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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification and phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification and phylogeny subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Among_placentals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Among_placentals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Among placentals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Among_placentals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Among_Manidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Among_Manidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Among Manidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Among_Manidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Virology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Virology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Virology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Virology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>COVID-19 infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pestivirus_and_Coltivirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pestivirus_and_Coltivirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Pestivirus</i> and <i>Coltivirus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pestivirus_and_Coltivirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Folk medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pangolin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A" title="آكل النمل الحرشفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آكل النمل الحرشفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8C" title="বন-ৰৌ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বন-ৰৌ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" title="Pholidota – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pholidota" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="فولیدوتا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فولیدوتا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klesih" title="Klesih – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Klesih" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87" title="বনরুই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বনরুই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2-l%C3%AD" title="Lâ-lí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâ-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пангаліны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пангаліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пангаліны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пангаліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balintong_(hayop)" title="Balintong (hayop) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Balintong (hayop)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Панголини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панголини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pangolin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolins" title="Pangolins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pangolins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" title="Pholidota – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pholidota" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luskouni" title="Luskouni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Luskouni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pangolin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A6ldyr" title="Skældyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skældyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuppentiere" title="Schuppentiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schuppentiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3l%C3%A1ch%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC_yildee%C5%82%C3%AD_bik%C3%A1g%C3%AD_nt%C5%82%CA%BCiz%C3%AD" title="Wóláchííʼ yildeełí bikágí ntłʼizí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Wóláchííʼ yildeełí bikágí ntłʼizí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomusloomalised" title="Soomusloomalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soomusloomalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" title="Pholidota – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pholidota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisuloj" title="Manisuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manisuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pangolin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%CA%8Bulu%CA%8Bu" title="Luʋuluʋu – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Luʋuluʋu" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پولک‌پوست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پولک‌پوست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" title="Pholidota – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pholidota" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folidotos" title="Folidotos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Folidotos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%82%B0%EA%B0%91" title="천산갑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천산갑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पैंगोलिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैंगोलिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenggiling" title="Tenggiling – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tenggiling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota_(taxon_de_animalia)" title="Pholidota (taxon de animalia) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pholidota (taxon de animalia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imfinyezi" title="Imfinyezi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imfinyezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hreisturd%C3%BDra%C3%A6ttb%C3%A1lkur" title="Hreisturdýraættbálkur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hreisturdýraættbálkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota_(zoologia)" title="Pholidota (zoologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pholidota (zoologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פנגולינאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנגולינאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF" title="ಚಿಪ್ಪುಹಂದಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿಪ್ಪುಹಂದಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პანგოლინები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანგოლინები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakakuona" title="Kakakuona – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kakakuona" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbumoldunol_(Pholidota)" title="Vorbumoldunol (Pholidota) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vorbumoldunol (Pholidota)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zv%C4%AB%C5%86ne%C5%A1u_k%C4%81rta" title="Zvīņnešu kārta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvīņnešu kārta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skujuotiniai" title="Skujuotiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skujuotiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" title="Pholidota – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pholidota" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folidoto" title="Folidoto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Folidoto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olugave" title="Olugave – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Olugave" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobzosk%C3%A1k" title="Tobzoskák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tobzoskák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پانجولين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پانجولين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenggiling" title="Tenggiling – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tenggiling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0-l%C4%AB" title="Là-lī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Là-lī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="သင်းခွေချပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်းခွေချပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubdierachtigen" title="Schubdierachtigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schubdierachtigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="सालक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सालक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E7%94%B2%E7%9B%AE" title="鱗甲目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鱗甲目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjelldyr" title="Skjelldyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skjelldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" title="Pholidota – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Pholidota" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" title="Pholidota – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pholidota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolinlar" title="Pangolinlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pangolinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੈਂਗੋਲਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਂਗੋਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uskowce" title="Łuskowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łuskowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolim" title="Pangolim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pangolim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pangolin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Панголины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панголины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/alem" title="alem – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="alem" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C3%AEkara" title="Kpîkara – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kpîkara" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pangolin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin%C3%ABt" title="Pangolinët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pangolinët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" title="Pholidota – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pholidota" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pangolin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0upinavce" title="Šupinavce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šupinavce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luskavci" title="Luskavci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luskavci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4)" title="Љускавци (ред) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Љускавци (ред)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muurahaisk%C3%A4vyt" title="Muurahaiskävyt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muurahaiskävyt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrkottar" title="Myrkottar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Myrkottar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panggolin" title="Panggolin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panggolin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="อันดับลิ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันดับลิ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pangolin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprawa" title="Aprawa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Aprawa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Панголіноподібні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Панголіноподібні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="پینگولن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پینگولن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1(%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="تاغتېشەر(ھايۋان) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تاغتېشەر(ھايۋان)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AA_t%C3%AA" title="Tê tê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tê tê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B2" title="穿山甲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="穿山甲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubbeb%C3%AAest%27n" title="Schubbebêest'n – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Schubbebêest'n" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" title="Pholidota – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pholidota" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B2" title="穿山甲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穿山甲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E7%94%B2%E7%9B%AE" title="鱗甲目 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鱗甲目" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B2" title="穿山甲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穿山甲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixw%C3%AD" title="Lixwí – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Lixwí" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2191516#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For the orchid, see <a href="/wiki/Pholidota_(plant)" title="Pholidota (plant)"><i>Pholidota</i> (plant)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Pangolin<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">47.8–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:193.10246153846px; width:26.897538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:203.82153846154px; width:16.178461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:204.82153846154px; width:14.178461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> Middle <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> – present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangolin_brought_to_the_Range_office,_KMTR_AJTJ_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pangolin_brought_to_the_Range_office%2C_KMTR_AJTJ_cropped.jpg/220px-Pangolin_brought_to_the_Range_office%2C_KMTR_AJTJ_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pangolin_brought_to_the_Range_office%2C_KMTR_AJTJ_cropped.jpg/330px-Pangolin_brought_to_the_Range_office%2C_KMTR_AJTJ_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pangolin_brought_to_the_Range_office%2C_KMTR_AJTJ_cropped.jpg/440px-Pangolin_brought_to_the_Range_office%2C_KMTR_AJTJ_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3453" data-file-height="2346" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_pangolin" title="Indian pangolin">Indian pangolin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pholidota" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mirorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferae" title="Ferae">Ferae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pholidotamorpha" title="Pholidotamorpha">Pholidotamorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pholidota</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Max_Carl_Wilhelm_Weber" title="Max Carl Wilhelm Weber">Weber</a>, 1904</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[see <a href="#Classification_and_phylogeny">classification</a>]</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manis_ranges.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Manis_ranges.png/220px-Manis_ranges.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Manis_ranges.png/330px-Manis_ranges.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Manis_ranges.png/440px-Manis_ranges.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="314" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Ranges of living species </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>list of synonyms:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Afredentata <span style="font-size:85%;">Szalay & Schrenk, 1994</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Lepidota <span style="font-size:85%;">Lane, 1910</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Manides <span style="font-size:85%;">Gervais, 1854</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Maniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">Zagorodniuk, 2008</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Manitheria <span style="font-size:85%;">Haeckel, 1895</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Neomanida <span style="font-size:85%;">Haeckel, 1895</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Nomarthra <span style="font-size:85%;">Cope, 1889</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Pholidotheria <span style="font-size:85%;">Haeckel, 1895</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Pholidotiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">Kinman, 1994</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Pholidotina <span style="font-size:85%;">Pearse, 1936</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Repentia <span style="font-size:85%;">Newman, 1843</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Scutata <span style="font-size:85%;">Murray, 1866</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Squamata <span style="font-size:85%;">Huxley, 1872</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Squamigera <span style="font-size:85%;">Gill, 1910</span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Squamosa <span style="font-size:85%;">Haeckel, 1895</span> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Pangolins</b>, sometimes known as <b>scaly anteaters</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> of the order <b>Pholidota</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>). The one <a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">extant</a> family, the <a href="/wiki/Manidae" title="Manidae">Manidae</a>, has three genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Manis" title="Manis">Manis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phataginus" title="Phataginus">Phataginus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Smutsia" title="Smutsia">Smutsia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Manis</i> comprises four species found in Asia, while <i>Phataginus</i> and <i>Smutsia</i> include two species each, all found in sub-Saharan Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-web2.utc.edu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web2.utc.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These species range in size from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in). Several <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> pangolin species are also known. In September 2023, nine species were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20230925_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230925-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pangolins have large, protective <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> scales, similar in material to fingernails and toenails, covering their skin; they are the only known mammals with this feature. Depending on the species, they live in hollow trees or <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">burrows</a>. Pangolins are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>, and their diet consists of mainly <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termites" class="mw-redirect" title="Termites">termites</a>, which they capture using their long tongues. They tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring, which they raise for about two years. Pangolins superficially resemble <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a>, though the two are not closely related; they have merely undergone <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>. </p><p>Pangolins are <a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">threatened by poaching</a> (for their meat and scales, which are used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and heavy <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> of their natural habitats, and are the most <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">trafficked</a> mammals in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are eight species of pangolin whose <a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">conservation status</a> is listed in the <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> tier. Three (<i><a href="/wiki/Manis_culionensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Manis culionensis">Manis culionensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manis_pentadactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Manis pentadactyla">M. pentadactyla</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Manis_javanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Manis javanica">M. javanica</a></i>) are critically endangered, three (<i><a href="/wiki/Phataginus_tricuspis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phataginus