CINXE.COM

Bat - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bat - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"715b62c6-3054-4c0f-a49b-c1fd423a6e7a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bat","wgTitle":"Bat","wgCurRevisionId":1280081383,"wgRevisionId":1280081383,"wgArticleId":23538713,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2020","Featured articles","Use British English from November 2017","Articles with 'species' microformats","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text","Articles containing Old Norse-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles with hAudio microformats","Commons category link from Wikidata","Official website not in Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs","Articles containing video clips","Bats","Animal flight","Animals that use echolocation","Cave mammals","Extant Ypresian first appearances","Nocturnal animals","Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bat","wgRelevantArticleId":23538713,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q28425","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.imagemap.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.imagemap","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg/1200px-Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1171"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg/800px-Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="780"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg/640px-Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="624"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bat - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bat rootpage-Bat skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Bat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Bat" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Bat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Bat" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny_and_taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny_and_taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phylogeny and taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phylogeny_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phylogeny and taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coevolutionary_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coevolutionary_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Coevolutionary evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coevolutionary_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_systematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Inner systematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy and physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy and physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull_and_dentition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull_and_dentition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Skull and dentition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull_and_dentition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wings_and_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wings_and_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wings and flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wings_and_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roosting_and_gaits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roosting_and_gaits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Roosting and gaits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roosting_and_gaits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Internal systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Echolocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Echolocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Echolocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Echolocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetoreception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetoreception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Magnetoreception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetoreception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Thermoregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Torpor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torpor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Torpor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torpor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Food and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruit_and_nectar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_and_nectar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Fruit and nectar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_and_nectar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators,_parasites,_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Predators, parasites, and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_life_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behaviour and life history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_life_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and life history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reproduction and life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interactions with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interactions with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlermuis" title="Vlermuis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlermuis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%8C%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%8D%8D" title="የሌት ወፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሌት ወፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrea%C3%B0em%C5%ABs" title="Hreaðemūs – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hreaðemūs" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="خفاشيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خفاشيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%BEiu_di_noaptea" title="Puľiu di noaptea – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Puľiu di noaptea" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="বাদুলি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাদুলি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokwaratcic" title="Apokwaratcic – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Apokwaratcic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbopi" title="Mbopi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbopi" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe&#039;ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%B1i" title="Chiñi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chiñi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarasalar" title="Yarasalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yarasalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="یاراسا (حئیوان) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاراسا (حئیوان)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelawah" title="Lelawah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lelawah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC" title="বাদুড় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাদুড়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CC%8Dt-p%C3%B4" title="Bi̍t-pô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bi̍t-pô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рукакрылыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рукакрылыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рукакрылыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рукакрылыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Прилепи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прилепи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1mi%C5%A1" title="Šišmiš – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šišmiš" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askell-groc%27hen" title="Askell-groc&#039;hen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Askell-groc&#039;hen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Һарьһан эрбээхэй – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һарьһан эрбээхэй" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratpenats" title="Ratpenats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ratpenats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%C3%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çара çерçи евĕрлисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çара çерçи евĕрлисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakniton" title="Kwakniton – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kwakniton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letouni" title="Letouni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letouni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karemwaremwa" title="Karemwaremwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Karemwaremwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topu_pinnutu" title="Topu pinnutu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Topu pinnutu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystlum" title="Ystlum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ystlum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%94%C5%8B" title="Zɔŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zɔŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagermus" title="Flagermus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flagermus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledertiere" title="Fledertiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fledertiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaa%CA%BCaban%C3%AD" title="Jaaʼabaní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Jaaʼabaní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4sitiivalised" title="Käsitiivalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käsitiivalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%85%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Νυχτερίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νυχτερίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papastr%C3%A8l" title="Papastrèl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Papastrèl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Кедьнимилявт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кедьнимилявт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertoj" title="Vespertoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vespertoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguzar" title="Saguzar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saguzar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="خفاش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خفاش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogm%C3%BDs" title="Flogmýs – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Flogmýs" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flearm%C3%BBzen" title="Flearmûzen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Flearmûzen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ialt%C3%B3g" title="Ialtóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ialtóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ialtag" title="Ialtag – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ialtag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morcegos" title="Morcegos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Morcegos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B0%B7%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" title="簷老鼠 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="簷老鼠" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="ચામાચિડિયું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચામાચિડિયું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%CC%8Dt-ph%C3%B2-%C3%A8" title="Phi̍t-phò-è – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phi̍t-phò-è" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Бавуха – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бавуха" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%A5%90" title="박쥐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박쥐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemage" title="Jemage – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jemage" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC" title="चमगादड़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चमगादड़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1mi%C5%A1i" title="Šišmiši – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šišmiši" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilio" title="Vespertilio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vespertilio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelelawar" title="Kelelawar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelelawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilion" title="Vespertilion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vespertilion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Къухбазыронтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къухбазыронтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B0urbl%C3%B6kur" title="Leðurblökur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leðurblökur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עטלפים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עטלפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lawa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%9Bm%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Sɛmʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɛmʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬಾವಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾವಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibatab" title="Talibatab – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Talibatab" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხელფრთიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხელფრთიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81%D9%95_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%84" title="راتہٕ کرٛیٖل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="راتہٕ کرٛیٖل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A3topi%C3%A9rze" title="Szãtopiérze – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szãtopiérze" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қолқанаттылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қолқанаттылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askel_groghen" title="Askel groghen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Askel groghen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agahungarema" title="Agahungarema – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Agahungarema" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popo" title="Popo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Popo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesnoldunol_(Chiroptera)" title="Vesnoldunol (Chiroptera) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vesnoldunol (Chiroptera)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B2vsourit" title="Chòvsourit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chòvsourit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%A7emk" title="Perçemk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Perçemk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Жарганат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарганат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%93%D1%80%D3%93%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Цӓрӓгек – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цӓрӓгек" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutra" title="Flutra – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Flutra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plykspuor%C5%86i" title="Plykspuorņi – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Plykspuorņi" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siksp%C4%81r%C5%86i" title="Sikspārņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sikspārņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ik%C5%A1nosparniai" title="Šikšnosparniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šikšnosparniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6gi" title="Bögi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Bögi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleermuis" title="Vleermuis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vleermuis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C9%9Bmbo" title="Ngɛmbo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngɛmbo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirotero" title="Cirotero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cirotero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahkusiivet" title="Nahkusiivet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nahkusiivet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denev%C3%A9rek" title="Denevérek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Denevérek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2bbhuru" title="Bhâbbhuru – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâbbhuru" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="चमगुदड़ी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चमगुदड़ी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Лилјаци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лилјаци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanavy" title="Ramanavy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ramanavy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="വവ്വാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വവ്വാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B3" title="वटवाघूळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वटवाघूळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="خفاشيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خفاشيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شوپرپری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوپرپری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelawar" title="Kelawar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-b%C3%A0-d%C3%A2u-gi%C3%A9k" title="Bì-bà-dâu-giék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bì-bà-dâu-giék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B2" title="Веньдряв – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Веньдряв" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="လင်းနို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လင်းနို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beka" title="Beka – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Beka" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleermuizen" title="Vleermuizen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vleermuizen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleadermuse" title="Vleadermuse – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vleadermuse" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="चमेरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चमेरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="चिकंलापा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिकंलापा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA" title="コウモリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コウモリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherp%C3%ADngeche" title="Scherpíngeche – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Scherpíngeche" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fladerdiarten" title="Fladerdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fladerdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaggermus" title="Flaggermus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flaggermus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaggermus" title="Flaggermus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flaggermus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%BBque-souothis" title="Caûque-souothis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Caûque-souothis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF" title="ବାଦୁଡ଼ି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାଦୁଡ଼ି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%9C" title="ਚਮਗਿੱਦੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਮਗਿੱਦੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%91" title="چمگادڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چمگادڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Кушборддэз – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кушборддэз" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soerie-volante" title="Soerie-volante – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Soerie-volante" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratavol%C3%B2ira" title="Ratavolòira – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ratavolòira" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nietoperze" title="Nietoperze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nietoperze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morcego" title="Morcego – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Morcego" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptere" title="Chiroptere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chiroptere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu" title="Masu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Masu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Мышперхач – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мышперхач" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Рукокрылые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рукокрылые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Илии кынаттаахтар аймахтара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Илии кынаттаахтар аймахтара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bidadiki" title="bidadiki – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bidadiki" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbupu" title="Mbupu – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Mbupu" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A1" title="ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱩᱬᱩᱡ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱩᱬᱩᱡ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baukie" title="Baukie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baukie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A4dderdierte" title="Flädderdierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Flädderdierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakuriqi_i_nat%C3%ABs" title="Lakuriqi i natës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lakuriqi i natës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiroptera" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat" title="Bat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%99%D8%A7" title="چمڙا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چمڙا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netopiere_(rad)" title="Netopiere (rad) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Netopiere (rad)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netopirji" title="Netopirji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Netopirji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacopjyrze" title="Gacopjyrze – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gacopjyrze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiidmeer" title="Fiidmeer – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fiidmeer" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="شەمشەمەکوێرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەمشەمەکوێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4)" title="Слепи мишеви (ред) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слепи мишеви (ред)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1mi%C5%A1" title="Šišmiš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šišmiš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalay" title="Lalay – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lalay" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepakot" title="Lepakot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lepakot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fladderm%C3%B6ss" title="Fladdermöss – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fladdermöss" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniki" title="Paniki – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paniki" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வௌவால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வௌவால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%E1%B9%ADi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu" title="Frṭiṭṭu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Frṭiṭṭu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aze%C9%A3nennay" title="Azeɣnennay – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azeɣnennay" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtuvagghie" title="Turtuvagghie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Turtuvagghie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="గబ్బిలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గబ్బిలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="ค้างคาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค้างคาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AF%C3%AFk" title="Alïïk – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Alïïk" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Болдастҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Болдастҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9%C5%A1enonets%C3%A9n%C3%B3ne" title="Méšenonetsénóne – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Méšenonetsénóne" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarasa" title="Yarasa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yarasa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Рукокрилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рукокрилі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%91" title="چمگادڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چمگادڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%AD" title="شەپەرەڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شەپەرەڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vumzvauz" title="Vumzvauz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vumzvauz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_D%C6%A1i" title="Bộ Dơi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Dơi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchawe-sori" title="Tchawe-sori – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchawe-sori" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliendrmuus" title="Vliendrmuus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vliendrmuus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabog" title="Kabog – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabog" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" title="蝙蝠 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蝙蝠" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96" title="פלעדערמויז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלעדערמויז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%A1n" title="Àdán – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àdán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%A0%E9%BC%A0" title="蝠鼠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蝠鼠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eew%C5%9Few%C4%B1ki" title="Şewşewıki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şewşewıki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%AAremuzen" title="Flêremuzen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Flêremuzen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%97k%C5%A1niesparnis" title="Šėkšniesparnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šėkšniesparnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" title="蝙蝠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蝙蝠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungit" title="Pungit – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pungit" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afluflw%C3%AC" title="Afluflwì – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Afluflwì" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semawa" title="Semawa – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Semawa" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bat" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bat" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bat"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bat"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bat" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bat" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;oldid=1280081383" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Bat&amp;id=1280081383&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBat"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBat"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Bat&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bats" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28425" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of flying mammals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the sporting equipment, see <a href="/wiki/Baseball_bat" title="Baseball bat">Baseball bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_bat" title="Cricket bat">Cricket bat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Table tennis bat">Table tennis bat</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bat (disambiguation)">Bat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bats" and "Chiroptera" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bats_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bats (disambiguation)">Bats (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chiroptera (disambiguation)">Chiroptera (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Bats<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:202.4px; width:17.6px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:202.4px; width:17.6px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:203.4px; width:15.6px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg/300px-Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg/450px-Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg/600px-Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1520" usemap="#ImageMap_52c89b608486d923" resource="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_52c89b608486d923"><area href="/wiki/Common_vampire_bat" shape="rect" coords="0,0,158,98" alt="Common vampire bat" title="Common vampire bat" /><area href="/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat" shape="rect" coords="0,98,158,183" alt="Greater horseshoe bat" title="Greater horseshoe bat" /><area href="/wiki/Greater_short-nosed_fruit_bat" shape="rect" coords="0,183,158,301" alt="Greater short-nosed fruit bat" title="Greater short-nosed fruit bat" /><area href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" shape="rect" coords="293,0,158,98" alt="Egyptian fruit bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat" /><area href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" shape="rect" coords="293,98,158,183" alt="Mexican free-tailed bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat" /><area href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-eared_bat" shape="rect" coords="293,183,158,301" alt="Greater mouse-eared bat" title="Greater mouse-eared bat" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Chiroptera" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scrotifera" title="Scrotifera">Scrotifera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apo-Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apo-Chiroptera">Apo-Chiroptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chiroptera</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Blumenbach</a>, 1779</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Suborders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>(traditional): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megachiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Megachiroptera">Megachiroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Microchiroptera">Microchiroptera</a></li></ul> <p>(present): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bat_range.png/220px-Bat_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bat_range.png/330px-Bat_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bat_range.png/440px-Bat_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Worldwide distribution of bat species </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Bats</b> are flying <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Chiroptera</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="&#39;k&#39; in &#39;kind&#39;">k</span><span title="/aɪ/: &#39;i&#39; in &#39;tide&#39;">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;r&#39; in &#39;rye&#39;">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: &#39;o&#39; in &#39;body&#39;">ɒ</span><span title="&#39;p&#39; in &#39;pie&#39;">p</span><span title="&#39;t&#39; in &#39;tie&#39;">t</span><span title="/ər/: &#39;er&#39; in &#39;letter&#39;">ər</span><span title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With their forelimbs adapted as <a href="/wiki/Bat_wing_development" title="Bat wing development">wings</a>, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained <a href="/wiki/Bat_flight" title="Bat flight">flight</a>. Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or <a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagium</a>. The smallest bat, and arguably the <a href="/wiki/Smallest_organisms" title="Smallest organisms">smallest extant mammal</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Kitti%27s_hog-nosed_bat" title="Kitti&#39;s hog-nosed bat">Kitti's hog-nosed bat</a>, which is 29–34&#160;mm (1.1–1.3&#160;in) in length, 150&#160;mm (5.9&#160;in) across the wings and 2–2.6&#160;g (0.071–0.092&#160;oz) in mass. The largest bats are the <a href="/wiki/Flying_foxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying foxes">flying foxes</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Giant_golden-crowned_flying_fox" title="Giant golden-crowned flying fox">giant golden-crowned flying fox</a> (<i>Acerodon jubatus</i>) reaching a weight of 1.6&#160;kg (3.5&#160;lb) and having a wingspan of 1.7&#160;m (5&#160;ft 7&#160;in). </p><p>The second largest order of mammals after <a href="/wiki/Rodents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents">rodents</a>, bats comprise about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with over 1,400 species. These were traditionally divided into two suborders: the largely fruit-eating <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">megabats</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocating</a> <a href="/wiki/Microbat" title="Microbat">microbats</a>. But more recent evidence has supported dividing the order into <a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a>, with megabats as members of the former along with several species of microbats. Many bats are <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>, and most of the rest are <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a> (fruit-eaters) or <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectarivores</a> (nectar-eaters). A few species feed on animals other than insects; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">vampire bats</a> <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">feed on blood</a>. Most bats are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>, and many roost in caves or other refuges; it is uncertain whether bats have these behaviours to escape <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>. Bats are present throughout the world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They are important in their ecosystems for <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinating</a> <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> and dispersing seeds; many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for these services. </p><p>Bats provide humans with some direct benefits, at the cost of some disadvantages. Bat dung has been mined as <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing the need for <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and other insect management measures. Some bats are also predators of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, suppressing the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">mosquito-borne diseases</a>. Bats are sometimes numerous enough and close enough to human settlements to serve as tourist attractions, and they are used as food across Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>. However, fruit bats are frequently considered pests by fruit growers. Due to their physiology, bats are one type of animal that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">natural reservoir</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>; and since they are highly mobile, social, and long-lived, they can readily spread disease among themselves. If humans interact with bats, these traits become potentially dangerous to humans. </p><p>Depending on the culture, bats may be symbolically associated with positive traits, such as protection from certain diseases or risks, rebirth, or long life, but in the West, bats are popularly associated with darkness, malevolence, witchcraft, <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>, and death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An older English name for bats is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flittermouse" class="extiw" title="wikt:flittermouse">flittermouse</a>, which matches their name in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (for example German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fledermaus</i></span> and Swedish <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">fladdermus</i></span>), related to the fluttering of wings. <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> had <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">bakke</i></span>, most likely cognate with Old Swedish <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">natbakka</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">night-bat</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), which may have undergone a shift from <i>-k-</i> to <i>-t-</i> (to Modern English <i>bat</i>) influenced by Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">blatta</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">moth, nocturnal insect</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. The word <i>bat</i> was probably first used in the early 1570s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The name <i>Chiroptera</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">χείρ</span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kheír</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hand</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πτερόν</span></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pterón</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wing</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny_and_taxonomy">Phylogeny and taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Phylogeny and taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batfossil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Batfossil.jpg/170px-Batfossil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Batfossil.jpg/255px-Batfossil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Batfossil.jpg/340px-Batfossil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> fossil microchiropteran <i><a href="/wiki/Icaronycteris" title="Icaronycteris">Icaronycteris</a></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Formation" title="Green River Formation">Green River Formation</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The delicate <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a> of bats do not fossilise well; it is estimated that only 12% of bat <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> that lived have been found in the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most of the oldest known bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats, such as <i>Archaeopteropus</i> (32 million years ago). The oldest known bat fossils include <i>Archaeonycteris praecursor</i> and <i>Altaynycteris aurora</i> (55–56 million years ago), both known only from isolated teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The oldest complete bat skeleton is <i><a href="/wiki/Icaronycteris" title="Icaronycteris">Icaronycteris</a> gunnelli</i> (52 million years ago), known from two skeletons discovered in Wyoming.<sup id="cite_ref-simmons2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simmons2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The extinct bats <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeochiropteryx_tupaiodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon">Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hassianycteris_kumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassianycteris kumari">Hassianycteris kumari</a></i>, both of which lived 48&#160;million years ago, are the first fossil mammals whose colouration has been discovered: both were reddish-brown.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bats were formerly grouped in the superorder <a href="/wiki/Archonta" title="Archonta">Archonta</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Treeshrew" title="Treeshrew">treeshrews</a> (Scandentia), <a href="/wiki/Colugo" title="Colugo">colugos</a> (Dermoptera), and <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Modern genetic evidence now places bats in the superorder <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ferungulata" title="Ferungulata">Ferungulata</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivorans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">odd-toed ungulates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">even-toed ungulates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bat_Schematics_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bat_Schematics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-classification_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pumo1998_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pumo1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhou2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One study places Chiroptera as a sister taxon to odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left; width:800px;font-size:85%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> (primates, treeshrews, rodents, rabbits) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff/lossless-page1-50px-Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff/lossless-page1-75px-Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff/lossless-page1-100px-Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="780" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> (hedgehogs, shrews, moles, solenodons)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mole_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/60px-Mole_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/90px-Mole_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/120px-Mole_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="196" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Scrotifera" title="Scrotifera">Scrotifera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Chiroptera</b> (bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_(cropped_and_flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg/80px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg/120px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg/160px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped_and_flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Fereuungulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fereuungulata">Fereuungulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ferae" title="Ferae">Ferae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">Pholidota</a> (pangolins) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/70px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg" decoding="async" width="70" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/105px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/140px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="405" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> (cats, hyenas, dogs, bears, seals, weasels) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="740" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euungulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Euungulata">Euungulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyla</a> (horses, tapirs, rhinos) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="459" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a> (camels, ruminants, whales) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/60px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/90px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/120px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg/100px-Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg/150px-Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg/200px-Megaptera_novaeangliae_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="552" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> showing Chiroptera within <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Fereuungulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fereuungulata">Fereuungulata</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> according to a 2013 study<sup id="cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flying_primate_hypothesis" title="Flying primate hypothesis">flying primate hypothesis</a> proposed that when adaptations to flight are removed, megabats are allied to <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> by anatomical features not shared with microbats and thus flight evolved twice in mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey1992_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey1992-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Genetic studies have strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of bats and the single origin of mammal flight.<sup id="cite_ref-simmons2008_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simmons2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bailey1992_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey1992-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coevolutionary_evidence">Coevolutionary evidence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Coevolutionary evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An independent molecular analysis trying to establish the dates when bat ectoparasites (<a href="/wiki/Cimicidae" title="Cimicidae">bedbugs</a>) evolved came to the conclusion that bedbugs similar to those known today (all major extant lineages, all of which feed primarily on bats) had already diversified and become established over 100 mya (i.e., long before the oldest records for bats, 52 mya), suggesting that they initially all evolved on non-bat hosts and "bats were colonized several times independently, unless the evolutionary origin of bats has been grossly underestimated."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">Fleas</a>, as a group, are quite old (most flea families formed around the end of the Cretaceous<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), but no analyses have provided estimates for the age of the flea lineages associated with bats. The oldest known members of a different lineage of bat ectoparasites (<a href="/wiki/Streblidae" title="Streblidae">bat flies</a>), however, are from roughly 20 mya, well after the origin of bats.<sup id="cite_ref-Poinar&amp;Brown2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poinar&amp;Brown2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The bat-ectoparasitic <a href="/wiki/Earwig" title="Earwig">earwig</a> family <a href="/wiki/Arixeniidae" title="Arixeniidae">Arixeniidae</a> has no fossil record, but is not believed to originate more than 23 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-EvolutionoftheInsects_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvolutionoftheInsects-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_systematics">Inner systematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Inner systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left; width:700px;font-size:85%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Chiroptera</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Megachiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Pteropodidae</a> (megabats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/40px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/60px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/120px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="792" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Microbat" title="Microbat">Microchiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Mouse-tailed_bat" title="Mouse-tailed bat">Rhinolophoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a> (false vampire bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megaderma_spasma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/60px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/90px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/120px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kitti%27s_hog-nosed_bat" title="Kitti&#39;s hog-nosed bat">Craseonycteridae</a> (Kitti's hog-nosed bat) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/60px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/90px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/120px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mouse-tailed_bat" title="Mouse-tailed bat">Rhinopomatidae</a> (mouse-tailed bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg/60px-Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg/90px-Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg/120px-Rhinopoma_microphyllum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideridae</a> (Old World leaf-nosed bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg/60px-Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg/90px-Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg/120px-Commerson%27s_leaf-nosed_bats_hipposideros_commersoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1009" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">Rhinolophidae</a> (horseshoe bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/40px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/60px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/80px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Miniopterus" title="Miniopterus">Miniopteridae</a> (long winged bat) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg/60px-Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg/90px-Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg/120px-Miniopterus_schreibersii_dasythrix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bulldog_bat" title="Bulldog bat">Noctilionidae</a> (fisherman bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/40px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/60px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/80px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="3071" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mormoopidae" title="Mormoopidae">Mormoopidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pteronotus" title="Pteronotus">Pteronotus</a></i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/60px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/90px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/120px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mystacinidae" title="Mystacinidae">Mystacinidae</a> (New Zealand short-tailed bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg/70px-MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg/105px-MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg/140px-MystacinaTuberculataFord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="1981" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thyroptera" title="Thyroptera">Thyropteridae</a> (disc-winged bats) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Furipteridae" title="Furipteridae">Furipteridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Furipterus_horrens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/50px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/75px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/100px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="439" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mormoopidae" title="Mormoopidae">Mormoopidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mormoops" title="Mormoops">Mormoops</a></i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG/60px-Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG/120px-Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Leaf-nosed_bat" title="Leaf-nosed bat">Phyllostomidae</a> (New World leaf-nosed bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg/50px-Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg/75px-Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg/100px-Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1439" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Free-tailed_bat" title="Free-tailed bat">Molossidae</a> (free-tailed bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/50px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/75px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/100px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="299" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Emballonuridae</a> (sac-winged bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emballonura_semicaudata,_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_(22057146275).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg/50px-Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg/75px-Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg/100px-Emballonura_semicaudata%2C_Ovalau_Island_-_Joanne_Malotaux_%2822057146275%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Myzopoda" title="Myzopoda">Myzopodidae</a> (sucker-footed bats) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Emballonuridae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Taphozous" title="Taphozous">Taphozous</a></i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg/50px-Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg/75px-Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg/100px-Mauritian_Tomb_Bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Natalidae" title="Natalidae">Natalidae</a> (funnel-eared bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilonatalus_micropus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chilonatalus_micropus.png/50px-Chilonatalus_micropus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chilonatalus_micropus.png/75px-Chilonatalus_micropus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chilonatalus_micropus.png/100px-Chilonatalus_micropus.png 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1591" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionidae" title="Vespertilionidae">Vespertilionidae</a> (vesper bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg/50px-Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg/75px-Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg/100px-Barbastella_barbastellus_01-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="251" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Internal relationships of the Chiroptera, divided into the traditional megabat and microbat clades, according to a 2011 study<sup id="cite_ref-agnarsson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agnarsson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetic</a> evidence indicates that megabats originated during the early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, and belong within the four major lines of microbats.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Two new suborders have been proposed; <a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Pteropodidae</a>, or megabat family, as well as the families <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">Rhinolophidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideridae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craseonycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Craseonycteridae">Craseonycteridae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhinopomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinopomatidae">Rhinopomatidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Teeling-etal-2005_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teeling-etal-2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a> includes the other families of bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation), a conclusion supported by a 2005 DNA study.<sup id="cite_ref-Teeling-etal-2005_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teeling-etal-2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A 2013 phylogenomic study supported the two new proposed suborders.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left; width:700px;font-size:85%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Chiroptera</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a> (as above) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/60px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/90px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg/120px-Pteronotus_parnellii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Pteropodidae</a> (megabats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/40px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/60px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg/120px-Mariana_Fruit_Bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="792" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophoidea" title="Rhinolophoidea">Rhinolophoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a> (false vampire bats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megaderma_spasma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/60px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/90px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Megaderma_spasma.jpg/120px-Megaderma_spasma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>horseshoe bats and allies <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/40px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/60px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/80px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Internal relationships of the Chiroptera, with the megabats subsumed within Yinpterochiroptera, according to a 2013 study<sup id="cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg/130px-Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg/195px-Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Golden_crowned_fruit_bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giant_golden-crowned_flying_fox" title="Giant golden-crowned flying fox">Giant golden-crowned flying fox</a>, <i>Acerodon jubatus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The 2003 discovery of an early fossil bat from the 52-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Formation" title="Green River Formation">Green River Formation</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Onychonycteris" title="Onychonycteris">Onychonycteris finneyi</a></i>, indicates that flight evolved before echolocative abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Onychonycteris</i> had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches, such as <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbons</a>. This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting that it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, <i>Onychonycteris</i> probably alternated between flaps and glides in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-simmons2008_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simmons2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This suggests that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats, but flew from tree to tree and spent most of its time climbing or hanging on branches.