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href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Anatomy and physiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anatomy and physiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull_and_dentition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull_and_dentition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Skull and dentition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull_and_dentition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wings_and_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wings_and_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Wings and flight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wings_and_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roosting_and_gaits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roosting_and_gaits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Roosting and gaits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roosting_and_gaits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Internal systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Senses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Echolocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Echolocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Echolocation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Echolocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Vision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetoreception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetoreception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Magnetoreception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetoreception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Thermoregulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Torpor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torpor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Torpor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torpor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Food and feeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Insects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruit_and_nectar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_and_nectar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Fruit and nectar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_and_nectar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Vertebrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Blood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators,_parasites,_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Predators, parasites, and diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_life_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Behaviour and life history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_life_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behaviour and life history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Social structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Reproduction and life cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Life expectancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Interactions with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interactions with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cultural significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bat</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" > 179 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlermuis" title="Vlermuis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlermuis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%8C%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%8D%8D" title="የሌት ወፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሌት ወፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrea%C3%B0em%C5%ABs" title="Hreaðemūs – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hreaðemūs" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="خفاشيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خفاشيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%BEiu_di_noaptea" title="Puľiu di noaptea – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Puľiu di noaptea" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="বাদুলি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাদুলি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokwaratcic" title="Apokwaratcic – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Apokwaratcic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbopi" title="Mbopi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbopi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%B1i" title="Chiñi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chiñi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarasalar" title="Yarasalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yarasalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="یاراسا (حئیوان) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاراسا (حئیوان)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelawah" title="Lelawah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lelawah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC" title="বাদুড় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাদুড়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CC%8Dt-p%C3%B4" title="Bi̍t-pô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bi̍t-pô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рукакрылыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рукакрылыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рукакрылыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рукакрылыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Прилепи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прилепи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1mi%C5%A1" title="Šišmiš – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šišmiš" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askell-groc%27hen" title="Askell-groc'hen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Askell-groc'hen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Һарьһан эрбээхэй – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һарьһан эрбээхэй" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratpenats" title="Ratpenats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ratpenats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%C3%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çара çерçи евĕрлисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çара çерçи евĕрлисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakniton" title="Kwakniton – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kwakniton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letouni" title="Letouni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letouni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karemwaremwa" title="Karemwaremwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Karemwaremwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topu_pinnutu" title="Topu pinnutu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Topu pinnutu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystlum" title="Ystlum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ystlum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%94%C5%8B" title="Zɔŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zɔŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagermus" title="Flagermus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flagermus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledertiere" title="Fledertiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fledertiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaa%CA%BCaban%C3%AD" title="Jaaʼabaní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Jaaʼabaní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4sitiivalised" title="Käsitiivalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käsitiivalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%85%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Νυχτερίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νυχτερίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papastr%C3%A8l" title="Papastrèl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Papastrèl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Кедьнимилявт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кедьнимилявт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertoj" title="Vespertoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vespertoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguzar" title="Saguzar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saguzar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="خفاش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خفاش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogm%C3%BDs" title="Flogmýs – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Flogmýs" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flearm%C3%BBzen" title="Flearmûzen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Flearmûzen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ialt%C3%B3g" title="Ialtóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ialtóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ialtag" title="Ialtag – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ialtag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morcegos" title="Morcegos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Morcegos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B0%B7%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" title="簷老鼠 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="簷老鼠" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="ચામાચિડિયું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચામાચિડિયું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%CC%8Dt-ph%C3%B2-%C3%A8" title="Phi̍t-phò-è – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phi̍t-phò-è" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Бавуха – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бавуха" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%A5%90" title="박쥐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박쥐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemage" title="Jemage – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jemage" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC" title="चमगादड़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चमगादड़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1mi%C5%A1i" title="Šišmiši – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šišmiši" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilio" title="Vespertilio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vespertilio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelelawar" title="Kelelawar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelelawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilion" title="Vespertilion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vespertilion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Къухбазыронтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къухбазыронтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B0urbl%C3%B6kur" title="Leðurblökur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leðurblökur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עטלפים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עטלפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lawa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%9Bm%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Sɛmʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɛmʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬಾವಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾವಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibatab" title="Talibatab – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Talibatab" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხელფრთიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხელფრთიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81%D9%95_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%84" title="راتہٕ کرٛیٖل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="راتہٕ کرٛیٖل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A3topi%C3%A9rze" title="Szãtopiérze – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szãtopiérze" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қолқанаттылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қолқанаттылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askel_groghen" title="Askel groghen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Askel groghen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agahungarema" title="Agahungarema – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Agahungarema" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popo" title="Popo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Popo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesnoldunol_(Chiroptera)" title="Vesnoldunol (Chiroptera) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vesnoldunol (Chiroptera)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B2vsourit" title="Chòvsourit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chòvsourit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%A7emk" title="Perçemk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Perçemk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Жарганат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарганат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%93%D1%80%D3%93%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Цӓрӓгек – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цӓрӓгек" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutra" title="Flutra – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Flutra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plykspuor%C5%86i" title="Plykspuorņi – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Plykspuorņi" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siksp%C4%81r%C5%86i" title="Sikspārņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sikspārņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ik%C5%A1nosparniai" title="Šikšnosparniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šikšnosparniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6gi" title="Bögi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Bögi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleermuis" title="Vleermuis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vleermuis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C9%9Bmbo" title="Ngɛmbo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngɛmbo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirotero" title="Cirotero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cirotero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahkusiivet" title="Nahkusiivet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nahkusiivet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denev%C3%A9rek" title="Denevérek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Denevérek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2bbhuru" title="Bhâbbhuru – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâbbhuru" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="चमगुदड़ी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चमगुदड़ी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Лилјаци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лилјаци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanavy" title="Ramanavy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ramanavy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="വവ്വാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വവ്വാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B3" title="वटवाघूळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वटवाघूळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="خفاشيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خفاشيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شوپرپری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوپرپری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelawar" title="Kelawar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-b%C3%A0-d%C3%A2u-gi%C3%A9k" title="Bì-bà-dâu-giék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bì-bà-dâu-giék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B2" title="Веньдряв – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Веньдряв" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="လင်းနို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လင်းနို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beka" title="Beka – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Beka" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleermuizen" title="Vleermuizen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vleermuizen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleadermuse" title="Vleadermuse – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vleadermuse" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="चमेरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चमेरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="चिकंलापा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिकंलापा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA" title="コウモリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コウモリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherp%C3%ADngeche" title="Scherpíngeche – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Scherpíngeche" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fladerdiarten" title="Fladerdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fladerdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaggermus" title="Flaggermus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flaggermus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaggermus" title="Flaggermus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flaggermus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%BBque-souothis" title="Caûque-souothis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Caûque-souothis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF" title="ବାଦୁଡ଼ି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାଦୁଡ଼ି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%9C" title="ਚਮਗਿੱਦੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਮਗਿੱਦੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%91" title="چمگادڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چمگادڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Кушборддэз – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кушборддэз" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soerie-volante" title="Soerie-volante – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Soerie-volante" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratavol%C3%B2ira" title="Ratavolòira – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ratavolòira" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nietoperze" title="Nietoperze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nietoperze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morcego" title="Morcego – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Morcego" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptere" title="Chiroptere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chiroptere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu" title="Masu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Masu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Мышперхач – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мышперхач" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Рукокрылые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рукокрылые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Илии кынаттаахтар аймахтара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Илии кынаттаахтар аймахтара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bidadiki" title="bidadiki – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bidadiki" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbupu" title="Mbupu – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Mbupu" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A1" title="ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱩᱬᱩᱡ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱩᱬᱩᱡ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baukie" title="Baukie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baukie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A4dderdierte" title="Flädderdierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Flädderdierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakuriqi_i_nat%C3%ABs" title="Lakuriqi i natës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lakuriqi i natës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat" title="Bat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%99%D8%A7" title="چمڙا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چمڙا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netopiere_(rad)" title="Netopiere (rad) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Netopiere (rad)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netopirji" title="Netopirji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Netopirji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacopjyrze" title="Gacopjyrze – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gacopjyrze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiidmeer" title="Fiidmeer – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fiidmeer" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="شەمشەمەکوێرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەمشەمەکوێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4)" title="Слепи мишеви (ред) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слепи мишеви (ред)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1mi%C5%A1" title="Šišmiš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šišmiš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalay" title="Lalay – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lalay" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepakot" title="Lepakot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lepakot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fladderm%C3%B6ss" title="Fladdermöss – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fladdermöss" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniki" title="Paniki – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paniki" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வௌவால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வௌவால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%E1%B9%ADi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu" title="Frṭiṭṭu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Frṭiṭṭu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aze%C9%A3nennay" title="Azeɣnennay – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azeɣnennay" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtuvagghie" title="Turtuvagghie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Turtuvagghie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="గబ్బిలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గబ్బిలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="ค้างคาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค้างคาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AF%C3%AFk" title="Alïïk – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Alïïk" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Болдастҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Болдастҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9%C5%A1enonets%C3%A9n%C3%B3ne" title="Méšenonetsénóne – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Méšenonetsénóne" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarasa" title="Yarasa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yarasa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Рукокрилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рукокрилі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%91" title="چمگادڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چمگادڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%AD" title="شەپەرەڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شەپەرەڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vumzvauz" title="Vumzvauz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vumzvauz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_D%C6%A1i" title="Bộ Dơi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Dơi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchawe-sori" title="Tchawe-sori – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchawe-sori" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliendrmuus" title="Vliendrmuus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vliendrmuus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabog" title="Kabog – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabog" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" title="蝙蝠 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蝙蝠" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96" title="פלעדערמויז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלעדערמויז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%A1n" title="Àdán – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àdán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%A0%E9%BC%A0" title="蝠鼠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蝠鼠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eew%C5%9Few%C4%B1ki" title="Şewşewıki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şewşewıki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%AAremuzen" title="Flêremuzen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Flêremuzen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%97k%C5%A1niesparnis" title="Šėkšniesparnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šėkšniesparnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" title="蝙蝠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蝙蝠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungit" title="Pungit – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pungit" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afluflw%C3%AC" title="Afluflwì – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Afluflwì" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of flying mammals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the sporting equipment, see <a href="/wiki/Baseball_bat" title="Baseball bat">Baseball bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_bat" title="Cricket bat">Cricket bat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Table tennis bat">Table tennis bat</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bat (disambiguation)">Bat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bats" and "Chiroptera" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bats_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bats (disambiguation)">Bats (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chiroptera (disambiguation)">Chiroptera (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Bats <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:202.4px; width:17.6px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:202.4px; width:17.6px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:203.4px; width:15.6px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg/300px-Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg/450px-Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg/600px-Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1520" usemap="#ImageMap_52c89b608486d923" resource="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg" /><map name="ImageMap_52c89b608486d923"><area href="/wiki/Common_vampire_bat" shape="rect" coords="0,0,158,98" alt="Common vampire bat" title="Common vampire bat" /><area href="/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat" shape="rect" coords="0,98,158,183" alt="Greater horseshoe bat" title="Greater horseshoe bat" /><area href="/wiki/Greater_short-nosed_fruit_bat" shape="rect" coords="0,183,158,301" alt="Greater short-nosed fruit bat" title="Greater short-nosed fruit bat" /><area href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" shape="rect" coords="293,0,158,98" alt="Egyptian fruit bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat" /><area href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" shape="rect" coords="293,98,158,183" alt="Mexican free-tailed bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat" /><area href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-eared_bat" shape="rect" coords="293,183,158,301" alt="Greater mouse-eared bat" title="Greater mouse-eared bat" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Chiroptera" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scrotifera" title="Scrotifera">Scrotifera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apo-Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apo-Chiroptera">Apo-Chiroptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chiroptera</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Blumenbach</a>, 1779 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Suborders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> (traditional): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megachiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Megachiroptera">Megachiroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Microchiroptera">Microchiroptera</a></li></ul> (present): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bat_range.png/220px-Bat_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bat_range.png/330px-Bat_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bat_range.png/440px-Bat_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="745" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Worldwide distribution of bat species </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Bats are flying <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> Chiroptera (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kaɪˈrɒptərə/</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> With their forelimbs adapted as <a href="/wiki/Bat_wing_development" title="Bat wing development">wings</a>, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained <a href="/wiki/Bat_flight" title="Bat flight">flight</a>. Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or <a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagium</a>. The smallest bat, and arguably the <a href="/wiki/Smallest_organisms" title="Smallest organisms">smallest extant mammal</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Kitti%27s_hog-nosed_bat" title="Kitti's hog-nosed bat">Kitti's hog-nosed bat</a>, which is 29–34 mm (1.1–1.3 in) in length, 150 mm (5.9 in) across the wings and 2–2.6 g (0.071–0.092 oz) in mass. The largest bats are the <a href="/wiki/Flying_foxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying foxes">flying foxes</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Giant_golden-crowned_flying_fox" title="Giant golden-crowned flying fox">giant golden-crowned flying fox</a> (Acerodon jubatus) reaching a weight of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) and having a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). The second largest order of mammals after <a href="/wiki/Rodents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents">rodents</a>, bats comprise about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with over 1,400 species. These were traditionally divided into two suborders: the largely fruit-eating <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">megabats</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocating</a> <a href="/wiki/Microbat" title="Microbat">microbats</a>. But more recent evidence has supported dividing the order into <a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a>, with megabats as members of the former along with several species of microbats. Many bats are <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>, and most of the rest are <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a> (fruit-eaters) or <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectarivores</a> (nectar-eaters). A few species feed on animals other than insects; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">vampire bats</a> <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">feed on blood</a>. Most bats are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>, and many roost in caves or other refuges; it is uncertain whether bats have these behaviours to escape <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>. Bats are present throughout the world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They are important in their ecosystems for <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinating</a> <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> and dispersing seeds; many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for these services. Bats provide humans with some direct benefits, at the cost of some disadvantages. Bat dung has been mined as <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing the need for <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and other insect management measures. Some bats are also predators of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, suppressing the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">mosquito-borne diseases</a>. Bats are sometimes numerous enough and close enough to human settlements to serve as tourist attractions, and they are used as food across Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>. However, fruit bats are frequently considered pests by fruit growers. Due to their physiology, bats are one type of animal that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">natural reservoir</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>; and since they are highly mobile, social, and long-lived, they can readily spread disease among themselves. If humans interact with bats, these traits become potentially dangerous to humans. Depending on the culture, bats may be symbolically associated with positive traits, such as protection from certain diseases or risks, rebirth, or long life, but in the West, bats are popularly associated with darkness, malevolence, witchcraft, <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>, and death. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> An older English name for bats is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flittermouse" class="extiw" title="wikt:flittermouse">flittermouse</a>, which matches their name in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (for example German Fledermaus and Swedish fladdermus), related to the fluttering of wings. <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> had bakke, most likely cognate with Old Swedish natbakka ('night-bat'), which may have undergone a shift from -k- to -t- (to Modern English bat) influenced by Latin blatta, 'moth, nocturnal insect'. The word bat was probably first used in the early 1570s.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The name Chiroptera derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: χείρ – kheír, 'hand'<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> and πτερόν – pterón, 'wing'.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny_and_taxonomy">Phylogeny and taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phylogeny and taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batfossil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Batfossil.jpg/170px-Batfossil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Batfossil.jpg/255px-Batfossil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Batfossil.jpg/340px-Batfossil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> fossil microchiropteran <a href="/wiki/Icaronycteris" title="Icaronycteris">Icaronycteris</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Formation" title="Green River Formation">Green River Formation</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> The delicate <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a> of bats do not fossilise well; it is estimated that only 12% of bat <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> that lived have been found in the fossil record.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Most of the oldest known bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats, such as Archaeopteropus (32 million years ago). The oldest known bat fossils include Archaeonycteris praecursor and Altaynycteris aurora (55–56 million years ago), both known only from isolated teeth.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The oldest complete bat skeleton is <a href="/wiki/Icaronycteris" title="Icaronycteris">Icaronycteris</a> gunnelli (52 million years ago), known from two skeletons discovered in Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-simmons2008-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The extinct bats <a href="/wiki/Palaeochiropteryx_tupaiodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon">Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hassianycteris_kumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassianycteris kumari">Hassianycteris kumari</a>, both of which lived 48 million years ago, are the first fossil mammals whose colouration has been discovered: both were reddish-brown.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Bats were formerly grouped in the superorder <a href="/wiki/Archonta" title="Archonta">Archonta</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Treeshrew" title="Treeshrew">treeshrews</a> (Scandentia), <a href="/wiki/Colugo" title="Colugo">colugos</a> (Dermoptera), and <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Modern genetic evidence now places bats in the superorder <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ferungulata" title="Ferungulata">Ferungulata</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivorans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">odd-toed ungulates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">even-toed ungulates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bat_Schematics-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-classification-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pumo1998-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhou2011-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19">[18]</a> One study places Chiroptera as a sister taxon to odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla).<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left; width:800px;font-size:85%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> (primates, treeshrews, rodents, rabbits) <a href="/wiki/File:Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff/lossless-page1-50px-Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff/lossless-page1-75px-Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff/lossless-page1-100px-Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="780" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> (hedgehogs, shrews, moles, solenodons)<a href="/wiki/File:Mole_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/60px-Mole_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/90px-Mole_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/120px-Mole_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="196" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Scrotifera" title="Scrotifera">Scrotifera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Chiroptera (bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_(cropped_and_flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg/80px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg/120px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg/160px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1184" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Fereuungulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fereuungulata">Fereuungulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ferae" title="Ferae">Ferae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">Pholidota</a> (pangolins) <a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/70px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg" decoding="async" width="70" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/105px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/140px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="405" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> (cats, hyenas, dogs, bears, seals, weasels) <a href="/wiki/File:Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="740" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="531" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euungulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Euungulata">Euungulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyla</a> (horses, tapirs, rhinos) <a href="/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="459" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a> (camels, ruminants, whales) <a href="/wiki/File:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/60px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/90px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/120px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="421" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg/100px-Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg/150px-Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg/200px-Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="552" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> showing Chiroptera within <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Fereuungulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fereuungulata">Fereuungulata</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> according to a 2013 study<a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19">[18]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> The <a href="/wiki/Flying_primate_hypothesis" title="Flying primate hypothesis">flying primate hypothesis</a> proposed that when adaptations to flight are removed, megabats are allied to <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> by anatomical features not shared with microbats and thus flight evolved twice in mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey1992-21">[20]</a> Genetic studies have strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of bats and the single origin of mammal flight.<a href="#cite_note-simmons2008-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bailey1992-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coevolutionary_evidence">Coevolutionary evidence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coevolutionary evidence">edit</a>]</div> An independent molecular analysis trying to establish the dates when bat ectoparasites (<a href="/wiki/Cimicidae" title="Cimicidae">bedbugs</a>) evolved came to the conclusion that bedbugs similar to those known today (all major extant lineages, all of which feed primarily on bats) had already diversified and become established over 100 mya (i.e., long before the oldest records for bats, 52 mya), suggesting that they initially all evolved on non-bat hosts and "bats were colonized several times independently, unless the evolutionary origin of bats has been grossly underestimated."<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">Fleas</a>, as a group, are quite old (most flea families formed around the end of the Cretaceous<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a>), but no analyses have provided estimates for the age of the flea lineages associated with bats. The oldest known members of a different lineage of bat ectoparasites (<a href="/wiki/Streblidae" title="Streblidae">bat flies</a>), however, are from roughly 20 mya, well after the origin of bats.<a href="#cite_note-Poinar&Brown2012-24">[23]</a> The bat-ectoparasitic <a href="/wiki/Earwig" title="Earwig">earwig</a> family <a href="/wiki/Arixeniidae" title="Arixeniidae">Arixeniidae</a> has no fossil record, but is not believed to originate more than 23 mya.