not think the internal wranglings of our trade are high on the list of Spectator readers’ priorities."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Perhaps the magazine's most important innovation under d’Ancona was the Coffee House blog, led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hoskin" title="Peter Hoskin">Peter Hoskin</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Forsyth (journalist)">James Forsyth</a>, launched in May 2007.<a href="#cite_note-the_new_Editor_of_The_Spectator-67">[67]</a> In 2007, The Spectator moved its offices from Doughty Street, which had been its home for 32 years, to 22 Old Queen Street in Westminster. The Spectator Australia was launched in October 2008. Apparently printed in Australia at the same time as, and with almost all the content of, the parent edition it finds its own cover illustrations and its first dozen pages are Australian.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Circulation reached a weekly average of 10,389 in January to December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraser_Nelson">Fraser Nelson</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fraser Nelson">edit</a>]</div> In August 2009, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Fraser Nelson</a> replaced d'Ancona as editor of The Spectator. In 2010, he unveiled a slight redesign of the paper, shrinking the cover illustration slightly, shifting the cover lines, in general, to the bottom, and spreading the contents section over a double-page. Playing down the changes, Nelson described the new look as "a tidy-up ... rather like restoring an old painting."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> An article in November 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Rod Liddle</a> on the trial of two men eventually convicted for the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Stephen_Lawrence" title="Murder of Stephen Lawrence">murder of Stephen Lawrence</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a> (CPS) deciding to prosecute the magazine for breaching reporting restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The magazine chose not to contest the case,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and the publisher Spectator 1828 Ltd pleaded guilty at the court hearing at Westminster Magistrates Court on 7 June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The magazine was fined £3,000, with £2,000 compensation awarded to Stephen Lawrence's parents and £625 costs.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> According to Nelson, readers' most common reaction to the columnist was "don't tone down Rod", but "our non-readers don't like" him.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In June 2013, The Spectator Archive was launched,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> containing 1.5 million pages from 180 years of published articles. In July 2013, the magazine ran a column by <a href="/wiki/Taki_Theodoracopulos" title="Taki Theodoracopulos">Taki Theodoracopulos</a> defending the far-right Greek political party <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a>, which drew criticism.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In May 2018, Theodoracopulos published a column defending the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In August 2015, The Spectator received media attention and criticism after publishing an article by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Moore (journalist)">Charles Moore</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2015 Labour Party leadership election</a> titled "Have <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Yvette Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liz_Kendall" title="Liz Kendall">Liz Kendall</a> got the looks for a leadership contest?", in which he wrote "there is an understanding that no leader – especially, despite the age of equality, a woman – can look grotesque on television and win a general election" and discussed the looks of the two female candidates in detail. The article was condemned by Liz Kendall; the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon" title="Nicola Sturgeon">Nicola Sturgeon</a>; and the candidate for Labour nomination for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> and former Minister and MP <a href="/wiki/Tessa_Jowell" title="Tessa Jowell">Tessa Jowell</a> along with several journalists and MPs from various parties.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In 2018, Nelson and deputy editor <a href="/wiki/Freddy_Gray_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freddy Gray (journalist)">Freddy Gray</a> launched a digital-only version of The Spectator USA. The monthly print magazine The Spectator US Edition,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> alongside the website spectator.us, was launched with the Inaugural Edition in October 2019 and the publication surpassed 10,000 subscribers in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> For the October 2020 issue, the title was changed to The Spectator Est. 1828,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> with the website remaining the same. For the June 2021 issue, the website changed to spectatorworld.com as the name changed again to The Spectator World.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_acquisition_by_Paul_Marshall">2024 acquisition by Paul Marshall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2024 acquisition by Paul Marshall">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph#2023–2024_takeover_bid" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph § 2023–2024 takeover bid</a></div> In June 2023, it was reported that, following a breakdown in discussions relating to a financial dispute, <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a> was planning to take over control of the companies owning the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> and Spectator titles and sell them off.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Representatives of the Barclay family have described the reports as "irresponsible".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> That same month, Telegraph Media Group Limited (TMG) was put up for sale, after its parent company B.UK, a Bermuda-based holding company, went into receivership. Howard and Aidan Barclay were removed as directors.<a href="#cite_note-Receivership_BBC-91">[91]</a> When a company linked to the United Arab Emirates attempted to buy TMG, chairman Andrew Neil threatened to quit, saying: "You cannot have a major mainstream newspaper group owned by an undemocratic government or dictatorship where no one has a vote."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Fraser Nelson, editor of The Spectator, also opposed the move, saying "the very reason why a foreign government would want to buy a sensitive asset is the very reason why a national government should be wary of selling them."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In September 2024, The Spectator was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Sir Paul Marshall</a> for £100 million.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Andrew Neil resigned with immediate effect with Fraser Nelson to be retained as editor.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The deal by Marshall also included The Spectator's sister title <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(magazine)" title="Apollo (magazine)">Apollo</a> and added both titles to his OQS Media group to be jointed published with the <a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a> website.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On 25 September 2024, Fraser Nelson stepped down as editor of The Spectator, taking up the role of Assistant Editor. Former <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> was appointed as the new Editor, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Charles Moore</a> being appointed the company's chairman.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ideology_and_policy_positions">Political ideology and policy positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political ideology and policy positions">edit</a>]</div> The Spectator is politically <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-othor-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Historically, the magazine was <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> in outlook, and over the course of its first century supported the <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a> wing of the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionists">Liberal Unionists</a> who eventually merged with the Conservatives. In 1957, the magazine was nicknamed "the Bugger's Bugle" by <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Express">The Sunday Express</a> following a sustained campaign by The Spectator to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">decriminalise homosexuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> It was the only national publication to endorse and support <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> for leadership of the Conservative Party in the <a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975 leadership election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Particularly since the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 Islamic terrorist attacks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, The Spectator has been critical of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, arguing that it undermines Britain’s <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> and endangers its security through <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> and growing <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> As with its sister publication The Daily Telegraph, The Spectator is generally <a href="/wiki/Atlanticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanticist">Atlanticist</a> and strongly <a href="/wiki/Eurosceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosceptic">Eurosceptic</a> in outlook,<a href="#cite_note-othor-97">[97]</a> favouring close ties with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> rather than with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The magazine is a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Some of its articles have opposed the creation of a Palestinian state,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> with one article arguing that a Palestinian state would be a "<a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a>" to destroy Israel.