<sup id="cite_ref-norberg_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norberg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The distinctive features of the <i>Onychonycteris</i> fossil also support the hypothesis that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal locomotors, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, holds that bats first flew by taking advantage of height and gravity to drop down on to prey, rather than running fast enough for a ground-level take off.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left; width:700px;font-size:85%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Chiroptera</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><small><a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><small><a href="/wiki/Emballonuroidea" title="Emballonuroidea">Emballonuroidea</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Myzopodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myzopodidae">Myzopodidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Emballonuridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nycteridae">Nycteridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><small><a href="/wiki/Noctilionoidea" title="Noctilionoidea">Noctilionoidea</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mystacinidae" title="Mystacinidae">Mystacinidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mormoopidae" title="Mormoopidae">Mormoopidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phyllostomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllostomidae">Phyllostomidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Furipteridae" title="Furipteridae">Furipteridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Noctilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilionidae">Noctilionidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thyropteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyropteridae">Thyropteridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><small><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionoidea" title="Vespertilionoidea">Vespertilionoidea</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Natalidae" title="Natalidae">Natalidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Molossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Molossidae">Molossidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Miniopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniopteridae">Miniopteridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cistugidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistugidae">Cistugidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionidae" title="Vespertilionidae">Vespertilionidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><small><a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pteropodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropodidae">Pteropodidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><small><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophoidea" title="Rhinolophoidea">Rhinolophoidea</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophidae">Rhinolophidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhinonycteridae" title="Rhinonycteridae">Rhinonycteridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Craseonycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Craseonycteridae">Craseonycteridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhinopomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinopomatidae">Rhinopomatidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Familial relationships of bats according to a 2023 study using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from 151 species. Two different analysis methods were used which resulted in almost identical trees, except for the position of Emballonuroidea and the relationships between Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, and Rhinonycteridae, which are represented as <a href="/wiki/Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The molecular phylogeny was controversial, as it pointed to microbats <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">not having a unique common ancestry</a>, which implied that some seemingly unlikely transformations occurred. The first is that laryngeal echolocation evolved twice in bats, once in Yangochiroptera and once in the rhinolophoids.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The second is that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera, was subsequently lost in the family Pteropodidae (all megabats), and later evolved as a system of tongue-clicking in the genus <i>Rousettus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Analyses of the sequence of the vocalization gene <i>FoxP2</i> were inconclusive on whether laryngeal echolocation was lost in the pteropodids or gained in the echolocating lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Echolocation probably first derived in bats from communicative calls. The Eocene bats <i><a href="/wiki/Icaronycteris" title="Icaronycteris">Icaronycteris</a></i> (52&#160;million years ago) and <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeochiropteryx" title="Palaeochiropteryx">Palaeochiropteryx</a></i> had cranial adaptations suggesting an ability to detect <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>. This may have been used at first mainly to forage on the ground for insects and map out their surroundings in their gliding phase, or for communicative purposes. After the adaptation of flight was established, it may have been refined to target flying prey by echolocation.<sup id="cite_ref-norberg_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norberg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Analyses of the hearing gene <i>Prestin</i> seem to favour the idea that echolocation developed independently at least twice, rather than being lost secondarily in the pteropodids,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogenic</a> analysis of the cochlea supports that laryngeal echolocation evolved only once.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chiropterans" title="List of chiropterans">List of chiropterans</a></div> <p>Bats are <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammal">placental mammals</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, they are the largest <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a>, making up about 20% of mammal species.<sup id="cite_ref-LeiDong2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeiDong2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1758, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> classified the seven bat species he knew of in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Vespertilio" title="Vespertilio">Vespertilio</a></i> in the order <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">Primates</a>. Around twenty years later, the German naturalist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> gave them their own order, Chiroptera.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Since then, the number of described species has risen to over 1,400,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> traditionally classified as two suborders: <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Megachiroptera</a> (megabats), and <a href="/wiki/Microbat" title="Microbat">Microchiroptera</a> (microbats/echolocating bats).<sup id="cite_ref-prothero_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothero-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Not all megabats are larger than microbats.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several characteristics distinguish the two groups. Microbats use <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a> for navigation and finding prey, but megabats apart from those in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Rousettus" title="Rousettus">Rousettus</a></i> do not.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_2004_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Accordingly, megabats have a well-developed eyesight.<sup id="cite_ref-prothero_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothero-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Megabats have a claw on the second finger of the forelimb.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olney_1994_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olney_1994-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The external ears of microbats do not close to form a ring; the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.<sup id="cite_ref-Olney_1994_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olney_1994-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Megabats <a href="/wiki/Frugivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivory">eat fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectar</a>, or pollen, while most microbats <a href="/wiki/Insectivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivory">eat insects</a>; others feed on fruit, nectar, pollen, <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">fish</a>, frogs, small mammals, or <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">blood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prothero_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothero-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg/170px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg/255px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg/340px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="3220" /></a><figcaption>"Chiroptera" from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i>, 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>Below is a table chart following the bat classification of families recognized by various authors of the ninth volume of <i>Handbook of the Mammals of the World</i> published in 2019:<sup id="cite_ref-HMW2019_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMW2019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#c2c2a9"><b>Chiroptera <small>Blumenbach, 1779</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#d9d9c1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yinpterochiroptera" title="Yinpterochiroptera">Yinpterochiroptera</a> <small>Springer, Teeling, Madsen, Stanhope &amp; Jong, 2001</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><b><a href="/wiki/Pteropodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropodidae">Pteropodoidea</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1821</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pteropodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropodidae">Pteropodidae</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1821</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">Old World fruit bats</a> </td> <td>191 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg/100px-Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg/150px-Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg/200px-Pteropus_niger_three.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><b><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophoidea" title="Rhinolophoidea">Rhinolophoidea</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1825</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinopomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinopomatidae">Rhinopomatidae</a> <small>Bonaparte, 1838</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mouse-tailed_bat" title="Mouse-tailed bat">Mouse-tailed bats</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg/120px-Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg/250px-Mouse-Tailed_Bat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="464" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Craseonycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Craseonycteridae">Craseonycteridae</a> <small>Hill, 1974</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitti%27s_hog-nosed_bat" title="Kitti&#39;s hog-nosed bat">Hog-nosed bat</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/100px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/150px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png/200px-Craseonycteris_thonglongyai.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">Megadermatidae</a> <small>H. Allen, 1864</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megadermatidae" title="Megadermatidae">False-vampires</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_(Megaderma_lyra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg/100px-Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg/150px-Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg/200px-Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="2173" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinonycteridae" title="Rhinonycteridae">Rhinonycteridae</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1866</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinonycteridae" title="Rhinonycteridae">Trident bats</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg/100px-Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg/150px-Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg/200px-Rhinonicteris_aurantia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideridae</a> <small>Lydekker, 1891</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Old World leaf-nosed bats</a> </td> <td>88 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg/100px-Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg/150px-Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg/200px-Bat_in_a_Cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="2167" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophidae">Rhinolophidae</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1825</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">Horseshoe bats</a> </td> <td>109 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat(20070605).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bat%2820070605%29.jpg/100px-Bat%2820070605%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bat%2820070605%29.jpg/150px-Bat%2820070605%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bat%2820070605%29.jpg/200px-Bat%2820070605%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#d9d9c1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yangochiroptera" title="Yangochiroptera">Yangochiroptera</a> <small>Koopman, 1984</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><b><a href="/wiki/Emballonuroidea" title="Emballonuroidea">Emballonuroidea</a> <small>Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nycteridae">Nycteridae</a> <small>Van der Hoeven, 1855</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nycteris" title="Nycteris">Slit-faced bats</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Slit-faced_Bat_(Nycteris_thebaica)_(7027172215).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg/100px-Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg/150px-Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg/200px-Common_Slit-faced_Bat_%28Nycteris_thebaica%29_%287027172215%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Emballonuridae</a> <small>Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emballonuridae" title="Emballonuridae">Sheath-tailed bats</a> </td> <td>54 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg/120px-Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg/150px-Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Emballonura_semicaudata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="269" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><b><a href="/wiki/Noctilionoidea" title="Noctilionoidea">Noctilionoidea</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1821</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Myzopodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myzopodidae">Myzopodidae</a> <small>Thomas, 1904</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_sucker-footed_bat" title="Madagascar sucker-footed bat">Madagascar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_sucker-footed_bat" title="Western sucker-footed bat">western sucker-footed bats</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg/100px-Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg/150px-Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg/200px-Myzopoda_Myzopodidae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mystacinidae" title="Mystacinidae">Mystacinidae</a> <small>Dobson, 1875</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mystacinidae" title="Mystacinidae">New Zealand short-tailed bats</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_short-tailed_bats,_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg/100px-Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg/150px-Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg/200px-Southern_short-tailed_bats%2C_Mystacina_tuberculata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thyropteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyropteridae">Thyropteridae</a> <small>Miller, 1907</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thyroptera" title="Thyroptera">Disk-winged bats</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thyroptera_discifera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thyroptera_discifera.jpg/100px-Thyroptera_discifera.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thyroptera_discifera.jpg/150px-Thyroptera_discifera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thyroptera_discifera.jpg/200px-Thyroptera_discifera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="227" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Furipteridae" title="Furipteridae">Furipteridae</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1866</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smoky_bat" title="Smoky bat">Smoky bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thumbless_bat" title="Thumbless bat">thumbless bat</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Furipterus_horrens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/100px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/150px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Furipterus_horrens.jpg/200px-Furipterus_horrens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="439" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noctilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilionidae">Noctilionidae</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1821</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulldog_bat" title="Bulldog bat">Bulldog bats</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/100px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/150px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg/200px-Captive_Noctilio_leporinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="3071" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mormoopidae" title="Mormoopidae">Mormoopidae</a> <small>Saussure, 1860</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghost-faced_bat" title="Ghost-faced bat">Ghost-faced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davy%27s_naked-backed_bat" title="Davy&#39;s naked-backed bat">naked-backed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mormoops" title="Mormoops">mustached bats</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG/120px-Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG/250px-Mormoops_megalophylla.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phyllostomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllostomidae">Phyllostomidae</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1825</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leaf-nosed_bat" title="Leaf-nosed bat">New World leaf-nosed bats</a> </td> <td>217 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg/100px-Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg/150px-Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg/200px-Phyllostomus_discolor_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#ebebd2"><b><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionoidea" title="Vespertilionoidea">Vespertilionoidea</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1821</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Number of Species</th> <th>Image Figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalidae" title="Natalidae">Natalidae</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1825</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalidae" title="Natalidae">Funnel-eared bats</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natalus_stramineus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Natalus_stramineus.jpg/100px-Natalus_stramineus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Natalus_stramineus.jpg/150px-Natalus_stramineus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Natalus_stramineus.jpg/200px-Natalus_stramineus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Molossidae">Molossidae</a> <small>Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free-tailed_bat" title="Free-tailed bat">Free-tailed bats</a> </td> <td>126 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/100px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/150px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg/200px-Mormopterus_beccarii_astrolabiensis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="299" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miniopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniopteridae">Miniopteridae</a> <small>Dobson, 1875</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miniopterus" title="Miniopterus">Long-fingered and bent-wing bats</a> </td> <td>38 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg/100px-Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg/150px-Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg/200px-Southern_bentwing_bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="896" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cistugidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistugidae">Cistugidae</a> <small>Lack et al., 2010</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cistugo" title="Cistugo">Wing-gland bats</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionidae" title="Vespertilionidae">Vespertilionidae</a> <small>J. E. Gray, 1821</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionidae" title="Vespertilionidae">Vesper bats</a> </td> <td>496 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg/100px-Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg/150px-Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg/200px-Vespertilio_murinus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Anatomy and physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull_and_dentition">Skull and dentition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Skull and dentition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg/220px-Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg/330px-Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg/440px-Horniman_fruit_bat_skin_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A preserved megabat showing how the skeleton fits inside its skin</figcaption></figure> <p>The head and teeth shape of bats can vary by species. In general, megabats have longer snouts, larger eye sockets and smaller ears, giving them a more dog-like appearance, which is the source of their nickname of "flying foxes".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among microbats, longer snouts are associated with nectar-feeding,<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while vampire bats have reduced snouts to accommodate large incisors and canines.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhall1983_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhall1983-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small insect-eating bats can have as many as 38 teeth, while vampire bats have only 20. Bats that feed on hard-shelled insects have fewer but larger teeth with longer canines and more robust lower jaws than species that prey on softer bodied insects. In nectar-feeding bats, the canines are long while the cheek-teeth are reduced. In fruit-eating bats, the cusps of the cheek teeth are adapted for crushing.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The upper incisors of vampire bats lack <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a>, which keeps them razor-sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhall1983_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhall1983-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The bite force of small bats is generated through <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a>, allowing them to bite through the <a href="/wiki/Sclerotization" title="Sclerotization">hardened</a> armour of insects or the <a href="/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" title="Peel (fruit)">skin</a> of fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wings_and_flight">Wings and flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Wings and flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bat_flight" title="Bat flight">Bat flight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat_wing_development" title="Bat wing development">Bat wing development</a></div> <p>Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Glide_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide (flight)">gliding</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel" title="Flying squirrel">flying squirrel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-molecule_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molecule-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The fastest bat, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bat</a> (<i>Tadarida brasiliensis</i>), can achieve a <a href="/wiki/Ground_speed" title="Ground speed">ground speed</a> of 160&#160;km/h (100&#160;mph).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv/220px--Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="150" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora&quot;" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv/Flapping-Tail-Membrane-in-Bats-Produces-Potentially-Important-Thrust-during-Horizontal-Takeoffs-and-pone.0032074.s004.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="212" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Little brown bat take off and flight</figcaption></figure> <p>The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low levels of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> near their tips.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The elongation of bat digits, a key feature required for wing development, is due to the <a href="/wiki/Upregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Upregulation">upregulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">bone morphogenetic proteins</a> (Bmps). During <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic development</a>, the gene controlling Bmp signalling, <i><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">Bmp2</a></i>, is subjected to increased expression in bat forelimbs&#160;&#8211;&#32;resulting in the extension of the manual digits. This crucial genetic alteration helps create the specialized limbs required for powered flight. The relative proportion of extant bat forelimb digits compared with those of Eocene fossil bats have no significant differences, suggesting that bat wing morphology has been conserved for over fifty million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During flight, the bones undergo <a href="/wiki/Bending" title="Bending">bending</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shearing</a> <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stress</a>; the bending stresses felt are smaller than in terrestrial mammals, but the shearing stress is larger. The wing bones of bats have a slightly lower breaking stress point than those of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in other mammals, and unlike in birds, the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radius (anatomy)">radius</a> is the main component of the forearm. Bats have five elongated digits, which all radiate around the wrist. The thumb points forward and supports the <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edge</a> of the wing, and the other digits support the tension held in the wing membrane. The second and third digits go along the wing tip, allowing the wing to be pulled forward against aerodynamic <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>, without having to be thick as in <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaur</a> wings. The fourth and fifth digits go from the wrist to the <a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">trailing edge</a>, and repel the bending force caused by air pushing up against the stiff membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-pennycuick_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Due to their flexible joints, bats are more maneuverable and more dexterous than gliding mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-marshall2015_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall2015-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/220px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/330px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/440px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Wing membranes (<a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagia</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Townsend%27s_big-eared_bat" title="Townsend&#39;s big-eared bat">Townsend's big-eared bat</a>, <i>Corynorhinus townsendii</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than the wings of birds, allowing bats to maneuver more accurately than the latter, and fly with more lift and less drag.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By folding the wings in toward their bodies on the upstroke, they save 35 percent energy during flight.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The membranes are delicate, tearing easily,<sup id="cite_ref-ideas_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideas-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but can regrow, and small tears heal quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-ideas_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideas-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The surface of the wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called <a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell" title="Merkel cell">Merkel cells</a>, also found on human fingertips. These sensitive areas are different in bats, as each bump has a tiny hair in the center, making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and adapt to changing airflow; the primary use is to judge the most efficient speed at which to fly, and possibly also to avoid <a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (fluid mechanics)">stalls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sterbing_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sterbing-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Insectivorous bats may also use tactile hairs to help perform complex maneuvers to capture prey in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-marshall2015_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall2015-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Skin"></span> The <a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagium</a> is the wing membrane; it is stretched between the arm and finger bones, and down the side of the body to the hind limbs and tail. This skin membrane consists of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic fibre">elastic fibres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. The muscles keep the membrane taut during flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehlhorn2013_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehlhorn2013-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The extent to which the tail of a bat is attached to a patagium can vary by species, with some having completely free tails or even no tails.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The skin on the body of the bat, which has one layer of <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a> and a fatty subcutaneous layer, is very different from the skin of the wing membrane. Depending on the bat species the presence of hair follicles and sweat glands will vary in the patagium.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This patagium is an extremely thin double layer of epidermis; these layers are separated by a <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> center, rich with <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">elastic fibers</a>. In some bat species sweat glands will be present in between this connective tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Furthermore, if hair follicles are present this supports the bat in order to adjust sudden flight maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For bat embryos, <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> (programmed cell death) affects only the hindlimbs, while the forelimbs retain webbing between the digits that forms into the wing membranes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015166–167_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015166–167-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unlike birds, whose stiff wings deliver bending and torsional stress to the shoulders, bats have a flexible wing membrane that can resist only tension. To achieve flight, a bat exerts force inwards at the points where the membrane meets the skeleton, so that an opposing force balances it on the wing edges perpendicular to the wing surface. This adaptation does not permit bats to reduce their wingspans, unlike birds, which can partly fold their wings in flight, radically reducing the wing span and area for the upstroke and for gliding. Hence bats cannot travel over long distances as birds can.<sup id="cite_ref-pennycuick_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nectar- and pollen-eating bats can hover, in a similar way to <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>. The sharp leading edges of the wings can create <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortices</a>, which provide <a href="/wiki/Vortex_lift" title="Vortex lift">lift</a>. The vortex may be stabilized by the animal changing its wing curvatures.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roosting_and_gaits">Roosting and gaits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Roosting and gaits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG/290px-Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG/435px-Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG/580px-Group_flying_dogs_hanging_in_tree_Sri_Lanka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Group of megabats roosting</figcaption></figure> <p>When not flying, bats hang upside down from their feet, a posture known as roosting.<sup id="cite_ref-fenton1984_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenton1984-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The femurs are attached at the hips in a way that allows them to bend outward and upward in flight. The ankle joint can flex to allow the trailing edge of the wings to bend downwards. This does not permit many movements other than hanging or clambering up trees.<sup id="cite_ref-pennycuick_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most megabats roost with the head tucked towards the belly, whereas most microbats roost with the neck curled towards the back. This difference is reflected in the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical vertebra">cervical or neck vertebrae</a> in the two groups, which are clearly distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-fenton1984_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenton1984-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tendons allow bats to lock their feet closed when hanging from a roost. Muscular power is needed to let go, but not to grasp a perch or when holding on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201578_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201578-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>When on the ground, most bats can only crawl awkwardly. A few species such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_lesser_short-tailed_bat" title="New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat">New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_vampire_bat" title="Common vampire bat">common vampire bat</a> are agile on the ground. Both species make lateral gaits (the limbs move one after the other) when moving slowly but vampire bats move with a bounding gait (all limbs move in unison) at greater speeds, the folded up wings being used to propel them forward. Vampire bats likely evolved these gaits to follow their hosts while short-tailed bats developed in the absence of terrestrial mammal competitors. Enhanced terrestrial locomotion does not appear to have reduced their ability to fly.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_systems">Internal systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Internal systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bats have an efficient <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>. They seem to make use of particularly strong venomotion, a rhythmic contraction of <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">venous</a> wall muscles. In most mammals, the walls of the veins provide mainly passive resistance, maintaining their shape as deoxygenated blood flows through them, but in bats they appear to actively support blood flow back to the heart with this pumping action.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Since their bodies are relatively small and lightweight, bats are not at risk of blood flow rushing to their heads when roosting.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bats possess a highly adapted <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> to cope with the demands of powered flight, an energetically taxing activity that requires a large continuous throughput of oxygen. In bats, the relative alveolar surface area and pulmonary capillary blood volume are larger than in most other small quadrupedal mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During flight the respiratory cycle has a one-to-one relationship with the wing-beat cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Because of the limits of mammalian lungs, bats cannot maintain high-altitude flight.<sup id="cite_ref-pennycuick_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Flying_fox_at_botanical_gardens_in_Sydney_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>The wings are highly vascularized membranes, the larger blood vessels visible against the light.<sup id="cite_ref-benhamo_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benhamo-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It takes a lot of energy and an efficient circulatory system to work the flight muscles of bats. Energy supply to the muscles engaged in flight requires about double the amount compared to the muscles that do not use flight as a means of mammalian locomotion. In parallel to energy consumption, blood oxygen levels of flying animals are twice as much as those of their terrestrially locomoting mammals. As the blood supply controls the amount of oxygen supplied throughout the body, the circulatory system must respond accordingly. Therefore, compared to a terrestrial mammal of the same relative size, the bat's <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> can be up to three times larger, and pump more blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Jürgens_Bartels_Bartels_1981_pp._243–260_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jürgens_Bartels_Bartels_1981_pp._243–260-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cardiac output is directly derived from heart rate and <a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">stroke volume</a> of the blood;<sup id="cite_ref-Martini_2015_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martini_2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> an active microbat can reach a heart rate of 1000 <a href="/wiki/Beats_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats per minute">beats per minute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WANG2009_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WANG2009-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its extremely thin membranous tissue, a bat's wing can significantly contribute to the organism's total gas exchange efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Makanya2007_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makanya2007-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Because of the high energy demand of flight, the bat's body meets those demands by exchanging gas through the patagium of the wing. When the bat has its wings spread it allows for an increase in surface area to volume ratio. The surface area of the wings is about 85% of the total body surface area, suggesting the possibility of a useful degree of gas exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-Makanya2007_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makanya2007-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The subcutaneous vessels in the membrane lie very close to the surface and allow for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive system</a> of bats has varying adaptations depending on the species of bat and its diet. As in other flying animals, food is processed quickly and effectively to keep up with the energy demand. Insectivorous bats may have certain <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a> to better process insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Chitinase" title="Chitinase">chitinase</a> to break down <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, which is a large component of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vampire bats, probably due to their diet of blood, are the only vertebrates that do not have the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Maltase" title="Maltase">maltase</a>, which breaks down <a href="/wiki/Malt_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt sugar">malt sugar</a>, in their intestinal tract. Nectivorous and frugivorous bats have more maltase and <a href="/wiki/Sucrase" title="Sucrase">sucrase</a> enzymes than insectivorous, to cope with the higher sugar contents of their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-schondube01_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schondube01-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adaptations of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> of bats vary with their diets. Carnivorous and vampire bats consume large amounts of protein and can output concentrated <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>; their kidneys have a thin cortex and long <a href="/wiki/Renal_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal papilla">renal papillae</a>. Frugivorous bats lack that ability and have kidneys adapted for <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>-retention due to their low-electrolyte diet; their kidneys accordingly have a thick cortex and very short conical papillae.<sup id="cite_ref-schondube01_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schondube01-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bats have higher metabolic rates associated with flying, which lead to an increased respiratory water loss. Their large wings are composed of the highly vascularized membranes, increasing the surface area, and leading to <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous">cutaneous</a> evaporative water loss.<sup id="cite_ref-benhamo_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benhamo-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Water helps maintain their <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">ionic balance</a> in their blood, <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a> system, and removal of wastes and toxins from the body via urine. They are also susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen" title="Blood urea nitrogen">blood urea</a> poisoning if they do not receive enough fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure of the uterine system in female bats can vary by species, with some having two <a href="/wiki/Uterine_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine horn">uterine horns</a> while others have a single mainline chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015164_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015164-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Echolocation">Echolocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Echolocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation#Bats" title="Animal echolocation">Animal echolocation §&#160;Bats</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipistrellus.ogg" title="File:Pipistrellus.ogg"><i>Pipistrellus</i> pulses</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Pipistrellus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Pipistrellus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Pipistrellus.ogg/Pipistrellus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Time-expanded recording of <i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</i> bat echolocation calls and social call</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_feeding_buzz.wav" title="File:Bat feeding buzz.wav">Feeding buzz</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Bat_feeding_buzz.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Bat_feeding_buzz.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Time-expanded recording of the feeding buzz of a bat homing in on its prey</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div><p> Microbats and a few megabats emit ultrasonic sounds to produce echoes. Sound intensity of these echos are dependent on subglottic pressure. The bats' cricothyroid muscle controls the orientation pulse frequency, which is an important function. This muscle is located inside the larynx and it is the only tensor muscle capable of aiding phonation.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By comparing the outgoing pulse with the returning echoes, bats can gather information on their surroundings. This allows them to detect prey in darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201582–84_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201582–84-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some bat calls can reach 140 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">decibels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Microbats use their <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> to emit echolocation signals through the mouth or the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Microbat calls range in frequency from 14,000 to well over 100,000&#160;Hz, extending well beyond the range of human hearing (between 20 and 20,000&#160;Hz).<sup id="cite_ref-muller2004_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muller2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Various groups of bats have evolved fleshy extensions around and above the nostrils, known as <a href="/wiki/Nose-leaf" title="Nose-leaf">nose-leaves</a>, which play a role in sound transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201531_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201531-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_echolocation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/290px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/435px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/580px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Principle of bat echolocation: orange is the call and green is the echo.</figcaption></figure> <p>In low-duty cycle echolocation, bats can separate their calls and returning echoes by time. They have to time their short calls to finish before echoes return.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2007_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2007-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The delay of the returning echoes allows the bat to estimate the range to their prey.<sup id="cite_ref-muller2004_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muller2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In high-duty cycle echolocation, bats emit a continuous call and separate pulse and echo in frequency using the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a> of their motion in flight. The shift of the returning echoes yields information relating to the motion and location of the bat's prey. These bats must deal with changes in the Doppler shift due to changes in their flight speed. They have adapted to change their pulse emission frequency in relation to their flight speed so echoes still return in the optimal hearing range.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2007_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2007-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to echolocating prey, bat ears are sensitive to sounds made by their prey, such as the fluttering of moth wings. The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of bat ears helps to sharply focus echolocation signals, and to passively listen for any other sound produced by the prey. These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a>, and exist in a large variety of unrelated animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aye-aye" title="Aye-aye">aye-aye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_galago" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser galago">lesser galago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">bat-eared fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse_lemur" title="Mouse lemur">mouse lemur</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bats can estimate the elevation of their target using the <a href="/wiki/Interference_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference pattern">interference patterns</a> from the echoes reflecting from the <a href="/wiki/Tragus_(ear)" title="Tragus (ear)">tragus</a>, a flap of skin in the external ear.<sup id="cite_ref-muller2004_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muller2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertholdiatrigona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bertholdiatrigona.jpg/220px-Bertholdiatrigona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bertholdiatrigona.jpg/330px-Bertholdiatrigona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bertholdiatrigona.jpg/440px-Bertholdiatrigona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bertholdia_trigona" title="Bertholdia trigona">tiger moth</a> (<i>Bertholdia trigona</i>) can <a href="/wiki/Echolocation_jamming" title="Echolocation jamming">jam</a> bat echolocation.<sup id="cite_ref-corcoran2009_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corcoran2009-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hristov2005_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hristov2005-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By repeated scanning, bats can mentally construct an accurate image of the environment in which they are moving and of their prey.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some species of moth have exploited this, such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctiidae">tiger moths</a>, which produces <a href="/wiki/Aposematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aposematic">aposematic</a> ultrasound signals to warn bats that they are chemically protected and therefore distasteful.<sup id="cite_ref-corcoran2009_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corcoran2009-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hristov2005_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hristov2005-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Moth species including the tiger moth can produce signals to <a href="/wiki/Echolocation_jamming" title="Echolocation jamming">jam bat echolocation</a>. Many moth species have a hearing organ called a <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanum</a>, which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive manoeuvres.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vision">Vision</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, leading to poor <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a>, but no species is blind.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most microbats have <a href="/wiki/Mesopic_vision" title="Mesopic vision">mesopic vision</a>, meaning that they can detect light only in low levels, whereas other mammals have <a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic vision</a>, which allows colour vision. Microbats may use their vision for orientation and while travelling between their roosting grounds and feeding grounds, as echolocation is effective only over short distances. Some species can detect <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV). As the bodies of some microbats have distinct coloration, they may be able to discriminate colours.<sup id="cite_ref-molecule_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molecule-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wang2004_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2004-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Megabat species often have eyesight as good as, if not better than, human vision. Their eyesight is adapted to both night and daylight vision, including some colour vision.<sup id="cite_ref-wang2004_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2004-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Magnetoreception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microbats make use of <a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">magnetoreception</a>, in that they have a high sensitivity to the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth&#39;s magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>, as birds do. Microbats use a polarity-based compass, meaning that they differentiate north from south, unlike birds, which use the strength of the magnetic field to differentiate <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>, which may be used in long-distance travel. The mechanism is unknown but may involve <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> particles.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Thermoregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wiki_bat.jpg/260px-Wiki_bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wiki_bat.jpg/390px-Wiki_bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Wiki_bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Thermographic image of a bat using trapped air as insulation</figcaption></figure> <p>Most bats are <a href="/wiki/Homeothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeothermic">homeothermic</a> (having a stable body temperature), the exception being the vesper bats (Vespertilionidae), the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae), the free-tailed bats (Molossidae), and the bent-winged bats (Miniopteridae), which extensively use <a href="/wiki/Heterothermy" title="Heterothermy">heterothermy</a> (where body temperature can vary).<sup id="cite_ref-Nowack_2017_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowack_2017-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Compared to other mammals, bats have a high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>. The wings are filled with blood vessels, and lose body heat when extended. At rest, they may wrap their wings around themselves to trap a layer of warm air. Smaller bats generally have a higher metabolic rate than larger bats, and so need to consume more food in order to maintain homeothermy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham201199–100_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham201199–100-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bats may avoid flying during the day to prevent overheating in the sun, since their dark wing-membranes absorb solar radiation. Bats may not be able to dissipate heat if the ambient temperature is too high;<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> they use saliva to cool themselves in extreme conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-pennycuick_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennycuick-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among megabats, the flying fox <i><a href="/wiki/Pteropus_hypomelanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropus hypomelanus">Pteropus hypomelanus</a></i> uses saliva and wing-fanning to cool itself while roosting during the hottest part of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Ochoa-AcuñaKunz1999_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ochoa-AcuñaKunz1999-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among microbats, the <a href="/wiki/Yuma_myotis" title="Yuma myotis">Yuma myotis</a> (<i>Myotis yumanensis</i>), the Mexican free-tailed bat, and the <a href="/wiki/Pallid_bat" title="Pallid bat">pallid bat</a> (<i>Antrozous pallidus</i>) cope with temperatures up to 45&#160;°C (113&#160;°F) by panting, salivating, and licking their fur to promote evaporative cooling; this is sufficient to dissipate twice their metabolic heat production.<sup id="cite_ref-LichtLeitner1967_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LichtLeitner1967-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bats also possess a system of <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincter</a> valves on the arterial side of the vascular network that runs along the edge of their wings. When fully open, these allow oxygenated blood to flow through the <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> network across the wing membrane; when contracted, they <a href="/wiki/Shunt_(medical)" title="Shunt (medical)">shunt</a> flow directly to the veins, bypassing the wing capillaries. This allows bats to control how much heat is exchanged through the flight membrane, allowing them to release heat during flight. Many other mammals use the capillary network in oversized ears for the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Torpor">Torpor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Torpor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG/170px-Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG/255px-Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG/340px-Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tricoloured_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricoloured bat">tricoloured bat</a> (<i>Perimyotis subflavus</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">Torpor</a>, a state of decreased activity where the body temperature and <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> decreases, is especially useful for bats, as they use a large amount of energy while active, depend upon an unreliable food source, and have a limited ability to store fat. They generally drop their body temperature in this state to 6–30&#160;°C (43–86&#160;°F), and may reduce their energy expenditure by 50 to 99%.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tropical bats may use it to avoid predation, by reducing the amount of time spent on foraging and thus reducing the chance of being caught by a predator.