tricuspis">Phataginus tricuspis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manis_crassicaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Manis crassicaudata">Manis crassicaudata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Smutsia_gigantea" class="mw-redirect" title="Smutsia gigantea">Smutsia gigantea</a></i>) are endangered and two (<i><a href="/wiki/Phataginus_tetradactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Phataginus tetradactyla">Phataginus tetradactyla</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Smutsia_temminckii" class="mw-redirect" title="Smutsia temminckii">Smutsia temminckii</a></i>) are vulnerable on the <a href="/wiki/Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Red List of Threatened Species">Red List of Threatened Species</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Manidae_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Manidae-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of order Pholidota comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%95%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ϕολιδωτός">ϕολιδωτός</a> – "clad in scales"<sup id="cite_ref-RWB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">φολίς</span></span> <i>pholís</i> "<a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scale</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "pangolin" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word <i>pengguling</i> meaning "one who rolls up"<sup id="cite_ref-COED_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COED-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i>guling</i> or <i>giling</i> "to roll"; it was used for the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_pangolin" title="Sunda pangolin">Sunda pangolin</a> (<i>Manis javanica</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the modern name is <i>tenggiling</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, it is <i>terenggiling</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>, it is <i>goling</i>, <i>tanggiling</i>, or <i>balintong</i> (with the same meaning).<sup id="cite_ref-Vergara_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vergara-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient India, according to <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, it was known as the <i>phattáges</i> (φαττάγης).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangolin_skeletons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pangolin_skeletons.JPG/220px-Pangolin_skeletons.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pangolin_skeletons.JPG/330px-Pangolin_skeletons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pangolin_skeletons.JPG/440px-Pangolin_skeletons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Pangolin <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Osteology" title="Museum of Osteology">Museum of Osteology</a> (2009)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangolin_scale_histology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pangolin_scale_histology.jpg/220px-Pangolin_scale_histology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pangolin_scale_histology.jpg/330px-Pangolin_scale_histology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pangolin_scale_histology.jpg/440px-Pangolin_scale_histology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Schematic drawing of pangolin scale histology</figcaption></figure> <p>The physical appearance of a pangolin is marked by large, hardened, overlapping, plate-like scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins, but harden as the animal matures.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are made of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, the same material from which human <a href="/wiki/Fingernails" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingernails">fingernails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> <a href="/wiki/Claw#Tetrapods" title="Claw">claws</a> are made, and are structurally and compositionally very different from the scales of reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Spearman2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spearman2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pangolin's scaled body is comparable in appearance to a <a href="/wiki/Pine_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine cone">pine cone</a>. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting as <a href="/wiki/Armour_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour (anatomy)">armor</a>, while it protects its face by tucking it under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defense from predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pangolins can emit a noxious-smelling chemical from <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> near the anus, similar to the spray of a <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termite</a> mounds and for climbing.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tongues of pangolins are extremely long, and like those of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_anteater" title="Giant anteater">giant anteater</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tube-lipped_nectar_bat" title="Tube-lipped nectar bat">tube-lipped nectar bat</a>, the root of the tongue is not attached to the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid">hyoid</a> bone but is in the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large pangolins can extend their tongues as much as 40 cm (16 in), with a diameter of only about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>0.5 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-Mondadori_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondadori-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manis_temminckii_(29390603130).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manis_temminckii_%2829390603130%29.jpg/220px-Manis_temminckii_%2829390603130%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manis_temminckii_%2829390603130%29.jpg/330px-Manis_temminckii_%2829390603130%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manis_temminckii_%2829390603130%29.jpg/440px-Manis_temminckii_%2829390603130%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ground_pangolin" title="Ground pangolin">Ground pangolin</a> in defensive posture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangolin_defending_itself_from_lions_(Gir_Forest,_Gujarat,_India).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pangolin_defending_itself_from_lions_%28Gir_Forest%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%29.jpg/220px-Pangolin_defending_itself_from_lions_%28Gir_Forest%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pangolin_defending_itself_from_lions_%28Gir_Forest%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%29.jpg/330px-Pangolin_defending_itself_from_lions_%28Gir_Forest%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pangolin_defending_itself_from_lions_%28Gir_Forest%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%29.jpg/440px-Pangolin_defending_itself_from_lions_%28Gir_Forest%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_pangolin" title="Indian pangolin">Indian pangolin</a> defending itself against <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lions</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most pangolins are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> animals<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which use their well-developed sense of smell to find insects. The <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_pangolin" title="Long-tailed pangolin">long-tailed pangolin</a> is also active by day, while other species of pangolins spend most of the daytime sleeping, curled up into a ball ("<a href="/wiki/Volvation" title="Volvation">volvation</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-Mondadori_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondadori-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">Arboreal</a> pangolins live in hollow trees, whereas the ground-dwelling species dig tunnels to a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Mondadori_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondadori-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pangolins walk with their front claws bent under the foot pad, although they use the entire foot pad on their rear limbs. Furthermore, some exhibit a <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedal</a> stance for some behavior, and may walk a few steps bipedally.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohapatra_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohapatra-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pangolins are also good swimmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mondadori_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondadori-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pangolins are <a href="/wiki/Insectivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivory">insectivorous</a>. Most of their diet consists of various species of ants and termites and may be supplemented by other insects, especially larvae. They are somewhat particular and tend to consume only one or two species of insects, even when many species are available. A pangolin can consume 140 to 200 g (5 to 7 oz) of insects per day.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pangolins are an important regulator of termite populations in their natural habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pangolins have very poor <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>. They also lack teeth. They rely heavily on <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>, and they have other physical characteristics to help them eat ants and termites. Their skeletal structure is sturdy and they have strong front legs used for tearing into termite mounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose-2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use their powerful front claws to dig into trees, soil, and vegetation to find prey,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then proceed to use their long tongues to probe inside the insect tunnels and to retrieve their prey. </p><p>The structure of their tongue and stomach is key to aiding pangolins in obtaining and digesting insects. Their <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> is sticky,<sup id="cite_ref-Rose-2010_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing ants and termites to stick to their long tongues when they are hunting through insect tunnels. Without teeth, pangolins cannot also chew;<sup id="cite_ref-Gutteridge2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutteridge2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but while <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a>, they ingest small stones (<a href="/wiki/Gastroliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroliths">gastroliths</a>), which accumulate in their stomachs to help to grind up ants.