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<li id="toc-During_Emperor_Shunzong's_and_Xianzong's_reigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Emperor_Shunzong's_and_Xianzong's_reigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>During Emperor Shunzong's and Xianzong's reigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_Emperor_Shunzong's_and_Xianzong's_reigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> 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title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiǎ Dān</span></i>, 730 – 805),<sup id="cite_ref-hsu_1988_96_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsu_1988_96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Dunshi</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敦詩</span></span>) and formally <b>Duke Yuanjing of Wei</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魏元靖公</span></span>), was a Chinese cartographer, military general, and politician from <a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Dan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jia Dan was born in 730, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a>. His family was from Cang Prefecture (滄州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-BT138_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traced its ancestry to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> official <a href="/wiki/Jia_Yi" title="Jia Yi">Jia Yi</a>, through officials of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Song">Liu Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Both his grandfather Jia Zhiyi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">賈知義</span></span>) and father Jia Yuanyan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">賈元琰</span></span>) served as county-level officials.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Dan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Dan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Emperor Xuanzong's <i>Tianbao</i> era (742–756), Jia Dan passed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a> and was made the sheriff of Linqing County (臨清, in modern <a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>). After he submitted suggestions on the matters of the times to Emperor Xuanzong, he was moved to be the sheriff of Zhengping County (正平, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yuncheng,_Shanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuncheng, Shanxi">Yuncheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) — closer to the capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, and therefore considered a promotion despite it being the same level of office.<sup id="cite_ref-BT138_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the general Wang Sili (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王思禮</span></span>) served as the military governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></i>) of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), Wang invited him to serve as secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While serving under Wang, Jia was promoted to be the deputy mayor of Taiyuan Municipality and deputy military governor. He later served as the prefect of Fen Prefecture (汾州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) for seven years and was known for ruling the prefecture well.<sup id="cite_ref-BT138_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jia was then recalled to Chang'an to serve as the minister of vassal affairs (鴻臚卿, <i>Honglu Qing</i>), which included the responsibilities of receiving and entertaining foreign emissaries, as well as imperial funerals and the command of two units of the imperial guards, the Weiyuan Camp (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">威遠營</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-BT138_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schafer_26_27_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schafer_26_27-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the minister of vassal affairs, he would have met with foreign envoys in order to acquire information about their native countries.<sup id="cite_ref-schafer_26_27_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schafer_26_27-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included cultural customs as well as geographic information, as a map was drawn after the geographic information was acquired from the interview.<sup id="cite_ref-schafer_27_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schafer_27-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Edward Schafer states that it is no doubt that Jia's remarkable knowledge of foreign geography was derived from these interviews with foreign delegates and diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-schafer_27_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schafer_27-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 779, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong's grandson <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Daizong of Tang">Emperor Daizong</a>, Jia was made the prefect of Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) and the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered at Liang Prefecture).<sup id="cite_ref-BT138_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Emperor_Dezong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Dezong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Dezong's reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Dan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During Emperor Dezong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 781, during the reign of Emperor Daizong's son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Dezong of Tang">Emperor Dezong</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Liang_Chongyi" title="Liang Chongyi">Liang Chongyi</a>, the military governor of nearby Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Xiangfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangfan">Xiangfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), rebelled against Emperor Dezong's rule, Jia Dan participated in the campaign against Liang and captured Jun Prefecture (均州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Shiyan" title="Shiyan">Shiyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>). In 782, after Liang's defeat and suicide, Jia was made the military governor of Shannan East Circuit,<sup id="cite_ref-BT138_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 783 participated in the campaign against another rebel general, <a href="/wiki/Li_Xilie" title="Li Xilie">Li Xilie</a> the military governor of Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 784, while Emperor Dezong was at Liang Prefecture after he fled there due to rebellions by the general <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ci" title="Zhu Ci">Zhu Ci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Huaiguang" title="Li Huaiguang">Li Huaiguang</a>, there was an occasion when Jia sent his officer Fan Ze (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">樊澤</span></span>) to make reports to Emperor Dezong. After Fan's return, there was suddenly an imperial edict issued making Fan the military governor of Shannan East Circuit and recalling Jia to Emperor Dezong's location to serve as the minister of public works (工部尚書, <i>Gongbu Shangshu</i>). When the edict arrived, Jia was hosting a feast, and he received the edict as if nothing had happened. After the feast was over, he informed Fan of his promotion and immediately began the transition, including having the other officers greet Fan as their new superior. The officer Zhang