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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boro_and_komosō_(14th–16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boro_and_komosō_(14th–16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Boro</i> and <i>komosō</i> (14th–16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boro_and_komosō_(14th–16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutionalization_and_privileges_(17th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutionalization_and_privileges_(17th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Institutionalization and privileges (17th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutionalization_and_privileges_(17th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_documented_honkyoku_(1664)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_documented_honkyoku_(1664)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Oldest documented <span><i>honkyoku</i></span> (1664)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_documented_honkyoku_(1664)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kyotaku_denki_and_the_Fuke-shū_(18th–19th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kyotaku_denki_and_the_Fuke-shū_(18th–19th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The <i>Kyotaku denki</i> and the <i>Fuke-shū</i> (18th–19th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kyotaku_denki_and_the_Fuke-shū_(18th–19th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codification,_laicization,_spiritualization_and_decline_(18th–19th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codification,_laicization,_spiritualization_and_decline_(18th–19th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Codification, laicization, spiritualization and decline (18th–19th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codification,_laicization,_spiritualization_and_decline_(18th–19th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kurosawa_Kinko_(1710–1771)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurosawa_Kinko_(1710–1771)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Kurosawa Kinko (1710–1771)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurosawa_Kinko_(1710–1771)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hisamatsu_Masagoro_Fuyo_(1790–1845)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hisamatsu_Masagoro_Fuyo_(1790–1845)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Hisamatsu Masagoro Fuyo (1790–1845)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hisamatsu_Masagoro_Fuyo_(1790–1845)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolishment_(1871)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolishment_(1871)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Abolishment (1871)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolishment_(1871)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_popularisation_(19th–20th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_popularisation_(19th–20th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Secular popularisation (19th–20th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_popularisation_(19th–20th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Survival_of_the_shakuhachi-tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_of_the_shakuhachi-tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Survival of the <i>shakuhachi</i>-tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_of_the_shakuhachi-tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present-day_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present-day_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Present-day schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-day_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_komusō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_komusō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Contemporary <i>komusō</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_komusō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_komusō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_the_komusō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics of the <i>komusō</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_the_komusō-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics of the <i>komusō</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_komusō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suizen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suizen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Suizen</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suizen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disguise_and_outfit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disguise_and_outfit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Disguise and outfit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disguise_and_outfit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honkyoku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honkyoku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honkyoku</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honkyoku-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honkyoku subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honkyoku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kinko_Ryū_Repertory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinko_Ryū_Repertory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kinko Ryū Repertory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinko_Ryū_Repertory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Complete recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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title="Komusō – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Komusō" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komus%C5%8D" title="Komusō – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Komusō" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="کموسو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کموسو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komus%C5%8D" title="Komusō – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Komusō" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komus%C5%8D" title="Komusō – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Komusō" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%AC%B4%EC%8A%B9" title="허무승 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허무승" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komusz%C3%B3" title="Komuszó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Komuszó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E7%84%A1%E5%83%A7" title="虚無僧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="虚無僧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komus%C5%8D" title="Komusō – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Komusō" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komus%C5%8D" title="Komusō – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Komusō" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Комусо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комусо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B" title="โคมูโซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคมูโซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E5%83%A7" title="虛無僧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="虛無僧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wandering medicants recognized by their flute-playing</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg/200px-A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg/300px-A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg/400px-A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>A komusō (monk of the Fuke sect) wearing a basket hat (天蓋 <i>tengai</i> or <i>tengui</i>) and playing the shakuhachi, as depicted by J. M. W. Silver</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myoanji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Myoanji.jpg/200px-Myoanji.