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Megabats were generally believed to be homeothermic, but three species of small megabats, with a mass of about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>50 grams (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>&#8260;<span class="den">4</span></span> ounces), have been known to use torpor: the <a href="/wiki/Common_blossom_bat" title="Common blossom bat">common blossom bat</a> (<i>Syconycteris australis</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Long-tongued_nectar_bat" title="Long-tongued nectar bat">long-tongued nectar bat</a> (<i>Macroglossus minimus</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_tube-nosed_bat" title="Eastern tube-nosed bat">eastern tube-nosed bat</a> (<i>Nyctimene robinsoni</i>). Torpid states last longer in the summer for megabats than in the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>, bats enter a torpid state and decrease their body temperature for 99.6% of their hibernation period; even during periods of arousal, when they return their body temperature to normal, they sometimes enter a shallow torpid state, known as "heterothermic arousal".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some bats <a href="/wiki/Aestivation" title="Aestivation">become dormant during higher temperatures</a> to keep cool in the summer months.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heterothermic bats during long migrations may fly at night and go into a torpid state roosting in the daytime. Unlike migratory birds, which fly during the day and feed during the night, nocturnal bats have a conflict between travelling and eating. The energy saved reduces their need to feed, and also decreases the duration of migration, which may prevent them from spending too much time in unfamiliar places, and decrease predation. In some species, pregnant individuals may not use torpor.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists reported in January 2025 that they had discovered how bats travel hundreds of miles in the spring to give birth in warmer temperatures: they surf storm fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The smallest bat is <a href="/wiki/Kitti%27s_hog-nosed_bat" title="Kitti&#39;s hog-nosed bat">Kitti's hog-nosed bat</a> (<i>Craseonycteris thonglongyai</i>), which is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />29–34&#160;mm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>&#8260;<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>&#8260;<span class="den">8</span></span>&#160;in) long with a 150-millimetre (6&#160;in) wingspan and weighs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />2–2.6&#160;g (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>&#8260;<span class="den">16</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>&#8260;<span class="den">32</span></span>&#160;oz).<sup id="cite_ref-Edge_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is also arguably the smallest <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species of mammal, next to the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_shrew" title="Etruscan shrew">Etruscan shrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The largest bats are a few species of <i><a href="/wiki/Pteropus" title="Pteropus">Pteropus</a></i> megabats and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_golden-crowned_flying_fox" title="Giant golden-crowned flying fox">giant golden-crowned flying fox</a>, (<i>Acerodon jubatus</i>), which can weigh <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1.6&#160;kg (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>&#8260;<span class="den">2</span></span>&#160;lb) with a wingspan of 1.7&#160;m (5&#160;ft 7&#160;in).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Larger bats tend to use lower frequencies and smaller bats higher for echolocation; high-frequency echolocation is better at detecting smaller prey. Small prey may be absent in the diets of large bats as they are unable to detect them.<sup id="cite_ref-gonsalves_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonsalves-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The adaptations of a particular bat species can directly influence what kinds of prey are available to it.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_tent-making_bats.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Common_tent-making_bats.JPG/220px-Common_tent-making_bats.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Common_tent-making_bats.JPG/330px-Common_tent-making_bats.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Common_tent-making_bats.JPG/440px-Common_tent-making_bats.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tent-making_bat" title="Tent-making bat">Tent-making bats</a> (<i>Uroderma bilobatum</i>) in Costa Rica</figcaption></figure> <p>Flight has enabled bats to become one of the most widely distributed groups of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apart from the Arctic, the Antarctic and a few isolated oceanic islands, bats exist in almost every habitat on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tropical areas tend to have more species than temperate ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201532_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201532-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Different species select different habitats during different seasons, ranging from seasides to mountains and deserts, but they require suitable roosts. Bat roosts can be found in hollows, crevices, foliage, and even human-made structures, and include "tents" the bats construct with leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Megabats generally roost in trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham201121_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham201121-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most microbats are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a><sup id="cite_ref-bats_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bats-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and megabats are typically <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwab_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwab-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Microbats are known to exhibit diurnal behaviour in temperate regions during summer when there is insufficient night time to forage,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in areas where there are few avian predators during the day.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In temperate areas, some microbats <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrate</a> hundreds of kilometres to winter hibernation dens;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton200160–62_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200160–62-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> others pass into torpor in cold weather, rousing and feeding when warm weather allows insects to be active.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton200193–94_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200193–94-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Others retreat to caves for winter and hibernate for as much as six months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton200193–94_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200193–94-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Microbats rarely fly in rain; it interferes with their echolocation, and they are unable to hunt.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_feeding">Food and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Food and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/220px--Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Microbats&#39;_hunting.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Microbats%27_hunting.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, flac&quot;" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv/Microbats%27_hunting.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Bats feeding on insects over a lake</figcaption></figure> <p>Different bat species have different diets, including insects, nectar, pollen, fruit and even vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015104–107_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015104–107-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Megabats are mostly fruit, nectar and pollen eaters.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwab_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwab-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Due to their small size, high-metabolism and rapid burning of energy through flight, bats must consume large amounts of food for their size. Insectivorous bats may eat over 120 percent of their body weight per day, while frugivorous bats may eat over twice their weight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015116_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015116-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They can travel significant distances each night, exceptionally as much as 38.5&#160;km (24&#160;mi) in the spotted bat (<i><a href="/wiki/Euderma_maculatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Euderma maculatum">Euderma maculatum</a></i>), in search of food.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bats use a variety of hunting strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-gonsalves_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonsalves-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bats get most of their water from the food they eat; many species also drink from water sources like lakes and streams, flying over the surface and dipping their tongues into the water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201576_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201576-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chiroptera as a whole are in the process of losing the ability to synthesise <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22069493_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22069493-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a test of 34 bat species from six major families, including major insect- and fruit-eating bat families, all were found to have lost the ability to synthesise it, and this loss may derive from a common bat ancestor, as a single mutation.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At least two species of bat, the frugivorous bat (<i>Rousettus leschenaultii</i>) and the insectivorous bat (<i>Hipposideros armiger</i>), have retained their ability to produce vitamin C.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21037206_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21037206-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insects">Insects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most microbats, especially in temperate areas, prey on insects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015104–107_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015104–107-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The diet of an insectivorous bat may span many species,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015108–110_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015108–110-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, moths, <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayflies">mayflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caddisflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddisflies">caddisflies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wray_Jusino_Banik_Palmer_2018_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wray_Jusino_Banik_Palmer_2018-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Large numbers of Mexican free-tailed bats (<i>Tadarida brasiliensis</i>) fly hundreds of metres above the ground in central Texas to feed on migrating moths.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Species that hunt insects in flight, like the <a href="/wiki/Little_brown_bat" title="Little brown bat">little brown bat</a> (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>), may catch an insect in mid-air with the mouth, and eat it in the air or use their tail membranes or wings to scoop up the insect and carry it to the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015120_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015120-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The bat may also take the insect back to its roost and eat it there.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Slower moving bat species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Brown_long-eared_bat" title="Brown long-eared bat">brown long-eared bat</a> (<i>Plecotus auritus</i>) and many horseshoe bat species, may take or <a href="/wiki/Bat_flight#Gleaning" title="Bat flight">glean</a> insects from vegetation or hunt them from perches.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Insectivorous bats living at high latitudes have to consume prey with higher energetic value than tropical bats.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fruit_and_nectar">Fruit and nectar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Fruit and nectar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg/220px-Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg/330px-Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg/440px-Rousettus_aegyptiacus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat">Egyptian fruit bat</a> (<i>Rousettus aegyptiacus</i>) carrying a <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">fig</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fruit eating, or frugivory, is found in both major suborders. Bats prefer ripe fruit, pulling it off the trees with their teeth. They fly back to their roosts to eat the fruit, sucking out the juice and spitting the seeds and pulp out onto the ground. This helps disperse the seeds of these fruit trees, which may take root and grow where the bats have left them, and many species of plants depend on bats for <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_fruit_bat" title="Jamaican fruit bat">Jamaican fruit bat</a> (<i>Artibeus jamaicensis</i>) has been recorded carrying fruits weighing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />3–14&#160;g (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>&#8260;<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>&#8260;<span class="den">2</span></span>&#160;oz) or even as much as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />50&#160;g (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>&#8260;<span class="den">4</span></span>&#160;oz).<sup id="cite_ref-Ortega2001_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega2001-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nectar-eating bats have acquired specialised adaptations. These bats possess long muzzles and long, extensible <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongues</a> covered in fine bristles that aid them in feeding on particular flowers and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGtongue_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGtongue-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tube-lipped_nectar_bat" title="Tube-lipped nectar bat">tube-lipped nectar bat</a> (<i>Anoura fistulata</i>) has the longest tongue of any mammal relative to its body size. This is beneficial to them in terms of pollination and feeding. Their long, narrow tongues can reach deep into the long cup shape of some flowers. When the tongue retracts, it coils up inside the rib cage.<sup id="cite_ref-NGtongue_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGtongue-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Because of these features, nectar-feeding bats cannot easily turn to other food sources in times of scarcity, making them more prone to extinction than other types of bat.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nectar feeding also aids a variety of plants, since these bats serve as <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>, as pollen gets attached to their fur while they are feeding. Around 500 species of flowering plant rely on bat pollination and thus tend to open their flowers at night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many rainforest plants depend on bat pollination.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreaterNoctule.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/GreaterNoctule.JPG/170px-GreaterNoctule.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/GreaterNoctule.JPG/255px-GreaterNoctule.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/GreaterNoctule.JPG/340px-GreaterNoctule.JPG 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Greater_noctule_bat" title="Greater noctule bat">greater noctule bat</a> (<i>Nyctalus lasiopterus</i>) uses its large teeth to catch birds.<sup id="cite_ref-popa_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popa-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some bats prey on other vertebrates, such as fish, frogs, lizards, birds and mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015107_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015107-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fringe-lipped_bat" title="Fringe-lipped bat">fringe-lipped bat</a> (<i>Trachops cirrhosus,</i>) for example, is skilled at catching frogs. These bats locate large groups of frogs by tracking their mating calls, then plucking them from the surface of the water with their sharp canine teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_noctule_bat" title="Greater noctule bat">greater noctule bat</a> can catch birds in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-popa_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popa-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some species, like the greater bulldog bat (<i><a href="/wiki/Noctilio_leporinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilio leporinus">Noctilio leporinus</a></i>) hunt fish. They use echolocation to detect small ripples on the water's surface, swoop down and use specially enlarged claws on their hind feet to grab the fish, then take their prey to a feeding roost and consume it.<sup id="cite_ref-Schnitzler_1994_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnitzler_1994-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At least two species of bat are known to feed on other bats: the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_bat" title="Spectral bat">spectral bat</a> (<i>Vampyrum spectrum</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_bat" title="Ghost bat">ghost bat</a> (<i>Macroderma gigas</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton20014–5_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton20014–5-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood">Blood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Blood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desmo-boden_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Desmo-boden_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Common_vampire_bat" title="Common vampire bat">common vampire bat</a> (<i>Desmodus rotundus</i>) feeds on blood (<a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">hematophagy</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>A few species, specifically the common, <a href="/wiki/White-winged_vampire_bat" title="White-winged vampire bat">white-winged</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hairy-legged_vampire_bat" title="Hairy-legged vampire bat">hairy-legged</a> vampire bats, feed only on animal blood (<a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">hematophagy</a>). The common vampire bat typically feeds on large mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>; the hairy-legged and white-winged vampires feed on birds.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vampire bats target sleeping prey and can detect deep breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015119_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015119-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Heat sensors in the nose help them to detect blood vessels near the surface of the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_1990_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_1990-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They pierce the animal's skin with their teeth, biting away a small flap,<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_1991_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak_1991-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and lap up the blood with their tongues, which have lateral grooves adapted to this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The blood is kept from clotting by an <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> in the saliva.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_1991_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak_1991-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators,_parasites,_and_diseases"><span id="Predators.2C_parasites.2C_and_diseases"></span>Predators, parasites, and diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Predators, parasites, and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bat_virome" title="Bat virome">Bat virome</a></div> <p>Bats are subject to predation from <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Owls" class="mw-redirect" title="Owls">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawks">hawks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falcons" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcons">falcons</a>, and at roosts from terrestrial predators able to climb, such as cats.<sup id="cite_ref-RydellSpeakman1995_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RydellSpeakman1995-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Low-flying bats are vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Twenty species of tropical New World <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> are known to capture bats, often waiting at the entrances of refuges, such as caves, for bats to fly past.<sup id="cite_ref-EsbérardVrcibradic2007_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EsbérardVrcibradic2007-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> J. Rydell and J. R. Speakman argue that bats evolved nocturnality during the early and middle <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> period to avoid predators.<sup id="cite_ref-RydellSpeakman1995_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RydellSpeakman1995-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The evidence is thought by some zoologists to be equivocal so far.<sup id="cite_ref-LimaO&#39;Keefe2013_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LimaO&#39;Keefe2013-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_(Greeley_Mine,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg/170px-Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg/255px-Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg/340px-Little_Brown_Bat_with_White_Nose_Syndrome_%28Greeley_Mine%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Little_brown_bat" title="Little brown bat">little brown bat</a> with <a href="/wiki/White_nose_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="White nose syndrome">white nose syndrome</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As are most mammals, bats are hosts to a number of internal and external parasites.<sup id="cite_ref-Léger2020_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Léger2020-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasite">ectoparasites</a>, bats carry <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, as well as specific parasites such as <a href="/wiki/Bat_bug" title="Bat bug">bat bugs</a> and bat flies (<a href="/wiki/Nycteribiidae" title="Nycteribiidae">Nycteribiidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streblidae" title="Streblidae">Streblidae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clayton2015_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton2015-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bats are among the few non-aquatic mammalian orders that do not host <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>, possibly due to competition from more specialised parasites that occupy the same niche.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton2015_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton2015-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/White_nose_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="White nose syndrome">White nose syndrome</a> is a condition associated with the deaths of millions of bats in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a> and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The disease is named after a white <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudogymnoascus_destructans" title="Pseudogymnoascus destructans">Pseudogymnoascus destructans</a></i>, found growing on the muzzles, ears, and wings of affected bats. The fungus is mostly spread from bat to bat, and causes the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The fungus was first discovered in central New York State in 2006 and spread quickly to the entire Eastern US north of Florida; mortality rates of 90–100% have been observed in most affected caves.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">mid-Atlantic states</a> have, since 2006, witnessed entire species completely extirpated and others with numbers that have gone from the hundreds of thousands, even millions, to a few hundred or less.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick have witnessed identical die offs, with the Canadian government making preparations to protect all remaining bat populations in its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Scientific evidence suggests that longer winters where the fungus has a longer period to infect bats result in greater mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FrickPollock2010_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrickPollock2010-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2014, the infection crossed the Mississippi River,<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in 2017, it was found on bats in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bats are <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">natural reservoirs</a> for a large number of <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wong2007_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong2007-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals#Bats" title="Rabies in animals">rabies</a>, endemic in many bat populations,<sup id="cite_ref-McColl2000_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McColl2000-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calisher2006_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calisher2006-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brüssow2012_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brüssow2012-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">histoplasmosis</a> both directly and in guano,<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2014_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2014-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henipavirus" title="Henipavirus">Nipah and Hendra viruses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EatonBroder2006_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EatonBroder2006-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Halpin2000_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halpin2000-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus">ebola virus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Leroy2005_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leroy2005-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciAm2006_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm2006-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> whose natural reservoir is yet unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_EVD_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_EVD-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Their high mobility, broad distribution, long life spans, substantial <a href="/wiki/Sympatry" title="Sympatry">sympatry</a> (range overlap) of species, and social behaviour make bats favourable hosts and vectors of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2013_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2013-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Reviews have found different answers as to whether bats have more zoonotic viruses than other mammal groups. One 2015 review found that bats, rodents, and primates all harbored significantly more <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> viruses (which can be transmitted to humans) than other mammal groups, though the differences among the aforementioned three groups were not significant (bats have no more zoonotic viruses than rodents and primates).<sup id="cite_ref-Olival_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olival-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another 2020 review of mammals and birds found that the identity of the taxonomic groups did not have any impact on the probability of harboring zoonotic viruses. Instead, more diverse groups had greater viral diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Mollentze_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollentze-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>They seem to be highly resistant to many of the pathogens they carry, suggesting a degree of adaptation to their immune systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2013_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2013-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Their interactions with livestock and pets, including predation by vampire bats, accidental encounters, and the scavenging of bat carcasses, compound the risk of zoonotic transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-Calisher2006_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calisher2006-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bats are implicated in the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS) in China, since they serve as natural hosts for <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a>, several from a single cave in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, one of which developed into the SARS virus.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2014_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2014-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li2005_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2005-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DrostenHu2017_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrostenHu2017-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, they neither cause nor spread <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_life_history">Behaviour and life history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Behaviour and life history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Social structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/220px--Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="108" data-mwtitle="Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv/Bracken_Bat_Cave_evening_of_17_June_2017.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bracken_Bat_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracken Bat Cave">Bracken Bat Cave</a>, home to twenty million Mexican free-tailed bats</figcaption></figure> <p>Some bats lead solitary lives, while others live in colonies of more than a million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton200195–107_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200195–107-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bat</a> fly for more than one thousand miles to the 100-foot (30&#160;m) wide cave known as <a href="/wiki/Bracken_Cave" title="Bracken Cave">Bracken Cave</a> every March to October which plays home to an astonishing twenty million of the species,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> whereas a <a href="/wiki/Mouse-eared_bat" title="Mouse-eared bat">mouse-eared bat</a> lives an almost completely solitary life.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Living in large colonies lessens the risk to an individual of predation.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Temperate bat species may <a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">swarm</a> at hibernation sites as autumn approaches. This may serve to introduce young to hibernation sites, signal reproduction in adults and allow adults to breed with those from other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015188–189_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015188–189-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several species have a <a href="/wiki/Fission%E2%80%93fusion_society" title="Fission–fusion society">fission-fusion social structure</a>, where large numbers of bats congregate in one roosting area, along with breaking up and mixing of subgroups. Within these societies, bats are able to maintain long-term relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some of these relationships consist of <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineally</a> related females and their dependent offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Food sharing and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual grooming">mutual grooming</a> may occur in certain species, such as the common vampire bat (<i>Desmodus rotundus</i>), and these strengthen social bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_&amp;_Wilkinson_2013_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_&amp;_Wilkinson_2013-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_1986_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_1986-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Homosexual fellatio has been observed in the Bonin flying fox <i>Pteropus pselaphon</i><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the Indian flying fox <i>Pteropus medius</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though the function and purpose of this behaviour is not clear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png/250px-Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png/330px-Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png/500px-Journal.pone.0006746.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Acoustics of the songs of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bats</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bohn_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohn-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bats are among the most vocal of mammals and produce calls to attract mates, find roost partners and defend resources. These calls are typically low-frequency and can travel long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mexican free-tailed bats are one of the few species to "sing" like birds. Males sing to attract females. Songs have three phrases: chirps, trills and buzzes, the former having "A" and "B" syllables. Bat songs are highly stereotypical but with variation in syllable number, phrase order, and phrase repetitions between individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohn_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohn-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/Greater_spear-nosed_bat" title="Greater spear-nosed bat">greater spear-nosed bats</a> (<i>Phyllostomus hastatus</i>), females produce loud, broadband calls among their roost mates to form group cohesion. Calls differ between roosting groups and may arise from vocal learning.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study on captive Egyptian fruit bats, 70% of the directed calls could be identified by the researchers as to which individual bat made it, and 60% could be categorised into four contexts: squabbling over food, jostling over position in their sleeping cluster, protesting over mating attempts and arguing when perched in close proximity to each other. The animals made slightly different sounds when communicating with different individual bats, especially those of the opposite sex.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the highly <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_bat" title="Hammer-headed bat">hammer-headed bat</a> (<i>Hypsignathus monstrosus</i>), males produce deep, resonating, monotonous calls to attract females. Bats in flight make vocal signals for traffic control. Greater bulldog bats honk when on a collision course with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bats also communicate by other means. Male <a href="/wiki/Little_yellow-shouldered_bat" title="Little yellow-shouldered bat">little yellow-shouldered bats</a> (<i>Sturnira lilium</i>) have shoulder glands that produce a spicy odour during the breeding season. Like many other species, they have hair specialised for retaining and dispersing secretions. Such hair forms a conspicuous collar around the necks of the some Old World megabat males. Male <a href="/wiki/Greater_sac-winged_bat" title="Greater sac-winged bat">greater sac-winged bats</a> (<i>Saccopteryx bilineata</i>) have sacs in their wings in which they mix body secretions like saliva and urine to create a perfume that they sprinkle on roost sites, a behaviour known as "salting". Salting may be accompanied by singing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194_228-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_life_cycle">Reproduction and life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Reproduction and life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Desmo-kolonie-baum.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Group of polygynous vampire bats</figcaption></figure> <p>Most bat species are <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a>, where males mate with multiple females. Male pipistrelle, noctule and vampire bats may claim and defend resources that attract females, such as roost sites, and mate with those females. Males unable to claim a site are forced to live on the periphery where they have less reproductive success.<sup id="cite_ref-mating_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mating-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity#Other_animals" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a>, where both sexes mate with multiple partners, exists in species like the Mexican free-tailed bat and the little brown bat.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There appears to be bias towards certain males among females in these bats.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a few species, such as the yellow-winged bat and spectral bat, adult males and females form <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a> pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015197_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015197-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a>, where males aggregate and compete for female choice through display, is rare in bats<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but occurs in the hammerheaded bat.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>For temperate living bats, mating takes place in late summer and early autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011105_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011105-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tropical bats may mate during the dry season.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After copulation, the male may leave behind a <a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">mating plug</a> to block the sperm of other males and thus ensure his paternity.<sup id="cite_ref-CrichtonKrutzsch2000_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrichtonKrutzsch2000-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In hibernating species, males are known to mate with females in torpor.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Female bats use a variety of strategies to control the timing of pregnancy and the birth of young, to make delivery coincide with maximum food ability and other ecological factors. Females of some species have delayed fertilisation, in which sperm is stored in the reproductive tract for several months after mating. Mating occurs in late summer to early autumn but fertilisation does not occur until the following late winter to early spring. Other species exhibit <a href="/wiki/Delayed_implantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed implantation">delayed implantation</a>, in which the egg is fertilised after mating, but remains free in the reproductive tract until external conditions become favourable for giving birth and caring for the offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011114–119_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011114–119-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In another strategy, fertilisation and implantation both occur, but development of the foetus is delayed until good conditions prevail. During the delayed development the mother keeps the fertilised egg alive with nutrients. This process can go on for a long period, because of the advanced gas exchange system.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg/250px-Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg/330px-Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg/500px-Pipistrellus_pipistrellus_baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Newborn common pipistrelle, <i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>For temperate living bats, births typically take place in May or June in the Northern Hemisphere; births in the Southern Hemisphere occur in November and December. Tropical species give birth at the beginning of the rainy season.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In most bat species, females carry and give birth to a single pup per litter.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At birth, a bat pup can be up to 40 percent of the mother's weight,<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the pelvic girdle of the female can expand during birth as the two-halves are connected by a flexible ligament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton2001166_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton2001166-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Females typically give birth in a head-up or horizontal position, using gravity to make birthing easier. The young emerges rear-first, possibly to prevent the wings from getting tangled, and the female cradles it in her wing and tail membranes. In many species, females give birth and raise their young in <a href="/wiki/Maternity_colony_(bats)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity colony (bats)">maternity colonies</a> and may assist each other in birthing.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011119_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011119-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton2001166_244-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton2001166-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the care for a young bat comes from the mother. In monogamous species, the father plays a role. Allo-suckling, where a female suckles another mother's young, occurs in several species. This may serve to increase colony size in species where females return to their natal colony to breed.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A young bat's ability to fly coincides with the development of an adult body and forelimb length. For the little brown bat, this occurs about eighteen days after birth. Weaning of young for most species takes place in under eighty days. The common vampire bat nurses its offspring beyond that and young vampire bats achieve independence later in life than other species. This is probably due to the species' blood-based diet, which is difficult to obtain on a nightly basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015171_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015171-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg/220px-The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg/330px-The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg/440px-The_Bat_Scientists_Lauri_Lutsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>The bat scientist Lauri Lutsar is checking the age of the bat he is holding as part of a national monitoring program in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The maximum lifespan of bats is three-and-a-half times longer than other mammals of similar size. Six species have been recorded to live over thirty years in the wild: the brown long-eared bat (<i>Plecotus auritus</i>), the little brown bat (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_bat" title="Siberian bat">Siberian bat</a> (<i>Myotis sibiricus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-eared_bat" title="Lesser mouse-eared bat">lesser mouse-eared bat</a> (<i>Myotis blythii</i>) the <a href="/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat" title="Greater horseshoe bat">greater horseshoe bat</a> (<i>Rhinolophus ferrumequinum</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_flying_fox" title="Indian flying fox">Indian flying fox</a> (<i>Pteropus giganteus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One hypothesis consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Rate-of-living_theory" title="Rate-of-living theory">rate-of-living theory</a> links this to the fact that they slow down their <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rate</a> while <a href="/wiki/Hibernating" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernating">hibernating</a>; bats that hibernate, on average, have a longer lifespan than bats that do not.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson2002_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson2002-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another hypothesis is that flying has reduced their mortality rate, which would also be true for birds and gliding mammals. Bat species that give birth to multiple pups generally have a shorter lifespan than species that give birth to only a single pup. Cave-roosting species may have a longer lifespan than non-roosting species because of the decreased predation in caves. A male Siberian bat was recaptured in the wild after 41 years, making it the oldest known bat.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson2002_250-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson2002-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_humans">Interactions with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Interactions with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_bats" title="Human uses of bats">Human uses of bats</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bats_by_population" title="List of bats by population">List of bats by population</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Conservation statuses of bats as of 2020 according to the IUCN (1,314 species in total)<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#1b7837;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Critically endangered (1.6%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#7fbf7b;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Endangered (6.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#d9f0d3;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Vulnerable (8.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#762a83;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Near-threatened (6.7%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#af8dc3;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Least concern (58%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#e7d4e8;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Data deficient (18.4%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#fc8d59;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Extinct (0.7%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#fc8d59;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Extinct (0.7%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div style="; background:#1b7837;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.08710109% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Critically endangered (1.6%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.016turn)" title="Endangered (6.3%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.029turn)" title="Endangered (6.3%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.079turn)" title="Vulnerable (8.3%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.092turn)" title="Vulnerable (8.3%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#762a83;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.162turn)" title="Near-threatened (6.7%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:#762a83;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.179turn)" title="Near-threatened (6.7%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:#af8dc3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.229turn)" title="Least concern (58%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:#af8dc3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.309turn)" title="Least concern (58%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.809turn)" title="Data deficient (18.4%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.868turn)" title="Data deficient (18.4%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p>Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Bat_Conservation_International" title="Bat Conservation International">Bat Conservation International</a><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> aim to increase awareness of bats' ecological roles and the environmental threats they face. This group called for Bat Appreciation Week from October 24–31 every year to promote awareness on the ecological importance of bats.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, all bats are protected under the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_and_Countryside_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife and Countryside Act">Wildlife and Countryside Acts</a>, and disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, Malaysia, "all bats"<sup id="cite_ref-WPO1998_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPO1998-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> are protected under the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Wildlife_Law" title="Malaysian Wildlife Law">Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WPO1998_256-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPO1998-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but species such as the <a href="/wiki/Hairless_bat" title="Hairless bat">hairless bat</a> (<i>Cheiromeles torquatus</i>) are still eaten by the local communities.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Humans have caused the extinction of several species of bat in modern history, the most recent being the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_pipistrelle" title="Christmas Island pipistrelle">Christmas Island pipistrelle</a> (<i>Pipistrellus murrayi</i>), which was declared extinct in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people put up bat houses to attract bats.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 1991 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> bat house is the largest occupied artificial roost in the world, with around 400,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Britain, thickwalled and partly underground <a href="/wiki/British_hardened_field_defences_of_World_War_II" title="British hardened field defences of World War II">World War II pillboxes</a> have been converted to make roosts for bats,<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and purpose-built bat houses are occasionally built to mitigate damage to habitat from road or other developments.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cave_gate" title="Cave gate">Cave gates</a> are sometimes installed to limit human entry into caves with sensitive or endangered bat species. The gates are designed not to limit the airflow, and thus to maintain the cave's micro-ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-AGENCY_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGENCY-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Of the 47 species of bats found in the United States, 35 are known to use human structures, including buildings and bridges. Fourteen species use bat houses.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bats are eaten</a> in countries across Africa, Asia and the Pacific Rim. In some cases, such as in Guam, flying foxes have become endangered through being hunted for food.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is evidence that suggests that <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> might create sufficient <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a> (pressure damage) to kill bats.<sup id="cite_ref-BaerwaldD&#39;Amours2008_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaerwaldD&#39;Amours2008-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bats have typical <a href="/wiki/Lung#Mammalian_lungs" title="Lung">mammalian lungs</a>, which are thought to be more sensitive to sudden air pressure changes than <a href="/wiki/Avian_lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian lungs">the lungs of birds</a>, making them more liable to fatal rupture.<sup id="cite_ref-nww_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nww-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bats may be attracted to turbines, perhaps seeking roosts, increasing the death rate.<sup id="cite_ref-nww_269-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nww-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acoustic deterrents may help to reduce bat mortality at wind farms.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> and contribution of barotrauma to bat deaths near wind turbine blades have been disputed by other research comparing dead bats found near wind turbines with bats killed by impact with buildings in areas with no turbines.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollins_et_al._275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollins_et_al.-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_(No._43),_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_%28No._43%29%2C_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a>, <i>The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters</i>, 1797</figcaption></figure> <p>Since bats are mammals, yet can fly, they are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Liminal_being" title="Liminal being">liminal beings</a> in various traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In many cultures, including in Europe, bats are associated with darkness, death, witchcraft, and malevolence.<sup id="cite_ref-symbols_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-symbols-277"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Creek_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (people)">Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Tribe">Apache</a>, the bat is identified as a <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Tanzania, a winged batlike creature known as <a href="/wiki/Popobawa" title="Popobawa">Popobawa</a> is believed to be a shapeshifting <a href="/wiki/Evil_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil spirit">evil spirit</a> that assaults and <a href="/wiki/Sodomises" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodomises">sodomises</a> its victims.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, bats symbolised the land of the dead, destruction, and decay.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReadGonzalez_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReadGonzalez-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An East Nigerian tale tells that the bat developed its nocturnal habits after causing the death of his partner, the bush-rat, and now hides by day to avoid arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnott1962_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnott1962-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>More positive depictions of bats exist in some cultures. In China, bats have been associated with happiness, joy and good fortune. Five bats are used to symbolise the "Five Blessings": longevity, wealth, health, love of virtue and peaceful death.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The bat is sacred in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and is often considered the physical manifestation of a separable <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec civilisation">Zapotec civilisation</a> of Mesoamerica, the bat god presided over corn and fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_god,_Zapotec,_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG/170px-Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG/255px-Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG/340px-Bat_god%2C_Zapotec%2C_Period_III-A_-_Mesoamerican_objects_in_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06023.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a> bat god, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, 350–500 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Weird_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Weird Sisters">Weird Sisters</a> in Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i> used the fur of a bat in their brew.<sup id="cite_ref-deVries76_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries76-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, the bat is often a symbol of the night and its foreboding nature. The bat is a primary animal associated with fictional characters of the night, both villainous <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a> and before him <i><a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and heroes, such as the <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> character <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleisher_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleisher-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Oppel" title="Kenneth Oppel">Kenneth Oppel</a>'s Silverwing novels narrate the adventures of a young bat,<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> based on the <a href="/wiki/Silver-haired_bat" title="Silver-haired bat">silver-haired bat</a> of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bat is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">heraldic symbol</a> in Spain and France, appearing in the coats of arms of the towns of <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraga" title="Fraga">Fraga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albacete" title="Albacete">Albacete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montchauvet,_Yvelines" title="Montchauvet, Yvelines">Montchauvet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cervantesvirtual.com_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cervantesvirtual.com-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ifc.dpz.es_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifc.dpz.es-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Three US states have an official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_bats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state bats">state bat</a>. Texas and Oklahoma are represented by the Mexican free-tailed bat, while Virginia is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_big-eared_bat" title="Virginia big-eared bat">Virginia big-eared bat</a> (<i>Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insectivorous bats in particular are especially helpful to farmers, as they control populations of agricultural pests and reduce the need to use <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. It has been estimated that bats save the agricultural industry of the United States anywhere from <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">$</a>3.7<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>billion to $53<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>billion per year in pesticides and damage to crops. This also prevents the overuse of pesticides, which can pollute the surrounding environment, and may lead to resistance in future generations of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bat dung, a type of <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>, is rich in nitrates and is mined from caves for use as <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/US_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="US Civil War">US Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a> was collected from caves to make <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>. At the time, it was believed that the nitrate all came from the bat guano, but it is now known that most of it is produced by <a href="/wiki/Nitrifying_bacteria" title="Nitrifying bacteria">nitrifying bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ann_W._Richards_Congress_Avenue_Bridge" title="Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge">Congress Avenue Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony, an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats. About 100,000 tourists a year visit the bridge at twilight to watch the bats leave the roost.