<sup id="cite_ref-Publishing2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This part of their stomach is called the <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a>, and it is also covered in keratinous spines.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These spines further aid in the grinding up and digestion of the pangolin's prey. </p><p>Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tree_pangolin" title="Tree pangolin">tree pangolin</a>, use their strong, <a href="/wiki/Prehensile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehensile">prehensile</a> tails to hang from tree branches and strip away bark from the trunk, exposing insect nests inside.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero2016_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Pangolin_Curled-up_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Philippine_Pangolin_Curled-up_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg/220px-Philippine_Pangolin_Curled-up_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Philippine_Pangolin_Curled-up_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg/330px-Philippine_Pangolin_Curled-up_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Philippine_Pangolin_Curled-up_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg/440px-Philippine_Pangolin_Curled-up_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3512" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Philippine_pangolin" title="Philippine pangolin">Philippine pangolin</a> pup and its mother, a <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> species <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> island group. It is threatened by illegal poaching for the <a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">pangolin trade</a> to China and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, where it is regarded as a luxury medicinal delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabro_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabro-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Pangolins are solitary and meet only to have sex, with mating typically taking place at night after the male and female pangolin meet near a watering hole. Males are larger than females, weighing up to 40% more. While the mating season is not defined, they typically mate once each year, usually during the summer or autumn. Rather than the males seeking out the females, males <a href="/wiki/Scent_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent marking">mark their location with urine or feces</a> and the females find them. If competition over a female occurs, the males use their tails as clubs to fight for the opportunity to mate with her.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">Gestation</a> periods differ by species, ranging from roughly 70 to 140 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Hua-2015_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hua-2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African pangolin females usually give birth to a single offspring at a time, but the Asiatic species may give birth to from one to three.<sup id="cite_ref-Mondadori_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondadori-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weight at birth is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">80 to 450 g (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> to <span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> oz), and the average length is 150 mm (6 in). At the time of birth, the scales are soft and white. After several days, they harden and darken to resemble those of an adult pangolin. During the vulnerable stage, the mother stays with her offspring in the burrow, nursing it, and wraps her body around it if she senses danger. The young cling to the mother's tail as she moves about, although, in burrowing species, they remain in the burrow for the first 2–4 weeks of life. At one month, they first leave the burrow riding on the mother's back. <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a> takes place around three months of age, when the young begin to eat insects in addition to nursing. At two years of age, the offspring are sexually mature and are abandoned by the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_phylogeny">Classification and phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification and phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pholidotans" title="List of pholidotans">List of pholidotans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Order: <b>Pholidota</b> <small>Weber, 1904</small> <ul><li>Genus: †<i><a href="/wiki/Euromanis" title="Euromanis">Euromanis</a></i> <small>Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009</small></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a><a href="/wiki/Eurotamandua" title="Eurotamandua">Eurotamanduidae</a> <small>Szalay & Schrenk, 1994</small></li> <li>Suborder: <b><a href="/wiki/Eupholidota" title="Eupholidota">Eupholidota</a></b> <small>Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009</small> <ul><li>Superfamily: <b><a href="/wiki/Manoidea" title="Manoidea">Manoidea</a></b> <small>Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009</small> <ul><li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Manidae" title="Manidae">Manidae</a> <small>Gray, 1821</small></li> <li>Family: †<a href="/wiki/Patriomanidae" title="Patriomanidae">Patriomanidae</a> <small>Szalay & Schrenk 1998 [<i>sensu</i> Gaudin, Emry & Pogue, 2006]</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i> <ul><li>Genus: †<i><a href="/wiki/Necromanis" title="Necromanis">Necromanis</a></i> <small>Filhol, 1893</small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily: †<b><a href="/wiki/Eomanis" title="Eomanis">Eomanoidea</a></b> <small>Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009</small> <ul><li>Family: †<a href="/wiki/Eomanis" title="Eomanis">Eomanidae</a> <small>Storch, 2003</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Among_placentals">Among placentals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Among placentals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pholidotamorpha" title="Pholidotamorpha">Pholidotamorpha</a></div> <p>The order Pholidota was long considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a> (neotropical <a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">anteaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a>), but recent genetic evidence indicates their closest living relatives are the <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivorans</a>, with which they form a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ferae" title="Ferae">Ferae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmrineMadsen2003_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmrineMadsen2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beck_et_al_2006_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck_et_al_2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Du_Toit2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du_Toit2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Palaeanodonta" title="Palaeanodonta">Palaeanodonts</a> are even closer relatives to pangolins, being classified with pangolins in the clade <a href="/wiki/Pholidotamorpha" title="Pholidotamorpha">Pholidotamorpha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KondrashovAgadjanian2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KondrashovAgadjanian2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The split between carnivorans and pangolins is estimated to have occurred 79.47 <a href="/wiki/Mega-annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega-annum">Ma</a> (million years) ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Heighton2023_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heighton2023-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Among_Manidae">Among Manidae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Among Manidae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first dichotomy in the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of extant Manidae separates Asian pangolins (<i>Manis</i>) from African pangolins (<i>Smutsia</i> and <i>Phataginus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Du_Toit2014_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du_Toit2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the former, <i>Manis pentadactyla</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to a clade comprising <i>M. crassicaudata</i> and <i>M. javanica</i>. Within the latter, a split separates the large terrestrial African pangolins of the genus <i>Smutsia</i> from the small arboreal African pangolins of the genus <i>Phataginus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaubert2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaubert2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asian and African pangolins are thought to have diverged about 41.37 Ma ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Heighton2023_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heighton2023-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> position of <i>Manis</i> within Pholidota<sup id="cite_ref-Du_Toit2014_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du_Toit2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-du_Toit2017_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-du_Toit2017-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests the group originated in Eurasia, consistent with their <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">laurasiatherian</a> phylogeny.<sup id="cite_ref-Du_Toit2014_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du_Toit2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangolin_scale_burn_in_Cameroon._Credit-_Kenneth_Cameron_-_USFWS_(2)_(32575640450).