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Myoanji.jpg/300px-Myoanji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Myoanji.jpg/400px-Myoanji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to <a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Myōan-ji">Myōan-ji</a> temple in Kyoto. Myōan-ji, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a>, was the head temple of the Fuke sect, founded by the komusō Kyochiku Zenji.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Komusō</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg/120px-Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg/180px-Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg/240px-Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="3084" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ennin</li> <li>Ichirōsō</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB" title="Ikkyū">Ikkyū</a></li> <li>Kakushin</li> <li>Kyochiku Zenji/Kichiku</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Fuke/Puhua</a></li> <li>Rōan</li> <li>Zhang Bai</li> <li>Komu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinko_Kurosawa" title="Kinko Kurosawa">Kinko Kurosawa</a></li> <li>Chang Po/Chōhaku</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Philosophy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai-shū</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Reiho-ji</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichigatsu-ji" title="Ichigatsu-ji">Ichigatsu-ji</a></li> <li>Icchoken</li> <li>Kokoku-ji</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Myōan-ji">Myōan-ji</a></li> <li>Zenkei-in</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai-ji" title="Kokutai-ji">Kokutai-ji</a></li> <li>Shukugawara</li> <li>Kokuzo-do</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Buddhist music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honkyoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Honkyoku">Honkyoku</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Komusō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">Rōnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">Shakuhachi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotchiku" title="Hotchiku">Hotchiku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Suizen">Suizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_music" title="Traditional Japanese music">Traditional Japanese music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i>Boro-no-Techō</i></li> <li><i>Kyotaku Denki [Kokuji Kai]</i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fuke_Zen" title="Template:Fuke Zen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fuke_Zen" title="Template talk:Fuke Zen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fuke_Zen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fuke Zen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/200px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/300px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/400px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyasiddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyasiddhi">Jōjitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosso">Hosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanron">Sanron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha-sh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusha-shū (Buddhism)">Kusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States#Zen" title="Buddhism in the United States">Zen in the US</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dben" title="Rōben">Rōben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja" title="En no Gyōja">En no Gyōja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8De" title="Myōe">Myōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dkei_(monk)" title="Jōkei (monk)">Jōkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsh%C5%8D" title="Ninshō">Ninshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enni" title="Enni">Enni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishan_Yining" title="Yishan Yining">Issan Ichinei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasegawa_T%C5%8Dhaku" title="Hasegawa Tōhaku">Hasegawa Tōhaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anrakuan_Sakuden" title="Anrakuan Sakuden">Sakuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkai" title="Tenkai">Tenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensh%C5%8D_Murakami" title="Senshō Murakami">Murakami Senshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Nishida Kitarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Shaku Sōen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Suzuki Shunryū</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art_in_Japan" title="Buddhist art in Japan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">Honji suijaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongen" title="Gongen">Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nenbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Daimoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikkō-ikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D" title="Kaichō">Kaichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjin" title="Kanjin">Kanjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senjafuda" title="Senjafuda">Senjafuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Five_Mountains" title="Literature of the Five Mountains">Gozan Bungaku</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Japanese Buddhism">Glossary of Japanese Buddhism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Komusō</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">虚無僧</span></span>)</span> ("priest of nothingness" or "monk of emptiness") were wandering non-monastic lay Buddhists from the warrior-class (<a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">rōnin</a>) who were noted for wearing straw basket hats and playing the <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a> bamboo flute, nowadays called <i><b>suizen</b></i> 吹禅 ('Zen of blowing (the flute)'). During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1600–1868) they obtained various rights and privileges from the <i>bakufu</i>, the ruling elite. </p><p>The 18th and 19th century saw a popularization of shakuhachi-playing among lay-people, accompanied by the interpretation and legitimation of this laicization in spiritual and esthetical terms derived from the Zen-tradition, to which the <i>komusō</i> nominally belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729-32_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729-32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century the <i>komusō</i>-tradition became known as the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Fuke-shū</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">普化宗</span></span>, Fuke sect)</span> or <b>Fuke Zen</b>, after the publication of the <i>Kyotaku denki</i> (1795), which created a fictitious <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai Zen">Rinzai Zen</a> lineage starting with the eccentric Zen master <a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (<i>J.</i> <i>Fuke</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002103_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002103-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This narrative legitimized the existence and rights of the <i>komusō</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also ushered in the "bourgeoisization" of shakuhachi-playing in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-32_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rights of the <i>komusō</i> were abolished in 1867,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002103_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002103-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like other Buddhist organisations. Interest in their music style stayed alive in secular audiences, and a number of the pieces they composed and performed, called <i><b>honkyoku</b></i>, are preserved, played, and interpreted in the popular imagination as a token of Zen-<a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, continuing the narrative which developed in the 18th and 19th century. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wandering musicians were known at first as <i>komosō</i> (薦僧; literally "straw-mat monks"). By the mid-17th century, different characters were used for the same pronunciation, resulting in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Komusō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">虚無僧</span></span>)</span> (also <a href="/wiki/Romaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaji">romanized</a> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>komusou</b></i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>komuso</b></i></span>), "priest of nothingness" or "monk of emptiness". The first two characters, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyomu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">虚無</span></span>)</span> (or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komu</i></span>) mean "nothingness, emptiness", with <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyo</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">虚</span></span>)</span> (or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ko</i></span>) meaning "nothing, empty, false", and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">無</span></span>)</span> meaning "nothing, without". The last character, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">僧</span></span>)</span>, means "priest, monk". </p><p><b>Fuke-shū</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 普化宗</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fuke sect</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, from <i>Fuke</i> (Chinese- Zhenzhou <a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a>), an eccentric Zen master mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Record_of_Linji" class="mw-redirect" title="Record of Linji">Record of Linji</a> a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> Buddhist and <b>shū</b>, meaning school or sect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The understanding of the history of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> and the <i>Fuke-shu</i> had long been dominated by the <i>Keichô Okite Gaki</i> (c.1680) and the <i>Kyotaku denki Kokuti Kai</i> (1795), a forged Governmental Decree and a fictional origin-narrative, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200033-36_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope200033-36-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical research by Nakazuka Chikozan in the 1930s showed the spurious nature of these texts, and a revised history has emerged since then, as set out by <a href="#CITEREFSanford1977">Sanford (1977)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFKamisango1988">Kamisango (1988)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200033-36_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope200033-36-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boro_and_komosō_(14th–16th_century)"><span id="Boro_and_komos.C5.8D_.2814th.E2.80.9316th_century.29"></span><i>Boro</i> and <i>komosō</i> (14th–16th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Boro and komosō (14th–16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Predecessors of the <i>komuso's</i> were beggar-monks with unshaved heads known as <i>boro's</i>, <i>boroboro</i> or <i>boronji</i>, mentioned in the <i>Tsurezurega</i> (c.1330).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <i>boro</i> merged in the late 15th century into the <i>komosō</i> ("straw-mat monks", named after the straw sleeping-mats which they carried along), which played the <i>shakuhachi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are depicted in paintings and texts from around 1500 onwards. The <i>komosō</i> came to be known as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence of any earlier tradition of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakuhachi</i></span>-playing monks, and it is recorded that in 1518 the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakuhachi</i></span> was regarded by some as an instrument for court music (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">gagaku</a></i></span>), not for religious music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komosō</i></span>, predecessors of the later "priests of nothingness", were poor beggar monks without any social status in society. The later <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span>, on the other hand, had to be of samurai family, even though the practice of teaching <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakuhachi</i></span> to townspeople had become very popular already in the early 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutionalization_and_privileges_(17th_century)"><span id="Institutionalization_and_privileges_.2817th_century.29"></span>Institutionalization