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat_detector" title="Bat detector">Bat detector</a>&#160;– Audio device to detect the presence of bat sound signals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bats_of_the_United_States" title="List of bats of the United States">List of bats of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from&#32;<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>&#32;<i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:χείρ">χείρ</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>kheír</i></span>)</i>&#160;<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hand</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>&#32;and&#32;<i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πτερόν">πτερόν</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>pterón</i></span>)</i>&#160;<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wing</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earlier reports that only fruit bats were deficient were based on smaller samples.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21037206_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21037206-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chiroptera"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chiroptera">"Chiroptera"&#160;</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol.&#160;6 (11th&#160;ed.). 1911. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">239–</span>247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chiroptera&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bat?s=ts">"Bat"</a>. Dictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bat&amp;rft.pub=Dictionary.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fbat%3Fs%3Dts&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bat">"Bat, noun 2"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bat%2C+noun+2&amp;rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dbat&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddell,_Henry_G.Scott,_Robert" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dxei%2Fr">"χείρ"</a>. A Greek-English Lexicon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81&amp;rft.pub=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dxei%252Fr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddell,_Henry_G.Scott,_Robert" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dptero%2Fn">"πτερόν"</a>. A Greek-English Lexicon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD&amp;rft.pub=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dptero%252Fn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEitingGunnell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Eiting, T. P.; Gunnell, G. F. (2009). "Global completeness of the bat fossil record". <i>Journal of Mammalian Evolution</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10914-009-9118-x">10.1007/s10914-009-9118-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1064-7554">1064-7554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5923450">5923450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalian+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Global+completeness+of+the+bat+fossil+record&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5923450%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1064-7554&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10914-009-9118-x&amp;rft.aulast=Eiting&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+P.&amp;rft.au=Gunnell%2C+G.+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabuceAntunesSigé2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tabuce, Rodolphe; Antunes, Miguel Telles; Sigé, Bernard (12 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1671/039.029.0204">"A new primitive bat from the earliest Eocene of Europe"</a>. <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">627–</span>630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JVPal..29..627T">2009JVPal..29..627T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1671%2F039.029.0204">10.1671/039.029.0204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634">0272-4634</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86384840">86384840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&amp;rft.atitle=A+new+primitive+bat+from+the+earliest+Eocene+of+Europe&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E627-%3C%2Fspan%3E630&amp;rft.date=2009-06-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1671%2F039.029.0204&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86384840%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0272-4634&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JVPal..29..627T&amp;rft.aulast=Tabuce&amp;rft.aufirst=Rodolphe&amp;rft.au=Antunes%2C+Miguel+Telles&amp;rft.au=Sig%C3%A9%2C+Bernard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1671%2F039.029.0204&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesLiNiBeard2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Matthew F.; Li, Qiang; Ni, Xijun; Beard, K. Christopher (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8241488">"The earliest Asian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) address major gaps in bat evolution"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>17</b> (6): 20210185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2021.0185">10.1098/rsbl.2021.0185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-957X">1744-957X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8241488">8241488</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34186001">34186001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=The+earliest+Asian+bats+%28Mammalia%3A+Chiroptera%29+address+major+gaps+in+bat+evolution&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=20210185&amp;rft.date=2021-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8241488%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1744-957X&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34186001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2021.0185&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+F.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Qiang&amp;rft.au=Ni%2C+Xijun&amp;rft.au=Beard%2C+K.+Christopher&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8241488&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simmons2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simmons2008_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simmons2008_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simmons2008_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsSeymourHabersetzerGunnell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation". <i>Nature</i>. <b>451</b> (7180): <span class="nowrap">818–</span>821. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.451..818S">2008Natur.451..818S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06549">10.1038/nature06549</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F62816">2027.42/62816</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18270539">18270539</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4356708">4356708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Primitive+Early+Eocene+bat+from+Wyoming+and+the+evolution+of+flight+and+echolocation&amp;rft.volume=451&amp;rft.issue=7180&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E818-%3C%2Fspan%3E821&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F62816&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4356708%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.451..818S&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18270539&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06549&amp;rft.aulast=Simmons&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+B.&amp;rft.au=Seymour%2C+K.+L.&amp;rft.au=Habersetzer%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Gunnell%2C+G.+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRietbergenOstendeAaseJones2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rietbergen, Tim B.; Ostende, Lars W. van den Hoek; Aase, Arvid; Jones, Matthew F.; Medeiros, Edward D.; Simmons, Nancy B. (12 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10096270">"The oldest known bat skeletons and their implications for Eocene chiropteran diversification"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>18</b> (4): e0283505. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PLoSO..1883505R">2023PLoSO..1883505R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0283505">10.1371/journal.pone.0283505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10096270">10096270</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37043445">37043445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=The+oldest+known+bat+skeletons+and+their+implications+for+Eocene+chiropteran+diversification&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e0283505&amp;rft.date=2023-04-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10096270%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PLoSO..1883505R&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37043445&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0283505&amp;rft.issn=1932-6203&amp;rft.aulast=Rietbergen&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim+B.&amp;rft.au=Ostende%2C+Lars+W.+van+den+Hoek&amp;rft.au=Aase%2C+Arvid&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Matthew+F.&amp;rft.au=Medeiros%2C+Edward+D.&amp;rft.au=Simmons%2C+Nancy+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10096270&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/science-original-color-extinct-bats-03283.html">"Paleontologists Determine Original Color of Extinct Bats"</a>. SciNews. 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Paleontologists+Determine+Original+Color+of+Extinct+Bats&amp;rft.pub=SciNews&amp;rft.date=2015-09-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Fpaleontology%2Fscience-original-color-extinct-bats-03283.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollearyDolocancGardnerdSingha2015" class="citation journal cs1">Colleary, C.; Dolocanc, A.; Gardnerd, J.; Singha, Suresh; Wuttkee, M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4611652">"Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>112</b> (41): <span class="nowrap">12592–</span>12597. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11212592C">2015PNAS..11212592C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1509831112">10.1073/pnas.1509831112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4611652">4611652</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26417094">26417094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Chemical%2C+experimental%2C+and+morphological+evidence+for+diagenetically+altered+melanin+in+exceptionally+preserved+fossils&amp;rft.volume=112&amp;rft.issue=41&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12592-%3C%2Fspan%3E12597&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4611652%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26417094&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1509831112&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11212592C&amp;rft.aulast=Colleary&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Dolocanc%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Gardnerd%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Singha%2C+Suresh&amp;rft.au=Wuttkee%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4611652&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_BusscheHoofer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Van de Bussche, R. A.; Hoofer, S. R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1542%282004%29085%3C0321%3APrarcf%3E2.0.Co%3B2">"Phylogenetic relationships among recent chiropteran families and the importance of choosing appropriate out-group taxa"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>85</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1542%282004%29085%3C0321%3APrarcf%3E2.0.Co%3B2">10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085&#60;0321:Prarcf&#62;2.0.Co&#59;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&amp;rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+relationships+among+recent+chiropteran+families+and+the+importance+of+choosing+appropriate+out-group+taxa&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F1545-1542%282004%29085%3C0321%3APrarcf%3E2.0.Co%3B2&amp;rft.aulast=Van+de+Bussche&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.au=Hoofer%2C+S.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1644%252F1545-1542%25282004%2529085%253C0321%253APrarcf%253E2.0.Co%253B2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bat_Schematics-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bat_Schematics_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/eutheria/chirosy.html">"Chiroptera: Systematics"</a>. University of California Museum of Paleontology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chiroptera%3A+Systematics&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fmammal%2Feutheria%2Fchirosy.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classification-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-classification_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEick,_G._N.JacobsMatthee2005" class="citation journal cs1">Eick, G. N.; Jacobs, D. S.; Matthee, C. A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsi180">"A Nuclear DNA Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Echolocation and Historical Biogeography of Extant Bats (Chiroptera)"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>22</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1869–</span>1886. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsi180">10.1093/molbev/msi180</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15930153">15930153</a>. <q>Several molecular studies have shown that Chiroptera belong to the Laurasiatheria (represented by carnivorans, pholidotes, cetartiodactyls, eulipotyphlans, and perissodactyls) and are only distantly related to dermopterans, scandentians, and primates. (Nikaido et al. 2000; Lin and Penny 2001; Madsen et al. 2001; Murphy et al. 2001<i>a</i>, 2001<i>b</i>; Van Den Bussche and Hoofer 2004)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=A+Nuclear+DNA+Phylogenetic+Perspective+on+the+Evolution+of+Echolocation+and+Historical+Biogeography+of+Extant+Bats+%28Chiroptera%29&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1869-%3C%2Fspan%3E1886&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsi180&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15930153&amp;rft.au=Eick%2C+G.+N.&amp;rft.au=Jacobs%2C+D.+S.&amp;rft.au=Matthee%2C+C.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsi180&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pumo1998-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pumo1998_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPumo,_D._E.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pumo, D. E.; et&#160;al. (1998). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Neotropical Fruit Bat, <i>Artibeus jamaicensis</i>, and a New Hypothesis of the Relationships of Bats to Other Eutherian Mammals". <i>Journal of Molecular Evolution</i>. <b>47</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">709–</span>717. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JMolE..47..709P">1998JMolE..47..709P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006430">10.1007/PL00006430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9847413">9847413</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22900642">22900642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Complete+Mitochondrial+Genome+of+a+Neotropical+Fruit+Bat%2C+Artibeus+jamaicensis%2C+and+a+New+Hypothesis+of+the+Relationships+of+Bats+to+Other+Eutherian+Mammals&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E709-%3C%2Fspan%3E717&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00006430&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22900642%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9847413&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JMolE..47..709P&amp;rft.au=Pumo%2C+D.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhou2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhou2011_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhou,_X.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, X.; et&#160;al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243735">"Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals"</a>. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">150–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyr089">10.1093/sysbio/syr089</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243735">3243735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900649">21900649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Phylogenomic+Analysis+Resolves+the+Interordinal+Relationships+and+Rapid+Diversification+of+the+Laurasiatherian+Mammals&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3243735%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21900649&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyr089&amp;rft.au=Zhou%2C+X.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3243735&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsagkogeorga-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsagkogeorga_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsagkogeorgaParkerStupkaCotton2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tsagkogeorga, G.; Parker, J.; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.09.014">"Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats (Chiroptera)"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>23</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">2262–</span>2267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.09.014">10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24184098">24184098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Phylogenomic+analyses+elucidate+the+evolutionary+relationships+of+bats+%28Chiroptera%29&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2262-%3C%2Fspan%3E2267&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.09.014&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24184098&amp;rft.aulast=Tsagkogeorga&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.au=Parker%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Stupka%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Cotton%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft.au=Rossiter%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2013.09.014&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangCowled,_C.Shi,_Z.Huang,_Z.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, G.; Cowled, C.; Shi, Z.; Huang, Z.; Bishop-Lilly, K. A.; Fang, X.; Wynne, J. W.; Xiong, Z.; Baker, M. L.; Zhao, W.; Tachedjian, M.; Zhu, Y.; Zhou, P.; Jiang, X.; Ng, J.; Yang, L.; Wu, L.; Xiao, J.; Feng, Y.; Chen, Y.; Sun, X.; Zhang, Y.; Marsh, G. A.; Crameri, G.; Broder, C. C.; Frey, K. G.; Wang, L.-F.; Wang, J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8782153">"Comparative Analysis of Bat Genomes Provides Insight into the Evolution of Flight and Immunity"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>339</b> (6118): <span class="nowrap">456–</span>460. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339..456Z">2013Sci...339..456Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1230835">10.1126/science.1230835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8782153">8782153</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23258410">23258410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31192292">31192292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+Analysis+of+Bat+Genomes+Provides+Insight+into+the+Evolution+of+Flight+and+Immunity&amp;rft.volume=339&amp;rft.issue=6118&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E456-%3C%2Fspan%3E460&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8782153%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31192292%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...339..456Z&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23258410&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1230835&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.au=Cowled%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Shi%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Huang%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Bishop-Lilly%2C+K.+A.&amp;rft.au=Fang%2C+X.&amp;rft.au=Wynne%2C+J.+W.&amp;rft.au=Xiong%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Baker%2C+M.+L.&amp;rft.au=Zhao%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Tachedjian%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Zhu%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Zhou%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Jiang%2C+X.&amp;rft.au=Ng%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Xiao%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Feng%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Sun%2C+X.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Marsh%2C+G.+A.&amp;rft.au=Crameri%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Broder%2C+C.+C.&amp;rft.au=Frey%2C+K.+G.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+L.-F.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8782153&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey1992-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey1992_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey1992_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaileySlightomGoodman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, W. J.; Slightom, J. L.; Goodman, M. (1992). "Rejection of the "Flying Primate" Hypothesis by Phylogenetic Evidence from the ε-globin Gene". <i>Science</i>. <b>256</b> (5053): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...256...86B">1992Sci...256...86B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1301735">10.1126/science.1301735</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1301735">1301735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Rejection+of+the+%22Flying+Primate%22+Hypothesis+by+Phylogenetic+Evidence+from+the+%CE%B5-globin+Gene&amp;rft.volume=256&amp;rft.issue=5053&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1301735&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1301735&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Sci...256...86B&amp;rft.aulast=Bailey&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+J.&amp;rft.au=Slightom%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=Goodman%2C+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothBalvínSiva-JothyIorio2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Steffen; Balvín, Ondřej; Siva-Jothy, Michael T.; Iorio, Osvaldo Di; Benda, Petr; Calva, Omar; Faundez, Eduardo I.; Khan, Faisal Ali Anwarali; McFadzen, Mary; Lehnert, Margie P.; Naylor, Richard (3 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.04.048">"Bedbugs Evolved before Their Bat Hosts and Did Not Co-speciate with Ancient Humans"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (11): 1847–1853.e4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E1847R">2019CBio...29E1847R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.04.048">10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.048</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31104934">31104934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155105169">155105169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Bedbugs+Evolved+before+Their+Bat+Hosts+and+Did+Not+Co-speciate+with+Ancient+Humans&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1847-1853.e4&amp;rft.date=2019-06-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155105169%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E1847R&amp;rft.issn=0960-9822&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.04.048&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31104934&amp;rft.aulast=Roth&amp;rft.aufirst=Steffen&amp;rft.au=Balv%C3%ADn%2C+Ond%C5%99ej&amp;rft.au=Siva-Jothy%2C+Michael+T.&amp;rft.au=Iorio%2C+Osvaldo+Di&amp;rft.au=Benda%2C+Petr&amp;rft.au=Calva%2C+Omar&amp;rft.au=Faundez%2C+Eduardo+I.&amp;rft.au=Khan%2C+Faisal+Ali+Anwarali&amp;rft.au=McFadzen%2C+Mary&amp;rft.au=Lehnert%2C+Margie+P.&amp;rft.au=Naylor%2C+Richard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.04.048&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhuHastriterWhitingDittmar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Qiyun; Hastriter, Michael; Whiting, Michael; Dittmar, Katherina (September 2015). "Fleas (Siphonaptera) are Cretaceous, and Evolved with Theria". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>90</b>: <span class="nowrap">129–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MolPE..90..129Z">2015MolPE..90..129Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F014308">10.1101/014308</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2015.04.027">10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25987528">25987528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13433327">13433327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Fleas+%28Siphonaptera%29+are+Cretaceous%2C+and+Evolved+with+Theria&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&amp;rft.date=2015-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13433327%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015MolPE..90..129Z&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25987528&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2015.04.027&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F014308%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&amp;rft.aulast=Zhu&amp;rft.aufirst=Qiyun&amp;rft.au=Hastriter%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Whiting%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Dittmar%2C+Katherina&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poinar&amp;Brown2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poinar&amp;Brown2012_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoinarBrown2012" class="citation journal cs1">Poinar, G. O. Jr.; Brown, A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51902205">"The first fossil streblid bat fly, <i>Enischnomyia stegosoma</i> n. g., n. sp. (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea: Streblidae)"</a>. <i>Systematic Parasitology</i>. <b>81</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11230-011-9339-2">10.1007/s11230-011-9339-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22183917">22183917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14469619">14469619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Systematic+Parasitology&amp;rft.atitle=The+first+fossil+streblid+bat+fly%2C+Enischnomyia+stegosoma+n.+g.%2C+n.+sp.+%28Diptera%3A+Hippoboscoidea%3A+Streblidae%29&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14469619%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22183917&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11230-011-9339-2&amp;rft.aulast=Poinar&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+O.+Jr.&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F51902205&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EvolutionoftheInsects-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EvolutionoftheInsects_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimaldiMichael_Engel2005" class="citation book cs1">Grimaldi, David; Michael Engel (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&amp;q=earwig%20related&amp;pg=PA217">"7"</a>. <i>Evolution of the Insects</i>. Cambridge Evolution Ser. (1&#160;ed.). Cambridge University: Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">217–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82149-0"><bdi>978-0-521-82149-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609004340/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&amp;q=earwig+related&amp;pg=PA217">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=7&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Insects&amp;rft.place=Cambridge+University&amp;rft.series=Cambridge+Evolution+Ser.&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005-05&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82149-0&amp;rft.aulast=Grimaldi&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Michael+Engel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQl6Jl6wKb88C%26q%3Dearwig%2520related%26pg%3DPA217&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agnarsson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agnarsson_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgnarssonZambrana-TorrelioFlores-SaldanaMay-Collado2011" class="citation journal cs1">Agnarsson, I.; Zambrana-Torrelio, C. M.; Flores-Saldana, N. P.; May-Collado, L. J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3038382">"A time-calibrated species-level phylogeny of bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia)"</a>. <i>PLOS Currents</i>. <b>3</b>: RRN1212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.RRN1212">10.1371/currents.RRN1212</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3038382">3038382</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21327164">21327164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Currents&amp;rft.atitle=A+time-calibrated+species-level+phylogeny+of+bats+%28Chiroptera%2C+Mammalia%29&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.pages=RRN1212&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3038382%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21327164&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fcurrents.RRN1212&amp;rft.aulast=Agnarsson&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.au=Zambrana-Torrelio%2C+C.+M.&amp;rft.au=Flores-Saldana%2C+N.+P.&amp;rft.au=May-Collado%2C+L.+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3038382&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teeling-etal-2005-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teeling-etal-2005_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teeling-etal-2005_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeelingSpringer,_M._S.Madsen,_O.Bates,_P.2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Teeling" title="Emma Teeling">Teeling, E.C.</a>; Springer, M. S.; Madsen, O.; Bates, P.; O'Brien, S. J.; Murphy, W. J. (2005). "A Molecular Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record". <i>Science</i>. <b>307</b> (5709): <span class="nowrap">580–</span>584. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307..580T">2005Sci...307..580T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1105113">10.1126/science.1105113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15681385">15681385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25912333">25912333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=A+Molecular+Phylogeny+for+Bats+Illuminates+Biogeography+and+the+Fossil+Record&amp;rft.volume=307&amp;rft.issue=5709&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E580-%3C%2Fspan%3E584&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1105113&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25912333%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15681385&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...307..580T&amp;rft.aulast=Teeling&amp;rft.aufirst=E.C.&amp;rft.au=Springer%2C+M.+S.&amp;rft.au=Madsen%2C+O.&amp;rft.au=Bates%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Murphy%2C+W.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsSeymourHabersetzerGunnell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation". <i>Nature</i>. <b>451</b> (7180): <span class="nowrap">818–</span>816. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.451..818S">2008Natur.451..818S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06549">10.1038/nature06549</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F62816">2027.42/62816</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18270539">18270539</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4356708">4356708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Primitive+early+Eocene+bat+from+Wyoming+and+the+evolution+of+flight+and+echolocation&amp;rft.volume=451&amp;rft.issue=7180&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E818-%3C%2Fspan%3E816&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F62816&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4356708%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.451..818S&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18270539&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06549&amp;rft.aulast=Simmons&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+B.&amp;rft.au=Seymour%2C+K.+L.&amp;rft.au=Habersetzer%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Gunnell%2C+G.+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7243502.stm">"Bat fossil solves evolution poser"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+fossil+solves+evolution+poser&amp;rft.date=2008-02-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7243502.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norberg-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-norberg_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-norberg_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorberg1994" class="citation book cs1">Norberg, U. M. (1994). Wainwright, P. C.; Reilly, S. M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xf2QW_TS6asC&amp;pg=PA206"><i>Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">206–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-86995-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-86995-7"><bdi>978-0-226-86995-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ecological+Morphology%3A+Integrative+Organismal+Biology&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-86995-7&amp;rft.aulast=Norberg&amp;rft.aufirst=U.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxf2QW_TS6asC%26pg%3DPA206&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBishop2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bishop, K. L. (2008). "The Evolution of Flight in Bats: Narrowing the Field of Plausible Hypotheses". <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>83</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">153–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F587825">10.1086/587825</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18605533">18605533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21638734">21638734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Flight+in+Bats%3A+Narrowing+the+Field+of+Plausible+Hypotheses&amp;rft.volume=83&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21638734%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18605533&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F587825&amp;rft.aulast=Bishop&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan2011-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan2011_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Matt (2011). "Ancient bats got in a flap over food". <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2011.9304">10.1038/nature.2011.9304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84015350">84015350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Ancient+bats+got+in+a+flap+over+food&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2011.9304&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84015350%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Kaplan&amp;rft.aufirst=Matt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaoZhao2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hao, Xiangyu; Zhao, Huabin (18 October 2023). "A molecular phylogeny for all 21 families within Chiroptera (bats)". <i>Integrative Zoology</i>. <b>19</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">989–</span>998. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1749-4877.12772">10.1111/1749-4877.12772</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853557">37853557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=A+molecular+phylogeny+for+all+21+families+within+Chiroptera+%28bats%29&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E989-%3C%2Fspan%3E998&amp;rft.date=2023-10-18&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1749-4877.12772&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37853557&amp;rft.aulast=Hao&amp;rft.aufirst=Xiangyu&amp;rft.au=Zhao%2C+Huabin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeelingTeelingScallyKao2000" class="citation journal cs1">Teeling; <a href="/wiki/Emma_Teeling" title="Emma Teeling">Teeling, E. C.</a>; Scally, M.; Kao, D. J.; Romagnoli, M. L.; Springer, M. S. (2000). "Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats". <i>Nature</i>. <b>403</b> (6766): <span class="nowrap">188–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.403..188T">2000Natur.403..188T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35003188">10.1038/35003188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10646602">10646602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205004782">205004782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+evidence+regarding+the+origin+of+echolocation+and+flight+in+bats&amp;rft.volume=403&amp;rft.issue=6766&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35003188&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205004782%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10646602&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.403..188T&amp;rft.au=Teeling&amp;rft.au=Teeling%2C+E.+C.&amp;rft.au=Scally%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Kao%2C+D.+J.&amp;rft.au=Romagnoli%2C+M.+L.&amp;rft.au=Springer%2C+M.+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpringerTeelingMadsenStanhope2001" class="citation journal cs1">Springer, M. S.; <a href="/wiki/Emma_Teeling" title="Emma Teeling">Teeling, E. C.</a>; Madsen, O.; Stanhope, M. J.; De Jong, W. W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33452">"Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>98</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">6241–</span>6246. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.6241S">2001PNAS...98.6241S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.111551998">10.1073/pnas.111551998</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33452">33452</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11353869">11353869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Integrated+fossil+and+molecular+data+reconstruct+bat+echolocation&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6241-%3C%2Fspan%3E6246&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33452%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11353869&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.111551998&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...98.6241S&amp;rft.aulast=Springer&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+S.&amp;rft.au=Teeling%2C+E.+C.&amp;rft.au=Madsen%2C+O.&amp;rft.au=Stanhope%2C+M.+J.&amp;rft.au=De+Jong%2C+W.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33452&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFL.WangRossiterJones2007" class="citation journal cs1">L., G.; Wang, J.; Rossiter, S. J.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976393">"Accelerated FoxP2 evolution in echolocating bats"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>2</b> (19): e900. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PLoSO...2..900L">2007PLoSO...2..900L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000900">10.1371/journal.pone.0000900</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976393">1976393</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17878935">17878935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Accelerated+FoxP2+evolution+in+echolocating+bats&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=e900&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1976393%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17878935&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000900&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PLoSO...2..900L&amp;rft.aulast=L.&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rossiter%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1976393&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiWangRossiterJones2008" class="citation journal cs1">Li, G.; Wang, J.; Rossiter, S. J.; Jones, G.; Cotton, J. A.; Zhang, S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2544561">"The hearing gene Prestin reunites the echolocating bats"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>105</b> (37): <span class="nowrap">13959–</span>13964. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10513959L">2008PNAS..10513959L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0802097105">10.1073/pnas.0802097105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2544561">2544561</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18776049">18776049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=The+hearing+gene+Prestin+reunites+the+echolocating+bats&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft.issue=37&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13959-%3C%2Fspan%3E13964&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2544561%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18776049&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0802097105&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..10513959L&amp;rft.aulast=Li&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Rossiter%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Cotton%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2544561&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangZhuXueFang2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Teeling" title="Emma Teeling">Wang, Zhe</a>; Zhu, Tengteng; Xue, Huiling; Fang, Na; Zhang, Junpeng; Zhang, Libiao; Pang, Jian; Teeling, Emma C.; Zhang, Shuyi (2017). "Prenatal development supports a single origin of laryngeal echolocation in bats". <i>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatEE...1...21W">2017NatEE...1...21W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-016-0021">10.1038/s41559-016-0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28812602">28812602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29068452">29068452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Prenatal+development+supports+a+single+origin+of+laryngeal+echolocation+in+bats&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=21&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-016-0021&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29068452%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28812602&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatEE...1...21W&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=Zhe&amp;rft.au=Zhu%2C+Tengteng&amp;rft.au=Xue%2C+Huiling&amp;rft.au=Fang%2C+Na&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Junpeng&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Libiao&amp;rft.au=Pang%2C+Jian&amp;rft.au=Teeling%2C+Emma+C.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shuyi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeiDong2016-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeiDong2016_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeiDong2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lei, M.; Dong, D. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4904216">"Phylogenomic analyses of bat subordinal relationships based on transcriptome data"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b>: 27726. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...627726L">2016NatSR...627726L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep27726">10.1038/srep27726</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4904216">4904216</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27291671">27291671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Phylogenomic+analyses+of+bat+subordinal+relationships+based+on+transcriptome+data&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=27726&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4904216%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27291671&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep27726&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...627726L&amp;rft.aulast=Lei&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Dong%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4904216&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeuweiler2000" class="citation book cs1">Neuweiler, Gerhard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gI-Sly7oq7QC&amp;pg=PA288">"Phylogeny and systematics"</a>. <i>The Biology of Bats</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">287–</span>299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195099508" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195099508"><bdi>978-0195099508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+systematics&amp;rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Bats&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195099508&amp;rft.aulast=Neuweiler&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerhard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgI-Sly7oq7QC%26pg%3DPA288&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526143337/https://mammaldiversity.org/#Y2hpcm9wdGVyYSZnbG9iYWxfc2VhcmNoPXRydWUmbG9vc2U9dHJ1ZQ">"Search=Chiroptera"</a>. <i>ASM Mammal Diversity Database</i>. 8 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mammaldiversity.org/#Y2hpcm9wdGVyYSZnbG9iYWxfc2VhcmNoPXRydWUmbG9vc2U9dHJ1ZQ">the original</a> on 26 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ASM+Mammal+Diversity+Database&amp;rft.atitle=Search%3DChiroptera&amp;rft.date=2020-06-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmammaldiversity.org%2F%23Y2hpcm9wdGVyYSZnbG9iYWxfc2VhcmNoPXRydWUmbG9vc2U9dHJ1ZQ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prothero-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prothero_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prothero_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prothero_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProthero2017" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, D. R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eiftDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA113">"Laurasiatheria: Chiroptera"</a>. <i>The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals</i>. Princeton University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">112–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15682-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15682-8"><bdi>978-0-691-15682-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Laurasiatheria%3A+Chiroptera&amp;rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Field+Guide+to+Prehistoric+Mammals&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-15682-8&amp;rft.aulast=Prothero&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeiftDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutcheonGarland2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hutcheon, J. M.; Garland, T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226036305">"Are Megabats Big?"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalian Evolution</i>. <b>11</b> (3/4): 257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJOMM.0000047340.25620.89">10.1023/B:JOMM.0000047340.25620.89</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11528722">11528722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalian+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Are+Megabats+Big%3F&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=3%2F4&amp;rft.pages=257&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AJOMM.0000047340.25620.89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11528722%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Hutcheon&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Garland%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F226036305&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland_2004-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holland_2004_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolland,_R._A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, R. A. (2004). "Echolocation signal structure in the Megachiropteran bat Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy 1810". <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>207</b> (25): <span class="nowrap">4361–</span>4369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01288">10.1242/jeb.01288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15557022">15557022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2715542">2715542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Echolocation+signal+structure+in+the+Megachiropteran+bat+Rousettus+aegyptiacus+Geoffroy+1810&amp;rft.volume=207&amp;rft.issue=25&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4361-%3C%2Fspan%3E4369&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2715542%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15557022&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.01288&amp;rft.au=Holland%2C+R.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_W._M.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, W. M. (2001). "Natural selection of mammalian brain components". <i>Trends in Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>16</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">471–</span>473. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001TEcoE..16..471B">2001TEcoE..16..471B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-5347%2801%2902246-7">10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02246-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Natural+selection+of+mammalian+brain+components&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E473&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-5347%2801%2902246-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001TEcoE..16..471B&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+W.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olney_1994-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olney_1994_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olney_1994_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen,_J.Olney,_P.1994" class="citation book cs1">Stephen, J.; Olney, P. (1994). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creativeconserva00magi"><i>Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals</i></a></span>. Springer. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creativeconserva00magi/page/n378">352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0412495700" title="Special:BookSources/978-0412495700"><bdi>978-0412495700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Creative+Conservation%3A+Interactive+Management+of+Wild+and+Captive+Animals&amp;rft.pages=352&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0412495700&amp;rft.au=Stephen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Olney%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreativeconserva00magi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMW2019-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HMW2019_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonMittermeier2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, D.E.; Mittermeier, R.A., eds. (2019). <i>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9</i>. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">1–</span>1008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-16728-19-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-16728-19-0"><bdi>978-84-16728-19-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Mammals+of+the+World+%E2%80%93+Volume+9&amp;rft.place=Barcelona&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E1008&amp;rft.pub=Lynx+Ediciones&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-16728-19-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFleming,_T.2003" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, T. (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/batmantropicscha00flem"><i>A Bat Man in the Tropics: Chasing El Duende</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/batmantropicscha00flem/page/n189">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520236066" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520236066"><bdi>978-0520236066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Bat+Man+in+the+Tropics%3A+Chasing+El+Duende&amp;rft.pages=165&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0520236066&amp;rft.au=Fleming%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbatmantropicscha00flem&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_49-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones,_G.2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, G. (2001). "Bats". In MacDonald, D. (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Mammals</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">754–</span>775. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1969-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1969-5"><bdi>978-0-7607-1969-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Bats&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Mammals&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E754-%3C%2Fspan%3E775&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1969-5&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhall1983-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhall1983_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhall1983_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenhall,_A.M.Joermann,_G.Schmidt,_U.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Greenhall, A.M.; Joermann, G.; Schmidt, U. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503895">"Desmodus rotundus"</a>. <i>Mammalian Species</i> (202): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503895">10.2307/3503895</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503895">3503895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Desmodus+rotundus&amp;rft.issue=202&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3503895&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3503895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.au=Greenhall%2C+A.M.&amp;rft.au=Joermann%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Schmidt%2C+U.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F3503895&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSenawiSchmiederSiemersKingston2015" class="citation journal cs1">Senawi, J.; Schmieder, D.; Siemers, B.; Kingston, T. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2435.12447">"Beyond size – morphological predictors of bite force in a diverse insectivorous bat assemblage from Malaysia"</a>. <i>Functional Ecology</i>. <b>29</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1411–</span>1420. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015FuEco..29.1411S">2015FuEco..29.1411S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2435.12447">10.1111/1365-2435.12447</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Functional+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Beyond+size+%E2%80%93+morphological+predictors+of+bite+force+in+a+diverse+insectivorous+bat+assemblage+from+Malaysia&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1411-%3C%2Fspan%3E1420&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1365-2435.12447&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015FuEco..29.1411S&amp;rft.aulast=Senawi&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Schmieder%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Siemers%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Kingston%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1365-2435.12447&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-molecule-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-molecule_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-molecule_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunter2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1973956">"The nature of flight: The molecules and mechanics of flight in animals"</a>. <i>Science and Society</i>. <b>8</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">811–</span>813. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7401050">10.1038/sj.embor.7401050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1973956">1973956</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17767190">17767190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+and+Society&amp;rft.atitle=The+nature+of+flight%3A+The+molecules+and+mechanics+of+flight+in+animals&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E811-%3C%2Fspan%3E813&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1973956%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17767190&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7401050&amp;rft.aulast=Hunter&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1973956&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken,_G._F.Safi,_K.Kunz,_T._H.Dechmann,_D._K._N.2016" class="citation journal cs1">McCracken, G. F.; Safi, K.; Kunz, T. H.; Dechmann, D. K. N.; Swartz, S. M.; Wikelski, M. (9 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5180116">"Airplane tracking documents the fastest flight speeds recorded for bats"</a>. <i>Royal Society Open Science</i>. <b>3</b> (11): 160398. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSOS....360398M">2016RSOS....360398M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.160398">10.1098/rsos.160398</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5180116">5180116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28018618">28018618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Airplane+tracking+documents+the+fastest+flight+speeds+recorded+for+bats&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=160398&amp;rft.date=2016-11-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5180116%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28018618&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.160398&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016RSOS....360398M&amp;rft.au=McCracken%2C+G.+F.&amp;rft.au=Safi%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Kunz%2C+T.+H.&amp;rft.au=Dechmann%2C+D.+K.+N.&amp;rft.au=Swartz%2C+S.+M.&amp;rft.au=Wikelski%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5180116&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorberg1972" class="citation journal cs1">Norberg, Ulla M. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00418147">"Bat wing structures important for aerodynamics and rigidity (Mammalia, Chiroptera)"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere</i>. <b>73</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00418147">10.1007/BF00418147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-234X">1432-234X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38538056">38538056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Morphologie+der+Tiere&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+wing+structures+important+for+aerodynamics+and+rigidity+%28Mammalia%2C+Chiroptera%29&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38538056%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1432-234X&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00418147&amp;rft.aulast=Norberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Ulla+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF00418147&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTorresFreitasda_MattaNovaes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Torres, Diego A.; Freitas, Mariella B.; da Matta, Sérgio L. P.; Novaes, Rômulo D.; Gonçalves, Reggiani Vilela (28 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6438481">"Is bone loss a physiological cost of reproduction in the Great fruit-eating bat Artibeus lituratus?"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>14</b> (3): e0213781. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413781T">2019PLoSO..1413781T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0213781">10.1371/journal.pone.0213781</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6438481">6438481</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30921346">30921346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Is+bone+loss+a+physiological+cost+of+reproduction+in+the+Great+fruit-eating+bat+Artibeus+lituratus%3F&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e0213781&amp;rft.date=2019-03-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6438481%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PLoSO..1413781T&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30921346&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0213781&amp;rft.issn=1932-6203&amp;rft.aulast=Torres&amp;rft.aufirst=Diego+A.&amp;rft.au=Freitas%2C+Mariella+B.&amp;rft.au=da+Matta%2C+S%C3%A9rgio+L.+P.&amp;rft.au=Novaes%2C+R%C3%B4mulo+D.&amp;rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+Reggiani+Vilela&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6438481&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears2006-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sears2006_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSearsBehringer,_R._R.Rasweiler,_J._J.Niswander,_L._A.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sears, K. E.; Behringer, R. R.; Rasweiler, J. J.; Niswander, L. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1458926">"Development of bat flight: Morphologic and molecular evolution of bat wing digits"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>103</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">6581–</span>6586. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.6581S">2006PNAS..103.6581S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0509716103">10.1073/pnas.0509716103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1458926">1458926</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16618938">16618938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Development+of+bat+flight%3A+Morphologic+and+molecular+evolution+of+bat+wing+digits&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6581-%3C%2Fspan%3E6586&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1458926%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16618938&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0509716103&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..103.6581S&amp;rft.aulast=Sears&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+E.&amp;rft.au=Behringer%2C+R.+R.&amp;rft.au=Rasweiler%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft.au=Niswander%2C+L.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1458926&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkpatrick, S. J. (1994). "Scale effects on the stresses and safety factors in the wing bones of birds and bats". <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>190</b>: <span class="nowrap">195–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.190.1.195">10.1242/jeb.190.1.195</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7964391">7964391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Scale+effects+on+the+stresses+and+safety+factors+in+the+wing+bones+of+birds+and+bats&amp;rft.volume=190&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.190.1.195&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7964391&amp;rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennycuick-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pennycuick_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennycuick_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennycuick_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennycuick_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennycuick_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPennycuick2008" class="citation book cs1">Pennycuick, C. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KG86AgWwFEUC&amp;pg=PA136">"Bats"</a>. <i>Modelling the Flying Bird</i>. Elsevier. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">136–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374299-5"><bdi>978-0-12-374299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Bats&amp;rft.btitle=Modelling+the+Flying+Bird&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-374299-5&amp;rft.aulast=Pennycuick&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKG86AgWwFEUC%26pg%3DPA136&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall2015-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marshall2015_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marshall2015_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshallChadhadeSouzaSterbing-D&#39;Angelo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, K. L.; Chadha, M.; deSouza, L. A.; Sterbing-D'Angelo, S. J.; Moss, C. F.; Lumpkin, E. A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643944">"Somatosensory substrates of flight control in bats"</a>. <i>Cell Reports</i>. <b>11</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">851–</span>858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2015.04.001">10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643944">4643944</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25937277">25937277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Somatosensory+substrates+of+flight+control+in+bats&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E851-%3C%2Fspan%3E858&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4643944%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25937277&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2015.04.001&amp;rft.aulast=Marshall&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+L.&amp;rft.au=Chadha%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=deSouza%2C+L.+A.&amp;rft.au=Sterbing-D%27Angelo%2C+S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Moss%2C+C.+F.&amp;rft.au=Lumpkin%2C+E.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4643944&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown_University2007" class="citation web cs1">Brown University (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070118161402.htm">"Bats in Flight Reveal Unexpected Aerodynamics"</a>. ScienceDaily<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+in+Flight+Reveal+Unexpected+Aerodynamics&amp;rft.pub=ScienceDaily&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.au=Brown+University&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F01%2F070118161402.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiskin,_D._K.Bergou,_A.Breuer,_K._S.Swartz,_S._M.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Riskin, D. K.; Bergou, A.; Breuer, K. S.; Swartz, S. M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385481">"Upstroke wing flexion and the inertial cost of bat flight"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>279</b> (1740): <span class="nowrap">2945–</span>2950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.0346">10.1098/rspb.2012.0346</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385481">3385481</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22496186">22496186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Upstroke+wing+flexion+and+the+inertial+cost+of+bat+flight&amp;rft.volume=279&amp;rft.issue=1740&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2945-%3C%2Fspan%3E2950&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3385481%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22496186&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2012.0346&amp;rft.au=Riskin%2C+D.+K.&amp;rft.au=Bergou%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Breuer%2C+K.+S.&amp;rft.au=Swartz%2C+S.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3385481&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ideas-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ideas_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideas_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, W. C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618737">"Facts and ideas from anywhere"</a>. <i>Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">425–</span>434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2006.11928217">10.1080/08998280.2006.11928217</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618737">1618737</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17106509">17106509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+%28Baylor+University.+Medical+Center%29&amp;rft.atitle=Facts+and+ideas+from+anywhere&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E425-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1618737%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17106509&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08998280.2006.11928217&amp;rft.aulast=Roberts&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1618737&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1997" class="citation journal cs1">Irwin, N. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722140449/http://papuaweb.anu.edu.au/dlib/jr/ngtebd/03.pdf">"Wanted DNA samples from <i>Nyctimene</i> or <i>Paranyctimene Bats</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New Guinea Tropical Ecology and Biodiversity Digest</i>. <b>3</b>: 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papuaweb.anu.edu.au/dlib/jr/ngtebd/03.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+Guinea+Tropical+Ecology+and+Biodiversity+Digest&amp;rft.atitle=Wanted+DNA+samples+from+Nyctimene+or+Paranyctimene+Bats&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=Irwin&amp;rft.aufirst=N.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapuaweb.anu.edu.au%2Fdlib%2Fjr%2Fngtebd%2F03.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sterbing-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sterbing_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSterbing-D&#39;AngeloChadhaChiuFalk2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sterbing-D'Angelo, S.; Chadha, M.; Chiu, C.; Falk, B.; Xian, W.; Barcelo, J.; Zook, J. M.; Moss, C. F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131348">"Bat wing sensors support flight control"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>108</b> (27): <span class="nowrap">11291–</span>11296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10811291S">2011PNAS..10811291S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1018740108">10.1073/pnas.1018740108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131348">3131348</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21690408">21690408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+wing+sensors+support+flight+control&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=27&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11291-%3C%2Fspan%3E11296&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3131348%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21690408&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1018740108&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10811291S&amp;rft.aulast=Sterbing-D%27Angelo&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Chadha%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Chiu%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Falk%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Xian%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Barcelo%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Zook%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Moss%2C+C.+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3131348&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehlhorn2013-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mehlhorn2013_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehlhorn2013" class="citation book cs1">Mehlhorn, H. (2013). <i>Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites: Facts and Myths</i>. Springer. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">2–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39333-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39333-4"><bdi>978-3-642-39333-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+%28Chiroptera%29+as+Vectors+of+Diseases+and+Parasites%3A+Facts+and+Myths&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-642-39333-4&amp;rft.aulast=Mehlhorn&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakanyaMortola2007" class="citation journal cs1">Makanya, Andrew N; Mortola, Jacopo P (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375846">"The structural design of the bat wing web and its possible role in gas exchange"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>211</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">687–</span>697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2007.00817.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00817.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8782">0021-8782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375846">2375846</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17971117">17971117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&amp;rft.atitle=The+structural+design+of+the+bat+wing+web+and+its+possible+role+in+gas+exchange&amp;rft.volume=211&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E687-%3C%2Fspan%3E697&amp;rft.date=2007-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2375846%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=0021-8782&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17971117&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2007.00817.x&amp;rft.aulast=Makanya&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew+N&amp;rft.au=Mortola%2C+Jacopo+P&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2375846&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrevilleCeballos-VasquezValdizón-RodríguezCaldwell2018" class="citation journal cs1">Greville, Lucas J; Ceballos-Vasquez, Alejandra; Valdizón-Rodríguez, Roberto; Caldwell, John R; Faure, Paul A (16 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyy050">"Wound healing in wing membranes of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>99</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">974–</span>982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyy050">10.1093/jmammal/gyy050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2372">0022-2372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&amp;rft.atitle=Wound+healing+in+wing+membranes+of+the+Egyptian+fruit+bat+%28Rousettus+aegyptiacus%29+and+big+brown+bat+%28Eptesicus+fuscus%29&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E974-%3C%2Fspan%3E982&amp;rft.date=2018-05-16&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyy050&amp;rft.issn=0022-2372&amp;rft.aulast=Greville&amp;rft.aufirst=Lucas+J&amp;rft.au=Ceballos-Vasquez%2C+Alejandra&amp;rft.au=Valdiz%C3%B3n-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Roberto&amp;rft.au=Caldwell%2C+John+R&amp;rft.au=Faure%2C+Paul+A&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjmammal%252Fgyy050&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSterbing-D&#39;AngeloChadhaChiuFalk2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sterbing-D'Angelo, Susanne; Chadha, Mohit; Chiu, Chen; Falk, Ben; Xian, Wei; Barcelo, Janna; Zook, John M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (5 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131348">"Bat wing sensors support flight control"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>108</b> (27): <span class="nowrap">11291–</span>11296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10811291S">2011PNAS..10811291S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1018740108">10.1073/pnas.1018740108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131348">3131348</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21690408">21690408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+wing+sensors+support+flight+control&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=27&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11291-%3C%2Fspan%3E11296&amp;rft.date=2011-07-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3131348%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10811291S&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21690408&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1018740108&amp;rft.issn=0027-8424&amp;rft.aulast=Sterbing-D%27Angelo&amp;rft.aufirst=Susanne&amp;rft.au=Chadha%2C+Mohit&amp;rft.au=Chiu%2C+Chen&amp;rft.au=Falk%2C+Ben&amp;rft.au=Xian%2C+Wei&amp;rft.au=Barcelo%2C+Janna&amp;rft.au=Zook%2C+John+M.&amp;rft.au=Moss%2C+Cynthia+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3131348&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Marian (20 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2011.376">"Wing hairs help to keep bats in the air"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2011.376">10.1038/news.2011.376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Wing+hairs+help+to+keep+bats+in+the+air&amp;rft.date=2011-06-20&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2011.376&amp;rft.issn=1476-4687&amp;rft.aulast=Turner&amp;rft.aufirst=Marian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnews.2011.376&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015166–167-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015166–167_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, pp.&#160;166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viterbi.usc.edu/news/news/2008/leading-edge-vortex.htm">"Leading Edge Vortex Allows Bats to Stay Aloft, Aerospace Professor Reports"</a>. USC Viterbi School of Engineering. 29 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Leading+Edge+Vortex+Allows+Bats+to+Stay+Aloft%2C+Aerospace+Professor+Reports&amp;rft.pub=USC+Viterbi+School+of+Engineering&amp;rft.date=2008-02-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviterbi.usc.edu%2Fnews%2Fnews%2F2008%2Fleading-edge-vortex.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenton1984-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fenton1984_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenton1984_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFentonCrerar1984" class="citation journal cs1">Fenton, M. B.; Crerar, L. M. (1984). "Cervical Vertebrae in Relation to Roosting Posture in Bats". <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>65</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1381085">10.2307/1381085</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1381085">1381085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&amp;rft.atitle=Cervical+Vertebrae+in+Relation+to+Roosting+Posture+in+Bats&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1381085&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1381085%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Fenton&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+B.&amp;rft.au=Crerar%2C+L.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201578-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201578_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiskinParsonsSchuttCarter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Riskin, D. K.; Parsons, S.; Schutt, W. A. Jr.; Carter, G. G.; Hermanson, J. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.qut.edu.au/79775/1/79775.pdf">"Terrestrial locomotion of the New Zealand short-tailed bat <i>Mystacina tuberculata</i> and the common vampire bat <i>Desmodus rotundus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>209</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1725–</span>1736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02186">10.1242/jeb.02186</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16621953">16621953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18305396">18305396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Terrestrial+locomotion+of+the+New+Zealand+short-tailed+bat+Mystacina+tuberculata+and+the+common+vampire+bat+Desmodus+rotundus&amp;rft.volume=209&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1725-%3C%2Fspan%3E1736&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18305396%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16621953&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.02186&amp;rft.aulast=Riskin&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+K.&amp;rft.au=Parsons%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Schutt%2C+W.+A.+Jr.&amp;rft.au=Carter%2C+G.+G.&amp;rft.au=Hermanson%2C+J.+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F79775%2F1%2F79775.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1852" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, T. W. (1852). "Discovery That the Veins of the Bat's Wing (Which are Furnished with Valves) are Endowed with Rythmical &#32;&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>&#93; Contractility, and That the Onward Flow of Blood is Accelerated by Each Contraction". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>142</b>: <span class="nowrap">131–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1852.0011">10.1098/rstl.1852.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/108539">108539</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52937127">52937127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.atitle=Discovery+That+the+Veins+of+the+Bat%27s+Wing+%28Which+are+Furnished+with+Valves%29+are+Endowed+with+Rythmical+%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+Contractility%2C+and+That+the+Onward+Flow+of+Blood+is+Accelerated+by+Each+Contraction&amp;rft.volume=142&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&amp;rft.date=1852&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52937127%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F108539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1852.0011&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDongaonkarQuickVoMeisner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dongaonkar, R. M.; Quick, C. M.; Vo, J. C.; Meisner, J. K.; Laine, G. A.; Davis, M. J.; Stewart, R. H. (15 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378342">"Blood flow augmentation by intrinsic venular contraction in vivo"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology</i>. <b>302</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">R1436 –</span> <span class="nowrap">R1442</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.00635.2011">10.1152/ajpregu.00635.2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378342">3378342</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22513742">22513742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Regulatory%2C+Integrative+and+Comparative+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Blood+flow+augmentation+by+intrinsic+venular+contraction+in+vivo&amp;rft.volume=302&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER1436+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER1442%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft.date=2012-06-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3378342%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22513742&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.00635.2011&amp;rft.aulast=Dongaonkar&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+M.&amp;rft.au=Quick%2C+C.+M.&amp;rft.au=Vo%2C+J.+C.&amp;rft.au=Meisner%2C+J.+K.&amp;rft.au=Laine%2C+G.+A.&amp;rft.au=Davis%2C+M.+J.&amp;rft.au=Stewart%2C+R.+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3378342&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangley,_L.2015" class="citation web cs1">Langley, L. (29 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150831022930/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/150829-animals-science-sloths-bats-health-biology/">"Bats and Sloths Don't Get Dizzy Hanging Upside Down – Here's Why"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/150829-animals-science-sloths-bats-health-biology/">the original</a> on 31 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+and+Sloths+Don%27t+Get+Dizzy+Hanging+Upside+Down+%E2%80%93+Here%27s+Why&amp;rft.date=2015-08-29&amp;rft.au=Langley%2C+L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2015%2F08%2F150829-animals-science-sloths-bats-health-biology%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaina2000" class="citation journal cs1">Maina, J. N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/203/20/3045">"What it takes to fly: the structural and functional respiratory refinements in birds and bats"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>203</b> (20): <span class="nowrap">3045–</span>3064. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.203.20.3045">10.1242/jeb.203.20.3045</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11003817">11003817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=What+it+takes+to+fly%3A+the+structural+and+functional+respiratory+refinements+in+birds+and+bats&amp;rft.volume=203&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3045-%3C%2Fspan%3E3064&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.203.20.3045&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11003817&amp;rft.aulast=Maina&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+N.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2F203%2F20%2F3045&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuthersThomasSuthers1972" class="citation journal cs1">Suthers, Roderick A.; Thomas, Steven P; Suthers, Barbara A (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeb.biologists.org/content/56/1/37">"Respiration, Wing-Beat and Ultrasonic Pulse Emission in an Echo-Locating Bat"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>56</b> (56): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.56.1.37">10.1242/jeb.56.1.37</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Respiration%2C+Wing-Beat+and+Ultrasonic+Pulse+Emission+in+an+Echo-Locating+Bat&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=56&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.56.1.37&amp;rft.aulast=Suthers&amp;rft.aufirst=Roderick+A.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Steven+P&amp;rft.au=Suthers%2C+Barbara+A&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2F56%2F1%2F37&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benhamo-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benhamo_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benhamo_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen-HamoMuñoz-GarciaLarrainPinshow2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Hamo, Miriam; Muñoz-Garcia, Agustí; Larrain, Paloma; Pinshow, Berry; Korine, Carmi; Williams, Joseph B. (29 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4936036">"The cutaneous lipid composition of bat wing and tail membranes: a case of convergent evolution with birds"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>283</b> (1833): 20160636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2016.0636">10.1098/rspb.2016.0636</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4936036">4936036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27335420">27335420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=The+cutaneous+lipid+composition+of+bat+wing+and+tail+membranes%3A+a+case+of+convergent+evolution+with+birds&amp;rft.volume=283&amp;rft.issue=1833&amp;rft.pages=20160636&amp;rft.date=2016-06-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4936036%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27335420&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2016.0636&amp;rft.aulast=Ben-Hamo&amp;rft.aufirst=Miriam&amp;rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz-Garcia%2C+Agust%C3%AD&amp;rft.au=Larrain%2C+Paloma&amp;rft.au=Pinshow%2C+Berry&amp;rft.au=Korine%2C+Carmi&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Joseph+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4936036&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jürgens_Bartels_Bartels_1981_pp._243–260-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jürgens_Bartels_Bartels_1981_pp._243–260_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJürgensBartelsBartels1981" class="citation journal cs1">Jürgens, Klaus Dieter; Bartels, Heinz; Bartels, Rut (1981). "Blood oxygen transport and organ weights of small bats and small non-flying mammals". <i>Respiration Physiology</i>. <b>45</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0034-5687%2881%2990009-8">10.1016/0034-5687(81)90009-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7330485">7330485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Respiration+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Blood+oxygen+transport+and+organ+weights+of+small+bats+and+small+non-flying+mammals&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0034-5687%2881%2990009-8&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7330485&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%BCrgens&amp;rft.aufirst=Klaus+Dieter&amp;rft.au=Bartels%2C+Heinz&amp;rft.au=Bartels%2C+Rut&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martini_2015-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martini_2015_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartini2015" class="citation book cs1">Martini, Frederic (2015). <i>Visual anatomy &amp; physiology</i>. Pearson. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">704–</span>705. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-91874-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-91874-1"><bdi>978-0-321-91874-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857980151">857980151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Visual+anatomy+%26+physiology&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E704-%3C%2Fspan%3E705&amp;rft.pub=Pearson&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857980151&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-321-91874-1&amp;rft.aulast=Martini&amp;rft.aufirst=Frederic&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WANG2009-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WANG2009_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangLiWangYe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, LI; Li, Gang; Wang, Jinhong; Ye, Shaohui; Jones, Gareth; Zhang, Shuyi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0016672309000032">"Molecular cloning and evolutionary analysis of the GJA1 (connexin43) gene from bats (Chiroptera)"</a>. <i>Genetics Research</i>. <b>91</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0016672309000032">10.1017/s0016672309000032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19393126">19393126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Genetics+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+cloning+and+evolutionary+analysis+of+the+GJA1+%28connexin43%29+gene+from+bats+%28Chiroptera%29&amp;rft.volume=91&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0016672309000032&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19393126&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=LI&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Gang&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Jinhong&amp;rft.au=Ye%2C+Shaohui&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Gareth&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shuyi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0016672309000032&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makanya2007-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Makanya2007_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makanya2007_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakanyaMortola2007" class="citation journal cs1">Makanya, A. N.; Mortola, J. P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375846">"The structural design of the bat wing web and its possible role in gas exchange"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>211</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">687–</span>697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2007.00817.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00817.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375846">2375846</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17971117">17971117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&amp;rft.atitle=The+structural+design+of+the+bat+wing+web+and+its+possible+role+in+gas+exchange&amp;rft.volume=211&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E687-%3C%2Fspan%3E697&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2375846%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17971117&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2007.00817.x&amp;rft.aulast=Makanya&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+N.&amp;rft.au=Mortola%2C+J.+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2375846&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolbrookOdland1978" class="citation journal cs1">Holbrook, K. A.; Odland, G. F. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235709">"A collagen and elastic network in the wing of the bat"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>126</b> (Pt 1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235709">1235709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/649500">649500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&amp;rft.atitle=A+collagen+and+elastic+network+in+the+wing+of+the+bat&amp;rft.volume=126&amp;rft.issue=Pt+1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235709%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F649500&amp;rft.aulast=Holbrook&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+A.&amp;rft.au=Odland%2C+G.+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235709&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrobelRoswagBeckerTrenczek2013" class="citation journal cs1">Strobel, S.; Roswag, A.; Becker, N. I.; Trenczek, T. E.; Encarnação, J. A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760910">"Insectivorous Bats Digest Chitin in the Stomach Using Acidic Mammalian Chitinase"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (9): e72770. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...872770S">2013PLoSO...872770S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0072770">10.1371/journal.pone.0072770</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760910">3760910</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24019876">24019876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Insectivorous+Bats+Digest+Chitin+in+the+Stomach+Using+Acidic+Mammalian+Chitinase&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e72770&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3760910%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24019876&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0072770&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...872770S&amp;rft.aulast=Strobel&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Roswag%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Becker%2C+N.+I.&amp;rft.au=Trenczek%2C+T.+E.&amp;rft.au=Encarna%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3760910&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schondube01-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schondube01_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schondube01_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchondubeHerrera-MMartínez_del_Rio2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schondube, J. E.; Herrera-M, L. Gerardo; Martínez del Rio, C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwyo.edu/cmdelrio/site/publications_files/bats,%20isotopes,%20and%20kidneys.pdf">"Diet and the evolution of digestion and renal function in phyllostomid bats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zoology</i>. <b>104</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Zool..104...59S">2001Zool..104...59S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1078%2F0944-2006-00007">10.1078/0944-2006-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16351819">16351819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Diet+and+the+evolution+of+digestion+and+renal+function+in+phyllostomid+bats&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16351819&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1078%2F0944-2006-00007&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Zool..104...59S&amp;rft.aulast=Schondube&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+E.&amp;rft.au=Herrera-M%2C+L.+Gerardo&amp;rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+del+Rio%2C+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwyo.edu%2Fcmdelrio%2Fsite%2Fpublications_files%2Fbats%2C%2520isotopes%2C%2520and%2520kidneys.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyonsWimberley2014" class="citation report cs1">Lyons, Rachel; Wimberley, Trish (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310034326/http://bats.org.au/uploads/members/Care-and-Rehabiliation-of-Microbats-V3-Mar14.pdf">Introduction to the Care and Rehabilitation of Microbats</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). 3.0. Wildcare Australia. p.&#160;12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bats.org.au/uploads/members/Care-and-Rehabiliation-of-Microbats-V3-Mar14.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Care+and+Rehabilitation+of+Microbats&amp;rft.series=3.0&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft.pub=Wildcare+Australia&amp;rft.date=2014-03&amp;rft.aulast=Lyons&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft.au=Wimberley%2C+Trish&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bats.org.au%2Fuploads%2Fmembers%2FCare-and-Rehabiliation-of-Microbats-V3-Mar14.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015164-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015164_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuthersFattu1973" class="citation journal cs1">Suthers, Roderick; Fattu, James (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F13.4.1215">"Mechanisms of Sound Production by Echolocating Bats"</a>. <i>American Zoologist</i>. <b>13</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1215–</span>1226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F13.4.1215">10.1093/icb/13.4.1215</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&amp;rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+Sound+Production+by+Echolocating+Bats&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1215-%3C%2Fspan%3E1226&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F13.4.1215&amp;rft.aulast=Suthers&amp;rft.aufirst=Roderick&amp;rft.au=Fattu%2C+James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F13.4.1215&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201582–84-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201582–84_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, pp.&#160;82–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSurlykkeElisabeth2008" class="citation journal cs1">Surlykke, A.; Elisabeth, K. V. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323577">"Echolocating bats Cry Out Loud to Detect Their Prey"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>3</b> (4): e2036. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.2036S">2008PLoSO...3.2036S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002036">10.1371/journal.pone.0002036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323577">2323577</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446226">18446226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Echolocating+bats+Cry+Out+Loud+to+Detect+Their+Prey&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e2036&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2323577%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18446226&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002036&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PLoSO...3.2036S&amp;rft.aulast=Surlykke&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Elisabeth%2C+K.+V.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2323577&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeelingMadsenVan_Den_Busschede_Jong2002" class="citation journal cs1">Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; de Jong, W. W.; Stanhope, M. J.; Springer, M. S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122208">"Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>99</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1431–</span>1436. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.1431T">2002PNAS...99.1431T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.022477199">10.1073/pnas.022477199</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122208">122208</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11805285">11805285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.atitle=Microbat+paraphyly+and+the+convergent+evolution+of+a+key+innovation+in+Old+World+rhinolophoid+microbats&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1431-%3C%2Fspan%3E1436&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC122208%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11805285&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.022477199&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PNAS...99.1431T&amp;rft.aulast=Teeling&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+C.&amp;rft.au=Madsen%2C+O&amp;rft.au=Van+Den+Bussche%2C+R.+A.&amp;rft.au=de+Jong%2C+W.+W.&amp;rft.au=Stanhope%2C+M.+J.&amp;rft.au=Springer%2C+M.+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC122208&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muller2004-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muller2004_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muller2004_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muller2004_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuller2004" class="citation journal cs1">Muller, R. (2004). "A numerical study of the role of the tragus in the big brown bat". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>116</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">3701–</span>3712. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..116.3701M">2004ASAJ..116.3701M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1815133">10.1121/1.1815133</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15658720">15658720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=A+numerical+study+of+the+role+of+the+tragus+in+the+big+brown+bat&amp;rft.volume=116&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3701-%3C%2Fspan%3E3712&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15658720&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.1815133&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ASAJ..116.3701M&amp;rft.aulast=Muller&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201531-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201531_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2007-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2007_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2007_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones,_G.Holderied,_M._W.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, G.; Holderied, M. W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1919403">"Bat echolocation calls: adaptation and convergent evolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>274</b> (1612): <span class="nowrap">905–</span>912. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2FRspb.2006.0200">10.1098/Rspb.2006.0200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1919403">1919403</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17251105">17251105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+echolocation+calls%3A+adaptation+and+convergent+evolution&amp;rft.volume=274&amp;rft.issue=1612&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E905-%3C%2Fspan%3E912&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1919403%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17251105&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2FRspb.2006.0200&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Holderied%2C+M.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1919403&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFentonFaureRatcliffe2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fenton, M. B.; Faure, P. A.; Ratcliffe, J. M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.073171">"Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>215</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">2935–</span>2944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.073171">10.1242/jeb.073171</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22875762">22875762</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:405317">405317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+high+duty+cycle+echolocation+in+bats&amp;rft.volume=215&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2935-%3C%2Fspan%3E2944&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A405317%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22875762&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.073171&amp;rft.aulast=Fenton&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+B.&amp;rft.au=Faure%2C+P.+A.&amp;rft.au=Ratcliffe%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.073171&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaveyBurwell1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pavey, C. R.; Burwell, C. J. (1998). "Bat Predation on Eared Moths: A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis". <i>Oikos</i>. <b>81</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Oikos..81..143P">1998Oikos..81..143P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3546476">10.2307/3546476</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3546476">3546476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oikos&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+Predation+on+Eared+Moths%3A+A+Test+of+the+Allotonic+Frequency+Hypothesis&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3546476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3546476&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Oikos..81..143P&amp;rft.aulast=Pavey&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+R.&amp;rft.au=Burwell%2C+C.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSowell1983" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, W. A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a164098.pdf">"The Bat's Ear as a Diffraction Grating"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Air Force Institute of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325122845/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a164098.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Bat%27s+Ear+as+a+Diffraction+Grating&amp;rft.pub=Air+Force+Institute+of+Technology&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.aulast=Sowell&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa164098.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFK.2009" class="citation journal cs1">K., Roman (2009). "Model predicts bat pinna ridges focus high frequencies to form narrow sensitivity beams". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>125</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">3454–</span>3459. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ASAJ..125.3454K">2009ASAJ..125.3454K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.3097500">10.1121/1.3097500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19425684">19425684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Model+predicts+bat+pinna+ridges+focus+high+frequencies+to+form+narrow+sensitivity+beams&amp;rft.volume=125&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3454-%3C%2Fspan%3E3459&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19425684&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.3097500&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ASAJ..125.3454K&amp;rft.aulast=K.&amp;rft.aufirst=Roman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corcoran2009-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corcoran2009_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corcoran2009_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorcoranBarberConner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Corcoran, A. J.; Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2009). "Tiger moth jams bat sonar". <i>Science</i>. <b>325</b> (5938): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325..325C">2009Sci...325..325C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1174096">10.1126/science.1174096</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19608920">19608920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206520028">206520028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Tiger+moth+jams+bat+sonar&amp;rft.volume=325&amp;rft.issue=5938&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1174096&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206520028%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19608920&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...325..325C&amp;rft.aulast=Corcoran&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+J.&amp;rft.au=Barber%2C+J.+R.&amp;rft.au=Conner%2C+W.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hristov2005-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hristov2005_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hristov2005_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHristovConner2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hristov, N. I.; Conner, W. E. (2005). "Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat–tiger moth arms race". <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>92</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">164–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005NW.....92..164H">2005NW.....92..164H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-005-0611-7">10.1007/s00114-005-0611-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772807">15772807</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18306198">18306198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&amp;rft.atitle=Sound+strategy%3A+acoustic+aposematism+in+the+bat%E2%80%93tiger+moth+arms+race&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-005-0611-7&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18306198%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15772807&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005NW.....92..164H&amp;rft.aulast=Hristov&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+I.&amp;rft.au=Conner%2C+W.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSurlykkeGhoseMoss2009" class="citation journal cs1">Surlykke, A.; Ghose, K.; Moss, C. F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726860">"Acoustic scanning of natural scenes by echolocation in the big brown bat, <i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>212</b> (Pt 7): <span class="nowrap">1011–</span>1020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.024620">10.1242/jeb.024620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726860">2726860</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19282498">19282498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Acoustic+scanning+of+natural+scenes+by+echolocation+in+the+big+brown+bat%2C+Eptesicus+fuscus&amp;rft.volume=212&amp;rft.issue=Pt+7&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1011-%3C%2Fspan%3E1020&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2726860%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19282498&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.024620&amp;rft.aulast=Surlykke&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Ghose%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Moss%2C+C.+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2726860&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStraußLakes-Harlan2014" class="citation book cs1">Strauß, J.; Lakes-Harlan, R. (2014). "Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Origins of Tympanal Hearing Organs in Insects". In Hedwig, B. (ed.). <i>Insect Hearing and Acoustic Communication</i>. Animal Signals and Communication. Vol.&#160;1. Springer. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">5–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-40462-7_2">10.1007/978-3-642-40462-7_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-40462-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-40462-7"><bdi>978-3-642-40462-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Evolutionary+and+Phylogenetic+Origins+of+Tympanal+Hearing+Organs+in+Insects&amp;rft.btitle=Insect+Hearing+and+Acoustic+Communication&amp;rft.series=Animal+Signals+and+Communication&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-40462-7_2&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-642-40462-7&amp;rft.aulast=Strau%C3%9F&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Lakes-Harlan%2C+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFullard1998" class="citation book cs1">Fullard, J. H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-3jBwAAQBAJ">"Moth Ears and Bat Calls: Coevolution or Coincidence?"</a>. In Hoy, R. R.; Fay, R. R.; Popper, A. N. (eds.). <i>Comparative Hearing: Insects</i>. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-6828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-6828-4"><bdi>978-1-4612-6828-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Moth+Ears+and+Bat+Calls%3A+Coevolution+or+Coincidence%3F&amp;rft.btitle=Comparative+Hearing%3A+Insects&amp;rft.series=Springer+Handbook+of+Auditory+Research&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4612-6828-4&amp;rft.aulast=Fullard&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-3jBwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTakanashiNakanoSurlykkeTatsuta2010" class="citation journal cs1">Takanashi, Takuma; Nakano, Ryo; Surlykke, A.; Tatsuta, H.; Tabata, J.; Ishikawa, Y.; Skals, N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949388">"Variation in Courtship Ultrasounds of Three Ostrinia Moths with Different Sex Pheromones"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>5</b> (10): e13144. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...513144T">2010PLoSO...513144T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013144">10.1371/journal.pone.0013144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949388">2949388</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20957230">20957230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Variation+in+Courtship+Ultrasounds+of+Three+Ostrinia+Moths+with+Different+Sex+Pheromones&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e13144&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2949388%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20957230&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013144&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...513144T&amp;rft.aulast=Takanashi&amp;rft.aufirst=Takuma&amp;rft.au=Nakano%2C+Ryo&amp;rft.au=Surlykke%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Tatsuta%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Tabata%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Ishikawa%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Skals%2C+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2949388&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSophasarun,_N." class="citation web cs1">Sophasarun, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230022439/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0204/feature7/online_extra.html">"Experts debunk bats' bad rap"</a>. <i>Online extra</i>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0204/feature7/online_extra.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+extra&amp;rft.atitle=Experts+debunk+bats%27+bad+rap&amp;rft.au=Sophasarun%2C+N.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngm%2F0204%2Ffeature7%2Fonline_extra.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüllerGlösmannPeichlKnop2009" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, B.; Glösmann, M.; Peichl, L.; Knop, G. C.; Hagemann, C.; Ammermüller, J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712075">"Bat Eyes Have Ultraviolet-Sensitive Cone Photoreceptors"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>4</b> (7): e6390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.6390M">2009PLoSO...4.6390M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006390">10.1371/journal.pone.0006390</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712075">2712075</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19636375">19636375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+Eyes+Have+Ultraviolet-Sensitive+Cone+Photoreceptors&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=e6390&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2712075%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19636375&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006390&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PLoSO...4.6390M&amp;rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.au=Gl%C3%B6smann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Peichl%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Knop%2C+G.+C.&amp;rft.au=Hagemann%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Ammerm%C3%BCller%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2712075&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShenLiuIrwinZhang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shen, Y.-Y.; Liu, J.; Irwin, D. M.; Zhang, Y.-P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2809114">"Parallel and Convergent Evolution of the Dim-Light Vision Gene <i>RH1</i> in Bats (Order: Chiroptera)"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>5</b> (1): e8838. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...5.8838S">2010PLoSO...5.8838S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008838">10.1371/journal.pone.0008838</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2809114">2809114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20098620">20098620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Parallel+and+Convergent+Evolution+of+the+Dim-Light+Vision+Gene+RH1+in+Bats+%28Order%3A+Chiroptera%29&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e8838&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2809114%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20098620&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008838&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...5.8838S&amp;rft.aulast=Shen&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.-Y.&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Irwin%2C+D.+M.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y.-P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2809114&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wang2004-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wang2004_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang2004_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangOakleyMowerShimmin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, D.; Oakley, T.; Mower, J.; Shimmin, L. C.; Yim, S.; Honeycutt, R. L.; Tsao, H.; Li, W. H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsh015">"Molecular evolution of bat color vision genes"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">295–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsh015">10.1093/molbev/msh015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14660703">14660703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+evolution+of+bat+color+vision+genes&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsh015&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14660703&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Oakley%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Mower%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Shimmin%2C+L.