<a href="#cite_note-EvolutionoftheInsects-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_systematics">Inner systematics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inner systematics">edit</a>]</div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left; width:700px;font-size:85%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Chiroptera </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Megachiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Pteropodidae</a> (megabats) <a href="/wiki/File:Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/40px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/60px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/120px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="792" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Microbat" title="Microbat">Microchiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Mouse-tailed_bat" title="Mouse-tailed bat">Rhinolophoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a> (false vampire bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Megaderma_spasma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/60px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/90px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/120px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1424" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Kitti%27s_hog-nosed_bat" title="Kitti's hog-nosed bat">Craseonycteridae</a> (Kitti's hog-nosed bat) <a href="/wiki/File:Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/60px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/90px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/120px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="598" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mouse-tailed_bat" title="Mouse-tailed bat">Rhinopomatidae</a> (mouse-tailed bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg/60px-Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg/90px-Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg/120px-Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1120" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideridae</a> (Old World leaf-nosed bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg/60px-Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg/90px-Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg/120px-Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1009" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">Rhinolophidae</a> (horseshoe bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/40px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/60px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/80px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1796" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Miniopterus" title="Miniopterus">Miniopteridae</a> (long winged bat) <a href="/wiki/File:Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg/60px-Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg/90px-Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg/120px-Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1025" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bulldog_bat" title="Bulldog bat">Noctilionidae</a> (fisherman bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/40px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/60px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/80px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="3071" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mormoopidae" title="Mormoopidae">Mormoopidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pteronotus" title="Pteronotus">Pteronotus</a>) <a href="/wiki/File:Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/60px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/90px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/120px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mystacinidae" title="Mystacinidae">Mystacinidae</a> (New Zealand short-tailed bats) <a href="/wiki/File:MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg/70px-MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg/105px-MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg/140px-MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="1981" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Thyroptera" title="Thyroptera">Thyropteridae</a> (disc-winged bats) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Furipteridae" title="Furipteridae">Furipteridae</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Furipterus_horrens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/50px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/75px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/100px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="439" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mormoopidae" title="Mormoopidae">Mormoopidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mormoops" title="Mormoops">Mormoops</a>) <a href="/wiki/File:Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG/60px-Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG/120px-Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Leaf-nosed_bat" title="Leaf-nosed bat">Phyllostomidae</a> (New World leaf-nosed bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg/50px-Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg/75px-Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg/100px-Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1439" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Free-tailed_bat" title="Free-tailed bat">Molossidae</a> (free-tailed bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/50px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/75px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/100px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="299" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Emballonuridae</a> (sac-winged bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Emballonura_semicaudata,_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_(22057146275).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg/50px-Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg/75px-Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg/100px-Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Myzopoda" title="Myzopoda">Myzopodidae</a> (sucker-footed bats) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Emballonuridae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taphozous" title="Taphozous">Taphozous</a>) <a href="/wiki/File:Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg/50px-Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg/75px-Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg/100px-Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1684" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Natalidae" title="Natalidae">Natalidae</a> (funnel-eared bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Chilonatalus_micropus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chilonatalus_micropus.png/50px-Chilonatalus_micropus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chilonatalus_micropus.png/75px-Chilonatalus_micropus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chilonatalus_micropus.png/100px-Chilonatalus_micropus.png 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1591" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Vespertilionidae" title="Vespertilionidae">Vespertilionidae</a> (vesper bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg/50px-Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg/75px-Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg/100px-Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="251" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Internal relationships of the Chiroptera, divided into the traditional megabat and microbat clades, according to a 2011 study<a href="#cite_note-agnarsson-26">[25]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetic</a> evidence indicates that megabats originated during the early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, and belong within the four major lines of microbats.<a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19">[18]</a> Two new suborders have been proposed; <a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Pteropodidae</a>, or megabat family, as well as the families <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">Rhinolophidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideridae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craseonycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Craseonycteridae">Craseonycteridae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhinopomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinopomatidae">Rhinopomatidae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Teeling-etal-2005-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a> includes the other families of bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation), a conclusion supported by a 2005 DNA study.<a href="#cite_note-Teeling-etal-2005-27">[26]</a> A 2013 phylogenomic study supported the two new proposed suborders.<a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19">[18]</a> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left; width:700px;font-size:85%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Chiroptera </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a> (as above) <a href="/wiki/File:Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/60px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/90px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/120px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Pteropodidae</a> (megabats) <a href="/wiki/File:Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/40px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/60px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/120px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="792" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophoidea" title="Rhinolophoidea">Rhinolophoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a> (false vampire bats) <a href="/wiki/File:Megaderma_spasma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/60px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/90px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/120px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1424" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> horseshoe bats and allies <a href="/wiki/File:Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/40px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/60px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/80px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1796" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Internal relationships of the Chiroptera, with the megabats subsumed within Yinpterochiroptera, according to a 2013 study<a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19">[18]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg/130px-Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg/195px-Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giant_golden-crowned_flying_fox" title="Giant golden-crowned flying fox">Giant golden-crowned flying fox</a>, Acerodon jubatus</figcaption></figure> The 2003 discovery of an early fossil bat from the 52-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Formation" title="Green River Formation">Green River Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onychonycteris" title="Onychonycteris">Onychonycteris finneyi</a>, indicates that flight evolved before echolocative abilities.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Onychonycteris had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches, such as <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbons</a>. This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting that it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris probably alternated between flaps and glides in the air.<a href="#cite_note-simmons2008-10">[9]</a> This suggests that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats, but flew from tree to tree and spent most of its time climbing or hanging on branches.<a href="#cite_note-norberg-30">[29]</a> The distinctive features of the Onychonycteris fossil also support the hypothesis that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal locomotors, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, holds that bats first flew by taking advantage of height and gravity to drop down on to prey, rather than running fast enough for a ground-level take off.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2011-32">[31]</a> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left; width:700px;font-size:85%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Chiroptera </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Emballonuroidea" title="Emballonuroidea">Emballonuroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Myzopodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myzopodidae">Myzopodidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Emballonuridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Nycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nycteridae">Nycteridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Noctilionoidea" title="Noctilionoidea">Noctilionoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mystacinidae" title="Mystacinidae">Mystacinidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mormoopidae" title="Mormoopidae">Mormoopidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Phyllostomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllostomidae">Phyllostomidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Furipteridae" title="Furipteridae">Furipteridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Noctilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilionidae">Noctilionidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Thyropteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyropteridae">Thyropteridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionoidea" title="Vespertilionoidea">Vespertilionoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Natalidae" title="Natalidae">Natalidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Molossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Molossidae">Molossidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Miniopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniopteridae">Miniopteridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Cistugidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistugidae">Cistugidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Vespertilionidae" title="Vespertilionidae">Vespertilionidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pteropodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropodidae">Pteropodidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophoidea" title="Rhinolophoidea">Rhinolophoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Rhinolophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophidae">Rhinolophidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Rhinonycteridae" title="Rhinonycteridae">Rhinonycteridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Craseonycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Craseonycteridae">Craseonycteridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Rhinopomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinopomatidae">Rhinopomatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Familial relationships of bats according to a 2023 study using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from 151 species. Two different analysis methods were used which resulted in almost identical trees, except for the position of Emballonuroidea and the relationships between Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, and Rhinonycteridae, which are represented as <a href="/wiki/Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> The molecular phylogeny was controversial, as it pointed to microbats <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">not having a unique common ancestry</a>, which implied that some seemingly unlikely transformations occurred. The first is that laryngeal echolocation evolved twice in bats, once in Yangochiroptera and once in the rhinolophoids.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The second is that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera, was subsequently lost in the family Pteropodidae (all megabats), and later evolved as a system of tongue-clicking in the genus Rousettus.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Analyses of the sequence of the vocalization gene FoxP2 were inconclusive on whether laryngeal echolocation was lost in the pteropodids or gained in the echolocating lineages.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Echolocation probably first derived in bats from communicative calls. The Eocene bats <a href="/wiki/Icaronycteris" title="Icaronycteris">Icaronycteris</a> (52 million years ago) and <a href="/wiki/Palaeochiropteryx" title="Palaeochiropteryx">Palaeochiropteryx</a> had cranial adaptations suggesting an ability to detect <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>. This may have been used at first mainly to forage on the ground for insects and map out their surroundings in their gliding phase, or for communicative purposes. After the adaptation of flight was established, it may have been refined to target flying prey by echolocation.<a href="#cite_note-norberg-30">[29]</a> Analyses of the hearing gene Prestin seem to favour the idea that echolocation developed independently at least twice, rather than being lost secondarily in the pteropodids,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogenic</a> analysis of the cochlea supports that laryngeal echolocation evolved only once.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chiropterans" title="List of chiropterans">List of chiropterans</a></div> Bats are <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammal">placental mammals</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, they are the largest <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a>, making up about 20% of mammal species.<a href="#cite_note-LeiDong2016-39">[38]</a> In 1758, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> classified the seven bat species he knew of in the genus <a href="/wiki/Vespertilio" title="Vespertilio">Vespertilio</a> in the order <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">Primates</a>. Around twenty years later, the German naturalist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> gave them their own order, Chiroptera.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Since then, the number of described species has risen to over 1,400,<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> traditionally classified as two suborders: <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Megachiroptera</a> (megabats), and <a href="/wiki/Microbat" title="Microbat">Microchiroptera</a> (microbats/echolocating bats).<a href="#cite_note-prothero-42">[41]</a> Not all megabats are larger than microbats.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Several characteristics distinguish the two groups. Microbats use <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a> for navigation and finding prey, but megabats apart from those in the genus <a href="/wiki/Rousettus" title="Rousettus">Rousettus</a> do not.<a href="#cite_note-Holland_2004-44">[43]</a> Accordingly, megabats have a well-developed eyesight.<a href="#cite_note-prothero-42">[41]</a> Megabats have a claw on the second finger of the forelimb.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olney_1994-46">[45]</a> The external ears of microbats do not close to form a ring; the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.<a href="#cite_note-Olney_1994-46">[45]</a> Megabats <a href="/wiki/Frugivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivory">eat fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectar</a>, or pollen, while most microbats <a href="/wiki/Insectivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivory">eat insects</a>; others feed on fruit, nectar, pollen, <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">fish</a>, frogs, small mammals, or <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">blood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-prothero-42">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg/170px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg/255px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg/340px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="3220" /></a><figcaption>"Chiroptera" from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a>, 1904</figcaption></figure> Below is a table chart following the bat classification of families recognized by various authors of the ninth volume of Handbook of the Mammals of the World published in 2019:<a href="#cite_note-HMW2019-47">[46]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#c2c2a9">Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1779 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#d9d9c1"><a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a> Springer, Teeling, Madsen, Stanhope & Jong, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><a href="/wiki/Pteropodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropodidae">Pteropodoidea</a> J. E. Gray, 1821 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pteropodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropodidae">Pteropodidae</a> J. E. Gray, 1821 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Old World fruit bats</a> </td> <td>191 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg/100px-Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg/150px-Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg/200px-Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophoidea" title="Rhinolophoidea">Rhinolophoidea</a> J. E. Gray, 1825 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinopomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinopomatidae">Rhinopomatidae</a> Bonaparte, 1838 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mouse-tailed_bat" title="Mouse-tailed bat">Mouse-tailed bats</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg/120px-Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg/250px-Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="464" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Craseonycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Craseonycteridae">Craseonycteridae</a> Hill, 1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitti%27s_hog-nosed_bat" title="Kitti's hog-nosed bat">Hog-nosed bat</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/100px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/150px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/200px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="598" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a> H. Allen, 1864 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">False-vampires</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_(Megaderma_lyra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg/100px-Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg/150px-Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg/200px-Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="2173" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinonycteridae" title="Rhinonycteridae">Rhinonycteridae</a> J. E. Gray, 1866 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinonycteridae" title="Rhinonycteridae">Trident bats</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg/100px-Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg/150px-Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg/200px-Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="421" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideridae</a> Lydekker, 1891 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Old World leaf-nosed bats</a> </td> <td>88 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg/100px-Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg/150px-Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg/200px-Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="2167" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophidae">Rhinolophidae</a> J. E. Gray, 1825 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">Horseshoe bats</a> </td> <td>109 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bat(20070605).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bat%2820070605%29.jpg/100px-Bat%2820070605%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bat%2820070605%29.jpg/150px-Bat%2820070605%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bat%2820070605%29.jpg/200px-Bat%2820070605%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1413" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#d9d9c1"><a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a> Koopman, 1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><a href="/wiki/Emballonuroidea" title="Emballonuroidea">Emballonuroidea</a> Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nycteridae">Nycteridae</a> Van der Hoeven, 1855 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nycteris" title="Nycteris">Slit-faced bats</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Slit-faced_Bat_(Nycteris_thebaica)_(7027172215).