and privileges (17th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Institutionalization and privileges (17th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> were initially a loose affiliation of monks and lay pilgrims, but solidified as an organized group in the 1600s. After the civil wars of the 15th–16th century, masterless samurai (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">rōnin</i></span>) joined the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span>. Several uprisings involving <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">rōnin</i></span> took place during the first half of the 17th century, and the Tokugawa Shogunate tightened its control of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">rōnin</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> and other deviant groups, "extending authority through the Buddhist institutions". In response, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> "banded together and formed a sect",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> members of which, by their own regulations had to be of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the temperaments of the <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">rōnin</a>, the sect gained the reputation of harbouring troublemakers. </p><p>Simple lodges provided accommodation for the <i>komoso</i>, and the <i>komoso</i> lodge at Shirakata in Kyoto was chosen as its headquarters, calling it <i>Myōan-ji</i>. A temple was needed to be regarded as a religious sect, and <i>Myōan-ji</i> was recognized as a temple in the early 17th century, at the beginning of the Edo period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While first a subtemple of <i>Reiho-ji</i>, in the 18th century a relation with <i>Kōkoku-ji</i>, founded by Kakushin, was forged,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200034_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope200034-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and officially acknowledged in 1767;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200727,_note_64_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200727,_note_64-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a move which was apologized in the <i>Kuotaku Denki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the request of the government, the headquarters of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> were transferred to two temples in Edo, where they could better be controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A directive from the government from 1677 marks this recognition, and control over, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span>, as a distinct institution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMau201452_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMau201452-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMau201876_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMau201876-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purportedly oldest document granting privileges to the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> is the <i>Keichō Okite Gaki</i> (Governmental Decree of the Keichô Years, 1596–1615), a falsified decree signed 1614 but actually dated to around 1680,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intended to lend legitimacy to already existing <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span>-practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200035_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope200035-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presented with this forgery, the shogunate eventually accepted it, to provide refuge to <i>ronin</i> and gain control over them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200035_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope200035-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several versions of this document exist, which can be divided in short and long versions, reflecting the power-struggle between the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> and the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short versions show that the government designated the institutionalisation for the lodging of <i>ronin</i>, limiting and policing the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span>, and instructing them to act as spies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Travel around Japan was heavily restricted in the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, but the longer versions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> a rare exemption from the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, most likely for political reasons. To be given a free pass in these times was a highly unusual and very special exemption from travel restrictions, and rumors from the period held that in return for this privilege the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> had to report back to the central government about conditions in the provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-Shakuhachi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakuhachi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice which helped seal the group's demise when the government itself fell. The authenticity of this decree was in doubt, despite it being treated as legitimate and amended by future leaders within the shogunate.<sup id="cite_ref-Shakuhachi_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakuhachi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the longer versions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>komuso's</i> were also given exclusive right to play the instrument during the Edo period by the <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Bakufu</a> as a way to identify them,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a provision missing from the shorter versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not recognized as a legal monastic entity beyond these token exemptions by the shogunate, and were not eligible to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there were over 120 <i>komuso</i>-associated "temple-lodges", early 17th century, their number decreased, as membership of the <i>komuso</i> was strictly restricted to the <i>samurai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest_documented_honkyoku_(1664)"><span id="Oldest_documented_honkyoku_.281664.29"></span>Oldest documented <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">honkyoku</i></span> (1664)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oldest documented honkyoku (1664)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest documentation of any named <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">honkyoku</i></span> piece is in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shichiku shoshin-shū</i></span> (Collection of Pieces for beginners on Strings and Bamboo, 1664). This text mentions <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyō Renbo</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Goro</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yoshino</i></span> and other pieces, but it does not mention any of the pieces considered to be the "three classics" (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mukaiji/Mukaiji reibo</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kokū/Kokū Reibo</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyorei/Shin no Kyorei</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kyotaku_denki_and_the_Fuke-shū_(18th–19th_century)"><span id="The_Kyotaku_denki_and_the_Fuke-sh.C5.AB_.2818th.E2.80.9319th_century.29"></span>The <i>Kyotaku denki</i> and the <i>Fuke-shū</i> (18th–19th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Kyotaku denki and the Fuke-shū (18th–19th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Fuke-shū</i> does not appear before the 19th century, and the sect has never been officially acknowledged as a distinct Zen-school. The name is derived from the <i>Kyotaku denki</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a text in classical Chinese that was published in 1795 together with a Japanese translation and commentary, the <i>Kokuji Kai</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to create a legitimate affiliation between the komusō and the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai-shu</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published at a time when the komusō faced difficulties and started to lose privileges, and its publication may have been an attempt to strengthen their position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend itself seems to be older, already mentioned in the <i>Boro-no Techô</i> (1628) and the <i>Shichiku Shoshin-shû</i> (1664).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Kyotaku denki</i> pictured a lineage back to the eccentric Zen master <a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (J. <i>Fuke</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg2007_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg2007-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a clowneske figure from the <a href="/wiki/Record_of_Linji" class="mw-redirect" title="Record of Linji">Record of Linji</a>. According to legend, Puhua roamed the streets ringing a bell while preaching. A man named Zhang Bai asked to become Puhua's student, but was rejected. He then made an instrument of bamboo to imitate the bell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Kyotaku denki</i>, Fuke Zen was brought to Japan by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinchi_Kakushin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinchi Kakushin (page does not exist)">Shinchi Kakushin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%B0%E8%A6%9A%E5%BF%83" class="extiw" title="ja:心地覚心">ja</a>]</span> (心地覚心) (1207–1298), also known as Muhon Kakushin (無本覺心) and posthumously as Hotto Kokushi (法燈國師). Kakushin had travelled in China for six years and studied with the famous Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">Chan</a> master <a href="/wiki/Wumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wumen">Wumen</a> (無門) of the Linji lineage. Kakushin became a disciple of the lay-teacher Chôsan, who claimed to be a 16th generation dharma-heir of Puhua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopes2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopes2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet, no mention is made in Kakushin's diaries of the shakuhachi, and the four "disciples" who purportedly returned with him to Japan were just servants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No <i>Fuke</i>-school is known from China, and the <i>Fuke-shū</i> seems to have been a Japanese creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopes2014_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopes2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, its "members" had no doctrines or scriptures, nor any parishioners,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fuke-adherents rarely chanted <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codification,_laicization,_spiritualization_and_decline_(18th–19th_century)"><span id="Codification.2C_laicization.2C_spiritualization_and_decline_.2818th.E2.80.9319th_century.29"></span>Codification, laicization, spiritualization and decline (18th–19th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Codification, laicization, spiritualization and decline (18th–19th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, membership was restricted to the <i>samurai</i>, but after the mid-18th century restrictions watered down, and non-samurai who could pay the entrance fee were also admitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discipline laxed, and members joined who were only attracted by the privileges of the <i>komuso</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 18th-century, the <i>komuso</i> had lost their usefulness as spies, due to the peaceful life-circumstances created by the Tokugawa shogunate, which no longer tolerated their privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Playing the shakuhachi lost its distinguishing feature, as lay-people from the richer classes learned to play the instrument, a development accompanied by the development of a Zen-derived spiritual narrative, building on the Zen-narrative of the <i>komuso</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurosawa_Kinko_(1710–1771)"><span id="Kurosawa_Kinko_.281710.E2.80.931771.29"></span>Kurosawa Kinko (1710–1771)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kurosawa Kinko (1710–1771)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, approximately forty komuso temples across Japan nurtured their unique collections of Honkyoku. In the 18th century, the master Kurosawa Kinko (1710–71), the founder of the Kinko-ryu, embarked on a journey to these temples, seeking out local compositions. He meticulously 'arranged' or 'composed' over 30 pieces, shaping the cornerstone of the Kinko school's Honkyoku repertoire today.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_Sadie_2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_Sadie_2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Deeg, "the systematisation of certainly already existing elements legitimising Fuke-shu in the Denki, probably originated in the proto-organisation of the Kinko-ryu which was itself starting towards the end of the 18th century. This proto-organisation, with its legend and related musical tradition, consolidated the Fuke-sh as a Zen denomination in its own right."