+C.&amp;rft.au=Yim%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Honeycutt%2C+R.+L.&amp;rft.au=Tsao%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+W.+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsh015&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangPanParsonsWalker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Y.; Pan, Y.; Parsons, S.; Walker, M.; Zhang, S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2288691">"Bats Respond to Polarity of a Magnetic Field"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>274</b> (1627): <span class="nowrap">2901–</span>2905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0904">10.1098/rspb.2007.0904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2288691">2288691</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17848365">17848365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+Respond+to+Polarity+of+a+Magnetic+Field&amp;rft.volume=274&amp;rft.issue=1627&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2901-%3C%2Fspan%3E2905&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2288691%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17848365&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0904&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Pan%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Parsons%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Walker%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2288691&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTianPanMetznerZhang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tian, L.-X.; Pan, Y.-X.; Metzner, W.; Zhang, J.-S.; Zhang, B.-F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4414586">"Bats Respond to Very Weak Magnetic Fields"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (4): e0123205. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1023205T">2015PLoSO..1023205T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0123205">10.1371/journal.pone.0123205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4414586">4414586</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922944">25922944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+Respond+to+Very+Weak+Magnetic+Fields&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e0123205&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4414586%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25922944&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0123205&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1023205T&amp;rft.aulast=Tian&amp;rft.aufirst=L.-X.&amp;rft.au=Pan%2C+Y.-X.&amp;rft.au=Metzner%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+J.-S.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+B.-F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4414586&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowack_2017-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nowack_2017_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNowackStawskiGeiser2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nowack, J.; Stawski, C.; Geiser, F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5486538">"More functions of torpor and their roles in a changing world"</a>. <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology B</i>. <b>187</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">889–</span>897. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00360-017-1100-y">10.1007/s00360-017-1100-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5486538">5486538</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28432393">28432393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+B&amp;rft.atitle=More+functions+of+torpor+and+their+roles+in+a+changing+world&amp;rft.volume=187&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E889-%3C%2Fspan%3E897&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5486538%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28432393&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00360-017-1100-y&amp;rft.aulast=Nowack&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Stawski%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Geiser%2C+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5486538&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStawskiWillisGeiser2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stawski, C.; Willis, C. K. R.; Geiser, F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12105">"The importance of temporal heterothermy in bats"</a>. <i>J Zool</i>. <b>292</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12105">10.1111/jzo.12105</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Zool&amp;rft.atitle=The+importance+of+temporal+heterothermy+in+bats&amp;rft.volume=292&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjzo.12105&amp;rft.aulast=Stawski&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Willis%2C+C.+K.+R.&amp;rft.au=Geiser%2C+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjzo.12105&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham201199–100-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham201199–100_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltringham2011">Altringham 2011</a>, pp.&#160;99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoigtLewanzik2011" class="citation journal cs1">Voigt, C. C.; Lewanzik, D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119008">"Trapped in the darkness of the night: thermal and energetic constraints of daylight flight in bats"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>278</b> (1716): <span class="nowrap">2311–</span>2317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2010.2290">10.1098/rspb.2010.2290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119008">3119008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21208959">21208959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Trapped+in+the+darkness+of+the+night%3A+thermal+and+energetic+constraints+of+daylight+flight+in+bats&amp;rft.volume=278&amp;rft.issue=1716&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2311-%3C%2Fspan%3E2317&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3119008%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21208959&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2010.2290&amp;rft.aulast=Voigt&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+C.&amp;rft.au=Lewanzik%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3119008&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ochoa-AcuñaKunz1999-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ochoa-AcuñaKunz1999_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOchoa-AcuñaKunz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ochoa-Acuña, H.; Kunz, T.H. (1999). "Thermoregulatory behavior in the small island flying fox, <i>Pteropus hypomelanus</i> (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)". <i>Journal of Thermal Biology</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JTBio..24...15O">1999JTBio..24...15O</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.581.38">10.1.1.581.38</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0306-4565%2898%2900033-3">10.1016/S0306-4565(98)00033-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thermal+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Thermoregulatory+behavior+in+the+small+island+flying+fox%2C+Pteropus+hypomelanus+%28Chiroptera%3A+Pteropodidae%29&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.581.38%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0306-4565%2898%2900033-3&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JTBio..24...15O&amp;rft.aulast=Ochoa-Acu%C3%B1a&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=Kunz%2C+T.H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LichtLeitner1967-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LichtLeitner1967_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLichtLeitner1967" class="citation journal cs1">Licht, Paul; Leitner, Philip (1967). "Physiological responses to high environmental temperatures in three species of microchiropteran bats". <i>Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">371–</span>387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-406X%2867%2990601-9">10.1016/0010-406X(67)90601-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Physiological+responses+to+high+environmental+temperatures+in+three+species+of+microchiropteran+bats&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E387&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-406X%2867%2990601-9&amp;rft.aulast=Licht&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Leitner%2C+Philip&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeuweiler2000" class="citation book cs1">Neuweiler, Gerhard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gI-Sly7oq7QC&amp;pg=PA43">"The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems"</a>. <i>The Biology of Bats</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">43–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-9951-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-9951-5"><bdi>978-0-1950-9951-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Circulatory+and+Respiratory+Systems&amp;rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Bats&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1950-9951-5&amp;rft.aulast=Neuweiler&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerhard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgI-Sly7oq7QC%26pg%3DPA43&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeiserStawski2011" class="citation journal cs1">Geiser, F.; Stawski, C. (2011). "Hibernation and Torpor in Tropical and Subtropical Bats in Relation to Energetics, Extinctions, and the Evolution of Endothermy". <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>51</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">337–</span>338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficr042">10.1093/icb/icr042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21700575">21700575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Hibernation+and+Torpor+in+Tropical+and+Subtropical+Bats+in+Relation+to+Energetics%2C+Extinctions%2C+and+the+Evolution+of+Endothermy&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficr042&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21700575&amp;rft.aulast=Geiser&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.au=Stawski%2C+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStawskiGeiser2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stawski, C.; Geiser, F. (2010). "Fat and Fed: Frequent Use of Summer Torpor in a Subtropical Bat". <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>97</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NW.....97...29S">2010NW.....97...29S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-009-0606-x">10.1007/s00114-009-0606-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19756460">19756460</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9499097">9499097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&amp;rft.atitle=Fat+and+Fed%3A+Frequent+Use+of+Summer+Torpor+in+a+Subtropical+Bat&amp;rft.volume=97&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-009-0606-x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9499097%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19756460&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NW.....97...29S&amp;rft.aulast=Stawski&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Geiser%2C+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZubaidMcCrackenKunz2006" class="citation book cs1">Zubaid, A.; McCracken, G. F.; Kunz, T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nA0TDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14"><i>Functional and Evolutionary Ecology of Bats</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">14–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515472-6"><bdi>978-0-19-515472-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Functional+and+Evolutionary+Ecology+of+Bats&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-515472-6&amp;rft.aulast=Zubaid&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=McCracken%2C+G.+F.&amp;rft.au=Kunz%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnA0TDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight2012" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, K. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.074823">"Bats Use Torpor to Minimise Costs"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>215</b> (12): iii. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.074823">10.1242/jeb.074823</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+Use+Torpor+to+Minimise+Costs&amp;rft.volume=215&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=iii&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.074823&amp;rft.aulast=Knight&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.074823&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBondarencoKörtnerGeiser2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bondarenco, A.; Körtner, G.; Geiser, F. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5079220">"How to Keep Cool in a Hot Desert: Torpor in Two Species of Free-Ranging Bats in Summer"</a>. <i>Temperature</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">476–</span>483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23328940.2016.1214334">10.1080/23328940.2016.1214334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5079220">5079220</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349087">28349087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Temperature&amp;rft.atitle=How+to+Keep+Cool+in+a+Hot+Desert%3A+Torpor+in+Two+Species+of+Free-Ranging+Bats+in+Summer&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E476-%3C%2Fspan%3E483&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5079220%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28349087&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23328940.2016.1214334&amp;rft.aulast=Bondarenco&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=K%C3%B6rtner%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Geiser%2C+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5079220&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGuireJonassenGuglielmo2014" class="citation journal cs1">McGuire, L. P.; Jonassen, K. A.; Guglielmo, C. G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4281203">"Bats on a Budget: Torpor-Assisted Migration Saves Time and Energy"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (12): e115724. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9k5724M">2014PLoSO...9k5724M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0115724">10.1371/journal.pone.0115724</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4281203">4281203</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25551615">25551615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+on+a+Budget%3A+Torpor-Assisted+Migration+Saves+Time+and+Energy&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=e115724&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4281203%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25551615&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0115724&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9k5724M&amp;rft.aulast=McGuire&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+P.&amp;rft.au=Jonassen%2C+K.+A.&amp;rft.au=Guglielmo%2C+C.+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4281203&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonBarclay1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, I. M.; Barclay, R. M. R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/8204807">"Patterns of daily torpor and day-roost selection by male and female big brown bats (<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>)"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 744. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz94-100">10.1139/z94-100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Patterns+of+daily+torpor+and+day-roost+selection+by+male+and+female+big+brown+bats+%28Eptesicus+fuscus%29&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=744&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fz94-100&amp;rft.aulast=Hamilton&amp;rft.aufirst=I.+M.&amp;rft.au=Barclay%2C+R.+M.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F8204807&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurmeLenziWikelskiWild2025" class="citation journal cs1">Hurme, Edward; Lenzi, Ivan; Wikelski, Martin; Wild, Timm A.; Dechmann, Dina K. N. (3 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade7441">"Bats surf storm fronts during spring migration"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>387</b> (6729): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.ade7441">10.1126/science.ade7441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+surf+storm+fronts+during+spring+migration&amp;rft.volume=387&amp;rft.issue=6729&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&amp;rft.date=2025-01-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.ade7441&amp;rft.aulast=Hurme&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft.au=Lenzi%2C+Ivan&amp;rft.au=Wikelski%2C+Martin&amp;rft.au=Wild%2C+Timm+A.&amp;rft.au=Dechmann%2C+Dina+K.+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.ade7441&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edge-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edge_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819233333/http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=49">"Bumblebee bat (<i>Craseonycteris thonglongyai</i>)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EDGE_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="EDGE Species">EDGE Species</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=49">the original</a> on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=EDGE+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Bumblebee+bat+%28Craseonycteris+thonglongyai%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edgeofexistence.org%2Fmammals%2Fspecies_info.php%3Fid%3D49&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scitechdaily.com/kittis-hog-nosed-bat-is-worlds-smallest-mammal/">"Kitti's Hog-Nosed Bat Is World's Smallest Mammal"</a>. SciTechDaily. 3 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Kitti%27s+Hog-Nosed+Bat+Is+World%27s+Smallest+Mammal&amp;rft.pub=SciTechDaily&amp;rft.date=2012-12-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscitechdaily.com%2Fkittis-hog-nosed-bat-is-worlds-smallest-mammal%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nowak, R. M., editor (1999). <i>Walker's Mammals of the World.</i> Vol. 1. 6th edition. pp.&#160;264–271. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5789-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5789-9">0-8018-5789-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gonsalves-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gonsalves_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonsalves_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonsalvesBicknellLawWebb2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gonsalves, L.; Bicknell, B.; Law, B.; Webb, C.; Monamy, V. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795000">"Mosquito Consumption by Insectivorous Bats: Does Size Matter?"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (10): e77183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...877183G">2013PLoSO...877183G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077183">10.1371/journal.pone.0077183</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795000">3795000</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24130851">24130851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Mosquito+Consumption+by+Insectivorous+Bats%3A+Does+Size+Matter%3F&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e77183&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3795000%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24130851&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077183&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...877183G&amp;rft.aulast=Gonsalves&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Bicknell%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Law%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Webb%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Monamy%2C+V.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3795000&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDechmannSafiVonhof2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dechmann, D. K. N.; Safi, K.; Vonhof, M. J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F05-MAMM-A-424R2.1">"Matching Morphology and Diet in the Disc-Winged Bat <i>Thyroptera tricolor</i> (Chiroptera)"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>87</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1013–</span>1019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F05-MAMM-A-424R2.1">10.1644/05-MAMM-A-424R2.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&amp;rft.atitle=Matching+Morphology+and+Diet+in+the+Disc-Winged+Bat+Thyroptera+tricolor+%28Chiroptera%29&amp;rft.volume=87&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1013-%3C%2Fspan%3E1019&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F05-MAMM-A-424R2.1&amp;rft.aulast=Dechmann&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+K.+N.&amp;rft.au=Safi%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Vonhof%2C+M.+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1644%252F05-MAMM-A-424R2.1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomasSuthers1972" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, S. P.; Suthers, R. A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/57/2/317.full.pdf">"Physiology and energetics of bat flight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>57</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">317–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.57.2.317">10.1242/jeb.57.2.317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Physiology+and+energetics+of+bat+flight&amp;rft.volume=57&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.57.2.317&amp;rft.aulast=Thomas&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+P.&amp;rft.au=Suthers%2C+R.+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2Fjexbio%2F57%2F2%2F317.full.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/bats_of_the_world.html">"Bats of the World"</a>. Bat Conservation Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105143810/http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/bats_of_the_world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+of+the+World&amp;rft.pub=Bat+Conservation+Trust&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bats.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fbats_of_the_world.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201532-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201532_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, pp.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Vol 13 Mammals II</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). 2003. p.&#160;311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5362-0"><bdi>978-0-7876-5362-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grzimek%27s+Animal+Life+Encyclopedia%3A+Vol+13+Mammals+II&amp;rft.pages=311&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5362-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham201121-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham201121_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltringham2011">Altringham 2011</a>, p.&#160;21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bats-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bats_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/batfacts.htm">"The Art and Science of Bats"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. 7 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Science+of+Bats&amp;rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&amp;rft.date=2010-12-07&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2FEncyclopedia_SI%2Fnmnh%2Fbatfacts.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwab-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwab_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwab_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwab,_I._R.Pettigrew,_J.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schwab, I. R.; Pettigrew, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772916">"A choroidal sleight of hand"</a>. <i>British Journal of Ophthalmology</i>. <b>89</b> (11): 1398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjo.2005.077966">10.1136/bjo.2005.077966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772916">1772916</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16267906">16267906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&amp;rft.atitle=A+choroidal+sleight+of+hand&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1398&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1772916%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16267906&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjo.2005.077966&amp;rft.au=Schwab%2C+I.+R.&amp;rft.au=Pettigrew%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1772916&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander,_D._E.2015" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, D. E. (2015). <i>On the Wing: Insects, Pterosaurs, Birds, Bats and the Evolution of Animal Flight</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199996773" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199996773"><bdi>978-0199996773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Wing%3A+Insects%2C+Pterosaurs%2C+Birds%2C+Bats+and+the+Evolution+of+Animal+Flight&amp;rft.pages=137&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-0199996773&amp;rft.au=Alexander%2C+D.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpeakman1990" class="citation journal cs1">Speakman, J. R. (1990). "The function of daylight flying in British bats". <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>220</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1990.tb04296.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04296.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=The+function+of+daylight+flying+in+British+bats&amp;rft.volume=220&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1990.tb04296.x&amp;rft.aulast=Speakman&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpeakmanRydellWebbHayes2000" class="citation journal cs1">Speakman, J. R.; Rydell, J.; Webb, P. I.; Hayes, J. P.; Hays, G. C.; Hulbert, I. a. R.; McDevitt, R. M. (2000). "Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern Scandinavia (69° N), during continuous midsummer daylight". <i>Oikos</i>. <b>88</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Oikos..88...75S">2000Oikos..88...75S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0706.2000.880109.x">10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880109.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oikos&amp;rft.atitle=Activity+patterns+of+insectivorous+bats+and+birds+in+northern+Scandinavia+%2869%C2%B0+N%29%2C+during+continuous+midsummer+daylight&amp;rft.volume=88&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1600-0706.2000.880109.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Oikos..88...75S&amp;rft.aulast=Speakman&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+R.&amp;rft.au=Rydell%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Webb%2C+P.+I.&amp;rft.au=Hayes%2C+J.+P.&amp;rft.au=Hays%2C+G.+C.&amp;rft.au=Hulbert%2C+I.+a.+R.&amp;rft.au=McDevitt%2C+R.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChuaAziz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chua, Marcus A. H.; Aziz, Sheema Abdul (19 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmammalia-2017-0128">"Into the light: atypical diurnal foraging activity of Blyth's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus lepidus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) on Tioman Island, Malaysia"</a>. <i>Mammalia</i>. <b>83</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmammalia-2017-0128">10.1515/mammalia-2017-0128</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90531252">90531252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mammalia&amp;rft.atitle=Into+the+light%3A+atypical+diurnal+foraging+activity+of+Blyth%27s+horseshoe+bat%2C+Rhinolophus+lepidus+%28Chiroptera%3A+Rhinolophidae%29+on+Tioman+Island%2C+Malaysia&amp;rft.volume=83&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&amp;rft.date=2018-12-19&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fmammalia-2017-0128&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90531252%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Chua&amp;rft.aufirst=Marcus+A.+H.&amp;rft.au=Aziz%2C+Sheema+Abdul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fmammalia-2017-0128&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore1975" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, N. W. (1975). "The diurnal flight of the Azorean bat (Nyctalus azoreum) and the avifauna of the Azores". <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>177</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">483–</span>486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1975.tb02248.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb02248.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=The+diurnal+flight+of+the+Azorean+bat+%28Nyctalus+azoreum%29+and+the+avifauna+of+the+Azores&amp;rft.volume=177&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E486&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1975.tb02248.x&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200160–62-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton200160–62_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenton2001">Fenton 2001</a>, pp.&#160;60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200193–94-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton200193–94_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton200193–94_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenton2001">Fenton 2001</a>, pp.&#160;93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolchover,_N.2011" class="citation web cs1">Wolchover, N. (5 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/33258-bats-hate-rain.html">"Why Bats Hate Rain"</a>. LiveScience<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Bats+Hate+Rain&amp;rft.pub=LiveScience&amp;rft.date=2011-05-05&amp;rft.au=Wolchover%2C+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F33258-bats-hate-rain.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015104–107-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015104–107_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015104–107_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, pp.&#160;104–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015116-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015116_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabe1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rabe, M. J.; et&#160;al. (June 1998). "Long Foraging Distance for a Spotted Bat (Euderma Maculatum) in Northern Arizona". <i>The Southwestern Naturalist</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">266–</span>269. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30055364">30055364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Naturalist&amp;rft.atitle=Long+Foraging+Distance+for+a+Spotted+Bat+%28Euderma+Maculatum%29+in+Northern+Arizona&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&amp;rft.date=1998-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30055364%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Rabe&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201576-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons201576_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, pp.&#160;76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22069493-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22069493_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCuiYuanWangJones2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cui, J.; Yuan, X.; Wang, L.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3206078">"Recent loss of vitamin C biosynthesis ability in bats"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (11): e27114. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...627114C">2011PLoSO...627114C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0027114">10.1371/journal.pone.0027114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3206078">3206078</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22069493">22069493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+loss+of+vitamin+C+biosynthesis+ability+in+bats&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=e27114&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3206078%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22069493&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0027114&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...627114C&amp;rft.aulast=Cui&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Yuan%2C+X.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3206078&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenness,_R.Birney,_E.Ayaz,_K.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Jenness, R.; Birney, E.; Ayaz, K. (1980). "Variation of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity in placental mammals". <i>Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B</i>. <b>67</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-0491%2880%2990131-5">10.1016/0305-0491(80)90131-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology+B&amp;rft.atitle=Variation+of+L-gulonolactone+oxidase+activity+in+placental+mammals&amp;rft.volume=67&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0305-0491%2880%2990131-5&amp;rft.au=Jenness%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Birney%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Ayaz%2C+K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21037206-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21037206_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21037206_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCui,_J.Pan,_Y._H.Zhang,_Y.Jones,_G.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cui, J.; Pan, Y. H.; Zhang, Y.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq286">"Progressive pseudogenization: vitamin C synthesis and its loss in bats"</a>. <i>Mol. Biol. Evol</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1025–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq286">10.1093/molbev/msq286</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21037206">21037206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol.+Biol.+Evol.&amp;rft.atitle=Progressive+pseudogenization%3A+vitamin+C+synthesis+and+its+loss+in+bats&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1025-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq286&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21037206&amp;rft.au=Cui%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Pan%2C+Y.+H.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsq286&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015108–110-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015108–110_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, pp.&#160;108–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wray_Jusino_Banik_Palmer_2018-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wray_Jusino_Banik_Palmer_2018_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWrayJusinoBanikPalmer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wray, Amy K.; Jusino, Michelle A.; Banik, Mark T.; Palmer, Jonathan M.; Kaarakka, Heather; White, J. Paul; Lindner, Daniel L.; Gratton, Claudio; Peery, M Zachariah (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyy044">"Incidence and taxonomic richness of mosquitoes in the diets of little brown and big brown bats"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>99</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">668–</span>674. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyy044">10.1093/jmammal/gyy044</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&amp;rft.atitle=Incidence+and+taxonomic+richness+of+mosquitoes+in+the+diets+of+little+brown+and+big+brown+bats&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E668-%3C%2Fspan%3E674&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyy044&amp;rft.aulast=Wray&amp;rft.aufirst=Amy+K.&amp;rft.au=Jusino%2C+Michelle+A.&amp;rft.au=Banik%2C+Mark+T.&amp;rft.au=Palmer%2C+Jonathan+M.&amp;rft.au=Kaarakka%2C+Heather&amp;rft.au=White%2C+J.+Paul&amp;rft.au=Lindner%2C+Daniel+L.&amp;rft.au=Gratton%2C+Claudio&amp;rft.au=Peery%2C+M+Zachariah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjmammal%252Fgyy044&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatriquinGuyHindsRatcliffe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Patriquin, Krista J; Guy, Cylita; Hinds, Joshua; Ratcliffe, John M (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jue/article/5/1/juz015/5572591">"Male and female bats differ in their use of a large urban park"</a>. <i>Journal of Urban Ecology</i>. <b>5</b> (1): juz015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjue%2Fjuz015">10.1093/jue/juz015</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Male+and+female+bats+differ+in+their+use+of+a+large+urban+park&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=juz015&amp;rft.date=2019-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjue%2Fjuz015&amp;rft.aulast=Patriquin&amp;rft.aufirst=Krista+J&amp;rft.au=Guy%2C+Cylita&amp;rft.au=Hinds%2C+Joshua&amp;rft.au=Ratcliffe%2C+John+M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjue%2Farticle%2F5%2F1%2Fjuz015%2F5572591&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCrackenGillamWestbrookLee2008" class="citation journal cs1">McCracken, G. F.; Gillam, E. H.; Westbrook, J. K.; Lee, Y. F.; Jensen, M. L.; Balsley, B. B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficn033">"Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis: Molossidae, Chiroptera) at high altitude: Links to migratory insect populations"</a>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>48</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficn033">10.1093/icb/icn033</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21669777">21669777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Brazilian+free-tailed+bats+%28Tadarida+brasiliensis%3A+Molossidae%2C+Chiroptera%29+at+high+altitude%3A+Links+to+migratory+insect+populations&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficn033&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21669777&amp;rft.aulast=McCracken&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+F.&amp;rft.au=Gillam%2C+E.+H.&amp;rft.au=Westbrook%2C+J.+K.&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+Y.+F.&amp;rft.au=Jensen%2C+M.+L.&amp;rft.au=Balsley%2C+B.+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252Ficn033&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psu.edu/dept/nkbiology/naturetrail/speciespages/little_brown_bat.html">"Little Brown Bat"</a>. Penn State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Little+Brown+Bat&amp;rft.pub=Penn+State+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psu.edu%2Fdept%2Fnkbiology%2Fnaturetrail%2Fspeciespages%2Flittle_brown_bat.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015120-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015120_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitt1989" class="citation journal cs1">Fitt, G. P. (1989). "The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agro-ecosystems". <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>34</b>: <span class="nowrap">17–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.34.1.17">10.1146/annurev.ento.34.1.17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&amp;rft.atitle=The+ecology+of+Heliothis+species+in+relation+to+agro-ecosystems&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.34.1.17&amp;rft.aulast=Fitt&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoylesMcGuireBoylesReimer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Boyles, J. G.; McGuire, L. P.; Boyles, E.; Reimer, J. P.; Brooks, C. A.; Rutherford, R. W.; Rutherford, T. A.; Whitaker, J. O. Jr.; McCracken, G. F. (2016). "Physiological and behavioral adaptations in bats living at high latitudes". <i>Physiology and Behavior</i>. <b>165</b>: <span class="nowrap">322–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2016.08.016">10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27542518">27542518</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25361258">25361258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physiology+and+Behavior&amp;rft.atitle=Physiological+and+behavioral+adaptations+in+bats+living+at+high+latitudes&amp;rft.volume=165&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E322-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25361258%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27542518&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2016.08.016&amp;rft.aulast=Boyles&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+G.&amp;rft.au=McGuire%2C+L.+P.&amp;rft.au=Boyles%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Reimer%2C+J.+P.&amp;rft.au=Brooks%2C+C.+A.&amp;rft.au=Rutherford%2C+R.+W.&amp;rft.au=Rutherford%2C+T.+A.&amp;rft.au=Whitaker%2C+J.+O.+Jr.&amp;rft.au=McCracken%2C+G.+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmons,_N._B.Voss,_R._S.Mori,_S._A." class="citation web cs1">Simmons, N. B.; Voss, R. S.; Mori, S. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybg.org/botany/tlobova/mori/batsplants/batdispersal/batdispersal_frameset.htm">"Bats as Dispersers of Plants in the Lowland Forests of Central French Guiana"</a>. New York Botanical Garden<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+as+Dispersers+of+Plants+in+the+Lowland+Forests+of+Central+French+Guiana&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Botanical+Garden&amp;rft.au=Simmons%2C+N.+B.&amp;rft.au=Voss%2C+R.+S.&amp;rft.au=Mori%2C+S.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybg.org%2Fbotany%2Ftlobova%2Fmori%2Fbatsplants%2Fbatdispersal%2Fbatdispersal_frameset.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015115_165-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortega2001-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ortega2001_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrtegaCastro-Arellano2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ortega, J.; Castro-Arellano, I. (2001). "<i>Artibeus jamaicensis</i>". <i>Mammalian Species</i> (662): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1410%282001%29662%3C0001%3Aaj%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1644/1545-1410(2001)662&#60;0001:aj&#62;2.0.co&#59;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198969258">198969258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Artibeus+jamaicensis&amp;rft.issue=662&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F1545-1410%282001%29662%3C0001%3Aaj%3E2.0.co%3B2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198969258%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Ortega&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Castro-Arellano%2C+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGtongue-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGtongue_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGtongue_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2006" class="citation web cs1">Chamberlain, T. (6 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606114143/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061206-tongue-photo.html">"Photo in the News: Bat Has Longest Tongue of Any Mammal"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. National Geographic Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061206-tongue-photo.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2007</span>. <q><i>A. fistulata</i> (shown lapping sugar water from a tube) has the longest tongue, relative to body length, of any mammal&#160;&#8211;&#32;and now scientists think they know why.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&amp;rft.atitle=Photo+in+the+News%3A+Bat+Has+Longest+Tongue+of+Any+Mammal&amp;rft.date=2006-12-06&amp;rft.aulast=Chamberlain&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F12%2F061206-tongue-photo.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAritaSantos-Del-PradoArita1999" class="citation journal cs1">Arita, H. T.; Santos-Del-Prado, K.; Arita, H.T. (1999). "Conservation Biology of Nectar-Feeding Bats in Mexico". <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1383205">10.2307/1383205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1383205">1383205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&amp;rft.atitle=Conservation+Biology+of+Nectar-Feeding+Bats+in+Mexico&amp;rft.volume=80&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1383205&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1383205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Arita&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+T.&amp;rft.au=Santos-Del-Prado%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Arita%2C+H.T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerardoHobsonAdrianaDaniel2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gerardo, H.; Hobson, K. A.; Adriana, M. A.; Daniel, E. B.; Sanchez-Corero, V.; German, M. C. (2001). "The Role of Fruits and Insects in the Nutrition of Frugivorous Bats: Evaluating the Use of Stable Isotope Models". <i>Biotropica</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">520–</span>528. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Biotr..33..520H">2001Biotr..33..520H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2001.tb00206.x">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00206.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247675112">247675112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biotropica&amp;rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Fruits+and+Insects+in+the+Nutrition+of+Frugivorous+Bats%3A+Evaluating+the+Use+of+Stable+Isotope+Models&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E520-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247675112%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2001.tb00206.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Biotr..33..520H&amp;rft.aulast=Gerardo&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=Hobson%2C+K.+A.&amp;rft.au=Adriana%2C+M.+A.&amp;rft.au=Daniel%2C+E.+B.&amp;rft.au=Sanchez-Corero%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=German%2C+M.+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodgkisonBaldingZuibadKunz2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgkison, R.; Balding, S. T.; Zuibad, A.; Kunz, T. H. (2003). "Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) as Seed Dispersers and Pollinators in a Lowland Malaysian Rain Forest". <i>Biotropica</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">491–</span>502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Biotr..35..491H">2003Biotr..35..491H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2003.tb00606.x">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00606.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86327074">86327074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biotropica&amp;rft.atitle=Fruit+Bats+%28Chiroptera%3A+Pteropodidae%29+as+Seed+Dispersers+and+Pollinators+in+a+Lowland+Malaysian+Rain+Forest&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86327074%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2003.tb00606.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Biotr..35..491H&amp;rft.aulast=Hodgkison&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Balding%2C+S.+T.&amp;rft.au=Zuibad%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Kunz%2C+T.+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popa-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popa_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popa_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopa-LisseanuDelgado-HuertasForeroRodríguez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Popa-Lisseanu, A. G.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; Forero, M. G.; Rodríguez, A.; Arlettaz, R.; Ibáñez, C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1784064">"Bats' Conquest of a Formidable Foraging Niche: The Myriads of Nocturnally Migrating Songbirds"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>2</b> (2): e205. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PLoSO...2..205P">2007PLoSO...2..205P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000205">10.1371/journal.pone.0000205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1784064">1784064</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17299585">17299585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Bats%27+Conquest+of+a+Formidable+Foraging+Niche%3A+The+Myriads+of+Nocturnally+Migrating+Songbirds&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=e205&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1784064%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17299585&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000205&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PLoSO...2..205P&amp;rft.aulast=Popa-Lisseanu&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+G.&amp;rft.au=Delgado-Huertas%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Forero%2C+M.+G.&amp;rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Arlettaz%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez%2C+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1784064&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015107-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015107_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCramer,_M._J.Wilig,_M._R.Jones,_C.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cramer, M. J.; Wilig, M. R.; Jones, C. (2001). "Trachops cirrhosus". <i>Mammalian Species</i> (656): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1410%282001%29656%3C0001%3ATC%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1644/1545-1410(2001)656&#60;0001:TC&#62;2.0.CO&#59;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198968973">198968973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Trachops+cirrhosus&amp;rft.issue=656&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F1545-1410%282001%29656%3C0001%3ATC%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198968973%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.au=Cramer%2C+M.+J.&amp;rft.au=Wilig%2C+M.+R.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnitzler_1994-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schnitzler_1994_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchnitzler,_H.-U.Kalko,_E._K._V.Kaipf,_I.Grinnell,_A._D.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Schnitzler, H.-U.; Kalko, E. K. V.; Kaipf, I.; Grinnell, A. D. (1994). "Fishing and Echolocation Behavior of the Greater Bulldog Bat, <i>Noctilio leporinus</i>, in the Field". <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>35</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00184422">10.1007/BF00184422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23782948">23782948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Fishing+and+Echolocation+Behavior+of+the+Greater+Bulldog+Bat%2C+Noctilio+leporinus%2C+in+the+Field&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00184422&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23782948%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.au=Schnitzler%2C+H.-U.&amp;rft.au=Kalko%2C+E.+K.+V.&amp;rft.au=Kaipf%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Grinnell%2C+A.+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton20014–5-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton20014–5_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenton2001">Fenton 2001</a>, pp.&#160;4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenhall,_A._M.1961" class="citation book cs1">Greenhall, A. M. (1961). <i>Bats in Agriculture</i>. A Ministry of Agriculture Publication. p.&#160;8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+in+Agriculture&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=A+Ministry+of+Agriculture+Publication&amp;rft.date=1961&amp;rft.au=Greenhall%2C+A.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015119-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015119_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson_1990-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_1990_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson,_G.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, G. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921025300/http://www.stoppinginvasives.com/dotAsset/39c01b98-9a18-4715-bd36-adefe87d7c56.pdf">"Food Sharing in Vampire Bats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>262</b> (21): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990SciAm.262b..76W">1990SciAm.262b..76W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0290-76">10.1038/scientificamerican0290-76</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoppinginvasives.com/dotAsset/39c01b98-9a18-4715-bd36-adefe87d7c56.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.atitle=Food+Sharing+in+Vampire+Bats&amp;rft.volume=262&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0290-76&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990SciAm.262b..76W&amp;rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+G.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoppinginvasives.com%2FdotAsset%2F39c01b98-9a18-4715-bd36-adefe87d7c56.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowak_1991-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_1991_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_1991_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNowak,_R._M.1991" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, R. M. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof01nowa/page/1629"><i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i></a></span>. Johns Hopkins Press. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof01nowa/page/1629">1629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3970-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3970-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-3970-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&amp;rft.pages=1629&amp;rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8018-3970-2&amp;rft.au=Nowak%2C+R.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkersmammalsof01nowa%2Fpage%2F1629&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000829/http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/about/Outreach/Exhibits/Vampire%20Bat%20exhibit.pdf">"Vampire Bats – The Good, the Bad, and the Amazing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Natural Science Research Laboratory – Texas Tech. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/about/Outreach/Exhibits/Vampire%20Bat%20exhibit.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vampire+Bats+%E2%80%93+The+Good%2C+the+Bad%2C+and+the+Amazing&amp;rft.pub=Natural+Science+Research+Laboratory+%E2%80%93+Texas+Tech&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsrl.ttu.edu%2Fabout%2FOutreach%2FExhibits%2FVampire%2520Bat%2520exhibit.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RydellSpeakman1995-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RydellSpeakman1995_181-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RydellSpeakman1995_181-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRydellSpeakman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rydell, J.; Speakman, J. R. (1995). "Evolution of nocturnality in bats: Potential competitors and predators during their early history". <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">183–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1995.tb01031.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01031.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+nocturnality+in+bats%3A+Potential+competitors+and+predators+during+their+early+history&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1995.tb01031.x&amp;rft.aulast=Rydell&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Speakman%2C+J.+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Earth2015" class="citation web cs1">BBC Earth (10 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=235&amp;v=wi30w-Mk2yQ&amp;feature=emb_logo">"Flying Foxes Vs Freshwater Crocodile"</a>. <i>Youtube.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001170139/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=235&amp;v=wi30w-Mk2yQ&amp;feature=emb_logo">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Youtube.com&amp;rft.atitle=Flying+Foxes+Vs+Freshwater+Crocodile&amp;rft.date=2015-04-10&amp;rft.au=BBC+Earth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Ftime_continue%3D235%26v%3Dwi30w-Mk2yQ%26feature%3Demb_logo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EsbérardVrcibradic2007-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EsbérardVrcibradic2007_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsbérardVrcibradic2007" class="citation journal cs1">Esbérard, C. E. L.; Vrcibradic, D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101-81752007000300036">"Snakes preying on bats: new records from Brazil and a review of recorded cases in the Neotropical Region"</a>. <i>Revista Brasileira de Zoologia</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">848–</span>853. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101-81752007000300036">10.1590/S0101-81752007000300036</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Zoologia&amp;rft.atitle=Snakes+preying+on+bats%3A+new+records+from+Brazil+and+a+review+of+recorded+cases+in+the+Neotropical+Region&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E848-%3C%2Fspan%3E853&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0101-81752007000300036&amp;rft.aulast=Esb%C3%A9rard&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+E.+L.&amp;rft.au=Vrcibradic%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0101-81752007000300036&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LimaO&#39;Keefe2013-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LimaO&#39;Keefe2013_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLimaO&#39;Keefe2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lima, S. L.; O'Keefe, J. M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12021">"Do predators influence the behaviour of bats?"</a>. <i>Biological Reviews</i>. <b>88</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">626–</span>644. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12021">10.1111/brv.12021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23347323">23347323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32118961">32118961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Do+predators+influence+the+behaviour+of+bats%3F&amp;rft.volume=88&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E626-%3C%2Fspan%3E644&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32118961%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23347323&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbrv.12021&amp;rft.aulast=Lima&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+L.