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pangolin_scale_burn_in_Cameroon._Credit-_Kenneth_Cameron_-_USFWS_%282%29_%2832575640450%29.jpg/220px-Pangolin_scale_burn_in_Cameroon._Credit-_Kenneth_Cameron_-_USFWS_%282%29_%2832575640450%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pangolin_scale_burn_in_Cameroon._Credit-_Kenneth_Cameron_-_USFWS_%282%29_%2832575640450%29.jpg/330px-Pangolin_scale_burn_in_Cameroon._Credit-_Kenneth_Cameron_-_USFWS_%282%29_%2832575640450%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pangolin_scale_burn_in_Cameroon._Credit-_Kenneth_Cameron_-_USFWS_%282%29_%2832575640450%29.jpg/440px-Pangolin_scale_burn_in_Cameroon._Credit-_Kenneth_Cameron_-_USFWS_%282%29_%2832575640450%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Confiscated black market pangolin scales, which are in high demand in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese traditional medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cnnchangethelist_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnchangethelist-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set to be destroyed by authorities in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Pangolins are in high demand in southern China and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> because their scales are believed to have medicinal properties in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Vietnamese medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their meat is also considered a delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-javanica_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-javanica-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 100,000 are estimated to be trafficked a year to China and Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-Haenlein-2018_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haenlein-2018-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amounting to over one million over the past decade.<sup id="cite_ref-pangolinsg_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pangolinsg-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes them the most <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">trafficked animal</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-pangolinsg_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pangolinsg-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, has led to a large decrease in the numbers of pangolins. Some species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pangolin" title="Chinese pangolin">Manis pentadactyla</a></i> have become commercially extinct in certain ranges as a result of overhunting.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2010, pangolins were added to the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>'s list of evolutionarily distinct and endangered mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All eight species of pangolin are assessed as threatened by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>, while three are classified as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Manidae_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Manidae-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All pangolin species are currently listed under Appendix I of <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> which prohibits international trade, except when the product is intended for non-commercial purposes and a permit has been granted.<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China had been the main destination country for pangolins until 2018, where it was surpassed by Vietnam. In 2019, Vietnam was reported to have seized the largest volumes of pangolin scales, surpassing Nigeria that year.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pangolins are also hunted and eaten in Ghana and are one of the more popular types of <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a>, while local healers use the pangolin as a source of traditional medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though pangolins are protected by an international ban on their trade, populations have suffered from illegal trafficking due to beliefs in East Asia that their ground-up scales can stimulate <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> or cure cancer or <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past decade, numerous seizures of illegally trafficked pangolin and pangolin meat have taken place in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one such incident in April 2013, 10,000 kg (22,000 pounds) of pangolin meat were seized from a Chinese vessel that ran aground in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another case in August 2016, an Indonesian man was arrested after police raided his home and found over 650 pangolins in freezers on his property.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same threat is reported in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, where the animal is on the verge of extinction due to <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overexploitation comes from hunting pangolins for game meat and the reduction of their forest habitats due to deforestation caused by <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">timber harvesting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sodeinde-2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sodeinde-2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pangolin are hunted as game meat for both medicinal purposes and food consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Sodeinde-2009_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sodeinde-2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virology">Virology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Virology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_infection">COVID-19 infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: COVID-19 infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of COVID-19">Origin of COVID-19</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">nucleic acid sequence</a> of a specific receptor-binding domain of the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein" title="Coronavirus spike protein">spike protein</a> belonging to <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a> taken from pangolins was found to be a 99% match with SARS coronavirus 2 (<a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>), the virus which causes <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> and is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyranoski-2020_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyranoski-2020-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China, hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 had originated in bats, and prior to infecting humans, was circulating among pangolins. The illicit Chinese trade of pangolins for use in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> was suggested as a <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vector</a> for human transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyranoski-2020_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyranoski-2020-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Live_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Live-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, whole-genome comparison found that the pangolin and human <a href="/wiki/Template:SARS-CoV-2_related_coronavirus" title="Template:SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus">coronaviruses</a> share only up to 92% of their RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-coronavirus-mystery_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-coronavirus-mystery-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecologists worried that the early speculation about pangolins being the source may have led to mass slaughters, endangering them further, which was similar to what happened to <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civets</a> during the <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a> outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-coronavirus-mystery_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-coronavirus-mystery-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later proved that the testing which suggested that pangolins were a potential host for the virus was flawed, when <a href="/wiki/Genetic_analysis" title="Genetic analysis">genetic analysis</a> showed that the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein" title="Coronavirus spike protein">spike protein</a> and its binding to receptors in pangolins had minimal effect from the virus, and therefore were not likely mechanisms for COVID-19 infections in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Partin_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partin-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pestivirus_and_Coltivirus"><i>Pestivirus</i> and <i>Coltivirus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pestivirus and Coltivirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, two novel RNA viruses distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Pestivirus" title="Pestivirus">pestiviruses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coltivirus" title="Coltivirus">coltiviruses</a> have been detected in the genomes of dead <i>Manis javanica</i> and <i>Manis pentadactyla</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao2020_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao2020-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To refer to both sampling site and hosts, they were named Dongyang pangolin virus (DYPV) and Lishui pangolin virus (LSPV). The DYPV pestivirus was also identified in <i><a href="/wiki/Amblyomma_javanense" title="Amblyomma javanense">Amblyomma javanense</a></i> nymph <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> from a diseased pangolin.