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg/100px-Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg/150px-Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg/200px-Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Emballonuridae</a> Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Sheath-tailed bats</a> </td> <td>54 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg/120px-Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg/150px-Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="269" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><a href="/wiki/Noctilionoidea" title="Noctilionoidea">Noctilionoidea</a> J. E. Gray, 1821 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Myzopodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myzopodidae">Myzopodidae</a> Thomas, 1904 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_sucker-footed_bat" title="Madagascar sucker-footed bat">Madagascar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_sucker-footed_bat" title="Western sucker-footed bat">western sucker-footed bats</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg/100px-Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg/150px-Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg/200px-Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="613" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mystacinidae" title="Mystacinidae">Mystacinidae</a> Dobson, 1875 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mystacinidae" title="Mystacinidae">New Zealand short-tailed bats</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_short-tailed_bats,_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg/100px-Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg/150px-Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg/200px-Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thyropteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyropteridae">Thyropteridae</a> Miller, 1907 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thyroptera" title="Thyroptera">Disk-winged bats</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thyroptera_discifera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thyroptera_discifera.jpg/100px-Thyroptera_discifera.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thyroptera_discifera.jpg/150px-Thyroptera_discifera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thyroptera_discifera.jpg/200px-Thyroptera_discifera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="227" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Furipteridae" title="Furipteridae">Furipteridae</a> J. E. Gray, 1866 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smoky_bat" title="Smoky bat">Smoky bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thumbless_bat" title="Thumbless bat">thumbless bat</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Furipterus_horrens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/100px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/150px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/200px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="439" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noctilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilionidae">Noctilionidae</a> J. E. Gray, 1821 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulldog_bat" title="Bulldog bat">Bulldog bats</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/100px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/150px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/200px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="3071" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mormoopidae" title="Mormoopidae">Mormoopidae</a> Saussure, 1860 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghost-faced_bat" title="Ghost-faced bat">Ghost-faced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davy%27s_naked-backed_bat" title="Davy's naked-backed bat">naked-backed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mormoops" title="Mormoops">mustached bats</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG/120px-Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG/250px-Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phyllostomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllostomidae">Phyllostomidae</a> J. E. Gray, 1825 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leaf-nosed_bat" title="Leaf-nosed bat">New World leaf-nosed bats</a> </td> <td>217 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg/100px-Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg/150px-Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg/200px-Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionoidea" title="Vespertilionoidea">Vespertilionoidea</a> J. E. Gray, 1821 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalidae" title="Natalidae">Natalidae</a> J. E. Gray, 1825 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalidae" title="Natalidae">Funnel-eared bats</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Natalus_stramineus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Natalus_stramineus.jpg/100px-Natalus_stramineus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Natalus_stramineus.jpg/150px-Natalus_stramineus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Natalus_stramineus.jpg/200px-Natalus_stramineus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="450" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Molossidae">Molossidae</a> Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free-tailed_bat" title="Free-tailed bat">Free-tailed bats</a> </td> <td>126 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/100px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/150px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/200px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="299" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miniopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniopteridae">Miniopteridae</a> Dobson, 1875 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miniopterus" title="Miniopterus">Long-fingered and bent-wing bats</a> </td> <td>38 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg/100px-Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg/150px-Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg/200px-Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="896" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cistugidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistugidae">Cistugidae</a> Lack et al., 2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cistugo" title="Cistugo">Wing-gland bats</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionidae" title="Vespertilionidae">Vespertilionidae</a> J. E. Gray, 1821 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionidae" title="Vespertilionidae">Vesper bats</a> </td> <td>496 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg/100px-Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg/150px-Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg/200px-Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="640" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anatomy and physiology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull_and_dentition">Skull and dentition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Skull and dentition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg/220px-Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg/330px-Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg/440px-Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A preserved megabat showing how the skeleton fits inside its skin</figcaption></figure> The head and teeth shape of bats can vary by species. In general, megabats have longer snouts, larger eye sockets and smaller ears, giving them a more dog-like appearance, which is the source of their nickname of "flying foxes".<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Among microbats, longer snouts are associated with nectar-feeding,<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> while vampire bats have reduced snouts to accommodate large incisors and canines.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhall1983-50">[49]</a> Small insect-eating bats can have as many as 38 teeth, while vampire bats have only 20. Bats that feed on hard-shelled insects have fewer but larger teeth with longer canines and more robust lower jaws than species that prey on softer bodied insects. In nectar-feeding bats, the canines are long while the cheek-teeth are reduced. In fruit-eating bats, the cusps of the cheek teeth are adapted for crushing.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> The upper incisors of vampire bats lack <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a>, which keeps them razor-sharp.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhall1983-50">[49]</a> The bite force of small bats is generated through <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a>, allowing them to bite through the <a href="/wiki/Sclerotization" title="Sclerotization">hardened</a> armour of insects or the <a href="/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" title="Peel (fruit)">skin</a> of fruit.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wings_and_flight">Wings and flight</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wings and flight">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bat_flight" title="Bat flight">Bat flight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat_wing_development" title="Bat wing development">Bat wing development</a></div> Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Glide_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide (flight)">gliding</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel" title="Flying squirrel">flying squirrel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-molecule-52">[51]</a> The fastest bat, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bat</a> (Tadarida brasiliensis), can achieve a <a href="/wiki/Ground_speed" title="Ground speed">ground speed</a> of 160 km/h (100 mph).<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv/220px--Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="150" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="212" data-height="144" /></video><figcaption>Little brown bat take off and flight</figcaption></figure> The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low levels of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> near their tips.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The elongation of bat digits, a key feature required for wing development, is due to the <a href="/wiki/Upregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Upregulation">upregulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">bone morphogenetic proteins</a> (Bmps). During <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic development</a>, the gene controlling Bmp signalling, <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">Bmp2</a>, is subjected to increased expression in bat forelimbs – resulting in the extension of the manual digits. This crucial genetic alteration helps create the specialized limbs required for powered flight. The relative proportion of extant bat forelimb digits compared with those of Eocene fossil bats have no significant differences, suggesting that bat wing morphology has been conserved for over fifty million years.<a href="#cite_note-Sears2006-56">[55]</a> During flight, the bones undergo <a href="/wiki/Bending" title="Bending">bending</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shearing</a> <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stress</a>; the bending stresses felt are smaller than in terrestrial mammals, but the shearing stress is larger. The wing bones of bats have a slightly lower breaking stress point than those of birds.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> As in other mammals, and unlike in birds, the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radius (anatomy)">radius</a> is the main component of the forearm. Bats have five elongated digits, which all radiate around the wrist. The thumb points forward and supports the <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edge</a> of the wing, and the other digits support the tension held in the wing membrane. The second and third digits go along the wing tip, allowing the wing to be pulled forward against aerodynamic <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>, without having to be thick as in <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaur</a> wings. The fourth and fifth digits go from the wrist to the <a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">trailing edge</a>, and repel the bending force caused by air pushing up against the stiff membrane.<a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58">[57]</a> Due to their flexible joints, bats are more maneuverable and more dexterous than gliding mammals.<a href="#cite_note-marshall2015-59">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/220px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/330px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/440px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Wing membranes (<a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagia</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Townsend%27s_big-eared_bat" title="Townsend's big-eared bat">Townsend's big-eared bat</a>, Corynorhinus townsendii</figcaption></figure> The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than the wings of birds, allowing bats to maneuver more accurately than the latter, and fly with more lift and less drag.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> By folding the wings in toward their bodies on the upstroke, they save 35 percent energy during flight.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The membranes are delicate, tearing easily,<a href="#cite_note-ideas-62">[61]</a> but can regrow, and small tears heal quickly.<a href="#cite_note-ideas-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The surface of the wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called <a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell" title="Merkel cell">Merkel cells</a>, also found on human fingertips. These sensitive areas are different in bats, as each bump has a tiny hair in the center, making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and adapt to changing airflow; the primary use is to judge the most efficient speed at which to fly, and possibly also to avoid <a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (fluid mechanics)">stalls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sterbing-64">[63]</a> Insectivorous bats may also use tactile hairs to help perform complex maneuvers to capture prey in flight.<a href="#cite_note-marshall2015-59">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagium</a> is the wing membrane; it is stretched between the arm and finger bones, and down the side of the body to the hind limbs and tail. This skin membrane consists of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic fibre">elastic fibres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. The muscles keep the membrane taut during flight.<a href="#cite_note-Mehlhorn2013-65">[64]</a> The extent to which the tail of a bat is attached to a patagium can vary by species, with some having completely free tails or even no tails.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> The skin on the body of the bat, which has one layer of <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a> and a fatty subcutaneous layer, is very different from the skin of the wing membrane. Depending on the bat species the presence of hair follicles and sweat glands will vary in the patagium.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> This patagium is an extremely thin double layer of epidermis; these layers are separated by a <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> center, rich with <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">elastic fibers</a>. In some bat species sweat glands will be present in between this connective tissue.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Furthermore, if hair follicles are present this supports the bat in order to adjust sudden flight maneuvers.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> For bat embryos, <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> (programmed cell death) affects only the hindlimbs, while the forelimbs retain webbing between the digits that forms into the wing membranes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015166–167-70">[69]</a> Unlike birds, whose stiff wings deliver bending and torsional stress to the shoulders, bats have a flexible wing membrane that can resist only tension. To achieve flight, a bat exerts force inwards at the points where the membrane meets the skeleton, so that an opposing force balances it on the wing edges perpendicular to the wing surface. This adaptation does not permit bats to reduce their wingspans, unlike birds, which can partly fold their wings in flight, radically reducing the wing span and area for the upstroke and for gliding. Hence bats cannot travel over long distances as birds can.<a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58">[57]</a> Nectar- and pollen-eating bats can hover, in a similar way to <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>. The sharp leading edges of the wings can create <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortices</a>, which provide <a href="/wiki/Vortex_lift" title="Vortex lift">lift</a>. The vortex may be stabilized by the animal changing its wing curvatures.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roosting_and_gaits">Roosting and gaits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roosting and gaits">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG/290px-Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG/435px-Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG/580px-Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Group of megabats roosting</figcaption></figure> When not flying, bats hang upside down from their feet, a posture known as roosting.<a href="#cite_note-fenton1984-72">[71]</a> The femurs are attached at the hips in a way that allows them to bend outward and upward in flight. The ankle joint can flex to allow the trailing edge of the wings to bend downwards. This does not permit many movements other than hanging or clambering up trees.<a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58">[57]</a> Most megabats roost with the head tucked towards the belly, whereas most microbats roost with the neck curled towards the back. This difference is reflected in the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical vertebra">cervical or neck vertebrae</a> in the two groups, which are clearly distinct.<a href="#cite_note-fenton1984-72">[71]</a> Tendons allow bats to lock their feet closed when hanging from a roost. Muscular power is needed to let go, but not to grasp a perch or when holding on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201578-73">[72]</a> When on the ground, most bats can only crawl awkwardly. A few species such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_lesser_short-tailed_bat" title="New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat">New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_vampire_bat" title="Common vampire bat">common vampire bat</a> are agile on the ground. Both species make lateral gaits (the limbs move one after the other) when moving slowly but vampire bats move with a bounding gait (all limbs move in unison) at greater speeds, the folded up wings being used to propel them forward. Vampire bats likely evolved these gaits to follow their hosts while short-tailed bats developed in the absence of terrestrial mammal competitors. Enhanced terrestrial locomotion does not appear to have reduced their ability to fly.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_systems">Internal systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internal systems">edit</a>]</div> Bats have an efficient <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>. They seem to make use of particularly strong venomotion, a rhythmic contraction of <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">venous</a> wall muscles. In most mammals, the walls of the veins provide mainly passive resistance, maintaining their shape as deoxygenated blood flows through them, but in bats they appear to actively support blood flow back to the heart with this pumping action.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Since their bodies are relatively small and lightweight, bats are not at risk of blood flow rushing to their heads when roosting.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Bats possess a highly adapted <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> to cope with the demands of powered flight, an energetically taxing activity that requires a large continuous throughput of oxygen. In bats, the relative alveolar surface area and pulmonary capillary blood volume are larger than in most other small quadrupedal mammals.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> During flight the respiratory cycle has a one-to-one relationship with the wing-beat cycle.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Because of the limits of mammalian lungs, bats cannot maintain high-altitude flight.<a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>The wings are highly vascularized membranes, the larger blood vessels visible against the light.<a href="#cite_note-benhamo-80">[79]</a></figcaption></figure> It takes a lot of energy and an efficient circulatory system to work the flight muscles of bats. Energy supply to the muscles engaged in flight requires about double the amount compared to the muscles that do not use flight as a means of mammalian locomotion. In parallel to energy consumption, blood oxygen levels of flying animals are twice as much as those of their terrestrially locomoting mammals. As the blood supply controls the amount of oxygen supplied throughout the body, the circulatory system must respond accordingly. Therefore, compared to a terrestrial mammal of the same relative size, the bat's <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> can be up to three times larger, and pump more blood.<a href="#cite_note-Jürgens_Bartels_Bartels_1981_pp._243–260-81">[80]</a> Cardiac output is directly derived from heart rate and <a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">stroke volume</a> of the blood;<a href="#cite_note-Martini_2015-82">[81]</a> an active microbat can reach a heart rate of 1000 <a href="/wiki/Beats_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats per minute">beats per minute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WANG2009-83">[82]</a> With its extremely thin membranous tissue, a bat's wing can significantly contribute to the organism's total gas exchange efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-Makanya2007-84">[83]</a> Because of the high energy demand of flight, the bat's body meets those demands by exchanging gas through the patagium of the wing. When the bat has its wings spread it allows for an increase in surface area to volume ratio. The surface area of the wings is about 85% of the total body surface area, suggesting the possibility of a useful degree of gas exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Makanya2007-84">[83]</a> The subcutaneous vessels in the membrane lie very close to the surface and allow for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive system</a> of bats has varying adaptations depending on the species of bat and its diet. As in other flying animals, food is processed quickly and effectively to keep up with the energy demand. Insectivorous bats may have certain <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a> to better process insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Chitinase" title="Chitinase">chitinase</a> to break down <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, which is a large component of insects.