&amp;rft.au=O%27Keefe%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fbrv.12021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Léger2020-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Léger2020_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLéger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Léger, Clément (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7673352">"Bat parasites (Acari, Anoplura, Cestoda, Diptera, Hemiptera, Nematoda, Siphonaptera, Trematoda) in France (1762–2018): a literature review and contribution to a checklist"</a>. <i>Parasite</i>. <b>27</b>: 61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fparasite%2F2020051">10.1051/parasite/2020051</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1776-1042">1776-1042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7673352">7673352</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33206593">33206593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Parasite&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+parasites+%28Acari%2C+Anoplura%2C+Cestoda%2C+Diptera%2C+Hemiptera%2C+Nematoda%2C+Siphonaptera%2C+Trematoda%29+in+France+%281762%E2%80%932018%29%3A+a+literature+review+and+contribution+to+a+checklist&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7673352%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1776-1042&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33206593&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fparasite%2F2020051&amp;rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&amp;rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9ment&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7673352&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlimpelMehlhorn2013" class="citation book cs1">Klimpel, S.; Mehlhorn, H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Li6_BAAAQBAJ"><i>Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites: Facts and Myths</i></a>. Springer. p.&#160;87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39333-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39333-4"><bdi>978-3-642-39333-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+%28Chiroptera%29+as+Vectors+of+Diseases+and+Parasites%3A+Facts+and+Myths&amp;rft.pages=87&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-642-39333-4&amp;rft.aulast=Klimpel&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Mehlhorn%2C+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLi6_BAAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton2015-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton2015_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton2015_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClaytonBushJohnson2015" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, D. H.; Bush, S. E.; Johnson, K. P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lN0pCwAAQBAJ"><i>Coevolution of Life on Hosts: Integrating Ecology and History</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30227-0"><bdi>978-0-226-30227-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Coevolution+of+Life+on+Hosts%3A+Integrating+Ecology+and+History&amp;rft.pages=28&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-30227-0&amp;rft.aulast=Clayton&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+H.&amp;rft.au=Bush%2C+S.+E.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+K.+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlN0pCwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930212052/https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/">"White-Nose Syndrome (WNS)"</a>. National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/">the original</a> on 30 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=White-Nose+Syndrome+%28WNS%29&amp;rft.pub=National+Wildlife+Health+Center%2C+U.S.+Geological+Survey&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwhc.usgs.gov%2Fdisease_information%2Fwhite-nose_syndrome%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLorch,_J._M.Meteyer,_C._U.Behr,_M._J.Boyles,_J._G.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lorch, J. M.; Meteyer, C. U.; Behr, M. J.; Boyles, J. G.; Cryan, P. M.; Hicks, A. C.; Ballmann, A. E.; Coleman, J. T. H.; Redell, D. N.; Reeder, D. M.; .Blehert, D. S. (2011). "Experimental infection of bats with Geomyces destructans causes white-nose syndrome". <i>Nature</i>. <b>480</b> (7377): <span class="nowrap">376–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.480..376L">2011Natur.480..376L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10590">10.1038/nature10590</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22031324">22031324</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4381156">4381156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Experimental+infection+of+bats+with+Geomyces+destructans+causes+white-nose+syndrome&amp;rft.volume=480&amp;rft.issue=7377&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E376-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10590&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4381156%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22031324&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.480..376L&amp;rft.au=Lorch%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Meteyer%2C+C.+U.&amp;rft.au=Behr%2C+M.+J.&amp;rft.au=Boyles%2C+J.+G.&amp;rft.au=Cryan%2C+P.+M.&amp;rft.au=Hicks%2C+A.+C.&amp;rft.au=Ballmann%2C+A.+E.&amp;rft.au=Coleman%2C+J.+T.+H.&amp;rft.au=Redell%2C+D.+N.&amp;rft.au=Reeder%2C+D.+M.&amp;rft.au=.Blehert%2C+D.+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216145004/http://www.cwhc-rcsf.ca/wns.php">"White-Nose Syndrome – Background"</a>. Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwhc-rcsf.ca/wns.php">the original</a> on 16 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=White-Nose+Syndrome+%E2%80%93+Background&amp;rft.pub=Canadian+Cooperative+Wildlife+Health+Centre&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwhc-rcsf.ca%2Fwns.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaly,_M.2013" class="citation web cs1">Daly, M. (14 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2013/11/14/pennsylvanias-bats-nearly-wiped-out/">"Pennsylvania's Bats Nearly Wiped Out"</a>. CBS Philadelphia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Pennsylvania%27s+Bats+Nearly+Wiped+Out&amp;rft.pub=CBS+Philadelphia&amp;rft.date=2013-11-14&amp;rft.au=Daly%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphia.cbslocal.com%2F2013%2F11%2F14%2Fpennsylvanias-bats-nearly-wiped-out%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutenberg,_G.2012" class="citation web cs1">Gutenberg, G. (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://o.canada.com/technology/white-nose-syndrome-killing-canadas-bats">"White-nose syndrome killing Canada's bats"</a>. Postmedia Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=White-nose+syndrome+killing+Canada%27s+bats&amp;rft.pub=Postmedia+Network&amp;rft.date=2012-06-07&amp;rft.au=Gutenberg%2C+G.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fo.canada.com%2Ftechnology%2Fwhite-nose-syndrome-killing-canadas-bats&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065456/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Canada+%3a+Environment+Canada+Announces+Funding+to+Fight+Threat+of...-a0325180192">"Canada&#160;: Environment Canada Announces Funding to Fight Threat of White-nose Syndrome to Bats"</a>. Mena Report. 6 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Canada+%3A+Environment+Canada+Announces+Funding+to+Fight+Threat+of...-a0325180192">the original</a> on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Canada+%3A+Environment+Canada+Announces+Funding+to+Fight+Threat+of+White-nose+Syndrome+to+Bats&amp;rft.pub=Mena+Report&amp;rft.date=2013-04-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FCanada%2B%253A%2BEnvironment%2BCanada%2BAnnounces%2BFunding%2Bto%2BFight%2BThreat%2Bof...-a0325180192&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=124679">"Social Bats Pay a Price: Fungal Disease, White-Nose Syndrome ... Extinction?"</a>. The National Science Foundation. 3 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Social+Bats+Pay+a+Price%3A+Fungal+Disease%2C+White-Nose+Syndrome+...+Extinction%3F&amp;rft.pub=The+National+Science+Foundation&amp;rft.date=2012-07-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D124679&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrickPollock2010-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FrickPollock2010_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrickPollockHicksLangwig2010" class="citation journal cs1">Frick, W. F.; Pollock, J. F.; Hicks, A. C.; Langwig, K. E.; Reynolds, D. S.; Turner, G. G.; Butchkoski, C. M.; Kunz, T. H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/kip_articles/143">"An Emerging Disease Causes Regional Population Collapse of a Common North American Bat Species"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>329</b> (5992): <span class="nowrap">679–</span>682. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...329..679F">2010Sci...329..679F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1188594">10.1126/science.1188594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20689016">20689016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43601856">43601856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=An+Emerging+Disease+Causes+Regional+Population+Collapse+of+a+Common+North+American+Bat+Species&amp;rft.volume=329&amp;rft.issue=5992&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E679-%3C%2Fspan%3E682&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1188594&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43601856%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20689016&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...329..679F&amp;rft.aulast=Frick&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+F.&amp;rft.au=Pollock%2C+J.+F.&amp;rft.au=Hicks%2C+A.+C.&amp;rft.au=Langwig%2C+K.+E.&amp;rft.au=Reynolds%2C+D.+S.&amp;rft.au=Turner%2C+G.+G.&amp;rft.au=Butchkoski%2C+C.+M.&amp;rft.au=Kunz%2C+T.+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.usf.edu%2Fkip_articles%2F143&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitenosesyndrome.org/sites/default/files/files/wns_illinois_detection_final_upload.pdf">"White-Nose Syndrome Confirmed in Illinois Bats: Illinois becomes 20th state in U.S. to confirm deadly disease in bats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=White-Nose+Syndrome+Confirmed+in+Illinois+Bats%3A+Illinois+becomes+20th+state+in+U.S.+to+confirm+deadly+disease+in+bats&amp;rft.pub=Illinois+Department+of+Natural+Resources&amp;rft.date=2013-02-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitenosesyndrome.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fwns_illinois_detection_final_upload.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20170323c">"Fungus that Causes White-nose Syndrome in Bats Detected in Texas"</a>. Texas Parks and Wildlife. 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Fungus+that+Causes+White-nose+Syndrome+in+Bats+Detected+in+Texas&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Parks+and+Wildlife&amp;rft.date=2017-03-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpwd.texas.gov%2Fnewsmedia%2Freleases%2F%3Freq%3D20170323c&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong2007-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wong2007_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWongLau,_S.Woo,_P.Yuen,_K.-Y.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, S.; Lau, S.; Woo, P.; Yuen, K.-Y. (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169091">"Bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans"</a>. <i>Reviews in Medical Virology</i>. <b>17</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley &amp; Sons">John Wiley &amp; Sons</a>: <span class="nowrap">67–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frmv.520">10.1002/rmv.520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169091">7169091</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17042030">17042030</a>. <q>The currently known viruses that have been found in bats are reviewed and the risks of transmission to humans are highlighted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Medical+Virology&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+as+a+continuing+source+of+emerging+infections+in+humans&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&amp;rft.date=2006-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7169091%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17042030&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Frmv.520&amp;rft.aulast=Wong&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Lau%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Woo%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Yuen%2C+K.-Y.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7169091&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McColl2000-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McColl2000_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCollTordo,_N.Setien_Aquilar,_A._A.2000" class="citation journal cs1">McColl, K. A.; Tordo, N.; Setien Aquilar, A. A. (2000). "Bat lyssavirus infections". <i>Revue Scientifique et Technique</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">177–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20506%2Frst.19.1.1221">10.20506/rst.19.1.1221</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11189715">11189715</a>. <q>Bats, which represent approximately 24% of all known mammalian species, frequently act as vectors of lyssaviruses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Revue+Scientifique+et+Technique&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+lyssavirus+infections&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20506%2Frst.19.1.1221&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11189715&amp;rft.aulast=McColl&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+A.&amp;rft.au=Tordo%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Setien+Aquilar%2C+A.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calisher2006-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calisher2006_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calisher2006_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalisherChildsFieldHolmes2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calisher" title="Charles Calisher">Calisher, C. H.</a>; Childs, J. E.; Field, H. E.; Holmes, K. V.; Schountz, T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539106">"Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts of Emerging Viruses"</a>. <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">531–</span>545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00017-06">10.1128/CMR.00017-06</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539106">1539106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847084">16847084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Bats%3A+Important+Reservoir+Hosts+of+Emerging+Viruses&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E531-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1539106%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16847084&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.00017-06&amp;rft.aulast=Calisher&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+H.&amp;rft.au=Childs%2C+J.+E.&amp;rft.au=Field%2C+H.+E.&amp;rft.au=Holmes%2C+K.+V.&amp;rft.au=Schountz%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1539106&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brüssow2012-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brüssow2012_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrüssow2012" class="citation book cs1">Brüssow, H. (2012). "On Viruses, Bats and Men: A Natural History of Food-Borne Viral Infections". <i>Viruses: Essential Agents of Life</i>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">245–</span>267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-4899-6_12">10.1007/978-94-007-4899-6_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4898-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4898-9"><bdi>978-94-007-4898-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82956979">82956979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=On+Viruses%2C+Bats+and+Men%3A+A+Natural+History+of+Food-Borne+Viral+Infections&amp;rft.btitle=Viruses%3A+Essential+Agents+of+Life&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82956979%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-4899-6_12&amp;rft.isbn=978-94-007-4898-9&amp;rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCssow&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2014-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2014_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2014_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/features/bats/">"CDC Features – Take Caution When Bats Are Near"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=CDC+Features+%E2%80%93+Take+Caution+When+Bats+Are+Near&amp;rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&amp;rft.date=2014-04-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffeatures%2Fbats%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EatonBroder2006-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EatonBroder2006_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEatonBroderMiddletonWang2006" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, Bryan T.; Broder, Christopher C.; Middleton, Deborah; Wang, Lin-Fa (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7097447">"Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews Microbiology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1323">10.1038/nrmicro1323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7097447">7097447</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16357858">16357858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Hendra+and+Nipah+viruses%3A+different+and+dangerous&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7097447%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16357858&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro1323&amp;rft.aulast=Eaton&amp;rft.aufirst=Bryan+T.&amp;rft.au=Broder%2C+Christopher+C.&amp;rft.au=Middleton%2C+Deborah&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Lin-Fa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7097447&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halpin2000-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halpin2000_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalpinYoung,_P._L.Field,_H._E.Mackenzie,_J._S.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Halpin, K.; Young, P. L.; Field, H. E.; Mackenzie, J. S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-81-8-1927">"Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_General_Virology" title="Journal of General Virology">Journal of General Virology</a></i>. <b>81</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1927–</span>1932. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-81-8-1927">10.1099/0022-1317-81-8-1927</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10900029">10900029</a>. <q>In this paper we describe the isolation of HeV from pteropid bats, corroborating our serological and epidemiological evidence that these animals are a natural reservoir host of this virus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Virology&amp;rft.atitle=Isolation+of+Hendra+virus+from+pteropid+bats%3A+a+natural+reservoir+of+Hendra+virus&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1927-%3C%2Fspan%3E1932&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F0022-1317-81-8-1927&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10900029&amp;rft.aulast=Halpin&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft.au=Young%2C+P.+L.&amp;rft.au=Field%2C+H.+E.&amp;rft.au=Mackenzie%2C+J.+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252F0022-1317-81-8-1927&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leroy2005-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leroy2005_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeroyKumulungui,_B.Pourrut,_X.Rouque,_P.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Leroy, E. M.; Kumulungui, B.; Pourrut, X.; Rouque, P. (2005). "Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>438</b> (7068): <span class="nowrap">575–</span>576. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..575L">2005Natur.438..575L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438575a">10.1038/438575a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16319873">16319873</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4403209">4403209</a>. <q>We find evidence of asymptomatic infection by Ebola virus in three species of megabats, indicating that these animals may be acting as a reservoir for this deadly virus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Fruit+bats+as+reservoirs+of+Ebola+virus&amp;rft.volume=438&amp;rft.issue=7068&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E576&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F438575a&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4403209%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16319873&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.438..575L&amp;rft.aulast=Leroy&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+M.&amp;rft.au=Kumulungui%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Pourrut%2C+X.&amp;rft.au=Rouque%2C+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciAm2006-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SciAm2006_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoi,_C._Q.2006" class="citation news cs1">Choi, C. Q. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=going-to-bat">"Going to Bat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. pp.&#160;24, 26. <q>Long known as vectors for rabies, bats may be the origin of some of the most deadly emerging viruses, including SARS, Ebola, Nipah, Hendra and Marburg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.atitle=Going+to+Bat&amp;rft.pages=24%2C+26&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.au=Choi%2C+C.+Q.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dgoing-to-bat&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span> Note: This is a lay summary of the various scientific publications cited in the preceding sentence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC_EVD-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDC_EVD_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/about.html">"What is Ebola Virus Disease?"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>. 5 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>Scientists do not know where Ebola virus comes from.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+Ebola+Virus+Disease%3F&amp;rft.date=2019-11-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvhf%2Febola%2Fabout.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRewarMirdha2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rewar, Suresh; Mirdha, Dashrath (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aogh.2015.02.005">"Transmission of Ebola Virus Disease: An Overview"</a>. <i>Annals of Global Health</i>. <b>80</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">444–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aogh.2015.02.005">10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25960093">25960093</a>. <q>Despite concerted investigative efforts, the natural reservoir of the virus is unknown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Global+Health&amp;rft.atitle=Transmission+of+Ebola+Virus+Disease%3A+An+Overview&amp;rft.volume=80&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E444-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aogh.2015.02.005&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25960093&amp;rft.aulast=Rewar&amp;rft.aufirst=Suresh&amp;rft.au=Mirdha%2C+Dashrath&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.aogh.2015.02.005&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castro2013-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castro2013_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castro2013_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastro,_J.2013" class="citation web cs1">Castro, J. (6 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/26898-bats-host-human-infecting-viruses.html">"Bats Host More Than 60 Human-Infecting Viruses"</a>. Live Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+Host+More+Than+60+Human-Infecting+Viruses&amp;rft.pub=Live+Science&amp;rft.date=2013-02-06&amp;rft.au=Castro%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F26898-bats-host-human-infecting-viruses.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olival-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olival_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlivalWeekleyDaszak2015" class="citation book cs1">Olival, Kevin J.; Weekley, Cristin C.; Daszak, Peter (2015). "Are Bats Really 'Special' as Viral Reservoirs? What We Know and Need to Know". <i>Bats and Viruses</i>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">281–</span>294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118818824.ch11">10.1002/9781118818824.ch11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118818824" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118818824"><bdi>978-1118818824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Are+Bats+Really+%27Special%27+as+Viral+Reservoirs%3F+What+We+Know+and+Need+to+Know&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+and+Viruses&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118818824.ch11&amp;rft.isbn=978-1118818824&amp;rft.aulast=Olival&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&amp;rft.au=Weekley%2C+Cristin+C.&amp;rft.au=Daszak%2C+Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mollentze-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mollentze_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMollentzeStreicker2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mollentze, Nardus; Streicker, Daniel G. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7196766">"Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>117</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">9423–</span>9430. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..117.9423M">2020PNAS..117.9423M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1919176117">10.1073/pnas.1919176117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7196766">7196766</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32284401">32284401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Viral+zoonotic+risk+is+homogenous+among+taxonomic+orders+of+mammalian+and+avian+reservoir+hosts&amp;rft.volume=117&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9423-%3C%2Fspan%3E9430&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7196766%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32284401&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1919176117&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..117.9423M&amp;rft.aulast=Mollentze&amp;rft.aufirst=Nardus&amp;rft.au=Streicker%2C+Daniel+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7196766&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDobson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dobson, A. P. (2005). "What Links Bats to Emerging Infectious Diseases?". <i>Science</i>. <b>310</b> (5748): <span class="nowrap">628–</span>629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1120872">10.1126/science.1120872</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16254175">16254175</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84007133">84007133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=What+Links+Bats+to+Emerging+Infectious+Diseases%3F&amp;rft.volume=310&amp;rft.issue=5748&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E628-%3C%2Fspan%3E629&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84007133%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16254175&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1120872&amp;rft.aulast=Dobson&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/why-do-bats-transmit-so-many-diseases/">"Why Do Bats Transmit So Many Diseases?"</a>. IFL Science. 6 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Do+Bats+Transmit+So+Many+Diseases%3F&amp;rft.pub=IFL+Science&amp;rft.date=2014-08-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iflscience.com%2Fplants-and-animals%2Fwhy-do-bats-transmit-so-many-diseases%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li2005-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li2005_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiShi,_Z.Yu,_M.Ren,_W.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Li, W.; Shi, Z.; Yu, M.; Ren, W. (28 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3949088">"Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>310</b> (5748): <span class="nowrap">676–</span>679. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310..676L">2005Sci...310..676L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1118391">10.1126/science.1118391</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16195424">16195424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2971923">2971923</a>. <q>The genetic diversity of bat-derived sequences supports the notion that bats are a natural reservoir host of the SARS cluster of coronaviruses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+are+natural+reservoirs+of+SARS-like+coronaviruses&amp;rft.volume=310&amp;rft.issue=5748&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E679&amp;rft.date=2005-10-28&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1118391&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2971923%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16195424&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...310..676L&amp;rft.aulast=Li&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.au=Shi%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Yu%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Ren%2C+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3949088&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DrostenHu2017-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DrostenHu2017_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrostenHuZengYang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Drosten, C.; Hu, B.; Zeng, L.-P.; Yang, X.-L.; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Xie, J.-Z.; Shen, X.-R.; Zhang, Yun-Zhi; Wang, N.; Luo, D.-S.; Zheng, X.-S.; Wang, M.-N.; Daszak, P.; Wang, L.-F.; Cui, J.; Shi, Z.-L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5708621">"Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus"</a>. <i>PLOS Pathogens</i>. <b>13</b> (11): e1006698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1006698">10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5708621">5708621</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29190287">29190287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&amp;rft.atitle=Discovery+of+a+rich+gene+pool+of+bat+SARS-related+coronaviruses+provides+new+insights+into+the+origin+of+SARS+coronavirus&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=e1006698&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5708621%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29190287&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1006698&amp;rft.aulast=Drosten&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Hu%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Zeng%2C+L.-P.&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+X.-L.&amp;rft.au=Ge%2C+Xing-Yi&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Wei&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Bei&amp;rft.au=Xie%2C+J.-Z.&amp;rft.au=Shen%2C+X.-R.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yun-Zhi&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Luo%2C+D.-S.&amp;rft.au=Zheng%2C+X.-S.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+M.-N.&amp;rft.au=Daszak%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+L.-F.&amp;rft.au=Cui%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Shi%2C+Z.-L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5708621&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasulu,_C.Molur,_S.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasulu, C. &amp; Molur, S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731134053/https://zoosprint.zooreach.org/index.php/zp/article/view/5669/5086">"Bats don't cause or spread Covid-19"</a>. <i>Zoo's Print</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zoosprint.zooreach.org/index.php/zp/article/view/5669/5086">the original</a> on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoo%27s+Print&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+don%27t+cause+or+spread+Covid-19&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.au=Srinivasulu%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Molur%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoosprint.zooreach.org%2Findex.php%2Fzp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5669%2F5086&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton200195–107-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton200195–107_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenton2001">Fenton 2001</a>, pp.&#160;95–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/bat-species.html">"How Many Species of Bats Are There?"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 14 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&amp;rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+of+Bats+Are+There%3F&amp;rft.date=2018-03-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fbat-species.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarkham2018" class="citation news cs1">Barkham, Patrick (12 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jun/12/the-last-bat-the-mystery-of-britains-most-solitary-animal">"The last bat: the mystery of Britain's most solitary animal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=The+last+bat%3A+the+mystery+of+Britain%27s+most+solitary+animal&amp;rft.date=2018-06-12&amp;rft.issn=0261-3077&amp;rft.aulast=Barkham&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fjun%2F12%2Fthe-last-bat-the-mystery-of-britains-most-solitary-animal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015188–189-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015188–189_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, pp.&#160;188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerth,_G.Perony,_N.Schweitzer,_F.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kerth, G.; Perony, N.; Schweitzer, F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145188">"Bats are able to maintain long-term social relationships despite the high fission–fusion dynamics of their groups"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>278</b> (1719): <span class="nowrap">2761–</span>2767. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2010.2718">10.1098/rspb.2010.2718</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145188">3145188</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21307051">21307051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Bats+are+able+to+maintain+long-term+social+relationships+despite+the+high+fission%E2%80%93fusion+dynamics+of+their+groups&amp;rft.volume=278&amp;rft.issue=1719&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2761-%3C%2Fspan%3E2767&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3145188%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21307051&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2010.2718&amp;rft.au=Kerth%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Perony%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Schweitzer%2C+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3145188&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFornůsková,_APetit,_E._J.Bartonička,_T.Kaňuch,_P.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fornůsková, A; Petit, E. J.; Bartonička, T.; Kaňuch, P.; Butet, A.; Řehák, Z.; Bryja, J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12381">"Strong matrilineal structure in common pipistrelle bats (<i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</i>) is associated with variability in echolocation calls"</a>. <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>113</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1115–</span>1125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12381">10.1111/bij.12381</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Strong+matrilineal+structure+in+common+pipistrelle+bats+%28Pipistrellus+pipistrellus%29+is+associated+with+variability+in+echolocation+calls&amp;rft.volume=113&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1115-%3C%2Fspan%3E1125&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbij.12381&amp;rft.au=Forn%C5%AFskov%C3%A1%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Petit%2C+E.+J.&amp;rft.au=Bartoni%C4%8Dka%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Ka%C5%88uch%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Butet%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=%C5%98eh%C3%A1k%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Bryja%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fbij.12381&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter_&amp;_Wilkinson_2013-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carter_&amp;_Wilkinson_2013_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter,_G._G.Wilkinson,_G._S._D.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, G. G.; Wilkinson, G. S. D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3913674">"Does food sharing in vampire bats demonstrate reciprocity?"</a>. <i>Communicative &amp; Integrative Biology</i>. <b>6</b> (6): e25783. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcib.25783">10.4161/cib.25783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3913674">3913674</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24505498">24505498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Communicative+%26+Integrative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Does+food+sharing+in+vampire+bats+demonstrate+reciprocity%3F&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=e25783&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3913674%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24505498&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fcib.25783&amp;rft.au=Carter%2C+G.+G.&amp;rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+G.+S.+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3913674&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson_1986-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_1986_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson,_G._S.1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, G. S. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.umd.edu/faculty/wilkinson/Wilk_AB86.pdf">"Social Grooming in the Common Vampire Bat, <i>Desmodus rotundus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anim. Behav</i>. <b>34</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1880–</span>1889. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.539.5104">10.1.1.539.5104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0003-3472%2886%2980274-3">10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80274-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11214563">11214563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Anim.+Behav.&amp;rft.atitle=Social+Grooming+in+the+Common+Vampire+Bat%2C+Desmodus+rotundus&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1880-%3C%2Fspan%3E1889&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.539.5104%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11214563%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0003-3472%2886%2980274-3&amp;rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+G.+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.umd.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwilkinson%2FWilk_AB86.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSugita2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sugita, Norimasa (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100941">"Homosexual fellatio: erect penis licking between male Bonin Flying Foxes <i>Pteropus pselaphon</i>"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (11): e0166024. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1166024S">2016PLoSO..1166024S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0166024">10.1371/journal.pone.0166024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100941">5100941</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27824953">27824953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Homosexual+fellatio%3A+erect+penis+licking+between+male+Bonin+Flying+Foxes+Pteropus+pselaphon&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=e0166024&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5100941%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27824953&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0166024&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1166024S&amp;rft.aulast=Sugita&amp;rft.aufirst=Norimasa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5100941&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSundarKittur2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sundar, K. S. Gopi; Kittur, Swati (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11609%2Fjott.5893.12.8.15945-15946">"An observation of homosexual fellatio in the Indian Flying Fox <i>Pteropus medius</i> (Temminck, 1825) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)"</a>. <i>Journal of Threatened Taxa</i>. <b>12</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">15945–</span>15946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11609%2Fjott.5893.12.8.15945-15946">10.11609/jott.5893.12.8.15945-15946</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Threatened+Taxa&amp;rft.atitle=An+observation+of+homosexual+fellatio+in+the+Indian+Flying+Fox+Pteropus+medius+%28Temminck%2C+1825%29+%28Mammalia%3A+Chiroptera%3A+Pteropodidae%29&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15945-%3C%2Fspan%3E15946&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11609%2Fjott.5893.12.8.15945-15946&amp;rft.aulast=Sundar&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+S.+Gopi&amp;rft.au=Kittur%2C+Swati&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11609%252Fjott.5893.12.8.15945-15946&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohn-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bohn_227-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohn_227-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBohnSchmidt-FrenchSchwartzSmotherman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bohn, K. M.; Schmidt-French, Barbara; Schwartz, Christine; Smotherman, Michael; Pollak, George D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2727915">"Versatility and Stereotypy of Free-Tailed Bat Songs"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>4</b> (8): e6746. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.6746B">2009PLoSO...4.6746B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006746">10.1371/journal.pone.0006746</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2727915">2727915</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19707550">19707550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Versatility+and+Stereotypy+of+Free-Tailed+Bat+Songs&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=e6746&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2727915%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19707550&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006746&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PLoSO...4.6746B&amp;rft.aulast=Bohn&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+M.&amp;rft.au=Schmidt-French%2C+Barbara&amp;rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Christine&amp;rft.au=Smotherman%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Pollak%2C+George+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2727915&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194_228-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194_228-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015190–194_228-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, pp.&#160;190–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoughman,_J._W.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Boughman, J. W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688873">"Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>265</b> (1392): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0286">10.1098/rspb.1998.0286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688873">1688873</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9493408">9493408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Vocal+learning+by+greater+spear-nosed+bats&amp;rft.volume=265&amp;rft.issue=1392&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1688873%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9493408&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0286&amp;rft.au=Boughman%2C+J.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1688873&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratTaubYovel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Prat, Y.; Taub, M.; Yovel, Y. (22 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5178335">"Everyday bat vocalizations contain information about emitter, addressee, context, and behavior"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b>: 39419. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...639419P">2016NatSR...639419P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep39419">10.1038/srep39419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5178335">5178335</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28005079">28005079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Everyday+bat+vocalizations+contain+information+about+emitter%2C+addressee%2C+context%2C+and+behavior&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=39419&amp;rft.date=2016-12-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5178335%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28005079&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep39419&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...639419P&amp;rft.aulast=Prat&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Taub%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Yovel%2C+Y.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5178335&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mating-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mating_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson,_G._S.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, G. S. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.umd.edu/faculty/wilkinson/Wilk_BES85b.pdf">"The Social Organization of the Common Vampire Bat II: Mating system, genetic structure, and relatedness"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00299244">10.1007/BF00299244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12460893">12460893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&amp;rft.atitle=The+Social+Organization+of+the+Common+Vampire+Bat+II%3A+Mating+system%2C+genetic+structure%2C+and+relatedness&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00299244&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12460893%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+G.+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.umd.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwilkinson%2FWilk_BES85b.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_D._W.Fenton,_M._R.Barclay,_R._M._R.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, D. W.; Fenton, M. R.; Barclay, R. M. R. (1979). "Social Behavior of the Little Brown Bat, <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>: I. Mating Behavior". <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00292559">10.1007/bf00292559</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4599268">4599268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27019675">27019675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Social+Behavior+of+the+Little+Brown+Bat%2C+Myotis+lucifugus%3A+I.+Mating+Behavior&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27019675%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4599268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00292559&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+D.+W.&amp;rft.au=Fenton%2C+M.+R.&amp;rft.au=Barclay%2C+R.+M.+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeeleyKeeley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Keeley, A. T. H.; Keeley, B. W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2FBME-004">"The Mating System of <i>Tadarida brasiliensis</i> (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in a Large Highway Bridge Colony"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>85</b>: <span class="nowrap">113–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2FBME-004">10.1644/BME-004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&amp;rft.atitle=The+Mating+System+of+Tadarida+brasiliensis+%28Chiroptera%3A+Molossidae%29+in+a+Large+Highway+Bridge+Colony&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2FBME-004&amp;rft.aulast=Keeley&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+T.+H.&amp;rft.au=Keeley%2C+B.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1644%252FBME-004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015197-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015197_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToth,_C._A.Parsons,_S.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Toth, C. A.; Parsons, S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12069">"Is lek breeding rare in bats?"</a>. <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>291</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12069">10.1111/jzo.12069</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Is+lek+breeding+rare+in+bats%3F&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjzo.12069&amp;rft.au=Toth%2C+C.+A.&amp;rft.au=Parsons%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjzo.12069&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradbury1977" class="citation journal cs1">Bradbury, J. W. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/8204647">"Lek Mating Behavior in the Hammer-headed Bat"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie</i>. <b>45</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1977.tb02120.x">10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb02120.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Tierpsychologie&amp;rft.atitle=Lek+Mating+Behavior+in+the+Hammer-headed+Bat&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1977.tb02120.x&amp;rft.aulast=Bradbury&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F8204647&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011105-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011105_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltringham2011">Altringham 2011</a>, p.&#160;105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMares,_M._A.Wilson,_D._E.1971" class="citation journal cs1">Mares, M. A.; Wilson, D. E. (1971). "Bat Reproduction during the Costa Rican Dry Season". <i>BioScience</i>. <b>21</b> (10): 471–472+477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1295789">10.2307/1295789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1295789">1295789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BioScience&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+Reproduction+during+the+Costa+Rican+Dry+Season&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=471-472%2B477&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1295789&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1295789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.au=Mares%2C+M.+A.&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+D.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrichtonKrutzsch2000-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrichtonKrutzsch2000_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_G._CrichtonPhilip_H._Krutzsch2000" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch (12 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1aNgZwGsYoC"><i>Reproductive Biology of Bats</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054053-5"><bdi>978-0-08-054053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Reproductive+Biology+of+Bats&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2000-06-12&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-08-054053-5&amp;rft.au=Elizabeth+G.+Crichton&amp;rft.au=Philip+H.+Krutzsch&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1aNgZwGsYoC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011114–119-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011114–119_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltringham2011">Altringham 2011</a>, p.&#160;114–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeuweiler,_G.2000" class="citation book cs1">Neuweiler, G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtp4yWnPD9YC&amp;q=Biology+Bats"><i>Biology of Bats</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509950-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509950-8"><bdi>978-0-19-509950-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biology+of+Bats&amp;rft.pages=247&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-509950-8&amp;rft.au=Neuweiler%2C+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtp4yWnPD9YC%26q%3DBiology%2BBats&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenton,_M._B.1983" class="citation book cs1">Fenton, M. B. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cueMBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=bat+breeding+seasons&amp;pg=PT100"><i>Just Bats</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442655386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442655386"><bdi>978-1442655386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Just+Bats&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.isbn=978-1442655386&amp;rft.au=Fenton%2C+M.+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcueMBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbat%2Bbreeding%2Bseasons%26pg%3DPT100&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKunz,_T._H.Fenton,_B.2005" class="citation book cs1">Kunz, T. H.; Fenton, B. (2005). <i>Bat Ecology</i>. University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226462073" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226462073"><bdi>978-0226462073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bat+Ecology&amp;rft.pages=216&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226462073&amp;rft.au=Kunz%2C+T.+H.&amp;rft.au=Fenton%2C+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton2001166-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton2001166_244-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton2001166_244-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenton2001">Fenton 2001</a>, p.&#160;166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagorsen,_D._W.Brigham,_R._M.1993" class="citation book cs1">Nagorsen, D. W.; Brigham, R. M. (1993). <i>Bats of British Columbia</i>. UBC Press. p.&#160;17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774804820" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774804820"><bdi>978-0774804820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+of+British+Columbia&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft.pub=UBC+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-0774804820&amp;rft.au=Nagorsen%2C+D.+W.&amp;rft.au=Brigham%2C+R.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011119-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltringham2011119_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltringham2011">Altringham 2011</a>, p.&#160;119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015171-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFentonSimmons2015171_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFentonSimmons2015">Fenton &amp; Simmons 2015</a>, p.&#160;171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNowak1999" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). <i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i> (illustrated&#160;ed.). JHU Press. p.&#160;269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801857898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801857898"><bdi>978-0801857898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&amp;rft.pages=269&amp;rft.edition=illustrated&amp;rft.pub=JHU+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0801857898&amp;rft.aulast=Nowak&amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurbillBieberRuf2011" class="citation journal cs1">Turbill, C.; Bieber, C.; Ruf, T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177628">"Hibernation is associated with increased survival and the evolution of slow life histories among mammals"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>278</b> (1723): <span class="nowrap">3355–</span>3363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0190">10.1098/rspb.2011.0190</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177628">3177628</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21450735">21450735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&amp;rft.atitle=Hibernation+is+associated+with+increased+survival+and+the+evolution+of+slow+life+histories+among+mammals&amp;rft.volume=278&amp;rft.issue=1723&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3355-%3C%2Fspan%3E3363&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3177628%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21450735&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0190&amp;rft.aulast=Turbill&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Bieber%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Ruf%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3177628&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkinson2002-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson2002_250-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson2002_250-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonSouth2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, G. S.; South, J. M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.umd.edu/faculty/wilkinson/Wilk_South02.pdf">"Life history, ecology and longevity in bats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aging Cell</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">124–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1474-9728.2002.00020.x">10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00020.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12882342">12882342</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:855367">855367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Aging+Cell&amp;rft.atitle=Life+history%2C+ecology+and+longevity+in+bats&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A855367%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12882342&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1474-9728.2002.00020.x&amp;rft.aulast=Wilkinson&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+S.&amp;rft.au=South%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.umd.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwilkinson%2FWilk_South02.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGagerGimenezO&#39;MaraDechmann2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gager, Y.; Gimenez, O.; O'Mara, M. T.; Dechmann, D. K. N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714502">"Group size, survival and surprisingly short lifespan in socially foraging bats"</a>. <i>BMC Ecology</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BMCE...16....2G">2016BMCE...16....2G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12898-016-0056-1">10.1186/s12898-016-0056-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714502">4714502</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26767616">26767616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Group+size%2C+survival+and+surprisingly+short+lifespan+in+socially+foraging+bats&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4714502%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26767616&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12898-016-0056-1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016BMCE...16....2G&amp;rft.aulast=Gager&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Gimenez%2C+O.