Xianfu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張獻甫</span></span>) was angered, believing that Fan had treacherously seized Jia's position, and he wanted to kill Fan. Jia stopped him, pointing out that because Fan had imperial sanction, he was the proper military governor. That same day, he left his post and headed for the emperor's location, taking Zhang with him to avoid any further disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jia was soon made the defender of the eastern capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BT138_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 786, after the death of Li Cheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李澄</span></span>) the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), Jia was made the military governor of Yicheng. At that time, <a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Li Na (Tang dynasty)">Li Na</a> the military governor of neighboring Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), who had previously rebelled against Emperor Dezong but later resubmitted (albeit nominally), was still viewed as a threat to the circuits loyal to the imperial regime. On an occasion, when Pinglu soldiers, returning from a posting to the western border with <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tufan</a>, were going through Yicheng on the way back to Pinglu, Jia's subordinates, worried that they might act against Yicheng, suggested that they be kept outside the city walls of Yicheng's headquarters Hua Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">滑州</span></span>). Jia, reasoning that it was improper to let soldiers from a neighboring circuit rest in the open air, welcomed them inside, and the Pinglu soldiers did not dare to create any disturbance. Jia also often hunted on the borders with Pinglu, often venturing into Pinglu territory. When Li Na received these reports, he was pleased that Jia did not consider him hostile and admired Jia for his openness, and therefore did not carry out any hostile actions against Yicheng.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 793, Jia was recalled to Chang'an to serve as <i>You Pushe</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">右僕射</span></span>), one of the heads of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, <i>Shangshu Sheng</i>). He was also given the designation <i>Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">同中書門下平章事</span></span>), making him a <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">chancellor</a>, serving with <a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhi_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Lu Zhi (Tang dynasty)">Lu Zhi (Tang dynasty)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jing_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhao Jing (Tang dynasty)">Zhao Jing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lu_Mai" title="Lu Mai">Lu Mai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 800, when Lu Qun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">盧群</span></span>) the military governor of Yicheng died, Jia Dan advocated that Emperor Dezong commission a military governor without first consulting the officers of the circuit, believing that such consultation showed weakness. Emperor Dezong agreed and directly made the official Li Yuansu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李元素</span></span>) the military governor of Yicheng.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 801, Jia completed a 40-volume work that included a large map of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> and the non-Chinese populations, and descriptions of the various circuits of Tang as well as foreign nations (see further below). Emperor Dezong awarded him with a number of silk and silver items, as well as a horse, and created him the Duke of Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-BT138_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Emperor_Shunzong's_and_Xianzong's_reigns"><span id="During_Emperor_Shunzong.27s_and_Xianzong.27s_reigns"></span>During Emperor Shunzong's and Xianzong's reigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Dan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: During Emperor Shunzong's and Xianzong's reigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 805, Emperor Dezong died, and his severely ill son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shunzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Shunzong of Tang">Li Song</a> became emperor (as Emperor Shunzong). Emperor Shunzong's close associate <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shuwen" title="Wang Shuwen">Wang Shuwen</a> became the most powerful figure at court, despite his not being a chancellor, and Wang's associates became in charge of many important matters. Jia Dan disliked Wang and his associates and thus offered to retire, but Emperor Shunzong did not approve of the retirement. Jia died later that year, after Emperor Shunzong had passed the throne to his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xianzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xianzong of Tang">Li Chun</a> (as Emperor Xianzong) and was given posthumous honors. It was said that during Jia's service as chancellor, while he had no major contributions on policy matters, he was virtuous and led by example.<sup id="cite_ref-BT138_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Dan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg/220px-%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg/330px-%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg/440px-%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1771" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Huayi_tu" title="Huayi tu">Huayi tu</a></i>, a 12th-century map of China that may have been inspired by the early 9th century Jia Dan's map</figcaption></figure> <p>Jia Dan was an important contributor to the study of geography in China, of note are his writings on foreign countries. He began to collect information for his books as early as 784, questioning Chinese and foreign envoys about the geography, origins and customs of foreign lands, and directed the Court of Ceremonials to question all foreigners and have their answers recorded precisely. He paid particular attention to foreign countries on the caravan and sea routes, and as a result of his effort, knowledge of countries outside China improved significantly. He produced a number of works on geography, including the 10-volume <i>Huanghua Sida Ji</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">皇華四達記</span></span>), the 40-volume <i>Gujin Junguo Xiandao Siyi Shu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">古今郡國縣道四夷述</span></span>) and a map <i>Hainei Huayi Tu</i> (海内華夷圖, "Map of Chinese and non-Chinese Territories in the World").<sup id="cite_ref-lo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mair_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mair-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The map depicted China and other countries including its former colonies in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> that were lost to the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_543_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_543-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Huanghua Sida Ji</i> was presented to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Dezong of Tang">Emperor Dezong of Tang</a> in 798, while both the 40-volume book and the map were presented to the emperor in 801.<sup id="cite_ref-lo_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon its completion in 801, the map was 9.1 m (30 ft) in length and 10 m (33 ft) in height, mapped out on a grid scale of one inch equaling one hundred <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a></i> (Chinese unit of measuring distance).