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> It has also supported Ukraine following its <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion by Russia</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 United Kingdom general election</a>, the leading article in the magazine argued that illegal migrants living in the UK should be offered British citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The Spectator has been one of the most outspoken supporters of Brexit. The magazine campaigned against Britain joining the European <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">Common Market</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 referendum</a>, and was one of only two national titles (alongside the <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Morning Star</a>) to back a ‘Leave’ vote in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom referendum</a>, though it also provided a platform for ‘Remain’ campaigners to argue for their side in the magazine and hosted a number of debates.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cultural influence">edit</a>]</div> The magazine has popularised or coined the phrases "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a>" (1955), "<a href="/wiki/Nanny_state" title="Nanny state">nanny state</a>" (1965), "<a href="/wiki/Young_fogey" title="Young fogey">young fogey</a>" (1984),<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Virtue_signalling" title="Virtue signalling">virtue signalling</a>" (2015).<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Naipaul" title="Shiva Naipaul">Shiva Naipaul</a> Memorial Prize for outstanding travel writing offers £2,000 every year.<a href="#cite_note-spectator/Tan/prize-open-118">[118]</a> The first winner was <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-spectator/hamra-prize-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-spectator/tag/prize-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributors">Contributors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Contributors">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the permanent staff of writers, other contributors included: <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td width="50%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Adler" title="Larry Adler">Larry Adler</a>, the mouth organist, wrote several articles for The Spectator in the 1970s during Harold Creighton's editorship.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jani_Allan" title="Jani Allan">Jani Allan</a>, the British-born South African journalist, was a Spectator correspondent in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a> wrote his first Spectator articles in the 1950s after Walter Taplin became editor. He maintained a close relationship with the magazine for the rest of his life, contributing articles, book reviews and short stories until his death in 1995. His last published words appeared in The Spectator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Anderson_(columnist)" title="Bruce Anderson (columnist)">Bruce Anderson</a> is the magazine's current columnist on drink.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Barry" title="Iris Barry">Iris Barry</a> was a pioneering film critic in the 1920s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._E._Bates" title="H. E. Bates">H. E. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beach_Thomas" title="William Beach Thomas">William Beach Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bernard" title="Jeffrey Bernard">Jeffrey Bernard</a> wrote the "Low Life" column, recounting tales of a debauched and insalubrious life spent largely in the vicinity of the Coach and Horses pub in Soho, London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a> joined the magazine in 1954 to write his "City and Suburban" column.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Brown_(satirist)" title="Craig Brown (satirist)">Craig Brown</a> wrote a humorous column from 1988, in the persona of the right-wing, pipe-smoking Wallace Arnold.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Blake" title="Quentin Blake">Quentin Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a> became leader writer in 1901, and was assistant editor from 1907 to 1907.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Clark" title="Alan Clark">Alan Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Clark_(journalist)" title="Ross Clark (journalist)">Ross Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a> acted as 'Contributing Editor' ten days after the <a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a> 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Nick Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Collins" title="Joan Collins">Joan Collins</a> has often contributed as a Guest Diarist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_John_Cornish" title="Charles John Cornish">Charles John Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cosgrave" title="Patrick Cosgrave">Patrick Cosgrave</a>, appointed political editor in 1971, and acting editor from 1973 to 1975, used his weekly column to undermine Edward Heath's premiership and was an early supporter of Margaret Thatcher in her bid to lead the Conservative Party. He left the Spectator to become Thatcher's special advisor upon her victory in 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Delingpole" title="James Delingpole">James Delingpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Einspruch" title="Franklin Einspruch">Franklin Einspruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ensor" title="Robert Ensor">Robert Ensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairlie" title="Henry Fairlie">Henry Fairlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Fallowell" title="Duncan Fallowell">Duncan Fallowell</a> has been a regular contributor since 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Peter Fleming</a>, usually under the pseudonym "Strix", wrote regularly from 1931, when he joined as assistant literary editor until his death in 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Clement Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._A._Gill" title="A. A. Gill">A. A. Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glass" title="Charles Glass">Charles Glass</a>, former ABC News Chief Middle East Correspondent and author, has written for the magazine since 1983.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Gold" title="Tanya Gold">Tanya Gold</a> is the magazine's current food columnist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Gray_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freddy Gray (journalist)">Freddy Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Green_(writer_and_musician)" title="Dominic Green (writer and musician)">Dominic Green</a>, deputy editor of Spectator USA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a> was Literary Editor and cinema critic in the 1930s. His film reviews in particular have since come to be regarded as "some of the most trenchant reviews of his or indeed any other time".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> has been a frequent contributor and was even offered the editorship after Alexander Chancellor. She declined because "she was not the right person for the job".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Hamilton" title="Garth Hamilton">Garth Hamilton</a>, contributor to The Spectator Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hankey" title="Donald Hankey">Donald Hankey</a> – author of the celebrated essays on the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> which appeared first in The Spectator under his pseudonym, A Student in Arms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hislop" title="Ian Hislop">Ian Hislop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> wrote regular articles from Washington in the 1980s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hughes_(British_writer)" title="Richard Hughes (British writer)">Richard Hughes</a> reviewed literature and published poetry in the 1920s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a> contributed poetry in the 1950s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes" title="Thomas Hughes">Thomas Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Humphries" title="Barry Humphries">Barry Humphries</a> was a frequent Guest Diarist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Hunt" title="Leigh Hunt">Leigh Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_James" title="Clive James">Clive James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a> wrote a media column from 1981, which later became 'And Another Thing' with a more general brief.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Kennedy" title="Ludovic Kennedy">Ludovic Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Killen" title="Mary Killen">Mary Killen</a>'s "Dear Mary" column gives advice on etiquette.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a> began to contribute poems and reviews to The Spectator in 1953.