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao2020_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao2020-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Folk medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pangolin scales and flesh are used as ingredients for various <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-jak_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jak-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While no <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">scientific evidence</a> exists for the efficacy of those practices, and they have no logical <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Novella2012_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novella2012-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jin2005_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin2005-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their popularity still drives the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> for animal body parts, despite concerns about toxicity, transmission of diseases from animals to humans, and species extermination.<sup id="cite_ref-jak_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jak-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2012_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2012-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ongoing demand for parts as ingredients continues to fuel <a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">pangolin poaching, hunting and trading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first record of pangolin scales occurs in <i>Ben Cao Jinji Zhu</i> ("Variorum of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica", 500 CE), which recommends pangolin scales for protection against ant bites; burning the scales as a cure for people crying hysterically during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-PanMed_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanMed-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, a recipe for expelling evil spirits with a formulation of scales, herbs, and minerals appeared in 682, and in 752 CE the idea that pangolin scales could also stimulate milk secretion in lactating women, one of the main uses today, was recommended in the <i>Wai Tai Mi Yao</i> ("Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library").<sup id="cite_ref-PanMed_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanMed-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the notion of penetrating and clearing blockages was emphasized in the <i>Taiping sheng hui fan</i> ("Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled During the Era of Peace and Tranquility"), compiled by Wang Huaiyin in 992.<sup id="cite_ref-PanMed_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanMed-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the main uses of pangolin scales are <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a> practices based on unproven claims the scales dissolve <a href="/wiki/Blood_clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clot">blood clots</a>, promote blood circulation, or help <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactating women</a> secrete milk.<sup id="cite_ref-jak_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jak-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PanMed_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanMed-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supposed health effects of pangolin meat and scales claimed by <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">folk medicine</a> practitioners are based on their consumption of ants, long tongues, and protective scales.<sup id="cite_ref-jak_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jak-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeia</a> of the People's Republic of China included Chinese pangolin scales as an ingredient in TCM formulations.<sup id="cite_ref-PanMed_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanMed-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pangolins were removed from the pharmacopoeia starting from the first half of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-ng_maron_2020-09-09_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng_maron_2020-09-09-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although pangolin scales have been removed from the list of raw ingredients, the scales are still listed as a key ingredient in various medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pangolin parts are also used for medicinal purposes in other Asian countries such as India, Nepal and Pakistan. In some parts of India and Nepal, locals believe that wearing the scales of a pangolin can help prevent pneumonia.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pangolin scales have also been used for medicinal purposes in Malaysia, Indonesia and northern Myanmar. Indigenous people in southern <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, Philippines, have held the belief that elders could avoid prostate illnesses by wearing belts made with the scales.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales_Pangolin_Armour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Prince_of_Wales_Pangolin_Armour.jpg/170px-Prince_of_Wales_Pangolin_Armour.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Prince_of_Wales_Pangolin_Armour.jpg/255px-Prince_of_Wales_Pangolin_Armour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Prince_of_Wales_Pangolin_Armour.jpg/340px-Prince_of_Wales_Pangolin_Armour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A coat of <a href="/wiki/Scale_armour" title="Scale armour">armour made of gilded pangolin scales</a> from India, presented in 1875–76 to the then <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>, the later <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of increasing threats to pangolins, mainly in the form of illegal, international trade in pangolin skin, scales, and meat, these species have received increasing conservation attention in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the IUCN considered all eight species of pangolin on its <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">Red List of Threatened Species</a> as threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Manidae_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Manidae-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group launched a global action plan to conserve pangolins, dubbed "Scaling up Pangolin Conservation", in July 2014. This action plan aims to improve all aspects of pangolin conservation with an added emphasis on combating poaching and <a href="/wiki/Trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafficking">trafficking</a> of the animal while educating communities on its importance.<sup id="cite_ref-pangolinsg_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pangolinsg-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another suggested approach to fighting pangolin (and general wildlife) trafficking consists in "following the money" rather than "the animal", which aims to disrupt smugglers' profits by interrupting money flows. Financial intelligence gathering could thus become a key tool in protecting these animals, although this opportunity is often overlooked.<sup id="cite_ref-Haenlein-2018_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haenlein-2018-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, a Chinese NGO launched the Counting Pangolins movement, calling for joint efforts to save the mammals from trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife conservation group <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(conservation_programme)" title="Traffic (conservation programme)">TRAFFIC</a> has identified 159 smuggling routes used by pangolin traffickers and aims to shut these down.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_04_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_04_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_04_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_04_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_04_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_04_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_04_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Pangolins (in rectangular cages) in an illegal wildlife market in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many attempts have been made to breed pangolins in captivity, but due to their reliance on wide-ranging habitats and very particular diets, these attempts are often unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Hua-2015_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hua-2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pangolins have significantly decreased immune responses due to a genetic dysfunction, making them extremely fragile.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are susceptible to diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Stress_ulcer" title="Stress ulcer">ulcers</a> in captivity, complications that can lead to an early death.<sup id="cite_ref-Hua-2015_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hua-2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, pangolins rescued from illegal trade often have a higher chance of being infected with parasites such as <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal worms">intestinal worms</a>, further lessening their chance for rehabilitation and reintroduction to the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Hua-2015_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hua-2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of farming pangolins to reduce the number being illegally trafficked is being explored with little success.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third Saturday in February is promoted as World Pangolin Day by the conservation NPO Annamiticus.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World Pangolin Day has been noted for its effectiveness in generating awareness about pangolins.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> made a public service announcement called <i><a href="/wiki/WildAid" title="WildAid">WildAid</a>: Jackie Chan & Pangolins (Kung Fu Pangolin)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pangolins_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pangolins-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, a study found that it is "not too late" to establish conservation efforts for Philippine pangolins (<i>Manis culionensis</i>), a species that is only found on the island province of Palawan.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> is one of the few conservation grounds for pangolins in the world after the country enacted the 1989 Wildlife Conservation Act.