<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_543_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_543-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The map is lost, but a later map of China from the 1136 <a href="/wiki/Huayi_tu" title="Huayi tu">Huayi tu</a> map which has names of foreign places (including those to the west of China and South East Asia) inscribed on the edges that it took the names from Jia Dan's map.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 40-volume work that Jia completed in 801, Jia wrote of two common sea trade routes in his day: one from the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and another from Guangzhou through <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the eastern and northern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hsu_1988_96_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsu_1988_96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Korean vessels dominated the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> trade, while most <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> vessels were forced to venture towards the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, and even as far south as <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Bay" title="Hangzhou Bay">Hangzhou Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schafer_11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schafer_11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jia's book contains some of the most accurate accounts of the Arab world in Tang Chinese sources. He wrote that the ships in the Euphrates had to anchor at the mouth of the Euphrates and transfer the trade goods on land towards the capital (<a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>) of <i>Dashi Guo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-hsu_1988_96_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsu_1988_96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was confirmed by the contemporary Arab merchant Shulama, who noted that the draft in <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Chinese junk ships</a> were too deep to enter the Euphrates, forcing them to land passengers and cargo ashore on smaller boats.<sup id="cite_ref-liu_1991_178_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu_1991_178-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small branch of this extensive second trade route led all the way to <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hsu_1988_96_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsu_1988_96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his work written between 785 and 805, he described the sea route going into the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, and that the medieval <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> (whom he called the people of Luo-He-Yi) had erected 'ornamental pillars' in the sea with torches on it at night that acted as <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> beacons for ships that might go astray.<sup id="cite_ref-mair_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mair-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_661_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_661-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirming Jia's reports about lighthouses in the Persian Gulf, Arabic writers a century after Jia wrote of the same structures, writers such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27udi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mas'udi">al-Mas'udi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_661_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_661-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Dan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hsu_1988_96-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hsu_1988_96_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsu_1988_96_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsu_1988_96_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsu_1988_96_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHsu,_Mei-ling1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hsu, Mei-ling (1988). "Chinese Marine Cartography: Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China". <i>Imago Mundi</i>. <b>40</b>: 96–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085698808592642">10.1080/03085698808592642</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151020">1151020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=Chinese+Marine+Cartography%3A+Sea+Charts+of+Pre-Modern+China&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=96-112&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085698808592642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1151020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Mei-ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJia+Dan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BT138-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BT138_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT138_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT138_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT138_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT138_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT138_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT138_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT138_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT138_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/138.htm">vol. 138</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621210544/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/138.htm">Archived</a> 2008-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, vol. 75.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091219203329/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/075.htm">"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十五‧表第十五"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/075.htm">the original</a> on 2009-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E5%B7%9D%E8%8D%89%E5%BB%AC-%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2-%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8-%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E2%80%A7%E8%A1%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidneyluo.net%2Fa%2Fa17%2F075.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJia+Dan" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091220195605/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form101.htm">"新唐書-宰相世系五(賈氏)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form101.htm">the original</a> on 2009-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8-%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8%E4%B8%96%E7%B3%BB%E4%BA%94%28%E8%B3%88%E6%B0%8F%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidneyluo.net%2Fa%2Fa17%2Ftable%2Fform101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJia+Dan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang Sili became the military governor of Hedong in 759 (during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong's son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Suzong of Tang">Emperor Suzong</a> and died in 761, during the reign of Emperor Daizong while still serving at Hedong, and therefore Jia's service under Wang must have occurred sometime during those years. See <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7221" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷221">221</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7222" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷222">222</a> and <i>Old Book of Tang</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/110.htm">vol. 110</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621174628/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/110.htm">Archived</a> 2008-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schafer_26_27-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schafer_26_27_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schafer_26_27_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schafer, 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Book of Tang</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/048.htm">vol. 48</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120033544/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/048.htm">Archived</a> 2008-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schafer_27-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schafer_27_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schafer_27_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schafer, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7228" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷228">vol. 228</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7230" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷230">vol. 230</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7232" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷232">vol. 232</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tlongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7234" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷234">vol. 234</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7235" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷235">vol. 235</a>. Later that year, when the imperial forces were having little success against the rebel general <a href="/wiki/Wu_Shaocheng" title="Wu Shaocheng">Wu Shaocheng</a>, who ruled Huaixi Circuit (after having taken control of it after Li Xilie's death), Jia advocated pardoning Wu, and Emperor Dezong did so.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lo_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lo_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo_Jung-pang2012" class="citation book cs1">Lo Jung-pang (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJPGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104"><i>China as a Sea Power, 1127-1368</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971695057" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971695057"><bdi>978-9971695057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+as+a+Sea+Power%2C+1127-1368&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9971695057&rft.au=Lo+Jung-pang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJPGBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJia+Dan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mair-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mair_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mair_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_H_Mair2016" class="citation book cs1">Victor H Mair, ed. (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BB1qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT205"><i>Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814620550" title="Special:BookSources/9789814620550"><bdi>9789814620550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+and+Its+Southern+Neighbours&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.isbn=9789814620550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBB1qDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJia+Dan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_3_543-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_543_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_543_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 3, 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham gives a date of 785 for the map. However, Jia's biographies in the <i>Old Book of Tang</i> and the <i>New Book of Tang</i> appeared to imply, although not explicitly state, that this work was completed later — during JIa's service as chancellor. See <i>Old Book of Tang</i>, vol. 138 and <i>New Book of Tang</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/166.htm">vol. 166</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226122454/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/166.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris_Rossabi2013" class="citation book cs1">Morris Rossabi, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4MtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131"><i>Eurasian Influences on Yuan China</i></a>. ISEAS Publishing. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814459723" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814459723"><bdi>978-9814459723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Influences+on+Yuan+China&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=ISEAS+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9814459723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4MtAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJia+Dan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schafer_11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schafer_11_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schafer, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liu_1991_178-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liu_1991_178_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu (1991), 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_661-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_661_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_661_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 661.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Dan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Liu, Pean. (1991). 'Viewing Chinese ancient navigation and shipbuilding through Zheng He's ocean expeditions', Proceedings of the International Sailing Ships Conference in Shanghai.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xu" title="Liu Xu">Liu Xu</a> et al., <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621210544/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/138.htm">vol. 138</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a>. (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> et al., <i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226122454/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/166.htm">vol. 166</a>.</li> <li>Schafer, Edward H. (1963). <i>The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T’ang Exotics</i>. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1st paperback edition: 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05462-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05462-8">0-520-05462-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a> et al., <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7228" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷228">228</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7230" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷230">230</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7232" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷232">232</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7234" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷234">234</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7235" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷235">235</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7236" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷236">236</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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