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_Lawson" title="Nigella Lawson">Nigella Lawson</a> began writing a restaurant column under Charles Moore's editorship in the 1980s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._R._Leavis" title="F. R. Leavis">F. R. Leavis</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="50%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh-Fermor" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Leigh-Fermor">Patrick Leigh-Fermor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Levin" title="Bernard Levin">Bernard Levin</a>, as "Taper", wrote "one of the most coruscating, witty and at times withering columns in The Spectator's history"<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> from 1956 to 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Rod Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacColl" title="Malcolm MacColl">Malcolm MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Macaulay" title="Rose Macaulay">Rose Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsay Macdonald">Ramsay Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Mackellar" title="Dorothea Mackellar">Dorothea Mackellar</a> contributed her poem “<a href="/wiki/My_Country" title="My Country">My Country</a>” (1908).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Noel Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a> became the paper's film critic in 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Marsden_(art_historian)" title="Jonathan Marsden (art historian)">Jonathan Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Masefield" title="John Masefield">John Masefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McElvoy" title="Anne McElvoy">Anne McElvoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_McShane" title="Luke McShane">Luke McShane</a> has been the chess columnist since October 2019.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michie" title="James Michie">James Michie</a> ran The Spectator's competition page in the 1990s and 2000s under the pseudonym 'Jaspistos'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Moore (journalist)">Charles Moore</a> has provided the "Spectator's Notes" for the past three decades</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Douglas Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Naipaul" title="Shiva Naipaul">Shiva Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Faol%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Faoláin">Seán Ó Faoláin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oborne" title="Peter Oborne">Peter Oborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_O%27Brien" title="Edna O'Brien">Edna O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Neill_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brendan O'Neill (journalist)">Brendan O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">John Osborne</a> was a frequent guest diarist towards the end of his life, most notably for the 1994 Christmas issue, when he complained of 'yet another mystery ailment' and died on Christmas Eve that year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Palmer_(director)" title="Tony Palmer (director)">Tony Palmer</a> wrote the controversial 'Notes from the Underground' column in the early 1970s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Paraskos" title="Michael Paraskos">Michael Paraskos</a> art and literary critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parris" title="Matthew Parris">Matthew Parris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Paterson" title="Jennifer Paterson">Jennifer Paterson</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Fat_Ladies" title="Two Fat Ladies">Two Fat Ladies</a>, cooked for weekly lunches at The Spectator in the 1980s, and from 1984 until her death in 1999 wrote a food column in the magazine. Two of her books were culled from these columns.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Plomer" title="William Plomer">William Plomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Plath" title="Sylvia Plath">Sylvia Plath</a> contributed poetry in the 1950s.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Solomon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Solomon (page does not exist)">Jane Solomon</a> author of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotel_167&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotel 167 (page does not exist)">Hotel 167</a> contributed poetry from 2018 onwards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pope-Hennessy" title="James Pope-Hennessy">James Pope-Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Pritchett" title="V. S. Pritchett">V. S. Pritchett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Rankin" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ridley" title="Matt Ridley">Matt Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Rifkind" title="Hugo Rifkind">Hugo Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">William Michael Rossetti</a> was art critic in the 1850s. He oversaw the first discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a> in the national media.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Shriver" title="Lionel Shriver">Lionel Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(journalist)" title="John Simpson (journalist)">John Simpson</a> wrote The Spectator's weekly reports on the Gulf War when he was also the BBC's reporter in Baghdad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Soames" title="Nicholas Soames">Nicholas Soames</a> was wine critic in the early 2000s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a> was a literary reviewer in the 1940s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Stamp" title="Gavin Stamp">Gavin Stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Steyn" title="Mark Steyn">Mark Steyn</a> was film critic in the 1990s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a> reviewed literature and published poetry in the 1860s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki_Theodoracopulos" title="Taki Theodoracopulos">Taki Theodoracopulos</a>, or simply 'Taki', started writing his 'High Life' column in 1977 as an answer to Jeffrey Bernard's 'Low Life'. The pairing continues today, since 'Low Life' has been revived by Jeremy Clarke.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a> was an occasional reviewer and, under the pseudonym Mercurius Oxoniensis, began an irregular humorous column about Oxford academia in the late 1960s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan" title="Kenneth Tynan">Kenneth Tynan</a> wrote theatre reviews for The Spectator in the 1950s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Utley" title="T. E. Utley">T. E. Utley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Voltz" title="Alexander Voltz">Alexander Voltz</a>, contributor to The Spectator Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Waugh" title="Auberon Waugh">Auberon Waugh</a> became political editor in 1967.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a> first began contributing to The Spectator in the 1930s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Whitehorn" title="Katharine Whitehorn">Katharine Whitehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._N._Wilson" title="A. N. Wilson">A. N. Wilson</a> was Literary Editor until his dismissal in 1983.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Peregrine Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editors">Editors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Editors">edit</a>]</div> The editors of The Spectator have been: <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td width="50%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephen_Rintoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stephen Rintoul">Robert Stephen Rintoul</a>, 1828–1858</li> <li>John Charles Addyes Scott, 1858</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Leigh_Hunt" title="Thornton Leigh Hunt">Thornton Leigh Hunt</a>, 1858–1860</li> <li>George Hooper, 1860–1861</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Townsend" title="Meredith Townsend">Meredith Townsend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holt_Hutton" title="Richard Holt Hutton">Richard Holt Hutton</a>, 1861–1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Strachey_(journalist)" title="John Strachey (journalist)">John St Loe Strachey</a>, 1897–1924 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Black_Atkins" title="John Black Atkins">John Black Atkins</a>, 1925–1926</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Wrench" title="Evelyn Wrench">Sir Evelyn Leslie Wrench</a>, 1926–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Harris_(journalist)" title="Wilson Harris (journalist)">Henry Wilson Harris</a>, 1932–1953</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Taplin" title="Walter Taplin">Walter Taplin</a>, 1953–1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gilmour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Gilmour">Ian Gilmour</a>, 1954–1959</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Inglis" title="Brian Inglis">Brian Inglis</a>, 1959–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Hamilton_(journalist)" title="Iain Hamilton (journalist)">Iain Hamilton</a>, 1962–1963</li></ul> </td> <td width="50%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>, 1963–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>, 1966–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gale_(journalist)" title="George Gale (journalist)">George Gale</a>, 1970–1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Creighton" title="Harold Creighton">Harold Creighton</a>, 1973–1975 (with Patrick Cosgrave acting as editor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chancellor" title="Alexander Chancellor">Alexander Chancellor</a>, 1975–1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Moore (journalist)">Charles Moore</a>, 1984–1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lawson" title="Dominic Lawson">Dominic Lawson</a>, 1990–1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Johnson_(journalist)" title="Frank Johnson (journalist)">Frank Johnson</a>, 1995–1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, 1999–2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_d%27Ancona" title="Matthew d'Ancona">Matthew d'Ancona</a>, 2006–2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Fraser Nelson</a>, 2009–2024</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, 2024–present</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_(1711)" title="The Spectator (1711)">The Spectator</a> (1711–1714)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/about/">"About | The Spectator"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727022143/https://www.spectator.co.uk/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=About+%7C+The+Spectator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FirstNumber-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FirstNumber_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FirstNumber_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/london-times-jul-05-1828-p-4/">"The First Number of The Spectator"</a>. The Times. No. 13637. 