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Vampire bats, probably due to their diet of blood, are the only vertebrates that do not have the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Maltase" title="Maltase">maltase</a>, which breaks down <a href="/wiki/Malt_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt sugar">malt sugar</a>, in their intestinal tract. Nectivorous and frugivorous bats have more maltase and <a href="/wiki/Sucrase" title="Sucrase">sucrase</a> enzymes than insectivorous, to cope with the higher sugar contents of their diet.<a href="#cite_note-schondube01-87">[86]</a> The adaptations of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> of bats vary with their diets. Carnivorous and vampire bats consume large amounts of protein and can output concentrated <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>; their kidneys have a thin cortex and long <a href="/wiki/Renal_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal papilla">renal papillae</a>. Frugivorous bats lack that ability and have kidneys adapted for <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>-retention due to their low-electrolyte diet; their kidneys accordingly have a thick cortex and very short conical papillae.<a href="#cite_note-schondube01-87">[86]</a> Bats have higher metabolic rates associated with flying, which lead to an increased respiratory water loss. Their large wings are composed of the highly vascularized membranes, increasing the surface area, and leading to <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous">cutaneous</a> evaporative water loss.<a href="#cite_note-benhamo-80">[79]</a> Water helps maintain their <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">ionic balance</a> in their blood, <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a> system, and removal of wastes and toxins from the body via urine. They are also susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen" title="Blood urea nitrogen">blood urea</a> poisoning if they do not receive enough fluid.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The structure of the uterine system in female bats can vary by species, with some having two <a href="/wiki/Uterine_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine horn">uterine horns</a> while others have a single mainline chamber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015164-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Senses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Echolocation">Echolocation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Echolocation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation#Bats" title="Animal echolocation">Animal echolocation § Bats</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipistrellus.ogg" title="File:Pipistrellus.ogg">Pipistrellus pulses</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Pipistrellus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Pipistrellus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Pipistrellus.ogg/Pipistrellus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Time-expanded recording of Pipistrellus pipistrellus bat echolocation calls and social call</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_feeding_buzz.wav" title="File:Bat feeding buzz.wav">Feeding buzz</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Bat_feeding_buzz.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Time-expanded recording of the feeding buzz of a bat homing in on its prey</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Microbats and a few megabats emit ultrasonic sounds to produce echoes. Sound intensity of these echos are dependent on subglottic pressure. The bats' cricothyroid muscle controls the orientation pulse frequency, which is an important function. This muscle is located inside the larynx and it is the only tensor muscle capable of aiding phonation.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> By comparing the outgoing pulse with the returning echoes, bats can gather information on their surroundings. This allows them to detect prey in darkness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201582–84-91">[90]</a> Some bat calls can reach 140 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">decibels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Microbats use their <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> to emit echolocation signals through the mouth or the nose.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Microbat calls range in frequency from 14,000 to well over 100,000 Hz, extending well beyond the range of human hearing (between 20 and 20,000 Hz).<a href="#cite_note-muller2004-94">[93]</a> Various groups of bats have evolved fleshy extensions around and above the nostrils, known as <a href="/wiki/Nose-leaf" title="Nose-leaf">nose-leaves</a>, which play a role in sound transmission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201531-95">[94]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_echolocation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/290px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/435px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/580px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Principle of bat echolocation: orange is the call and green is the echo.</figcaption></figure> In low-duty cycle echolocation, bats can separate their calls and returning echoes by time. They have to time their short calls to finish before echoes return.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2007-96">[95]</a> The delay of the returning echoes allows the bat to estimate the range to their prey.<a href="#cite_note-muller2004-94">[93]</a> In high-duty cycle echolocation, bats emit a continuous call and separate pulse and echo in frequency using the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a> of their motion in flight. The shift of the returning echoes yields information relating to the motion and location of the bat's prey. These bats must deal with changes in the Doppler shift due to changes in their flight speed. They have adapted to change their pulse emission frequency in relation to their flight speed so echoes still return in the optimal hearing range.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2007-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In addition to echolocating prey, bat ears are sensitive to sounds made by their prey, such as the fluttering of moth wings. The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of bat ears helps to sharply focus echolocation signals, and to passively listen for any other sound produced by the prey. These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a>, and exist in a large variety of unrelated animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aye-aye" title="Aye-aye">aye-aye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_galago" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser galago">lesser galago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">bat-eared fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse_lemur" title="Mouse lemur">mouse lemur</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Bats can estimate the elevation of their target using the <a href="/wiki/Interference_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference pattern">interference patterns</a> from the echoes reflecting from the <a href="/wiki/Tragus_(ear)" title="Tragus (ear)">tragus</a>, a flap of skin in the external ear.<a href="#cite_note-muller2004-94">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertholdiatrigona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bertholdiatrigona.jpg/220px-Bertholdiatrigona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bertholdiatrigona.jpg/330px-Bertholdiatrigona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bertholdiatrigona.jpg/440px-Bertholdiatrigona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bertholdia_trigona" title="Bertholdia trigona">tiger moth</a> (Bertholdia trigona) can <a href="/wiki/Echolocation_jamming" title="Echolocation jamming">jam</a> bat echolocation.<a href="#cite_note-corcoran2009-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-hristov2005-102">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> By repeated scanning, bats can mentally construct an accurate image of the environment in which they are moving and of their prey.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Some species of moth have exploited this, such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctiidae">tiger moths</a>, which produces <a href="/wiki/Aposematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aposematic">aposematic</a> ultrasound signals to warn bats that they are chemically protected and therefore distasteful.<a href="#cite_note-corcoran2009-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-hristov2005-102">[101]</a> Moth species including the tiger moth can produce signals to <a href="/wiki/Echolocation_jamming" title="Echolocation jamming">jam bat echolocation</a>. Many moth species have a hearing organ called a <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanum</a>, which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive manoeuvres.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vision">Vision</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vision">edit</a>]</div> The eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, leading to poor <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a>, but no species is blind.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Most microbats have <a href="/wiki/Mesopic_vision" title="Mesopic vision">mesopic vision</a>, meaning that they can detect light only in low levels, whereas other mammals have <a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic vision</a>, which allows colour vision. Microbats may use their vision for orientation and while travelling between their roosting grounds and feeding grounds, as echolocation is effective only over short distances. Some species can detect <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV). As the bodies of some microbats have distinct coloration, they may be able to discriminate colours.<a href="#cite_note-molecule-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-wang2004-110">[109]</a> Megabat species often have eyesight as good as, if not better than, human vision. Their eyesight is adapted to both night and daylight vision, including some colour vision.<a href="#cite_note-wang2004-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Magnetoreception">edit</a>]</div> Microbats make use of <a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">magnetoreception</a>, in that they have a high sensitivity to the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>, as birds do. Microbats use a polarity-based compass, meaning that they differentiate north from south, unlike birds, which use the strength of the magnetic field to differentiate <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>, which may be used in long-distance travel. The mechanism is unknown but may involve <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> particles.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Thermoregulation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wiki_bat.jpg/260px-Wiki_bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wiki_bat.jpg/390px-Wiki_bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Wiki_bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Thermographic image of a bat using trapped air as insulation</figcaption></figure> Most bats are <a href="/wiki/Homeothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeothermic">homeothermic</a> (having a stable body temperature), the exception being the vesper bats (Vespertilionidae), the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae), the free-tailed bats (Molossidae), and the bent-winged bats (Miniopteridae), which extensively use <a href="/wiki/Heterothermy" title="Heterothermy">heterothermy</a> (where body temperature can vary).<a href="#cite_note-Nowack_2017-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Compared to other mammals, bats have a high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>. The wings are filled with blood vessels, and lose body heat when extended. At rest, they may wrap their wings around themselves to trap a layer of warm air. Smaller bats generally have a higher metabolic rate than larger bats, and so need to consume more food in order to maintain homeothermy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham201199–100-115">[114]</a> Bats may avoid flying during the day to prevent overheating in the sun, since their dark wing-membranes absorb solar radiation. Bats may not be able to dissipate heat if the ambient temperature is too high;<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> they use saliva to cool themselves in extreme conditions.<a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58">[57]</a> Among megabats, the flying fox <a href="/wiki/Pteropus_hypomelanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropus hypomelanus">Pteropus hypomelanus</a> uses saliva and wing-fanning to cool itself while roosting during the hottest part of the day.<a href="#cite_note-Ochoa-AcuñaKunz1999-117">[116]</a> Among microbats, the <a href="/wiki/Yuma_myotis" title="Yuma myotis">Yuma myotis</a> (Myotis yumanensis), the Mexican free-tailed bat, and the <a href="/wiki/Pallid_bat" title="Pallid bat">pallid bat</a> (Antrozous pallidus) cope with temperatures up to 45 °C (113 °F) by panting, salivating, and licking their fur to promote evaporative cooling; this is sufficient to dissipate twice their metabolic heat production.<a href="#cite_note-LichtLeitner1967-118">[117]</a> Bats also possess a system of <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincter</a> valves on the arterial side of the vascular network that runs along the edge of their wings. When fully open, these allow oxygenated blood to flow through the <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> network across the wing membrane; when contracted, they <a href="/wiki/Shunt_(medical)" title="Shunt (medical)">shunt</a> flow directly to the veins, bypassing the wing capillaries. This allows bats to control how much heat is exchanged through the flight membrane, allowing them to release heat during flight. Many other mammals use the capillary network in oversized ears for the same purpose.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Torpor">Torpor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Torpor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG/170px-Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG/255px-Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG/340px-Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tricoloured_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricoloured bat">tricoloured bat</a> (Perimyotis subflavus) in <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">Torpor</a>, a state of decreased activity where the body temperature and <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> decreases, is especially useful for bats, as they use a large amount of energy while active, depend upon an unreliable food source, and have a limited ability to store fat. They generally drop their body temperature in this state to 6–30 °C (43–86 °F), and may reduce their energy expenditure by 50 to 99%.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Tropical bats may use it to avoid predation, by reducing the amount of time spent on foraging and thus reducing the chance of being caught by a predator.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Megabats were generally believed to be homeothermic, but three species of small megabats, with a mass of about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>50 grams (1+3⁄4 ounces), have been known to use torpor: the <a href="/wiki/Common_blossom_bat" title="Common blossom bat">common blossom bat</a> (Syconycteris australis), the <a href="/wiki/Long-tongued_nectar_bat" title="Long-tongued nectar bat">long-tongued nectar bat</a> (Macroglossus minimus), and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_tube-nosed_bat" title="Eastern tube-nosed bat">eastern tube-nosed bat</a> (Nyctimene robinsoni). Torpid states last longer in the summer for megabats than in the winter.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>, bats enter a torpid state and decrease their body temperature for 99.6% of their hibernation period; even during periods of arousal, when they return their body temperature to normal, they sometimes enter a shallow torpid state, known as "heterothermic arousal".<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Some bats <a href="/wiki/Aestivation" title="Aestivation">become dormant during higher temperatures</a> to keep cool in the summer months.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Heterothermic bats during long migrations may fly at night and go into a torpid state roosting in the daytime. Unlike migratory birds, which fly during the day and feed during the night, nocturnal bats have a conflict between travelling and eating. The energy saved reduces their need to feed, and also decreases the duration of migration, which may prevent them from spending too much time in unfamiliar places, and decrease predation. In some species, pregnant individuals may not use torpor.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Scientists reported in January 2025 that they had discovered how bats travel hundreds of miles in the spring to give birth in warmer temperatures: they surf storm fronts.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Size">edit</a>]</div> The smallest bat is <a href="/wiki/Kitti%27s_hog-nosed_bat" title="Kitti's hog-nosed bat">Kitti's hog-nosed bat</a> (Craseonycteris thonglongyai), which is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />29–34 mm (1+1⁄8–1+3⁄8 in) long with a 150-millimetre (6 in) wingspan and weighs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />2–2.6 g (1⁄16–3⁄32 oz).<a href="#cite_note-Edge-128">[127]</a> It is also arguably the smallest <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species of mammal, next to the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_shrew" title="Etruscan shrew">Etruscan shrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The largest bats are a few species of <a href="/wiki/Pteropus" title="Pteropus">Pteropus</a> megabats and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_golden-crowned_flying_fox" title="Giant golden-crowned flying fox">giant golden-crowned flying fox</a>, (Acerodon jubatus), which can weigh <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1.6 kg (3+1⁄2 lb) with a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in).<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Larger bats tend to use lower frequencies and smaller bats higher for echolocation; high-frequency echolocation is better at detecting smaller prey. Small prey may be absent in the diets of large bats as they are unable to detect them.<a href="#cite_note-gonsalves-131">[130]</a> The adaptations of a particular bat species can directly influence what kinds of prey are available to it.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_tent-making_bats.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Common_tent-making_bats.JPG/220px-Common_tent-making_bats.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Common_tent-making_bats.JPG/330px-Common_tent-making_bats.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Common_tent-making_bats.JPG/440px-Common_tent-making_bats.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tent-making_bat" title="Tent-making bat">Tent-making bats</a> (Uroderma bilobatum) in Costa Rica</figcaption></figure> Flight has enabled bats to become one of the most widely distributed groups of mammals.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Apart from the Arctic, the Antarctic and a few isolated oceanic islands, bats exist in almost every habitat on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Tropical areas tend to have more species than temperate ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201532-135">[134]</a> Different species select different habitats during different seasons, ranging from seasides to mountains and deserts, but they require suitable roosts. Bat roosts can be found in hollows, crevices, foliage, and even human-made structures, and include "tents" the bats construct with leaves.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Megabats generally roost in trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham201121-137">[136]</a> Most microbats are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a><a href="#cite_note-bats-138">[137]</a> and megabats are typically <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schwab-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Microbats are known to exhibit diurnal behaviour in temperate regions during summer when there is insufficient night time to forage,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> and in areas where there are few avian predators during the day.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In temperate areas, some microbats <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrate</a> hundreds of kilometres to winter hibernation dens;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200160–62-145">[144]</a> others pass into torpor in cold weather, rousing and feeding when warm weather allows insects to be active.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200193–94-146">[145]</a> Others retreat to caves for winter and hibernate for as much as six months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200193–94-146">[145]</a> Microbats rarely fly in rain; it interferes with their echolocation, and they are unable to hunt.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_feeding">Food and feeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Food and feeding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/220px--Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Microbats'_hunting.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Microbats%27_hunting.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, flac"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Bats feeding on insects over a lake</figcaption></figure> Different bat species have different diets, including insects, nectar, pollen, fruit and even vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015104–107-148">[147]</a> Megabats are mostly fruit, nectar and pollen eaters.<a href="#cite_note-Schwab-139">[138]</a> Due to their small size, high-metabolism and rapid burning of energy through flight, bats must consume large amounts of food for their size. Insectivorous bats may eat over 120 percent of their body weight per day, while frugivorous bats may eat over twice their weight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015116-149">[148]</a> They can travel significant distances each night, exceptionally as much as 38.5 km (24 mi) in the spotted bat (<a href="/wiki/Euderma_maculatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Euderma maculatum">Euderma maculatum</a>), in search of food.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Bats use a variety of hunting strategies.