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers in places like Luanshan (<a href="/wiki/Yanping_Township" title="Yanping Township">Yanping Township</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Taitung_County" title="Taitung County">Taitung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiulin,_Hualien" title="Xiulin, Hualien">Xiulin</a> townships in <a href="/wiki/Hualien_County" title="Hualien County">Hualien</a> became important communities for protecting pangolins and their habitats and has greatly improved the survival of pangolins. These centers work with local aboriginal tribes and forest police in the National Police Agency to prevent poaching, trafficking, and smuggling of pangolins, especially to black markets in China. These centers have also helped to reveal the causes of death and injury among Taiwan's pangolin population.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Taiwan has the highest population density of pangolins in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_classification" title="Mammal classification">Mammal classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholidotamorpha" title="Pholidotamorpha">Pholidotamorpha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592">"Abstracts of Papers"</a>. <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>14</b>: 1–58. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" 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<span class="reference-text">Lane, Henry Higgins (1910) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-1636382">"A corrected classification of the edentates."</a> Science, new ser., vol. 31, pp. 913-914</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagorodniuk2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zagorodniuk, I. 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Biology (48): 33–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visnyk+of+Lviv+University&rft.atitle=Scientific+names+of+mammal+orders%3A+from+descriptive+to+uniform&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=33-43&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zagorodniuk&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27585773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangolin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1895" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haeckel, Ernst (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/systematischephy03haec/page/601"><i>Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere</i></a> (in German). Vol. T.3. Berlin: G. 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"The Edentata of North America". <i>American Naturalist</i>. <b>23</b> (272): 657–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F274985">10.1086/274985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83633905">83633905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=The+Edentata+of+North+America&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=272&rft.pages=657-664&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F274985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83633905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangolin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth E. 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Duke University Press. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoological+names.+A+list+of+phyla%2C+classes%2C+and+orders%2C+prepared+for+section+F%2C+American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Pearse&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Sperry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzoologicalnamesl1936pear%2Fpage%2F24%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DCreodontina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangolin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Newman (1843) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/123076#page/7/mode/1up">"The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)"</a>, London, J. Van Voorst</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Andrew (1866) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53245#page/7/mode/1up">"The geographic distribution of mammals"</a>, London, Day and Son, Ltd., XVI + 420 pp., 101 maps</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huxley, Thomas Henry (1872) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109100#page/7/mode/1up">"A manual of the anatomy of vertebrated animals"</a>, New York, d, Appleton and Co., 431 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1910" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, Theo. 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Pingtung, Taiwan: e0198230. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1498230S">2019PLoSO..1498230S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0198230">10.1371/journal.pone.0198230</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6364958">6364958</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30726204">30726204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Mortality+and+morbidity+in+wild+Taiwanese+pangolin+%28Manis+pentadactyla+pentadactyla%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0198230&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6364958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30726204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0198230&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PLoSO..1498230S&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Curtis+Jai-Chyi&rft.au=Chen%2C+Chen-Chih&rft.au=Chi%2C+Meng-Jou&rft.au=Lin%2C+Wen-Chi&rft.au=Lin%2C+Jing-Shiun&rft.au=Arora%2C+Bharti&rft.au=Sun%2C+Nick+Ching-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6364958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangolin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.thenewslens.com/feature/pangolin-conservation/125149">"Taiwanese Researchers Collaborate With Locals In Pangolin Conservation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_Lens" title="The News Lens">The News Lens</a></i>. 25 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Lens&rft.atitle=Taiwanese+Researchers+Collaborate+With+Locals+In+Pangolin+Conservation&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.thenewslens.com%2Ffeature%2Fpangolin-conservation%2F125149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangolin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangolin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pholidota" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pholidota">Pholidota</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pholidota">Pholidota</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pangolin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pangolin">pangolin</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zsl.org/conservation/threats/illegal-wildlife-trade-crisis/pangolin-conservation">ZSL Pangolin Conservation </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417080037/http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/pangolin">Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Pholidota/15954">Tree of Life of Pholidota</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429214815/http://tolweb.org/Pholidota/15954">Archived</a> 29 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/weirdest-pangolin"><i>National Geographic</i> video of a pangolin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023125211/https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/weirdest-pangolin">Archived</a> 23 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004225834/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pangolin_proceedings_final_print__2_.pdf">Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web2.utc.edu/~gvv824/Gaudin%20et%20al%202009.pdf">The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134257/http://web2.utc.edu/~gvv824/Gaudin%20et%20al%202009.pdf">Archived</a> 25 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bromley, Victoria (Director/Producer), Young, Nora (Narrator/Host), Diekmann, Maria (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/the-worlds-most-wanted-animal-evunge/"><i>Nature: The World's Most Wanted Animal</i></a>. United States: PBS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nature%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Wanted+Animal&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2Fthe-worlds-most-wanted-animal-evunge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangolin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/opinion/coronavirus-china-pangolins.html">Coronavirus: Revenge of the Pangolins?</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 6 March 2020.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammals" title="Template:Mammals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals" title="Template talk:Mammals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_mammal_orders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> orders</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yinotheria" title="Yinotheria">Yinotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australosphenida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">Australosphenida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremata <small>(platypuses and echidnas)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">Marsupial</a> inclusive)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ameridelphia" title="Ameridelphia">Ameridelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata <small>(shrew opossums)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">Didelphimorphia <small>(opossums)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Australidelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria <small>(monitos del monte)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notoryctidae" title="Notoryctidae">Notoryctemorphia <small>(marsupial moles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia <small>(quolls and dunnarts)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia <small>(bilbies and bandicoots)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia <small>(kangaroos, koalas, and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placental</a> inclusive)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantogenata" title="Atlantogenata">Atlantogenata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cingulata" title="Cingulata">Cingulata <small>(armadillos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa <small>(anteaters