5 July 1828. p. 4, column D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111445/https://newspaperarchive.com/london-times-jul-05-1828-p-4/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+First+Number+of+The+Spectator&rft.issue=13637&rft.pages=4%2C+column+D&rft.date=1828-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Flondon-times-jul-05-1828-p-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2017" class="citation web cs1">Butterfield, David (24 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-spectator-is-the-world-s-oldest-weekly-magazine">"Why The Spectator is the world's oldest weekly magazine"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616152519/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-spectator-is-the-world-s-oldest-weekly-magazine/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Why+The+Spectator+is+the+world%27s+oldest+weekly+magazine&rft.date=2017-06-24&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwhy-the-spectator-is-the-world-s-oldest-weekly-magazine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.org.uk/product/3016-the-spectator-group">"The Spectator Group - ABC - Delivering a valued stamp of trust - ABC UK"</a>. www.abc.org.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abc.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Spectator+Group+-+ABC+-+Delivering+a+valued+stamp+of+trust+-+ABC+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.org.uk%2Fproduct%2F3016-the-spectator-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2003" class="citation web cs1">Leonard, Tom (4 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1434805/Spectator-editors-past-and-present.html">"Spectator editors past and present"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616153744/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1434805/Spectator-editors-past-and-present.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Spectator+editors+past+and+present&rft.date=2003-07-04&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1434805%2FSpectator-editors-past-and-present.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook2009" class="citation news cs1">Brook, Stephen (28 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/aug/28/spectator-matthew-dancona-fraser-nelson">"Fraser Nelson to replace Matthew d'Ancona as Spectator editor"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616154021/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/aug/28/spectator-matthew-dancona-fraser-nelson">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fraser+Nelson+to+replace+Matthew+d%27Ancona+as+Spectator+editor&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2009%2Faug%2F28%2Fspectator-matthew-dancona-fraser-nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson, Fraser</a> (25 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/michael-gove-is-the-new-editor-of-the-spectator/">"Michael Gove is the new editor of The Spectator"</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Spectator</a>. Retrieved 25 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Michael+Gove+is+the+new+editor+of+The+Spectator&rft.date=2024-09-25&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmichael-gove-is-the-new-editor-of-the-spectator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2020" class="citation web cs1">Butterfield, David (16 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-spectator-becomes-the-world-s-longest-lived-current-affairs-magazine">"The Spectator becomes the world's longest-lived current affairs magazine"</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Spectator</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153811/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-spectator-becomes-the-world-s-longest-lived-current-affairs-magazine">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Spectator+becomes+the+world%27s+longest-lived+current+affairs+magazine&rft.date=2020-02-16&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-spectator-becomes-the-world-s-longest-lived-current-affairs-magazine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/magazine/25-04-2020">"The 10,000th Issue"</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Spectator</a>. 25 April 2025. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425105026/https://www.spectator.co.uk/magazine/25-04-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+10%2C000th+Issue&rft.date=2025-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2F25-04-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobitt2024" class="citation web cs1">Tobitt, Charlotte (17 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/nationals/telegraph-sale-latest-bidders-investors-spectator/">"Telegraph sale latest: Newspaper auction continues as Paul Marshall completes Spectator deal"</a>. Press Gazette. Retrieved 17 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Gazette&rft.atitle=Telegraph+sale+latest%3A+Newspaper+auction+continues+as+Paul+Marshall+completes+Spectator+deal&rft.date=2024-09-17&rft.aulast=Tobitt&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressgazette.co.uk%2Fpublishers%2Fnationals%2Ftelegraph-sale-latest-bidders-investors-spectator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/page/5th-july-1828/7">"News of the Week"</a>. The Spectator (archives). 5 July 1828. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007073730/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/page/5th-july-1828/7">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+%28archives%29&rft.atitle=News+of+the+Week&rft.date=1828-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Fpage%2F5th-july-1828%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2019" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Fraser (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/1711-and-all-that-the-untold-story-of-the-spectator">"1711 and all that: the untold story of The Spectator"</a>. spectator.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616154502/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/1711-and-all-that-the-untold-story-of-the-spectator/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spectator.co.uk&rft.atitle=1711+and+all+that%3A+the+untold+story+of+The+Spectator&rft.date=2019-03&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F1711-and-all-that-the-untold-story-of-the-spectator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retro-blogs.spectator.co.uk/2018/03/how-the-original-spectator-began-on-this-day-in-1711/">"How the spirit of The Spectator dates back to 1711"</a>. Coffee House. 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coffee+House&rft.atitle=How+the+spirit+of+The+Spectator+dates+back+to+1711&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretro-blogs.spectator.co.uk%2F2018%2F03%2Fhow-the-original-spectator-began-on-this-day-in-1711%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Beach_Thomas_1928-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beach_Thomas_1928_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beach_Thomas_1928_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeach_Thomas1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Beach_Thomas" title="William Beach Thomas">Beach Thomas, William</a> (1928). The Story of the Spectator, 1828–1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Spectator%2C+1828%E2%80%931928&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Beach+Thomas&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroudeTulloch1858" class="citation book cs1">Froude, James Anthony; Tulloch, John (2 July 1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbC4oVZEDWMC&pg=PA611">Fraser's Magazine</a>. J. Fraser – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fraser%27s+Magazine&rft.pub=J.+Fraser&rft.date=1858-07-02&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft.au=Tulloch%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbC4oVZEDWMC%26pg%3DPA611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_16-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1978" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Robert (23 September 1978). "From Wellington to Thatcher". The Spectator.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=From+Wellington+to+Thatcher&rft.date=1978-09-23&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The Spectator, 3 January 1835. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/2nd-may-1840/10/the-opium-war-its-supporters-and-opponents">"The Opium War, Its Supporters and Opponents"</a>. The Spectator. The Spectator Archive. 2 May 1840. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715185045/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/2nd-may-1840/10/the-opium-war-its-supporters-and-opponents">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Opium+War%2C+Its+Supporters+and+Opponents&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1840-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F2nd-may-1840%2F10%2Fthe-opium-war-its-supporters-and-opponents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/17th-january-1842/9/the-opium-war">"The Opium War"</a>. The Spectator. The Spectator Archive. 17 January 1842. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723224724/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/17th-january-1842/9/the-opium-war">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Opium+War&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1842-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F17th-january-1842%2F9%2Fthe-opium-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The Spectator, 24 September 1853, reprinted in Philip Collins (ed), Charles Dickens: The Critical Heritage, Taylor and Francis, 2005 [1971], pp. 295–98, 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Butterfield, David (2020). 10,000 Not Out: The History of The Spectator 1828–2020. London: Unicorn, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/press-mess">"The Press in a Mess"</a>. History Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519053531/https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/press-mess">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Press+in+a+Mess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fhistory-matters%2Fpress-mess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulton-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fulton_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulton_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulton_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulton1991" class="citation journal cs1">Fulton, Richard (Winter 1991). "The "Spectator" in Alien Hands". Victorian Periodicals Review. 24 (4). The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Research Society for Victorian Periodicals: 187–196. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20082560">20082560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Periodicals+Review&rft.atitle=The+%22Spectator%22+in+Alien+Hands&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=187-196&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20082560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fulton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Butterfield, David (2020). 10,000 Not Out: The History of The Spectator 1828-2020. London: Unicorn, pp. 44-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Wallace, S. A. and F. E. Gillespie (eds.). The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865 (Chicago, 1948) Vol. 1, p. 763. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/issue/25th-january-1862">"25 Jan 1862 » The Spectator Archive"</a>. archive.spectator.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.spectator.co.uk&rft.atitle=25+Jan+1862+%C2%BB+The+Spectator+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Fissue%2F25th-january-1862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hugh_O%27Donnell" title="Frank Hugh O'Donnell">O'Donnell, Frank Hugh</a> (1912). A Borrowed Plume of the "Daily News": The First Description of the Bulgarian Rising in 1876. London: Arthur L. Humphreys. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89013491543">2027/wu.89013491543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Borrowed+Plume+of+the+%22Daily+News%22%3A+The+First+Description+of+the+Bulgarian+Rising+in+1876&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arthur+L.+Humphreys&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89013491543&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Frank+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courtauld_1999-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_1999_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_1999_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_1999_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_1999_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_1999_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_1999_28-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtauld1999" class="citation book cs1">Courtauld, Simon (1999). To Convey Intelligence: The Spectator 1928–1998'. Profile Books Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Convey+Intelligence%3A+The+Spectator+1928%E2%80%931998%27&rft.pub=Profile+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Courtauld&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchillarchive.com/explore/page?id=CHAR+2/147/160">"Image Browser"</a>. www.churchillarchive.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417232348/https://www.churchillarchive.com/explore/page?id=CHAR+2%2F147%2F160">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchillarchive.com&rft.atitle=Image+Browser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchillarchive.com%2Fexplore%2Fpage%3Fid%3DCHAR%2B2%2F147%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/OfficialSpectator/">"The Spectator"</a>. www.facebook.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424180801/https://www.facebook.com/officialspectator">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=The+Spectator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FOfficialSpectator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The Spectator, 7 April 1933 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Bouverie, Tim (2019). Appeasement: Chamberlain, Hitler, Churchill, and the Road to War (1 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Duggan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Duggan Books">Tim Duggan Books</a>, p. 307. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-49984-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-49984-4">978-0-451-49984-4</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1042099346">1042099346</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-royjenkins-auto-33"><a href="#cite_ref-royjenkins-auto_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins,_Roy2006" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Roy (2006). A Life at the Centre. Politico's. pp. 117–118, 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84275-177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84275-177-0"><bdi>978-1-84275-177-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+at+the+Centre&rft.pages=117-118%2C+130&rft.pub=Politico%27s&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84275-177-0&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2017" class="citation web cs1">Butterfield, David (27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/persistent-buggers-how-the-spectator-fought-to-decriminalise-homosexuality">"Persistent buggers: how The Spectator fought to decriminalise homosexuality"</a>. www.spectator.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616155653/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/persistent-buggers-how-the-spectator-fought-to-decriminalise-homosexuality/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spectator.co.uk&rft.atitle=Persistent+buggers%3A+how+The+Spectator+fought+to+decriminalise+homosexuality&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fpersistent-buggers-how-the-spectator-fought-to-decriminalise-homosexuality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The Spectator, 1 March 1957 </li> <li id="cite_note-Courtauld-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_36-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtauld" class="citation news cs1">Courtauld, Simon. "A Notorious Case of Perjury". The Spectator (175th Anniversary Issue).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+%28175th+Anniversary+Issue%29&rft.atitle=A+Notorious+Case+of+Perjury&rft.aulast=Courtauld&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/23rd-november-1962/33/a-childs-guide-to-modern-culture">"A Child's Guide to Modern Culture » 23 Nov 1962 » The Spectator Archive"</a>. The Spectator Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024034024/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/23rd-november-1962/33/a-childs-guide-to-modern-culture">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+Archive&rft.atitle=A+Child%27s+Guide+to+Modern+Culture+%C2%BB+23+Nov+1962+%C2%BB+The+Spectator+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F23rd-november-1962%2F33%2Fa-childs-guide-to-modern-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Letter first printed in The Times of 2 November 1963. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacleod1964" class="citation magazine cs1">Macleod, Iain (17 January 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/17th-january-1964/5/the-tory-leadership">"The Tory Leadership"</a>. The Spectator. p. 5. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channel4.com/programmes/boris-johnson-has-he-run-out-of-road">the original</a> on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=channel4.com&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%3A+Has+He+Run+Out+of+Road%3F+-+All+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fprogrammes%2Fboris-johnson-has-he-run-out-of-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channel4.com/press/news/andrew-neil-will-examine-boris-johnsons-political-fight-boris-johnson-has-he-run-out">"Andrew Neil will examine Boris Johnson's political fight in Boris Johnson: Has He Run Out of Road? Tx: Sunday 30th January, 6:45pm, on Channel 4 and All 4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201025045/https://www.channel4.com/press/news/andrew-neil-will-examine-boris-johnsons-political-fight-boris-johnson-has-he-run-out">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+4&rft.atitle=Andrew+Neil+will+examine+Boris+Johnson%27s+political+fight+in+Boris+Johnson%3A+Has+He+Run+Out+of+Road%3F+Tx%3A+Sunday+30th+January%2C+6%3A45pm%2C+on+Channel+4+and+All+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fandrew-neil-will-examine-boris-johnsons-political-fight-boris-johnson-has-he-run-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2022" class="citation news cs1">Power, Ed (30 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2022/01/30/anger-scorn-support-andrew-neil-returned-tv-take-boris-johnson/">"Anger, scorn and support as Andrew Neil returned to TV to take on Boris Johnson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201025100/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2022/01/30/anger-scorn-support-andrew-neil-returned-tv-take-boris-johnson/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Anger%2C+scorn+and+support+as+Andrew+Neil+returned+to+TV+to+take+on+Boris+Johnson&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftv%2F2022%2F01%2F30%2Fanger-scorn-support-andrew-neil-returned-tv-take-boris-johnson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theindependent1-63"><a href="#cite_ref-theindependent1_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaya_Oppenheim2017" class="citation news cs1">Maya Oppenheim (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-vote-leave-chief-invent-350-million-brexit-mistake-david-cameron-leave-eu-a7825601.html">"Dominic Cummings: The Vote Leave chief who invented £350m claim before admitting Brexit was a mistake"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808091851/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dominic-cummings-vote-leave-chief-invent-350-million-brexit-mistake-david-cameron-leave-eu-a7825601.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings%3A+The+Vote+Leave+chief+who+invented+%C2%A3350m+claim+before+admitting+Brexit+was+a+mistake&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.au=Maya+Oppenheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fdominic-cummings-vote-leave-chief-invent-350-million-brexit-mistake-david-cameron-leave-eu-a7825601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft.com-64"><a href="#cite_ref-ft.com_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4">"Dominic Cummings has 'done' Brexit. Now he plans to reinvent politics"</a>. Financial Times. 15 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226131202/https://www.ft.com/content/0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Dominic+Cummings+has+%27done%27+Brexit.+Now+he+plans+to+reinvent+politics&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F0bf8a910-372e-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTryhorn2004" class="citation news cs1">Tryhorn, Chris (17 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/aug/17/telegraphmediagroup.pressandpublishing">"Barclays bring in trusted lieutenants to Telegraph board"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Barclays+bring+in+trusted+lieutenants+to+Telegraph+board&rft.date=2004-08-17&rft.aulast=Tryhorn&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2004%2Faug%2F17%2Ftelegraphmediagroup.pressandpublishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook2006" class="citation news cs1">Brook, Stephen (9 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/may/09/pressandpublishing?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487">"Spectator editor says no to media columnist"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201211152/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/may/09/pressandpublishing?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2015. 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Conservative Home. 28 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620095838/http://conservativehome.blogs.com/thetorydiary/2009/08/fraser-nelson-is-new-editor-of-the-spectator.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fraser+Nelson+is+the+new+Editor+of+The+Spectator&rft.pub=Conservative+Home&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconservativehome.blogs.com%2Fthetorydiary%2F2009%2F08%2Ffraser-nelson-is-new-editor-of-the-spectator.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crikey.com.au/2009/02/20/alarms-sound-as-the-australian-spectator-launches/">Crikey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303214934/https://www.crikey.com.au/2009/02/20/alarms-sound-as-the-australian-spectator-launches/">Archived</a> 3 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 20 February 2009, accessed 12 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.org.uk/product/16941">Audit Bureau of Circulations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418022244/https://www.abc.org.uk/product/16941">Archived</a> 18 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 12 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2010" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, James (15 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/sep/15/the-spectator-redesign">"The Spectator unveils new look"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531115937/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/sep/15/the-spectator-redesign">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Spectator+unveils+new+look&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2010%2Fsep%2F15%2Fthe-spectator-redesign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Owen Boycott <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/may/09/spectator-magazine-charge-lawrence-trial">"Spectator magazine to face charge over article on Stephen Lawrence trial"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101093809/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/may/09/spectator-magazine-charge-lawrence-trial">Archived</a> 1 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 9 May 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18005905">"Spectator charged over Stephen Lawrence article"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822021819/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18005905">Archived</a> 22 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 9 May 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421084151/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9316373/Spectator-magazine-fined-5000-over-Stephen-Lawrence.html">"Spectator magazine fined £5,000 over Stephen Lawrence"</a>, Daily Telegraph, 7 June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Josh Halliday <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jun/07/spectator-rod-liddle-stephen-lawrence">"Spectator to pay out £5,625 over Rod Liddle's Stephen Lawrence article"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101092825/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jun/07/spectator-rod-liddle-stephen-lawrence">Archived</a> 1 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 7 June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Dan Sabbagh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/feb/17/fraser-nelson-spectator-rod-liddle">"Fraser Nelson: The Spectator is more cocktail party than political party"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312002823/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/feb/17/fraser-nelson-spectator-rod-liddle">Archived</a> 12 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 17 February 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2013/06/welcome-to-the-spectator-archive-180-years-of-history-now-online/">"Welcome to The Spectator Archive: 180 years of history now online"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024140248/http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2013/06/welcome-to-the-spectator-archive-180-years-of-history-now-online/">Archived</a> 24 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sebastian Payne, 10 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork2013" class="citation web cs1">York, Chris (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/07/23/taki-theodoracopulos-golden-dawn-spectator-_n_3640139.html">"Spectator Article Defending Greece's Golden Dawn By Taki Theodoracopulos Causes Uproar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="HuffPost UK">HuffPost UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213942/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/07/23/taki-theodoracopulos-golden-dawn-spectator-_n_3640139.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost+UK&rft.atitle=Spectator+Article+Defending+Greece%27s+Golden+Dawn+By+Taki+Theodoracopulos+Causes+Uproar&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F2013%2F07%2F23%2Ftaki-theodoracopulos-golden-dawn-spectator-_n_3640139.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollander2013" class="citation web cs1">Hollander, Gavriel (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressgazette.co.uk/spectator-editor-defends-column-supporting-greek-far-right-party-golden-dawn/">"Spectator editor defends column supporting Greek far-right party Golden Dawn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Press_Gazette" title="Press Gazette">Press Gazette</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215342/https://pressgazette.co.uk/spectator-editor-defends-column-supporting-greek-far-right-party-golden-dawn/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Gazette&rft.atitle=Spectator+editor+defends+column+supporting+Greek+far-right+party+Golden+Dawn&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=Gavriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressgazette.co.uk%2Fspectator-editor-defends-column-supporting-greek-far-right-party-golden-dawn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodoracopulos2018" class="citation web cs1">Theodoracopulos, Taki (17 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/high-life-17-may-2018">"The other side of D-Day"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117153100/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/high-life-17-may-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+other+side+of+D-Day&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.aulast=Theodoracopulos&rft.aufirst=Taki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fhigh-life-17-may-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/respected-british-magazine-publishes-defense-of-nazi-german-troops/">"Respected British magazine publishes defense of Nazi German troops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. 