<a href="#cite_note-gonsalves-131">[130]</a> Bats get most of their water from the food they eat; many species also drink from water sources like lakes and streams, flying over the surface and dipping their tongues into the water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201576-151">[150]</a> The Chiroptera as a whole are in the process of losing the ability to synthesise <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22069493-152">[151]</a> In a test of 34 bat species from six major families, including major insect- and fruit-eating bat families, all were found to have lost the ability to synthesise it, and this loss may derive from a common bat ancestor, as a single mutation.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[b]</a> At least two species of bat, the frugivorous bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) and the insectivorous bat (Hipposideros armiger), have retained their ability to produce vitamin C.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21037206-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insects">Insects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Insects">edit</a>]</div> Most microbats, especially in temperate areas, prey on insects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015104–107-148">[147]</a> The diet of an insectivorous bat may span many species,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015108–110-156">[154]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, moths, <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayflies">mayflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caddisflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddisflies">caddisflies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wray_Jusino_Banik_Palmer_2018-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Large numbers of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) fly hundreds of metres above the ground in central Texas to feed on migrating moths.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Species that hunt insects in flight, like the <a href="/wiki/Little_brown_bat" title="Little brown bat">little brown bat</a> (Myotis lucifugus), may catch an insect in mid-air with the mouth, and eat it in the air or use their tail membranes or wings to scoop up the insect and carry it to the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015120-161">[159]</a> The bat may also take the insect back to its roost and eat it there.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Slower moving bat species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Brown_long-eared_bat" title="Brown long-eared bat">brown long-eared bat</a> (Plecotus auritus) and many horseshoe bat species, may take or <a href="/wiki/Bat_flight#Gleaning" title="Bat flight">glean</a> insects from vegetation or hunt them from perches.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> Insectivorous bats living at high latitudes have to consume prey with higher energetic value than tropical bats.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fruit_and_nectar">Fruit and nectar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fruit and nectar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg/220px-Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg/330px-Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg/440px-Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat">Egyptian fruit bat</a> (Rousettus aegyptiacus) carrying a <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">fig</a></figcaption></figure> Fruit eating, or frugivory, is found in both major suborders. Bats prefer ripe fruit, pulling it off the trees with their teeth. They fly back to their roosts to eat the fruit, sucking out the juice and spitting the seeds and pulp out onto the ground. This helps disperse the seeds of these fruit trees, which may take root and grow where the bats have left them, and many species of plants depend on bats for <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115-165">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_fruit_bat" title="Jamaican fruit bat">Jamaican fruit bat</a> (Artibeus jamaicensis) has been recorded carrying fruits weighing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />3–14 g (1⁄8–1⁄2 oz) or even as much as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />50 g (1+3⁄4 oz).<a href="#cite_note-Ortega2001-166">[164]</a> Nectar-eating bats have acquired specialised adaptations. These bats possess long muzzles and long, extensible <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongues</a> covered in fine bristles that aid them in feeding on particular flowers and plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-NGtongue-167">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tube-lipped_nectar_bat" title="Tube-lipped nectar bat">tube-lipped nectar bat</a> (Anoura fistulata) has the longest tongue of any mammal relative to its body size. This is beneficial to them in terms of pollination and feeding. Their long, narrow tongues can reach deep into the long cup shape of some flowers. When the tongue retracts, it coils up inside the rib cage.<a href="#cite_note-NGtongue-167">[165]</a> Because of these features, nectar-feeding bats cannot easily turn to other food sources in times of scarcity, making them more prone to extinction than other types of bat.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Nectar feeding also aids a variety of plants, since these bats serve as <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>, as pollen gets attached to their fur while they are feeding. Around 500 species of flowering plant rely on bat pollination and thus tend to open their flowers at night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115-165">[163]</a> Many rainforest plants depend on bat pollination.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vertebrates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreaterNoctule.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/GreaterNoctule.JPG/170px-GreaterNoctule.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/GreaterNoctule.JPG/255px-GreaterNoctule.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/GreaterNoctule.JPG/340px-GreaterNoctule.JPG 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Greater_noctule_bat" title="Greater noctule bat">greater noctule bat</a> (Nyctalus lasiopterus) uses its large teeth to catch birds.<a href="#cite_note-popa-171">[169]</a></figcaption></figure> Some bats prey on other vertebrates, such as fish, frogs, lizards, birds and mammals.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015107-172">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fringe-lipped_bat" title="Fringe-lipped bat">fringe-lipped bat</a> (Trachops cirrhosus,) for example, is skilled at catching frogs. These bats locate large groups of frogs by tracking their mating calls, then plucking them from the surface of the water with their sharp canine teeth.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_noctule_bat" title="Greater noctule bat">greater noctule bat</a> can catch birds in flight.<a href="#cite_note-popa-171">[169]</a> Some species, like the greater bulldog bat (<a href="/wiki/Noctilio_leporinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilio leporinus">Noctilio leporinus</a>) hunt fish. They use echolocation to detect small ripples on the water's surface, swoop down and use specially enlarged claws on their hind feet to grab the fish, then take their prey to a feeding roost and consume it.<a href="#cite_note-Schnitzler_1994-174">[172]</a> At least two species of bat are known to feed on other bats: the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_bat" title="Spectral bat">spectral bat</a> (Vampyrum spectrum), and the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_bat" title="Ghost bat">ghost bat</a> (Macroderma gigas).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton20014–5-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood">Blood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Blood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desmo-boden_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Common_vampire_bat" title="Common vampire bat">common vampire bat</a> (Desmodus rotundus) feeds on blood (<a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">hematophagy</a>).</figcaption></figure> A few species, specifically the common, <a href="/wiki/White-winged_vampire_bat" title="White-winged vampire bat">white-winged</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hairy-legged_vampire_bat" title="Hairy-legged vampire bat">hairy-legged</a> vampire bats, feed only on animal blood (<a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">hematophagy</a>). The common vampire bat typically feeds on large mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>; the hairy-legged and white-winged vampires feed on birds.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Vampire bats target sleeping prey and can detect deep breathing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015119-177">[175]</a> Heat sensors in the nose help them to detect blood vessels near the surface of the skin.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_1990-178">[176]</a> They pierce the animal's skin with their teeth, biting away a small flap,<a href="#cite_note-Nowak_1991-179">[177]</a> and lap up the blood with their tongues, which have lateral grooves adapted to this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> The blood is kept from clotting by an <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> in the saliva.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak_1991-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators,_parasites,_and_diseases">Predators, parasites, and diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Predators, parasites, and diseases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bat_virome" title="Bat virome">Bat virome</a></div> Bats are subject to predation from <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Owls" class="mw-redirect" title="Owls">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawks">hawks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falcons" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcons">falcons</a>, and at roosts from terrestrial predators able to climb, such as cats.<a href="#cite_note-RydellSpeakman1995-181">[179]</a> Low-flying bats are vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Twenty species of tropical New World <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> are known to capture bats, often waiting at the entrances of refuges, such as caves, for bats to fly past.<a href="#cite_note-EsbérardVrcibradic2007-183">[181]</a> J. Rydell and J. R. Speakman argue that bats evolved nocturnality during the early and middle <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> period to avoid predators.<a href="#cite_note-RydellSpeakman1995-181">[179]</a> The evidence is thought by some zoologists to be equivocal so far.<a href="#cite_note-LimaO'Keefe2013-184">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_(Greeley_Mine,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg/170px-Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg/255px-Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg/340px-Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Little_brown_bat" title="Little brown bat">little brown bat</a> with <a href="/wiki/White_nose_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="White nose syndrome">white nose syndrome</a></figcaption></figure> As are most mammals, bats are hosts to a number of internal and external parasites.<a href="#cite_note-Léger2020-185">[183]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasite">ectoparasites</a>, bats carry <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, as well as specific parasites such as <a href="/wiki/Bat_bug" title="Bat bug">bat bugs</a> and bat flies (<a href="/wiki/Nycteribiidae" title="Nycteribiidae">Nycteribiidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streblidae" title="Streblidae">Streblidae</a>).<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayton2015-187">[185]</a> Bats are among the few non-aquatic mammalian orders that do not host <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>, possibly due to competition from more specialised parasites that occupy the same niche.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton2015-187">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_nose_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="White nose syndrome">White nose syndrome</a> is a condition associated with the deaths of millions of bats in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a> and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The disease is named after a white <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudogymnoascus_destructans" title="Pseudogymnoascus destructans">Pseudogymnoascus destructans</a>, found growing on the muzzles, ears, and wings of affected bats. The fungus is mostly spread from bat to bat, and causes the disease.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The fungus was first discovered in central New York State in 2006 and spread quickly to the entire Eastern US north of Florida; mortality rates of 90–100% have been observed in most affected caves.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">mid-Atlantic states</a> have, since 2006, witnessed entire species completely extirpated and others with numbers that have gone from the hundreds of thousands, even millions, to a few hundred or less.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick have witnessed identical die offs, with the Canadian government making preparations to protect all remaining bat populations in its territory.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Scientific evidence suggests that longer winters where the fungus has a longer period to infect bats result in greater mortality.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrickPollock2010-195">[193]</a> In 2014, the infection crossed the Mississippi River,<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> and in 2017, it was found on bats in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Bats are <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">natural reservoirs</a> for a large number of <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wong2007-198">[196]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals#Bats" title="Rabies in animals">rabies</a>, endemic in many bat populations,<a href="#cite_note-McColl2000-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calisher2006-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brüssow2012-201">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">histoplasmosis</a> both directly and in guano,<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014-202">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henipavirus" title="Henipavirus">Nipah and Hendra viruses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EatonBroder2006-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halpin2000-204">[202]</a> and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus">ebola virus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leroy2005-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-SciAm2006-206">[204]</a> whose natural reservoir is yet unknown.<a href="#cite_note-CDC_EVD-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Their high mobility, broad distribution, long life spans, substantial <a href="/wiki/Sympatry" title="Sympatry">sympatry</a> (range overlap) of species, and social behaviour make bats favourable hosts and vectors of disease.<a href="#cite_note-Castro2013-209">[207]</a> Reviews have found different answers as to whether bats have more zoonotic viruses than other mammal groups. One 2015 review found that bats, rodents, and primates all harbored significantly more <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> viruses (which can be transmitted to humans) than other mammal groups, though the differences among the aforementioned three groups were not significant (bats have no more zoonotic viruses than rodents and primates).<a href="#cite_note-Olival-210">[208]</a> Another 2020 review of mammals and birds found that the identity of the taxonomic groups did not have any impact on the probability of harboring zoonotic viruses. Instead, more diverse groups had greater viral diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Mollentze-211">[209]</a> They seem to be highly resistant to many of the pathogens they carry, suggesting a degree of adaptation to their immune systems.<a href="#cite_note-Castro2013-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Their interactions with livestock and pets, including predation by vampire bats, accidental encounters, and the scavenging of bat carcasses, compound the risk of zoonotic transmission.<a href="#cite_note-Calisher2006-200">[198]</a> Bats are implicated in the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS) in China, since they serve as natural hosts for <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a>, several from a single cave in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, one of which developed into the SARS virus.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li2005-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrostenHu2017-215">[213]</a> However, they neither cause nor spread <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_life_history">Behaviour and life history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Behaviour and life history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Social structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/220px--Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="108" data-mwtitle="Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bracken_Bat_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracken Bat Cave">Bracken Bat Cave</a>, home to twenty million Mexican free-tailed bats</figcaption></figure> Some bats lead solitary lives, while others live in colonies of more than a million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200195–107-217">[215]</a> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bat</a> fly for more than one thousand miles to the 100-foot (30 m) wide cave known as <a href="/wiki/Bracken_Cave" title="Bracken Cave">Bracken Cave</a> every March to October which plays home to an astonishing twenty million of the species,<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> whereas a <a href="/wiki/Mouse-eared_bat" title="Mouse-eared bat">mouse-eared bat</a> lives an almost completely solitary life.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Living in large colonies lessens the risk to an individual of predation.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> Temperate bat species may <a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">swarm</a> at hibernation sites as autumn approaches. This may serve to introduce young to hibernation sites, signal reproduction in adults and allow adults to breed with those from other groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015188–189-220">[218]</a> Several species have a <a href="/wiki/Fission%E2%80%93fusion_society" title="Fission–fusion society">fission-fusion social structure</a>, where large numbers of bats congregate in one roosting area, along with breaking up and mixing of subgroups. Within these societies, bats are able to maintain long-term relationships.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Some of these relationships consist of <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineally</a> related females and their dependent offspring.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Food sharing and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual grooming">mutual grooming</a> may occur in certain species, such as the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), and these strengthen social bonds.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_&_Wilkinson_2013-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_1986-224">[222]</a> Homosexual fellatio has been observed in the Bonin flying fox Pteropus pselaphon<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> and the Indian flying fox Pteropus medius,<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> though the function and purpose of this behaviour is not clear. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Communication">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png/250px-Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png/330px-Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png/500px-Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Acoustics of the songs of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bats</a><a href="#cite_note-Bohn-227">[225]</a></figcaption></figure> Bats are among the most vocal of mammals and produce calls to attract mates, find roost partners and defend resources. These calls are typically low-frequency and can travel long distances.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194-228">[226]</a> Mexican free-tailed bats are one of the few species to "sing" like birds. Males sing to attract females. Songs have three phrases: chirps, trills and buzzes, the former having "A" and "B" syllables. Bat songs are highly stereotypical but with variation in syllable number, phrase order, and phrase repetitions between individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Bohn-227">[225]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Greater_spear-nosed_bat" title="Greater spear-nosed bat">greater spear-nosed bats</a> (Phyllostomus hastatus), females produce loud, broadband calls among their roost mates to form group cohesion. Calls differ between roosting groups and may arise from vocal learning.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> In a study on captive Egyptian fruit bats, 70% of the directed calls could be identified by the researchers as to which individual bat made it, and 60% could be categorised into four contexts: squabbling over food, jostling over position in their sleeping cluster, protesting over mating attempts and arguing when perched in close proximity to each other. The animals made slightly different sounds when communicating with different individual bats, especially those of the opposite sex.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> In the highly <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_bat" title="Hammer-headed bat">hammer-headed bat</a> (Hypsignathus monstrosus), males produce deep, resonating, monotonous calls to attract females. Bats in flight make vocal signals for traffic control. Greater bulldog bats honk when on a collision course with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194-228">[226]</a> Bats also communicate by other means. Male <a href="/wiki/Little_yellow-shouldered_bat" title="Little yellow-shouldered bat">little yellow-shouldered bats</a> (Sturnira lilium) have shoulder glands that produce a spicy odour during the breeding season. Like many other species, they have hair specialised for retaining and dispersing secretions. Such hair forms a conspicuous collar around the necks of the some Old World megabat males. Male <a href="/wiki/Greater_sac-winged_bat" title="Greater sac-winged bat">greater sac-winged bats</a> (Saccopteryx bilineata) have sacs in their wings in which they mix body secretions like saliva and urine to create a perfume that they sprinkle on roost sites, a behaviour known as "salting". Salting may be accompanied by singing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_life_cycle">Reproduction and life cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Reproduction and life cycle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Group of polygynous vampire bats</figcaption></figure> Most bat species are <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a>, where males mate with multiple females. Male pipistrelle, noctule and vampire bats may claim and defend resources that attract females, such as roost sites, and mate with those females. Males unable to claim a site are forced to live on the periphery where they have less reproductive success.