&amp;rft.au=O%27Mara%2C+M.+T.&amp;rft.au=Dechmann%2C+D.+K.+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4714502&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/search/stats">"Taxonomy: Chiroptera"</a>. <i>IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Taxonomy%3A+Chiroptera&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fsearch%2Fstats&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batcon.org/about-us/about-bci/mission-vision">"Mission &amp; Vision"</a>. Bat Conservation International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mission+%26+Vision&amp;rft.pub=Bat+Conservation+International&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batcon.org%2Fabout-us%2Fabout-bci%2Fmission-vision&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationaltoday.com/bat-appreciation-week/">"Bat Appreciation Week"</a>. <i>National Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Bat+Appreciation+Week&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationaltoday.com%2Fbat-appreciation-week%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/bats_and_the_law.html">"Bats and the Law"</a>. Bat Conservation Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bats+and+the+Law&amp;rft.pub=Bat+Conservation+Trust&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bats.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fbats_and_the_law.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPO1998-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPO1998_256-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPO1998_256-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002846/http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal95115.pdf">"Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FAO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal95115.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Wildlife+Protection+Ordinance+1998&amp;rft.pub=FAO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextwprlegs1.fao.org%2Fdocs%2Fpdf%2Fmal95115.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeong,_T._M.Teo,_S._C.Lim,_K._K._P.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Leong, T. M.; Teo, S. C.; Lim, K. K. P. (2009). "The Naked Bulldog Bat, <i>Cheiromeles torquatus</i> in Singapore – past and present records, with highlights on its unique morphology (Microchiroptera: Molossidae)". <i>Nature in Singapore</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">215–</span>230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+in+Singapore&amp;rft.atitle=The+Naked+Bulldog+Bat%2C+Cheiromeles+torquatus+in+Singapore+%E2%80%93+past+and+present+records%2C+with+highlights+on+its+unique+morphology+%28Microchiroptera%3A+Molossidae%29&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Leong%2C+T.+M.&amp;rft.au=Teo%2C+S.+C.&amp;rft.au=Lim%2C+K.+K.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCeballos,_G.Ehrlich,_A._H.Ehrlich,_P._R.2015" class="citation book cs1">Ceballos, G.; Ehrlich, A. H.; Ehrlich, P. R. (2015). <i>The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">75–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421417189" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421417189"><bdi>978-1421417189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Annihilation+of+Nature%3A+Human+Extinction+of+Birds+and+Mammals&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&amp;rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-1421417189&amp;rft.au=Ceballos%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+A.+H.&amp;rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+P.+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623184422/http://batcon.org/">"All about bats"</a>. Bat Conservation International. 24 January 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batcon.org/">the original</a> on 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=All+about+bats&amp;rft.pub=Bat+Conservation+International&amp;rft.date=2002-01-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batcon.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/index.php/bats/home/">"Welcome to the World's Largest Occupied Bat Houses"</a>. Florida Museum of Natural History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+World%27s+Largest+Occupied+Bat+Houses&amp;rft.pub=Florida+Museum+of+Natural+History&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Findex.php%2Fbats%2Fhome%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512092008/http://www.eurobats.org/documents/pdf/AC9/Doc_AC9_15_Protecting_underground_sites.pdf">"Protecting and managing underground sites for bats, see section 6.4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Eurobats. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurobats.org/documents/pdf/AC9/Doc_AC9_15_Protecting_underground_sites.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Protecting+and+managing+underground+sites+for+bats%2C+see+section+6.4.&amp;rft.pub=Eurobats&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurobats.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2FAC9%2FDoc_AC9_15_Protecting_underground_sites.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4885642.stm">"Pillbox converted to bat retreat"</a>. BBC. 6 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pillbox+converted+to+bat+retreat&amp;rft.date=2006-04-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F4885642.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/7330846.stm">"Bypass wings it with bat bridges"</a>. BBC. 4 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bypass+wings+it+with+bat+bridges&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2008-04-04&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fcornwall%2F7330846.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/8320610.stm">"Bat bridges cost £27k per animal"</a>. BBC. 22 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bat+bridges+cost+%C2%A327k+per+animal&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2009-10-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fcornwall%2F8320610.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGENCY-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AGENCY_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020143210/http://batcon.org/pdfs/sws/AgencyGuideCaveMineGating2009.pdf">"Agency Guide to Cave and Mine Gates 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Batcon.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batcon.org/pdfs/sws/AgencyGuideCaveMineGating2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Batcon.org&amp;rft.atitle=Agency+Guide+to+Cave+and+Mine+Gates+2009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batcon.org%2Fpdfs%2Fsws%2FAgencyGuideCaveMineGating2009.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer2019" class="citation book cs1">Pfeiffer, Martin J. (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo117356"><i>Bats, People, and Buildings: Issues and Opportunities</i></a>. Madison, WI: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bats%2C+People%2C+and+Buildings%3A+Issues+and+Opportunities&amp;rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Forest+Service%2C+Forest+Products+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2019-02&amp;rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurl.fdlp.gov%2FGPO%2Fgpo117356&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopkinsBourdain2004" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, J.; Bourdain, A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJDKaxEEfYgC&amp;pg=PA51"><i>Extreme Cuisine: The Weird &amp; Wonderful Foods that People Eat</i></a>. Periplus. p.&#160;51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0255-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0255-0"><bdi>978-0-7946-0255-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Extreme+Cuisine%3A+The+Weird+%26+Wonderful+Foods+that+People+Eat&amp;rft.pages=51&amp;rft.pub=Periplus&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7946-0255-0&amp;rft.aulast=Hopkins&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Bourdain%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJDKaxEEfYgC%26pg%3DPA51&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaerwaldD&#39;Amours2008-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaerwaldD&#39;Amours2008_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaerwaldD&#39;AmoursKlugBarclay2008" class="citation journal cs1">Baerwald, E. F.; D'Amours, G. H.; Klug, B. J.; Barclay, R. M. R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.029">"Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">R695 –</span> <span class="nowrap">R696</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CBio...18.R695B">2008CBio...18.R695B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.029">10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18727900">18727900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17019562">17019562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Barotrauma+is+a+significant+cause+of+bat+fatalities+at+wind+turbines&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER695+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER696%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.029&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17019562%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18727900&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CBio...18.R695B&amp;rft.aulast=Baerwald&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+F.&amp;rft.au=D%27Amours%2C+G.+H.&amp;rft.au=Klug%2C+B.+J.&amp;rft.au=Barclay%2C+R.+M.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.06.029&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nww-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nww_269-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nww_269-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wind-watch.org/news/2008/09/23/bc-study-to-help-bats-survive-wind-farms/">"B.C. study to help bats survive wind farms"</a>. <i>National Wind Watch</i>. 23 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Wind+Watch&amp;rft.atitle=B.C.+study+to+help+bats+survive+wind+farms&amp;rft.date=2008-09-23&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wind-watch.org%2Fnews%2F2008%2F09%2F23%2Fbc-study-to-help-bats-survive-wind-farms%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11834">Bats take a battering at wind farms</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>, 12 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060523210423/http://www.vawind.org/Assets/Docs/BCI_ridgetop_advisory.pdf">"Caution Regarding Placement of Wind Turbines on Wooded Ridge Tops"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bat Conservation International. 4 January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vawind.org/Assets/Docs/BCI_ridgetop_advisory.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Caution+Regarding+Placement+of+Wind+Turbines+on+Wooded+Ridge+Tops&amp;rft.pub=Bat+Conservation+International&amp;rft.date=2005-01-04&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvawind.org%2FAssets%2FDocs%2FBCI_ridgetop_advisory.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnettErickson,_W._P.Kerns,_J.Horn,_J.2005" class="citation web cs1">Arnett, E. B.; Erickson, W. P.; Kerns, J.; Horn, J. (12 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210183113/http://batcon.org/wind/BWEC2004finalreport.pdf">"Relationships between Bats and Wind Turbines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia: An Assessment of Fatality Search Protocols, Patterns of Fatality, and Behavioral Interactions with Wind Turbines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bat Conservation International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://batcon.org/wind/BWEC2004finalreport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Relationships+between+Bats+and+Wind+Turbines+in+Pennsylvania+and+West+Virginia%3A+An+Assessment+of+Fatality+Search+Protocols%2C+Patterns+of+Fatality%2C+and+Behavioral+Interactions+with+Wind+Turbines&amp;rft.pub=Bat+Conservation+International&amp;rft.date=2005-06-12&amp;rft.aulast=Arnett&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+B.&amp;rft.au=Erickson%2C+W.+P.&amp;rft.au=Kerns%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Horn%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbatcon.org%2Fwind%2FBWEC2004finalreport.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaerwaldD&#39;Amours,_G.H.Klug,_Brandon_J.Barclay,_R._M._R.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Baerwald, E. F.; D'Amours, G.H.; Klug, Brandon J.; Barclay, R. M. R. (26 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.029">"Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a></i>. <b>18</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">R695 –</span> <span class="nowrap">R696</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CBio...18.R695B">2008CBio...18.R695B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.029">10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252616082">252616082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18727900">18727900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17019562">17019562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Barotrauma+is+a+significant+cause+of+bat+fatalities+at+wind+turbines&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER695+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER696%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft.date=2008-08-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17019562%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CBio...18.R695B&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252616082&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18727900&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.029&amp;rft.aulast=Baerwald&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+F.&amp;rft.au=D%27Amours%2C+G.H.&amp;rft.au=Klug%2C+Brandon+J.&amp;rft.au=Barclay%2C+R.+M.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.06.029&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonFordRodrigueEdwards2012" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, J. B.; Ford, W. M.; Rodrigue, J. L.; Edwards, J. W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo36973"><i>Effects of Acoustic Deterrents on Foraging Bats</i></a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">1–</span>5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Effects+of+Acoustic+Deterrents+on+Foraging+Bats&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+U.S.+Forest+Service%2C+Northern+Research+Station&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+B.&amp;rft.au=Ford%2C+W.+M.&amp;rft.au=Rodrigue%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=Edwards%2C+J.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurl.fdlp.gov%2FGPO%2Fgpo36973&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollins_et_al.-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rollins_et_al._275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRollinsMeyerholzJohnsonCapparella2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rollins, K.E.; Meyerholz, D.; Johnson, D.; Capparella, A.; Loew, S. (January 2012). "A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury?". <i>Veterinary Pathology</i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">362–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0300985812436745">10.1177/0300985812436745</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22291071">22291071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11189743">11189743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Pathology&amp;rft.atitle=A+Forensic+Investigation+Into+the+Etiology+of+Bat+Mortality+at+a+Wind+Farm%3A+Barotrauma+or+Traumatic+Injury%3F&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&amp;rft.date=2012-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11189743%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22291071&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0300985812436745&amp;rft.aulast=Rollins&amp;rft.aufirst=K.E.&amp;rft.au=Meyerholz%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Capparella%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Loew%2C+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken1993" class="citation journal cs1">McCracken, G. F. (1993). "Folklore and the Origin of Bats". <i>BATS Magazine</i>. Bats in Folklore. <b>11</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BATS+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Folklore+and+the+Origin+of+Bats&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=McCracken&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-symbols-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-symbols_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChwalkowski,_F.2016" class="citation book cs1">Chwalkowski, F. (2016). <i>Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p.&#160;523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443857284" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443857284"><bdi>978-1443857284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Symbols+in+Arts%2C+Religion+and+Culture%3A+The+Soul+of+Nature&amp;rft.pages=523&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-1443857284&amp;rft.au=Chwalkowski%2C+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChwalkowski,_Farrin2016" class="citation book cs1">Chwalkowski, Farrin (2016). <i>Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p.&#160;523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443857284" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443857284"><bdi>978-1443857284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Symbols+in+Arts%2C+Religion+and+Culture%3A+The+Soul+of+Nature&amp;rft.pages=523&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-1443857284&amp;rft.au=Chwalkowski%2C+Farrin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaleh2001" class="citation web cs1">Saleh, A. (19 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1446733.stm">"Sex-mad 'ghost' scares Zanzibaris"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Sex-mad+%27ghost%27+scares+Zanzibaris&amp;rft.date=2001-07-19&amp;rft.aulast=Saleh&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F1446733.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aztec-history.net/aztec_symbols">"Aztec Symbols"</a>. Aztec-history.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Aztec+Symbols&amp;rft.pub=Aztec-history.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aztec-history.net%2Faztec_symbols&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReadGonzalez-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReadGonzalez_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRead,_K._A.Gonzalez,_J._J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Read, K. A.; Gonzalez, J. J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanmyth0000read/page/132"><i>Mesoamerican Mythology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanmyth0000read/page/132">132–134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195149098" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195149098"><bdi>978-0195149098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mesoamerican+Mythology&amp;rft.pages=132-134&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195149098&amp;rft.au=Read%2C+K.+A.&amp;rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmesoamericanmyth0000read%2Fpage%2F132&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110172458/http://www.oaxacanwoodcarving.com/mythnatr.html">"Artists Inspired by Oaxaca Folklore Myths and Legends"</a>. Oaxacanwoodcarving.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oaxacanwoodcarving.com/mythnatr.html">the original</a> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Artists+Inspired+by+Oaxaca+Folklore+Myths+and+Legends&amp;rft.pub=Oaxacanwoodcarving.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oaxacanwoodcarving.com%2Fmythnatr.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnott1962-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnott1962_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnott,_K.1962" class="citation book cs1">Arnott, K. (1962). <i>African Myths and Legends</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">150–</span>152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=African+Myths+and+Legends&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.au=Arnott%2C+K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Chinese_symbols_1109.pdf">"Chinese symbols"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. British Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+symbols&amp;rft.pub=British+Museum&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fpdf%2FChinese_symbols_1109.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant,_G._S." class="citation web cs1">Grant, G. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812231111/http://batcon.org/index.php/media-and-info/bats-archives.html?task=viewArticle&amp;magArticleID=757">"Kingdom of Tonga: Safe Haven for Flying Foxes"</a>. Batcon.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batcon.org/index.php/media-and-info/bats-archives.html?task=viewArticle&amp;magArticleID=757">the original</a> on 12 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Tonga%3A+Safe+Haven+for+Flying+Foxes&amp;rft.pub=Batcon.org&amp;rft.au=Grant%2C+G.+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batcon.org%2Findex.php%2Fmedia-and-info%2Fbats-archives.html%3Ftask%3DviewArticle%26magArticleID%3D757&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2013" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, M. (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Zapotec_Civilization/">"Zapotec Civilization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Zapotec+Civilization&amp;rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.date=2013-10-28&amp;rft.aulast=Cartwright&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FZapotec_Civilization%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deVries76-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deVries76_287-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries1976" class="citation book cs1">de Vries, A. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/36"><i>Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery</i></a>. Amsterdam: North-Holland. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7204-8021-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7204-8021-4"><bdi>978-0-7204-8021-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Symbols+and+Imagery&amp;rft.place=Amsterdam&amp;rft.pages=36&amp;rft.pub=North-Holland&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7204-8021-4&amp;rft.aulast=de+Vries&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofsymb0000vrie%2Fpage%2F36&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Elizabeth (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070832/http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/bats_vamp_drac.html">"Bats, Vampires &amp; Dracula"</a>. <i>Newsletter of the Florida Bat Conservation Centre</i> (Fall 1998). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/bats_vamp_drac.html">the original</a> on 24 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsletter+of+the+Florida+Bat+Conservation+Centre&amp;rft.atitle=Bats%2C+Vampires+%26+Dracula&amp;rft.issue=Fall+1998&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucs.mun.ca%2F~emiller%2Fbats_vamp_drac.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleisher-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleisher_289-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFleisher,_M._L.1976" class="citation book cs1">Fleisher, M. L. (1976). <i>The Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes Volume 1 Batman</i>. Collier Books. p.&#160;31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-080090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-080090-3"><bdi>978-0-02-080090-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Comic+Book+Heroes+Volume+1+Batman&amp;rft.pages=31&amp;rft.pub=Collier+Books&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-02-080090-3&amp;rft.au=Fleisher%2C+M.+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/kenneth-oppel/silverwing/">"Silverwing by Kenneth Oppel"</a>. Kirkus Reviews. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Silverwing+by+Kenneth+Oppel&amp;rft.pub=Kirkus+Reviews&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fkenneth-oppel%2Fsilverwing%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOppel" class="citation web cs1">Oppel, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926043235/http://www.kennethoppel.ca/silverwing/shade.shtml">"The Characters: Shade"</a>. Kenneth Oppel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennethoppel.ca/silverwing/shade.shtml">the original</a> on 26 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Shade is based on a Silver-Haired Bat. I thought they were very dashing-looking creatures. I liked the fact this was a bat that lived in the same part of the world as me (eastern Canada). These are small creatures, with a wing span of a few inches. Their bodies are about the same size as mice. They're insectivores, which means they eat only insects." – K.O.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Characters%3A+Shade&amp;rft.pub=Kenneth+Oppel&amp;rft.aulast=Oppel&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennethoppel.ca%2Fsilverwing%2Fshade.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cervantesvirtual.com-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cervantesvirtual.com_292-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTramoyeres_Blasco,_L." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tramoyeres Blasco, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=23879&amp;portal=33">"Lo Rat Penat en el escudo de armas de Valencia"</a> &#91;The Rat Penat in the coat of arms of Valencia&#93; (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lo+Rat+Penat+en+el+escudo+de+armas+de+Valencia&amp;rft.au=Tramoyeres+Blasco%2C+L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2FFichaObra.html%3FRef%3D23879%26portal%3D33&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlomar_i_Canyelles,_A._I.1998" class="citation book cs1">Alomar i Canyelles, A. I. (1998). <i>L'Estendard, la festa nacional més antiga d'Europa</i> &#91;<i>The Banner, the oldest national party in Europe</i>&#93;. Palma. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">xiii–</span>xxi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27Estendard%2C+la+festa+nacional+m%C3%A9s+antiga+d%27Europa&amp;rft.place=Palma&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxi&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.au=Alomar+i+Canyelles%2C+A.+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ifc.dpz.es-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ifc.dpz.es_294-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910130155/http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/25/75/_ebook.pdf">"Estudio de los escudos recogidos en la orla de latabla de la magistratura"</a> &#91;Study of the shields collected in the border of the board of the judiciary&#93; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Emblemata Revista Aragonesa de Emblematica</i> (in Spanish). <b>6</b>: 242. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/25/75/_ebook.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Emblemata+Revista+Aragonesa+de+Emblematica&amp;rft.atitle=Estudio+de+los+escudos+recogidos+en+la+orla+de+latabla+de+la+magistratura&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=242&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Frecursos%2Fpublicaciones%2F25%2F75%2F_ebook.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220083516/http://netstate.com/states/tables/state_bats.htm">"Official state bats"</a>. Netstate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_bats.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Official+state+bats&amp;rft.pub=Netstate&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netstate.com%2Fstates%2Ftables%2Fstate_bats.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoylesCryanMcCrackenKunz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Boyles, Justin G.; Cryan, Paul M.; McCracken, Gary F.; Kunz, Thomas H. (2011). "Economic Importance of Bats in Agriculture". <i>Science</i>. <b>332</b> (6025): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...332...41B">2011Sci...332...41B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1201366">10.1126/science.1201366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21454775">21454775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34572622">34572622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Economic+Importance+of+Bats+in+Agriculture&amp;rft.volume=332&amp;rft.issue=6025&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1201366&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34572622%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21454775&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...332...41B&amp;rft.aulast=Boyles&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin+G.&amp;rft.au=Cryan%2C+Paul+M.&amp;rft.au=McCracken%2C+Gary+F.&amp;rft.au=Kunz%2C+Thomas+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2008" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, H. D. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missouricavesinh00weav"><i>Missouri Caves in History and Legend</i></a></span>. University of Missouri Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missouricavesinh00weav/page/64">64</a>–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6645-3"><bdi>978-0-8262-6645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Missouri+Caves+in+History+and+Legend&amp;rft.pages=64-69&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8262-6645-3&amp;rft.aulast=Weaver&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmissouricavesinh00weav&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhisonant2001" class="citation journal cs1">Whisonant, R. C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227063809/https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/VAMIN_VOL47_NO04.pdf">"Geology and History of Confederate Saltpeter Cave Operations in Western Virginia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Virginia Minerals</i>. <b>47</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/VAMIN_VOL47_NO04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Virginia+Minerals&amp;rft.atitle=Geology+and+History+of+Confederate+Saltpeter+Cave+Operations+in+Western+Virginia&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.aulast=Whisonant&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmme.virginia.gov%2Fcommercedocs%2FVAMIN_VOL47_NO04.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristensen,_RaeAnn" class="citation web cs1">Christensen, RaeAnn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019073438/http://www.fox7austin.com/news/local-news/165481229-story">"Best time to see the bat colony emerge from Congress Bridge in Downtown Austin"</a>. Fox7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fox7austin.com/news/local-news/165481229-story">the original</a> on 19 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Best+time+to+see+the+bat+colony+emerge+from+Congress+Bridge+in+Downtown+Austin&amp;rft.pub=Fox7&amp;rft.au=Christensen%2C+RaeAnn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox7austin.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F165481229-story&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAltringham2011" class="citation book cs1">Altringham, J. D. (2011). <i>Bats: From Evolution to Conservation</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199207114" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199207114"><bdi>978-0199207114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bats%3A+From+Evolution+to+Conservation&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0199207114&amp;rft.aulast=Altringham&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenton2001" class="citation book cs1">Fenton, M. B. (2001). <i>Bats</i>. Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4358-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-4358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bats&amp;rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4358-3&amp;rft.aulast=Fenton&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFentonSimmons2015" class="citation book cs1">Fenton, M. B.; Simmons, N. B. (2015). <i>Bats: A World of Science and Mystery</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226065120" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226065120"><bdi>978-0226065120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bats%3A+A+World+of+Science+and+Mystery&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226065120&amp;rft.aulast=Fenton&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+B.&amp;rft.au=Simmons%2C+N.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chiroptera" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key">Dichotomous Key</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Chiroptera" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/about_bats.html">Official website</a></span></span> of UK Bat Conservation Trust</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chiroptera&amp;contgroup=Eutheria">Tree of Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726154512/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chiroptera&amp;contgroup=Eutheria">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fladdermus.net/thesis.htm">Microbat Vision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129210527/http://www.fladdermus.net/thesis.htm">Archived</a> 29 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hscott.net/the-dsp-behind-bat-echolocation/">Analyses of several kinds of bat echolocation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_mammal_orders179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammals" title="Template:Mammals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals" title="Template talk:Mammals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_mammal_orders179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> orders</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yinotheria" title="Yinotheria">Yinotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australosphenida20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">Australosphenida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremata <small>(platypuses and echidnas)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">Marsupial</a> inclusive)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ameridelphia" title="Ameridelphia">Ameridelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata <small>(shrew opossums)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">Didelphimorphia <small>(opossums)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Australidelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria <small>(monitos del monte)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notoryctidae" title="Notoryctidae">Notoryctemorphia <small>(marsupial moles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia <small>(quolls and dunnarts)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia <small>(bilbies and bandicoots)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia <small>(kangaroos, koalas, and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placental</a> inclusive)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantogenata" title="Atlantogenata">Atlantogenata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cingulata" title="Cingulata">Cingulata <small>(armadillos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa <small>(anteaters and sloths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida <small>(tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">Macroscelidea <small>(elephant shrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orycteropodidae" title="Orycteropodidae">Tubulidentata <small>(aardvarks)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">Hyracoidea <small>(hyraxes)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea <small>(elephants)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia <small>(dugongs and manatees)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla <small>(hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chiroptera <small>(bats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">Pholidota <small>(pangolins)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora <small>(dogs, cats and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyla <small>(horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla <small>(pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia <small>(rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha <small>(rabbits, hares and pikas)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeshrew" title="Treeshrew">Scandentia <small>(treeshrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colugo" title="Colugo">Dermoptera <small>(colugos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates <small>(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3842" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3842" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Chiroptera</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28425" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q28425">Q28425</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chiroptera/">Chiroptera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=329">329</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/B6L7G">B6L7G</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7631">7631</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CHIRO">1CHIRO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12623">12623</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e20b0e88-8a89-45f4-bd6d-b81287fad0ac">e20b0e88-8a89-45f4-bd6d-b81287fad0ac</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/734">734</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/40268">40268</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=11220">11220</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=179985">179985</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&amp;id=13800001">13800001</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000376160">NHMSYS0000376160</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=9397">9397</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/13d7c9ab-d55f-43cb-b2c1-b914a12c6c67">13d7c9ab-d55f-43cb-b2c1-b914a12c6c67</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=574724">574724</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40622">40622</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C11B87BD-FF82-BF1B-9994-FB30FA317197">C11B87BD-FF82-BF1B-9994-FB30FA317197</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1037271">1037271</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1420" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28425#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4154574-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85012393">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Desmodus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137569195">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Desmodus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137569195">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566532">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="letouni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph115133&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007282580905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5886496d‐5zxlq Cached time: 20250315022254 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 3.111 seconds Real time usage: 3.535 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 36310/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1004703/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 49246/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 30/100 Expensive parser function count: 42/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1251201/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 2.080/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 23003275/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 300 ms 13.9% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 180 ms 8.3% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 140 ms 6.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::find 140 ms 6.5% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 140 ms 6.5% <mw.lua:694> 100 ms 4.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate 80 ms 3.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 80 ms 3.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess 80 ms 3.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity 80 ms 3.7% [others] 840 ms 38.9% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 22/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 3009.351 1 -total 48.31% 1453.777 2 Template:Reflist 26.83% 807.498 161 Template:Cite_journal 21.83% 656.959 60 Template:Clade 9.98% 300.278 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox 6.64% 199.919 59 Template:Cite_web 6.57% 197.631 35 Template:Sfn 6.21% 187.030 44 Template:Cite_book 5.93% 178.380 1 Template:Taxonbar 4.21% 126.748 4 Template:Cladogram --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:23538713:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250315022254 and revision id 1280081383. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;oldid=1280081383">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;oldid=1280081383</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bats" title="Category:Bats">Bats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_flight" title="Category:Animal flight">Animal flight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animals_that_use_echolocation" title="Category:Animals that use echolocation">Animals that use echolocation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cave_mammals" title="Category:Cave mammals">Cave mammals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extant_Ypresian_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Ypresian first appearances">Extant Ypresian first appearances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nocturnal_animals" title="Category:Nocturnal animals">Nocturnal animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2020">Use dmy dates from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_November_2017" title="Category:Use British English from November 2017">Use British English from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with &#039;species&#039; microformats">Articles with &#039;species&#039; microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_English_(1100-1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text">Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_not_in_Wikidata" title="Category:Official website not in Wikidata">Official website not in Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_20%E2%80%9324_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 March 2025, at 11:16<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bat</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>179 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5886496d-6r6hx","wgBackendResponseTime":383,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.111","walltime":"3.535","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36310,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1004703,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":49246,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":42,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1251201,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":22,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3009.351 1 -total"," 48.31% 1453.777 2 Template:Reflist"," 26.83% 807.498 161 Template:Cite_journal"," 21.83% 656.959 60 Template:Clade"," 9.98% 300.278 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 6.64% 199.919 59 Template:Cite_web"," 6.57% 197.631 35 Template:Sfn"," 6.21% 187.030 44 Template:Cite_book"," 5.93% 178.380 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 4.21% 126.748 4 Template:Cladogram"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.080","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23003275,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgnarssonZambrana-TorrelioFlores-SaldanaMay-Collado2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander,_D._E.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlomar_i_Canyelles,_A._I.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltringham2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAritaSantos-Del-PradoArita1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnettErickson,_W._P.Kerns,_J.Horn,_J.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnott,_K.1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_Earth2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaerwaldD\u0026#039;Amours,_G.H.Klug,_Brandon_J.Barclay,_R._M._R.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaerwaldD\u0026#039;AmoursKlugBarclay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaileySlightomGoodman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkham2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-HamoMuñoz-GarciaLarrainPinshow2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBohnSchmidt-FrenchSchwartzSmotherman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondarencoKörtnerGeiser2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoughman,_J._W.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoylesCryanMcCrackenKunz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoylesMcGuireBoylesReimer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradbury1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown,_W._M.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown_University2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrüssow2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalisherChildsFieldHolmes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter,_G._G.Wilkinson,_G._S._D.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastro,_J.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeballos,_G.Ehrlich,_A._H.Ehrlich,_P._R.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi,_C._Q.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen,_RaeAnn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChuaAziz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChwalkowski,_F.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChwalkowski,_Farrin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaytonBushJohnson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollearyDolocancGardnerdSingha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorcoranBarberConner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCramer,_M._J.Wilig,_M._R.Jones,_C.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCui,_J.Pan,_Y._H.Zhang,_Y.Jones,_G.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuiYuanWangJones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly,_M.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDechmannSafiVonhof2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDongaonkarQuickVoMeisner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrostenHuZengYang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatonBroderMiddletonWang2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEick,_G._N.JacobsMatthee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEitingGunnell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_G._CrichtonPhilip_H._Krutzsch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsbérardVrcibradic2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton,_M._B.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFentonCrerar1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFentonFaureRatcliffe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFentonSimmons2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitt1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleisher,_M._L.1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming,_T.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFornůsková,_APetit,_E._J.Bartonička,_T.Kaňuch,_P.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrickPollockHicksLangwig2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFullard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagerGimenezO\u0026#039;MaraDechmann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeiserStawski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerardoHobsonAdrianaDaniel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonsalvesBicknellLawWebb2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant,_G._S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhall,_A.M.Joermann,_G.Schmidt,_U.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhall,_A._M.1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrevilleCeballos-VasquezValdizón-RodríguezCaldwell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimaldiMichael_Engel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutenberg,_G.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpinYoung,_P._L.Field,_H._E.Mackenzie,_J._S.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamiltonBarclay1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaoZhao2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgkisonBaldingZuibadKunz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbrookOdland1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland,_R._A.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinsBourdain2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHristovConner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurmeLenziWikelskiWild2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutcheonGarland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenness,_R.Birney,_E.Ayaz,_K.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonFordRodrigueEdwards2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_G.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_G.Holderied,_M._W.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesLiNiBeard2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJürgensBartelsBartels1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeleyKeeley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerth,_G.Perony,_N.Schweitzer,_F.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimpelMehlhorn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunz,_T._H.Fenton,_B.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL.WangRossiterJones2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangley,_L.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeiDong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeong,_T._M.Teo,_S._C.Lim,_K._K._P.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeroyKumulungui,_B.Pourrut,_X.Rouque,_P.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiShi,_Z.Yu,_M.Ren,_W.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiWangRossiterJones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtLeitner1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddell,_Henry_G.Scott,_Robert\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLimaO\u0026#039;Keefe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorch,_J._M.Meteyer,_C._U.Behr,_M._J.Boyles,_J._G.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyonsWimberley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLéger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaina2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakanyaMortola2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMares,_M._A.Wilson,_D._E.1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallChadhadeSouzaSterbing-D\u0026#039;Angelo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartini2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCollTordo,_N.Setien_Aquilar,_A._A.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCracken,_G._F.Safi,_K.Kunz,_T._H.Dechmann,_D._K._N.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCracken1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCrackenGillamWestbrookLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuireJonassenGuglielmo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehlhorn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollentzeStreicker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüllerGlösmannPeichlKnop2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagorsen,_D._W.Brigham,_R._M.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuweiler,_G.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuweiler2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNorberg1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorberg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowackStawskiGeiser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak,_R._M.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOchoa-AcuñaKunz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivalWeekleyDaszak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtegaCastro-Arellano2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatriquinGuyHindsRatcliffe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaveyBurwell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennycuick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfeiffer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoinarBrown2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopa-LisseanuDelgado-HuertasForeroRodríguez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratTaubYovel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPumo,_D._E.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabe1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead,_K._A.Gonzalez,_J._J.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRewarMirdha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRietbergenOstendeAaseJones2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiskin,_D._K.Bergou,_A.Breuer,_K._S.Swartz,_S._M.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiskinParsonsSchuttCarter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollinsMeyerholzJohnsonCapparella2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothBalvínSiva-JothyIorio2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRydellSpeakman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaleh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnitzler,_H.-U.Kalko,_E._K._V.Kaipf,_I.Grinnell,_A._D.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchondubeHerrera-MMartínez_del_Rio2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab,_I._R.Pettigrew,_J.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearsBehringer,_R._R.Rasweiler,_J._J.Niswander,_L._A.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenawiSchmiederSiemersKingston2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenLiuIrwinZhang2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons,_N._B.Voss,_R._S.Mori,_S._A.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmonsSeymourHabersetzerGunnell2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSophasarun,_N.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowell1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeakman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeakmanRydellWebbHayes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpringerTeelingMadsenStanhope2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasulu,_C.Molur,_S.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStawskiGeiser2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStawskiWillisGeiser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen,_J.Olney,_P.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterbing-D\u0026#039;AngeloChadhaChiuFalk2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStraußLakes-Harlan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrobelRoswagBeckerTrenczek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugita2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundarKittur2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurlykkeElisabeth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurlykkeGhoseMoss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuthersFattu1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuthersThomasSuthers1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabuceAntunesSigé2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakanashiNakanoSurlykkeTatsuta2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeelingMadsenVan_Den_Busschede_Jong2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeelingSpringer,_M._S.Madsen,_O.Bates,_P.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeelingTeelingScallyKao2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas,_D._W.Fenton,_M._R.Barclay,_R._M._R.1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasSuthers1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTianPanMetznerZhang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorresFreitasda_MattaNovaes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToth,_C._A.Parsons,_S.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTramoyeres_Blasco,_L.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsagkogeorgaParkerStupkaCotton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurbillBieberRuf2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_de_BusscheHoofer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoigtLewanzik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangLiWangYe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangOakleyMowerShimmin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangPanParsonsWalker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangZhuXueFang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhisonant2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson,_G.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson,_G._S.1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson,_G._S.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonSouth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonMittermeier2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolchover,_N.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongLau,_S.Woo,_P.Yuen,_K.-Y.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrayJusinoBanikPalmer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangCowled,_C.Shi,_Z.Huang,_Z.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou,_X.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhuHastriterWhitingDittmar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubaidMcCrackenKunz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vries1976\"] = 1,\n [\"Skin\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 161,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 59,\n [\"Clade\"] = 60,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 4,\n [\"Clear\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 12,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 6,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 4,\n [\"Google books\"] = 7,\n [\"Grc-transl\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Mammals\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Oweb\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 35,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","13.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","8.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","6.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","80","3.7"],["[others]","840","38.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5886496d-5zxlq","timestamp":"20250315022254","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bat","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bat","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q28425","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q28425","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-22T12:08:53Z","dateModified":"2025-03-12T11:16:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fd\/Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg","headline":"order of placental mammals (Placentalia)"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10