18 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213841/https://www.timesofisrael.com/respected-british-magazine-publishes-defense-of-nazi-german-troops/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Respected+British+magazine+publishes+defense+of+Nazi+German+troops&rft.date=2018-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Frespected-british-magazine-publishes-defense-of-nazi-german-troops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2018/05/17/global/far-right-british-columnist-calls-german-troops-heroes-d-day">"British magazine publishes article calling Nazis the heroes of D-Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>. 17 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214351/https://www.jta.org/2018/05/17/global/far-right-british-columnist-calls-german-troops-heroes-d-day">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=British+magazine+publishes+article+calling+Nazis+the+heroes+of+D-Day&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2018%2F05%2F17%2Fglobal%2Ffar-right-british-columnist-calls-german-troops-heroes-d-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2015-08-23/spectator-under-fire-over-sexist-article-on-liz-kendall-and-yvette-cooper-looks">"Row over 'sexist' Kendall and Cooper article"</a>. ITV News. 23 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301012754/http://www.itv.com/news/2015-08-23/spectator-under-fire-over-sexist-article-on-liz-kendall-and-yvette-cooper-looks">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Row+over+%27sexist%27+Kendall+and+Cooper+article&rft.date=2015-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2015-08-23%2Fspectator-under-fire-over-sexist-article-on-liz-kendall-and-yvette-cooper-looks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork2015" class="citation web cs1">York, Chris (23 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/08/23/charles-morris-yvette-cooper-liz-kendal_n_8026796.html">"This Spectator Article On Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall Is All Kinds Of 1950s Wrong"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824181950/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/08/23/charles-morris-yvette-cooper-liz-kendal_n_8026796.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=This+Spectator+Article+On+Yvette+Cooper+and+Liz+Kendall+Is+All+Kinds+Of+1950s+Wrong&rft.date=2015-08-23&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F2015%2F08%2F23%2Fcharles-morris-yvette-cooper-liz-kendal_n_8026796.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectatorworld.com/magazine/october-2019/">"October"</a>. The Spectator World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111212224/https://spectatorworld.com/magazine/october-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+World&rft.atitle=October&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectatorworld.com%2Fmagazine%2Foctober-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvera" class="citation web cs1">Silvera, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-future.com/p/a-little-less-snark-a-little-more">"A little less snark, a little more mischief from The Spectator USA"</a>. www.news-future.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120071316/https://www.news-future.com/p/a-little-less-snark-a-little-more">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.news-future.com&rft.atitle=A+little+less+snark%2C+a+little+more+mischief+from+The+Spectator+USA&rft.aulast=Silvera&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-future.com%2Fp%2Fa-little-less-snark-a-little-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectatorworld.com/magazine/october-2020/">"October"</a>. The Spectator World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093024/https://spectatorworld.com/magazine/october-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+World&rft.atitle=October&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectatorworld.com%2Fmagazine%2Foctober-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectatorworld.com/magazine/june-2021/">"June"</a>. The Spectator World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111211221/https://spectatorworld.com/magazine/june-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+World&rft.atitle=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectatorworld.com%2Fmagazine%2Fjune-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweney2023" class="citation news cs1">Sweney, Mark (6 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/jun/06/telegraph-parent-company-faces-being-put-into-administration">"Telegraph parent company faces being put into administration"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616162659/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/jun/06/telegraph-parent-company-faces-being-put-into-administration">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Telegraph+parent+company+faces+being+put+into+administration&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Sweney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2023%2Fjun%2F06%2Ftelegraph-parent-company-faces-being-put-into-administration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinman2023" class="citation web cs1">Kleinman, Mark (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/lloyds-to-launch-600m-telegraph-auction-after-seizing-control-12897863">"Lloyds to launch £600m Telegraph auction after seizing control"</a>. Sky News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616163115/https://news.sky.com/story/lloyds-to-launch-600m-telegraph-auction-after-seizing-control-12897863">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Lloyds+to+launch+%C2%A3600m+Telegraph+auction+after+seizing+control&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft.aulast=Kleinman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Flloyds-to-launch-600m-telegraph-auction-after-seizing-control-12897863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonsford2023" class="citation web cs1">Ponsford, Dominic (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/telegraph-administration-barclays/">"Barclay family says reports Telegraph will enter administration are 'unfounded'"</a>. Press Gazette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616163440/https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/telegraph-administration-barclays/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Gazette&rft.atitle=Barclay+family+says+reports+Telegraph+will+enter+administration+are+%27unfounded%27&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft.aulast=Ponsford&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressgazette.co.uk%2Fpublishers%2Ftelegraph-administration-barclays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Receivership_BBC-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Receivership_BBC_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-65835312">"Telegraph Media Group set to be put up for sale"</a>. BBC News. 7 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616154313/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65835312">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. 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The Spectator. 13:38-13:47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616164110/https://www.spectator.co.uk/podcast/fraser-nelson-governments-should-never-own-our-press/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Fraser+Nelson%3A+governments+should+never+own+our+press&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fpodcast%2Ffraser-nelson-governments-should-never-own-our-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn8l35xl1l2o">"GB News owner buys Spectator magazine for £100m"</a>. BBC News. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=GB+News+owner+buys+Spectator+magazine+for+%C2%A3100m&rft.date=2024-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcn8l35xl1l2o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasFisher2024" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Daniel; Fisher, Lucy (10 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/05895515-c8ec-475b-a6fe-406c9741a844">"Paul Marshall bolsters media baron credentials with £100mn Spectator purchase"</a>. Financial Times. 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Retrieved 30 July 2021. <q>Andrew Neil, einer der schärfsten Interviewer der BBC und zugleich Herausgeber des rechtskonservativen Spectator.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Nigel+Farage+macht+jetzt+Fernsehen&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft.aulast=Menden&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Fnigel-farrage-tv-sendung-rechtspopulisten-1.5365184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/persistent-buggers">"Persistent buggers"</a>. The Spectator. 29 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516145327/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/persistent-buggers">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. 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Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+case+for+amnesty%3A+why+it%27s+time+to+offer+citizenship+to+illegal+immigrants&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-case-for-amnesty-why-it-s-time-to-offer-citizenship-to-illegal-immigrants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/out-and-into-the-world-2/">"Out – and into the world"</a>. The Spectator. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Out+%E2%80%93+and+into+the+world&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fout-and-into-the-world-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/out-and-into-the-world-why-the-spectator-backed-brexit/">"Out – and into the world: Why The Spectator backed Brexit"</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Spectator</a>. 26 December 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Out+%E2%80%93+and+into+the+world%3A+Why+The+Spectator+backed+Brexit&rft.date=2016-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fout-and-into-the-world-why-the-spectator-backed-brexit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2003/09/the-young-fogey-an-elegy/">"The Young Fogey: an elegy | The Spectator"</a>. The Spectator. 13 September 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904003143/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2003/09/the-young-fogey-an-elegy/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Young+Fogey%3A+an+elegy+%7C+The+Spectator&rft.date=2003-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2003%2F09%2Fthe-young-fogey-an-elegy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterson2020" class="citation news cs1">Waterson, Jim (30 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/oct/30/virtue-signalling-the-culture-war-phrase-now-in-bbc-guidelines">"Virtue signalling: the culture war phrase now in BBC guidelines"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130172153/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/oct/30/virtue-signalling-the-culture-war-phrase-now-in-bbc-guidelines">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Virtue+signalling%3A+the+culture+war+phrase+now+in+BBC+guidelines&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft.aulast=Waterson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2020%2Foct%2F30%2Fvirtue-signalling-the-culture-war-phrase-now-in-bbc-guidelines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spectator/Tan/prize-open-118"><a href="#cite_ref-spectator/Tan/prize-open_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan" class="citation news cs1">Tan, Clarissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-spectator-s-shiva-naipaul-prize-for-outstanding-travel-writing-is-open-for-entries">"The Spectator's Shiva Naipaul prize for outstanding travel writing is open for entries"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616164439/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-spectator-s-shiva-naipaul-prize-for-outstanding-travel-writing-is-open-for-entries/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Spectator%27s+Shiva+Naipaul+prize+for+outstanding+travel+writing+is+open+for+entries&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Clarissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-spectator-s-shiva-naipaul-prize-for-outstanding-travel-writing-is-open-for-entries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spectator/hamra-prize-119"><a href="#cite_ref-spectator/hamra-prize_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantel1987" class="citation news cs1">Mantel, Hilary (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/last-morning-in-al-hamra---shiva-naipaul-prize-1987">"Last Morning in Al Hamra"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616164744/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/last-morning-in-al-hamra---shiva-naipaul-prize-1987/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Last+Morning+in+Al+Hamra&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Mantel&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Flast-morning-in-al-hamra---shiva-naipaul-prize-1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spectator/tag/prize-120"><a href="#cite_ref-spectator/tag/prize_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/tag/shiva%20naipaul%20memorial%20prize">"Shiva naipaul memorial prize"</a>. The Spectator. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Shiva+naipaul+memorial+prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Ftag%2Fshiva%2520naipaul%2520memorial%2520prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/jani-allan-bites-back-at-ferret-1541792.html">"Jani Allan bites back at 'ferret'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909142014/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/jani-allan-bites-back-at-ferret-1541792.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Independent, 22 August 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anti-communistanalyst.com/12222004.html">"The case of George Soros"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501140439/http://www.anti-communistanalyst.com/12222004.html">Archived</a> 1 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 22 December 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian2004" class="citation news cs1">Adrian, Wootton (3 July 2004). "Crime Pays". The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Crime+Pays&rft.date=2004-07-03&rft.aulast=Adrian&rft.aufirst=Wootton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtauld1999" class="citation book cs1">Courtauld, Simon (1999). To Convey Intelligence: The Spectator 1928–1998. Profile Books Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Convey+Intelligence%3A+The+Spectator+1928%E2%80%931998&rft.pub=Profile+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Courtauld&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Butterfield, David (2020), 10,000 Not Out: The History of The Spectator 1828–2020, London: Unicorn, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912690-81-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912690-81-7">978-1-912690-81-7</a>.</li> <li>Courtauld, Simon (1998), To Convey Intelligence: The Spectator 1928–1998, London: Profile <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-127-2">978-1-86197-127-2</a>.</li> <li>Thomas, William Beach (and Katharine West, née Leaf) (1928), The Story of The Spectator 1828–1928, London: Methuen & Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTener1986" class="citation journal cs1">Tener, Robert H. (1986). "Breaking the Code of Anonymity: The Case of the Spectator, 1861–1897". The Yearbook of English Studies. 16 (Literary Periodicals Special Number): 63–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3507766">10.2307/3507766</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3507766">3507766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yearbook+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+Code+of+Anonymity%3A+The+Case+of+the+Spectator%2C+1861%E2%80%931897&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=Literary+Periodicals+Special+Number&rft.pages=63-73&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3507766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3507766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tener&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodfield1986" class="citation journal cs1">Woodfield, Malcolm (1986). "Victorian Weekly Reviews and Reviewing after 1860: R. H. Hutton and the Spectator". The Yearbook of English Studies. 16 (Literary Periodicals Special Number): 74–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3507767">10.2307/3507767</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3507767">3507767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yearbook+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Victorian+Weekly+Reviews+and+Reviewing+after+1860%3A+R.+H.+Hutton+and+the+Spectator&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=Literary+Periodicals+Special+Number&rft.pages=74-91&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3507767&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3507767%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Woodfield&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/a-spectator-at-the-spectator-1276077.html">"A spectator at The Spectator"</a>. The Independent. 31 March 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=A+spectator+at+The+Spectator&rft.date=1997-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Fa-spectator-at-the-spectator-1276077.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/feb/02/interview-matthew-dancona-spectator-editor">"Interview: Matthew d'Ancona"</a>. The Guardian. 2 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Matthew+d%27Ancona&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F02%2Finterview-matthew-dancona-spectator-editor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/feb/17/fraser-nelson-spectator-rod-liddle">"Interview: Fraser Nelson"</a>. The Guardian. 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Fraser+Nelson&rft.date=2013-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2013%2Ffeb%2F17%2Ffraser-nelson-spectator-rod-liddle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Spectator" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectator&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Spectator" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:The Spectator">The Spectator</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewisiana.nl/spectator">References to & articles by and about C. S. Lewis in The Spectator, 1920–1970</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Former assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(magazine)" title="Apollo (magazine)">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Business_(magazine)" title="The Business (magazine)">The Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman_Publications" title="The Scotsman Publications">The Scotsman Publications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_News" title="Edinburgh Evening News">Edinburgh Evening News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Herald_and_Post" 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