<a href="#cite_note-mating-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity#Other_animals" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a>, where both sexes mate with multiple partners, exists in species like the Mexican free-tailed bat and the little brown bat.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> There appears to be bias towards certain males among females in these bats.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> In a few species, such as the yellow-winged bat and spectral bat, adult males and females form <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a> pairs.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015197-234">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a>, where males aggregate and compete for female choice through display, is rare in bats<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> but occurs in the hammerheaded bat.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> For temperate living bats, mating takes place in late summer and early autumn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011105-237">[235]</a> Tropical bats may mate during the dry season.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> After copulation, the male may leave behind a <a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">mating plug</a> to block the sperm of other males and thus ensure his paternity.<a href="#cite_note-CrichtonKrutzsch2000-239">[237]</a> In hibernating species, males are known to mate with females in torpor.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> Female bats use a variety of strategies to control the timing of pregnancy and the birth of young, to make delivery coincide with maximum food ability and other ecological factors. Females of some species have delayed fertilisation, in which sperm is stored in the reproductive tract for several months after mating. Mating occurs in late summer to early autumn but fertilisation does not occur until the following late winter to early spring. Other species exhibit <a href="/wiki/Delayed_implantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed implantation">delayed implantation</a>, in which the egg is fertilised after mating, but remains free in the reproductive tract until external conditions become favourable for giving birth and caring for the offspring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011114–119-240">[238]</a> In another strategy, fertilisation and implantation both occur, but development of the foetus is delayed until good conditions prevail. During the delayed development the mother keeps the fertilised egg alive with nutrients. This process can go on for a long period, because of the advanced gas exchange system.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg/250px-Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg/330px-Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg/500px-Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Newborn common pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus</figcaption></figure> For temperate living bats, births typically take place in May or June in the Northern Hemisphere; births in the Southern Hemisphere occur in November and December. Tropical species give birth at the beginning of the rainy season.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> In most bat species, females carry and give birth to a single pup per litter.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> At birth, a bat pup can be up to 40 percent of the mother's weight,<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> and the pelvic girdle of the female can expand during birth as the two-halves are connected by a flexible ligament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton2001166-244">[242]</a> Females typically give birth in a head-up or horizontal position, using gravity to make birthing easier. The young emerges rear-first, possibly to prevent the wings from getting tangled, and the female cradles it in her wing and tail membranes. In many species, females give birth and raise their young in <a href="/wiki/Maternity_colony_(bats)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity colony (bats)">maternity colonies</a> and may assist each other in birthing.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011119-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton2001166-244">[242]</a> Most of the care for a young bat comes from the mother. In monogamous species, the father plays a role. Allo-suckling, where a female suckles another mother's young, occurs in several species. This may serve to increase colony size in species where females return to their natal colony to breed.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49">[48]</a> A young bat's ability to fly coincides with the development of an adult body and forelimb length. For the little brown bat, this occurs about eighteen days after birth. Weaning of young for most species takes place in under eighty days. The common vampire bat nurses its offspring beyond that and young vampire bats achieve independence later in life than other species. This is probably due to the species' blood-based diet, which is difficult to obtain on a nightly basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015171-247">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Life expectancy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg/220px-The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg/330px-The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg/440px-The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>The bat scientist Lauri Lutsar is checking the age of the bat he is holding as part of a national monitoring program in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> The maximum lifespan of bats is three-and-a-half times longer than other mammals of similar size. Six species have been recorded to live over thirty years in the wild: the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus), the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_bat" title="Siberian bat">Siberian bat</a> (Myotis sibiricus), the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-eared_bat" title="Lesser mouse-eared bat">lesser mouse-eared bat</a> (Myotis blythii) the <a href="/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat" title="Greater horseshoe bat">greater horseshoe bat</a> (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_flying_fox" title="Indian flying fox">Indian flying fox</a> (Pteropus giganteus).<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> One hypothesis consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Rate-of-living_theory" title="Rate-of-living theory">rate-of-living theory</a> links this to the fact that they slow down their <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rate</a> while <a href="/wiki/Hibernating" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernating">hibernating</a>; bats that hibernate, on average, have a longer lifespan than bats that do not.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson2002-250">[248]</a> Another hypothesis is that flying has reduced their mortality rate, which would also be true for birds and gliding mammals. Bat species that give birth to multiple pups generally have a shorter lifespan than species that give birth to only a single pup. Cave-roosting species may have a longer lifespan than non-roosting species because of the decreased predation in caves. A male Siberian bat was recaptured in the wild after 41 years, making it the oldest known bat.<a href="#cite_note-wilkinson2002-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_humans">Interactions with humans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Interactions with humans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_bats" title="Human uses of bats">Human uses of bats</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bats_by_population" title="List of bats by population">List of bats by population</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Conservation statuses of bats as of 2020 according to the IUCN (1,314 species in total)<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li>Critically endangered (1.6%)</li> <li>Endangered (6.3%)</li> <li>Vulnerable (8.3%)</li> <li>Near-threatened (6.7%)</li> <li>Least concern (58%)</li> <li>Data deficient (18.4%)</li> <li>Extinct (0.7%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#fc8d59;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Extinct (0.7%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div style="; background:#1b7837;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.08710109% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Critically endangered (1.6%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.016turn)" title="Endangered (6.3%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.029turn)" title="Endangered (6.3%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.079turn)" title="Vulnerable (8.3%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.092turn)" title="Vulnerable (8.3%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#762a83;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.162turn)" title="Near-threatened (6.7%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#762a83;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.179turn)" title="Near-threatened (6.7%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:#af8dc3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.229turn)" title="Least concern (58%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:#af8dc3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.309turn)" title="Least concern (58%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.809turn)" title="Data deficient (18.4%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.868turn)" title="Data deficient (18.4%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Bat_Conservation_International" title="Bat Conservation International">Bat Conservation International</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> aim to increase awareness of bats' ecological roles and the environmental threats they face. This group called for Bat Appreciation Week from October 24–31 every year to promote awareness on the ecological importance of bats.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> In the United Kingdom, all bats are protected under the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_and_Countryside_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife and Countryside Act">Wildlife and Countryside Acts</a>, and disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, Malaysia, "all bats"<a href="#cite_note-WPO1998-256">[254]</a> are protected under the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Wildlife_Law" title="Malaysian Wildlife Law">Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WPO1998-256">[254]</a> but species such as the <a href="/wiki/Hairless_bat" title="Hairless bat">hairless bat</a> (Cheiromeles torquatus) are still eaten by the local communities.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Humans have caused the extinction of several species of bat in modern history, the most recent being the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_pipistrelle" title="Christmas Island pipistrelle">Christmas Island pipistrelle</a> (Pipistrellus murrayi), which was declared extinct in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Many people put up bat houses to attract bats.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> The 1991 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> bat house is the largest occupied artificial roost in the world, with around 400,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> In Britain, thickwalled and partly underground <a href="/wiki/British_hardened_field_defences_of_World_War_II" title="British hardened field defences of World War II">World War II pillboxes</a> have been converted to make roosts for bats,<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> and purpose-built bat houses are occasionally built to mitigate damage to habitat from road or other developments.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_gate" title="Cave gate">Cave gates</a> are sometimes installed to limit human entry into caves with sensitive or endangered bat species. The gates are designed not to limit the airflow, and thus to maintain the cave's micro-ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-AGENCY-265">[263]</a> Of the 47 species of bats found in the United States, 35 are known to use human structures, including buildings and bridges. Fourteen species use bat houses.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bats are eaten</a> in countries across Africa, Asia and the Pacific Rim. In some cases, such as in Guam, flying foxes have become endangered through being hunted for food.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> There is evidence that suggests that <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> might create sufficient <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a> (pressure damage) to kill bats.<a href="#cite_note-BaerwaldD'Amours2008-268">[266]</a> Bats have typical <a href="/wiki/Lung#Mammalian_lungs" title="Lung">mammalian lungs</a>, which are thought to be more sensitive to sudden air pressure changes than <a href="/wiki/Avian_lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian lungs">the lungs of birds</a>, making them more liable to fatal rupture.<a href="#cite_note-nww-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> Bats may be attracted to turbines, perhaps seeking roosts, increasing the death rate.<a href="#cite_note-nww-269">[267]</a> Acoustic deterrents may help to reduce bat mortality at wind farms.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> and contribution of barotrauma to bat deaths near wind turbine blades have been disputed by other research comparing dead bats found near wind turbines with bats killed by impact with buildings in areas with no turbines.<a href="#cite_note-Rollins_et_al.-275">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cultural significance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_(No._43),_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a>, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, 1797</figcaption></figure> Since bats are mammals, yet can fly, they are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Liminal_being" title="Liminal being">liminal beings</a> in various traditions.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> In many cultures, including in Europe, bats are associated with darkness, death, witchcraft, and malevolence.<a href="#cite_note-symbols-277">[275]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Creek_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (people)">Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Tribe">Apache</a>, the bat is identified as a <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> In Tanzania, a winged batlike creature known as <a href="/wiki/Popobawa" title="Popobawa">Popobawa</a> is believed to be a shapeshifting <a href="/wiki/Evil_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil spirit">evil spirit</a> that assaults and <a href="/wiki/Sodomises" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodomises">sodomises</a> its victims.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, bats symbolised the land of the dead, destruction, and decay.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReadGonzalez-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> An East Nigerian tale tells that the bat developed its nocturnal habits after causing the death of his partner, the bush-rat, and now hides by day to avoid arrest.<a href="#cite_note-Arnott1962-283">[281]</a> More positive depictions of bats exist in some cultures. In China, bats have been associated with happiness, joy and good fortune. Five bats are used to symbolise the "Five Blessings": longevity, wealth, health, love of virtue and peaceful death.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> The bat is sacred in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and is often considered the physical manifestation of a separable <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec civilisation">Zapotec civilisation</a> of Mesoamerica, the bat god presided over corn and fertility.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_god,_Zapotec,_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG/170px-Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG/255px-Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG/340px-Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a> bat god, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, 350–500 CE</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Weird_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Weird Sisters">Weird Sisters</a> in Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a> used the fur of a bat in their brew.<a href="#cite_note-deVries76-287">[285]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, the bat is often a symbol of the night and its foreboding nature. The bat is a primary animal associated with fictional characters of the night, both villainous <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a> and before him <a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> and heroes, such as the <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> character <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fleisher-289">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Oppel" title="Kenneth Oppel">Kenneth Oppel</a>'s Silverwing novels narrate the adventures of a young bat,<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Silver-haired_bat" title="Silver-haired bat">silver-haired bat</a> of North America.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> The bat is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">heraldic symbol</a> in Spain and France, appearing in the coats of arms of the towns of <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraga" title="Fraga">Fraga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albacete" title="Albacete">Albacete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montchauvet,_Yvelines" title="Montchauvet, Yvelines">Montchauvet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cervantesvirtual.com-292">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-ifc.dpz.es-294">[292]</a> Three US states have an official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_bats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state bats">state bat</a>. Texas and Oklahoma are represented by the Mexican free-tailed bat, while Virginia is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_big-eared_bat" title="Virginia big-eared bat">Virginia big-eared bat</a> (Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus).<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> Insectivorous bats in particular are especially helpful to farmers, as they control populations of agricultural pests and reduce the need to use <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. It has been estimated that bats save the agricultural industry of the United States anywhere from <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">$</a>3.7 billion to $53 billion per year in pesticides and damage to crops. This also prevents the overuse of pesticides, which can pollute the surrounding environment, and may lead to resistance in future generations of insects.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> Bat dung, a type of <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>, is rich in nitrates and is mined from caves for use as <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/US_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="US Civil War">US Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a> was collected from caves to make <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>. At the time, it was believed that the nitrate all came from the bat guano, but it is now known that most of it is produced by <a href="/wiki/Nitrifying_bacteria" title="Nitrifying bacteria">nitrifying bacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ann_W._Richards_Congress_Avenue_Bridge" title="Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge">Congress Avenue Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony, an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats. About 100,000 tourists a year visit the bridge at twilight to watch the bats leave the roost.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat_detector" title="Bat detector">Bat detector</a> – Audio device to detect the presence of bat sound signals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bats_of_the_United_States" title="List of bats of the United States">List of bats of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:χείρ">χείρ</a> (kheír) 'hand' and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πτερόν">πτερόν</a> (pterón) 'wing'<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Earlier reports that only fruit bats were deficient were based on smaller samples.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21037206-154">[153]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0">a</a> <a 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Amsterdam: North-Holland. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7204-8021-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7204-8021-4"><bdi>978-0-7204-8021-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Symbols+and+Imagery&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7204-8021-4&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofsymb0000vrie%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Elizabeth (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070832/http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/bats_vamp_drac.html">"Bats, Vampires & Dracula"</a>. Newsletter of the Florida Bat Conservation Centre (Fall 1998). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/bats_vamp_drac.html">the original</a> on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsletter+of+the+Florida+Bat+Conservation+Centre&rft.atitle=Bats%2C+Vampires+%26+Dracula&rft.issue=Fall+1998&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucs.mun.ca%2F~emiller%2Fbats_vamp_drac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleisher-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Fleisher_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFleisher,_M._L.1976" class="citation book cs1">Fleisher, M. L. (1976). The Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes Volume 1 Batman. 