and sloths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida <small>(tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">Macroscelidea <small>(elephant shrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orycteropodidae" title="Orycteropodidae">Tubulidentata <small>(aardvarks)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">Hyracoidea <small>(hyraxes)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea <small>(elephants)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia <small>(dugongs and manatees)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla <small>(hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">Chiroptera <small>(bats)</small></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pholidota <small>(pangolins)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora <small>(dogs, cats and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyla <small>(horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla <small>(pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia <small>(rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha <small>(rabbits, hares and pikas)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeshrew" title="Treeshrew">Scandentia <small>(treeshrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colugo" title="Colugo">Dermoptera <small>(colugos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates <small>(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mammals_of_clade_Pholidotamorpha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pholidotamorpha" title="Template:Pholidotamorpha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pholidotamorpha" title="Template talk:Pholidotamorpha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pholidotamorpha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pholidotamorpha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mammals_of_clade_Pholidotamorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mammals of clade <a href="/wiki/Pholidotamorpha" title="Pholidotamorpha">Pholidotamorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ferae" title="Ferae">Ferae</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Pholidotamorpha" title="Pholidotamorpha">Pholidotamorpha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Pholidotamorpha" title="Pholidotamorpha">Pholidotamorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Order:<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pholidota</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Suborder:<br /><a href="/wiki/Eupholidota" title="Eupholidota">Eupholidota</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Superfamily:<br /><a href="/wiki/Manoidea" title="Manoidea">Manoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Family:<br /><a href="/wiki/Manidae" title="Manidae">Manidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See in template: <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Pholidota" title="Template:Pholidota">Manidae</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Family:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Patriomanidae" title="Patriomanidae">Patriomanidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Cryptomanis" title="Cryptomanis">Cryptomanis</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Patriomanis" title="Patriomanis">Patriomanis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Necromanis" title="Necromanis">Necromanis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Superfamily:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Eomanis" title="Eomanis">Eomanoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family:†Eomanidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Family:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Eomanis" title="Eomanis">Eomanidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Eomanis" title="Eomanis">Eomanis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Family:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Eurotamandua" title="Eurotamandua">Eurotamanduidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Eurotamandua" title="Eurotamandua">Eurotamandua</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">other<br />representatives</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Euromanis" title="Euromanis">Euromanis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pholidota_sp._(BC_16%E2%80%9908)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pholidota sp. (BC 16’08) (page does not exist)">Pholidota sp. (<i>BC 16’08</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Order:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Palaeanodonta" title="Palaeanodonta">Palaeanodonta</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Family:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Epoicotheriidae" title="Epoicotheriidae">Epoicotheriidae</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> family)</small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alocodontulum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alocodontulum (page does not exist)">Alocodontulum</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amelotabes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amelotabes (page does not exist)">Amelotabes</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auroratherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auroratherium (page does not exist)">Auroratherium</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipassalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipassalus (page does not exist)">Dipassalus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubulodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubulodon (page does not exist)">Tubulodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Subfamily:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Epoicotheriinae" title="Epoicotheriinae">Epoicotheriinae</a><br /><small>(paraphyletic subfamily)</small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentapassalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentapassalus (page does not exist)">Pentapassalus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapassalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrapassalus (page does not exist)">Tetrapassalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">†<i>Epoicotherium</i>/<i>Xenocranium</i><br />clade</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoicotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoicotherium (page does not exist)">Epoicotherium</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molaetherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molaetherium (page does not exist)">Molaetherium</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Xenocranium" title="Xenocranium">Xenocranium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Family:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Ernanodontidae" title="Ernanodontidae">Ernanodontidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asiabradypus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asiabradypus (page does not exist)">Asiabradypus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Ernanodon" title="Ernanodon">Ernanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Family:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Escavadodon" title="Escavadodon">Escavadodontidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Escavadodon" title="Escavadodon">Escavadodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Family:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Metacheiromyidae" title="Metacheiromyidae">Metacheiromyidae</a><br /><small>(paraphyletic family)</small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brachianodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brachianodon (page does not exist)">Brachianodon</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mylanodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mylanodon (page does not exist)">Mylanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Subfamily:<br />†<a href="/wiki/Metacheiromyinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacheiromyinae">Metacheiromyinae</a><br /><small>(paraphyletic subfamily)</small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Metacheiromys" title="Metacheiromys">Metacheiromys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeanodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeanodon (page does not exist)">Palaeanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">Subfamily:<br />†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propalaeanodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propalaeanodon (page does not exist)">Propalaeanodontinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propalaeanodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propalaeanodon (page does not exist)">Propalaeanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcticanodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcticanodon (page does not exist)">Arcticanodon</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melaniella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melaniella (page does not exist)">Melaniella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pholidota</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2191516" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2191516">Q2191516</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pholidota" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pholidota">Pholidota</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pholidota/">Pholidota</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=351">351</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/623DY">623DY</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1665">1665</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PHOLO">1PHOLO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/796">796</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43357">43357</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11314">11314</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180104">180104</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13900001">13900001</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9971">9971</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=644252">644252</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43658">43658</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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