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Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silverwing+by+Kenneth+Oppel&rft.pub=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fkenneth-oppel%2Fsilverwing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOppel" class="citation web cs1">Oppel, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926043235/http://www.kennethoppel.ca/silverwing/shade.shtml">"The Characters: Shade"</a>. Kenneth Oppel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennethoppel.ca/silverwing/shade.shtml">the original</a> on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017. <q>"Shade is based on a Silver-Haired Bat. I thought they were very dashing-looking creatures. I liked the fact this was a bat that lived in the same part of the world as me (eastern Canada). These are small creatures, with a wing span of a few inches. Their bodies are about the same size as mice. They're insectivores, which means they eat only insects." – K.O.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Characters%3A+Shade&rft.pub=Kenneth+Oppel&rft.aulast=Oppel&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennethoppel.ca%2Fsilverwing%2Fshade.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cervantesvirtual.com-292"><a href="#cite_ref-cervantesvirtual.com_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTramoyeres_Blasco,_L." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tramoyeres Blasco, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=23879&portal=33">"Lo Rat Penat en el escudo de armas de Valencia"</a> [The Rat Penat in the coat of arms of Valencia] (in Spanish). 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Emblemata Revista Aragonesa de Emblematica (in Spanish). 6: 242. 2005. 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Science. 332 (6025): 41–42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...332...41B">2011Sci...332...41B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1201366">10.1126/science.1201366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21454775">21454775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34572622">34572622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Economic+Importance+of+Bats+in+Agriculture&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=6025&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1201366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34572622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21454775&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...332...41B&rft.aulast=Boyles&rft.aufirst=Justin+G.&rft.au=Cryan%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=McCracken%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Kunz%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2008" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, H. 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University of Missouri Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missouricavesinh00weav/page/64">64</a>–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6645-3"><bdi>978-0-8262-6645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missouri+Caves+in+History+and+Legend&rft.pages=64-69&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-6645-3&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=H.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmissouricavesinh00weav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhisonant2001" class="citation journal cs1">Whisonant, R. C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227063809/https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/VAMIN_VOL47_NO04.pdf">"Geology and History of Confederate Saltpeter Cave Operations in Western Virginia"</a> (PDF). Virginia Minerals. 47 (4): 33–43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/VAMIN_VOL47_NO04.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Minerals&rft.atitle=Geology+and+History+of+Confederate+Saltpeter+Cave+Operations+in+Western+Virginia&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Whisonant&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmme.virginia.gov%2Fcommercedocs%2FVAMIN_VOL47_NO04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristensen,_RaeAnn" class="citation web cs1">Christensen, RaeAnn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019073438/http://www.fox7austin.com/news/local-news/165481229-story">"Best time to see the bat colony emerge from Congress Bridge in Downtown Austin"</a>. Fox7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fox7austin.com/news/local-news/165481229-story">the original</a> on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+time+to+see+the+bat+colony+emerge+from+Congress+Bridge+in+Downtown+Austin&rft.pub=Fox7&rft.au=Christensen%2C+RaeAnn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox7austin.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F165481229-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAltringham2011" class="citation book cs1">Altringham, J. D. (2011). Bats: From Evolution to Conservation. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199207114" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199207114"><bdi>978-0199207114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bats%3A+From+Evolution+to+Conservation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199207114&rft.aulast=Altringham&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenton2001" class="citation book cs1">Fenton, M. B. (2001). Bats. Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4358-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-4358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bats&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4358-3&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFentonSimmons2015" class="citation book cs1">Fenton, M. B.; Simmons, N. B. (2015). Bats: A World of Science and Mystery. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226065120" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226065120"><bdi>978-0226065120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bats%3A+A+World+of+Science+and+Mystery&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0226065120&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft.au=Simmons%2C+N.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chiroptera" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key">Dichotomous Key</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Chiroptera" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/about_bats.html">Official website</a> of UK Bat Conservation Trust</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chiroptera&contgroup=Eutheria">Tree of Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726154512/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chiroptera&contgroup=Eutheria">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fladdermus.net/thesis.htm">Microbat Vision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129210527/http://www.fladdermus.net/thesis.htm">Archived</a> 29 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hscott.net/the-dsp-behind-bat-echolocation/">Analyses of several kinds of bat echolocation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata (shrew opossums)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">Didelphimorphia (opossums)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Australidelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria (monitos del monte)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notoryctidae" title="Notoryctidae">Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placental</a> inclusive)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantogenata" title="Atlantogenata">Atlantogenata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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title="Sirenia">Sirenia (dugongs and manatees)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chiroptera (bats)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">Pholidota (pangolins)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeshrew" title="Treeshrew">Scandentia 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<li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=329">329</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/B6L7G">B6L7G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7631">7631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CHIRO">1CHIRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12623">12623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna 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href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179985">179985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13800001">13800001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000376160">NHMSYS0000376160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9397">9397</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5886496d-6r6hx","wgBackendResponseTime":383,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.111","walltime":"3.535","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36310,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1004703,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":49246,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":42,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1251201,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":22,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3009.351 1 -total"," 48.31% 1453.777 2 Template:Reflist"," 26.83% 807.498 161 Template:Cite_journal"," 21.83% 656.959 60 Template:Clade"," 9.98% 300.278 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 6.64% 199.919 59 Template:Cite_web"," 6.57% 197.631 35 Template:Sfn"," 6.21% 187.030 44 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[\"CITEREFBohnSchmidt-FrenchSchwartzSmotherman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondarencoKörtnerGeiser2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoughman,_J._W.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoylesCryanMcCrackenKunz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoylesMcGuireBoylesReimer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradbury1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown,_W._M.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown_University2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrüssow2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalisherChildsFieldHolmes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter,_G._G.Wilkinson,_G._S._D.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastro,_J.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeballos,_G.Ehrlich,_A._H.Ehrlich,_P._R.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi,_C._Q.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen,_RaeAnn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChuaAziz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChwalkowski,_F.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChwalkowski,_Farrin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaytonBushJohnson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollearyDolocancGardnerdSingha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorcoranBarberConner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCramer,_M._J.Wilig,_M._R.Jones,_C.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCui,_J.Pan,_Y._H.Zhang,_Y.Jones,_G.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuiYuanWangJones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly,_M.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDechmannSafiVonhof2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDongaonkarQuickVoMeisner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrostenHuZengYang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatonBroderMiddletonWang2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEick,_G._N.JacobsMatthee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEitingGunnell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_G._CrichtonPhilip_H._Krutzsch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsbérardVrcibradic2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton,_M._B.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFentonCrerar1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFentonFaureRatcliffe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFentonSimmons2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitt1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleisher,_M._L.1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming,_T.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFornůsková,_APetit,_E._J.Bartonička,_T.Kaňuch,_P.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrickPollockHicksLangwig2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFullard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagerGimenezO\u0026#039;MaraDechmann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeiserStawski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerardoHobsonAdrianaDaniel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonsalvesBicknellLawWebb2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant,_G._S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhall,_A.M.Joermann,_G.Schmidt,_U.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhall,_A._M.1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrevilleCeballos-VasquezValdizón-RodríguezCaldwell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimaldiMichael_Engel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutenberg,_G.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpinYoung,_P._L.Field,_H._E.Mackenzie,_J._S.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamiltonBarclay1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaoZhao2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgkisonBaldingZuibadKunz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbrookOdland1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland,_R._A.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinsBourdain2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHristovConner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurmeLenziWikelskiWild2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutcheonGarland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenness,_R.Birney,_E.Ayaz,_K.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonFordRodrigueEdwards2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_G.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_G.Holderied,_M._W.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesLiNiBeard2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJürgensBartelsBartels1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeleyKeeley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerth,_G.Perony,_N.Schweitzer,_F.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimpelMehlhorn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunz,_T._H.Fenton,_B.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL.WangRossiterJones2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangley,_L.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeiDong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeong,_T._M.Teo,_S._C.Lim,_K._K._P.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeroyKumulungui,_B.Pourrut,_X.Rouque,_P.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiShi,_Z.Yu,_M.Ren,_W.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiWangRossiterJones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtLeitner1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddell,_Henry_G.Scott,_Robert\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLimaO\u0026#039;Keefe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorch,_J._M.Meteyer,_C._U.Behr,_M._J.Boyles,_J._G.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyonsWimberley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLéger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaina2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakanyaMortola2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMares,_M._A.Wilson,_D._E.1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallChadhadeSouzaSterbing-D\u0026#039;Angelo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartini2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCollTordo,_N.Setien_Aquilar,_A._A.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCracken,_G._F.Safi,_K.Kunz,_T._H.Dechmann,_D._K._N.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCracken1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCrackenGillamWestbrookLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuireJonassenGuglielmo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehlhorn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollentzeStreicker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüllerGlösmannPeichlKnop2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagorsen,_D._W.Brigham,_R._M.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuweiler,_G.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuweiler2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNorberg1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorberg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowackStawskiGeiser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak,_R._M.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOchoa-AcuñaKunz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivalWeekleyDaszak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtegaCastro-Arellano2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatriquinGuyHindsRatcliffe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaveyBurwell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennycuick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfeiffer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoinarBrown2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopa-LisseanuDelgado-HuertasForeroRodríguez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratTaubYovel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPumo,_D._E.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabe1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead,_K._A.Gonzalez,_J._J.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRewarMirdha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRietbergenOstendeAaseJones2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiskin,_D._K.Bergou,_A.Breuer,_K._S.Swartz,_S._M.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiskinParsonsSchuttCarter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollinsMeyerholzJohnsonCapparella2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothBalvínSiva-JothyIorio2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRydellSpeakman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaleh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnitzler,_H.-U.Kalko,_E._K._V.Kaipf,_I.Grinnell,_A._D.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchondubeHerrera-MMartínez_del_Rio2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab,_I._R.Pettigrew,_J.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearsBehringer,_R._R.Rasweiler,_J._J.Niswander,_L._A.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenawiSchmiederSiemersKingston2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenLiuIrwinZhang2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons,_N._B.Voss,_R._S.Mori,_S._A.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmonsSeymourHabersetzerGunnell2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSophasarun,_N.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowell1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeakman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeakmanRydellWebbHayes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpringerTeelingMadsenStanhope2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasulu,_C.Molur,_S.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStawskiGeiser2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStawskiWillisGeiser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen,_J.Olney,_P.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterbing-D\u0026#039;AngeloChadhaChiuFalk2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStraußLakes-Harlan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrobelRoswagBeckerTrenczek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugita2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundarKittur2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurlykkeElisabeth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurlykkeGhoseMoss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuthersFattu1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuthersThomasSuthers1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabuceAntunesSigé2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakanashiNakanoSurlykkeTatsuta2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeelingMadsenVan_Den_Busschede_Jong2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeelingSpringer,_M._S.Madsen,_O.Bates,_P.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeelingTeelingScallyKao2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas,_D._W.Fenton,_M._R.Barclay,_R._M._R.1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasSuthers1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTianPanMetznerZhang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorresFreitasda_MattaNovaes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToth,_C._A.Parsons,_S.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTramoyeres_Blasco,_L.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsagkogeorgaParkerStupkaCotton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurbillBieberRuf2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_de_BusscheHoofer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoigtLewanzik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangLiWangYe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangOakleyMowerShimmin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangPanParsonsWalker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangZhuXueFang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhisonant2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson,_G.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson,_G._S.1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson,_G._S.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonSouth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonMittermeier2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolchover,_N.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongLau,_S.Woo,_P.Yuen,_K.-Y.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrayJusinoBanikPalmer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangCowled,_C.Shi,_Z.Huang,_Z.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou,_X.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhuHastriterWhitingDittmar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubaidMcCrackenKunz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vries1976\"] = 1,\n [\"Skin\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 161,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 59,\n [\"Clade\"] = 60,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 4,\n [\"Clear\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 12,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 6,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 4,\n [\"Google books\"] = 7,\n [\"Grc-transl\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Mammals\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Oweb\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 35,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","13.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","8.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","6.5"],["dataWrapper 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