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kinko's influence extended beyond musical creation; he played a pivotal role in introducing Fuke shakuhachi teachings to lay practitioners, fostering the ascent of Fuke shakuhachi in the Japanese cultural landscape while supplanting its precursor, the hitoyogiri shakuhachi. Kinko was also instrumental in the spiritualization of the shakuhachi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hisamatsu_Masagoro_Fuyo_(1790–1845)"><span id="Hisamatsu_Masagoro_Fuyo_.281790.E2.80.931845.29"></span>Hisamatsu Masagoro Fuyo (1790–1845)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hisamatsu Masagoro Fuyo (1790–1845)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deeg notes that in the 19th century there was a process of laicization, spiritualization and aesthetization of the distinguishing feature of the <i>komuso</i>, the playing of the shakuhachi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Deeg, "The only extant writing which really has Zen-inspired content was composed by Hisamatsu Masagoro Fuyo (1790–1845)", namely <i>Hitori-gotoba</i> (獨言, "Monologue", before 1830), <i>Hitori-mondo</i>(獨問答, "Monologous dialogues", 1823) and <i>Kaisei-hogo</i> (海靜法語, "Dharma-words of the silent sea", 1838).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hisamatsu Fuyo frequently uses expressions like <i>ichion jobutsu</i> (一音成仏(佛), "to achieve enlightenment by one sound", <i>chikuzen ichinyo</i> (竹禅一如), and "bamboo [the shakuhachi] and Zen are one and the same"; the shakuhachi is called <i>hoki</i> (法器), "instrument of the dharma".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, according to Deeg, "Hisamatsu’s texts contain amazingly few "Zenist" expressions and instead focus on the actual practice of the playing of the instrument."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Deeg, Hisamatsu's "spiritualisation and aesthetization" has to be understood in the context of the laicization of shakuhachi-practice, with all the teachers of the <i>Kinko-ryu</i>, who were not fully ordained <i>komuso</i> but <i>shuen josui</i>, "assistant flutists related to the (Fuke-)shu", mainly training lay-people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deeg concludes that the spiritalization is not a development from within the <i>kosumo</i>, but "a strategy of legitimation for a more and more bourgeois musical tradition of the late Tokugawa-period", harking back to an (imagined) glorious Zen-past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Deeg, the <i>Denki</i> served also as a legitimation of this laicization, or "bourgeoisization", which explains why householders have such a prominent place in its fabricated lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-32_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abolishment_(1871)"><span id="Abolishment_.281871.29"></span>Abolishment (1871)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abolishment (1871)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa</a> government revoked all formal privileges for the <i>komusō</i> in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-Shakuhachi_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakuhachi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1871, after the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the <i>komusō</i> ceased to exist as a semi-religious institute. It was prohibited by the Meiji-administration during its persecution of Buddhist institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200732_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200732-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Meiji government attempted to continue the <a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a>, but the komusō were outlawed as they were not a part of this system. Practice of the <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a> was banned entirely for four years by the Meiji government, after which it was decreed that secular playing was permitted, and practitioners went on to teach the <i>shakuhachi</i> as a secular instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No attempts were made by the Buddhist mainstream to re-establish the sect, possibly due to its marginal position and the loose connection to the Rinzai-shu, and the laicization of shakuhachi-practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200733_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200733-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_popularisation_(19th–20th_century)"><span id="Secular_popularisation_.2819th.E2.80.9320th_century.29"></span>Secular popularisation (19th–20th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Secular popularisation (19th–20th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Survival_of_the_shakuhachi-tradition">Survival of the <i>shakuhachi</i>-tradition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Survival of the shakuhachi-tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Honkyoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Honkyoku">Kinko Ryu</a> Grandmasters Araki Kodo II (Chikuo I) and Yoshida Ittcho successfully petitioned the new government to allow secular shakuhachi music to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practice of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakuhachi</i></span> survived thanks to these efforts, and documentation of the musical repertoire of the performers survived through the period.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Present-day_schools">Present-day schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Present-day schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several smaller schools persisted, often stemming from local Fuke temples preserving fragments of the original repertoire, and small associations and organizations work to continue this musical tradition in the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable Honkyoku schools are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>School </th> <th>Founder </th></tr> <tr> <td>Chikuho Ryū </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakai_Chikuho_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakai Chikuho I (page does not exist)">Sakai Chikuho I</a> 初世酒井竹保 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chikushinkai (Dokyoku) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Watazumi_Doso" title="Watazumi Doso">Watazumi Doso 海童道祖</a> / <a href="/wiki/Katsuya_Yokoyama" title="Katsuya Yokoyama">Yokoyama Katsuya 横山勝也</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jikishō Ryū </td> <td>Tajima Tadashi 田嶋直士 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mu Ryû </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dhachiro_Miyata" title="Kōhachiro Miyata">Miyata Kohachiro</a> 宮田耕八朗 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myoan Shinpo Ryū </td> <td>Ozaki Shinryu 尾崎真龍 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nezasa Ha / Kimpu Ryū </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurihara_Kinpu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurihara Kinpu (page does not exist)">Kurihara (Einosuke) Kinpu</a> 栗原錦風 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seien Ryū </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanemoto_Seien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanemoto Seien (page does not exist)">Kanemoto Seien</a> 兼友西園 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taizan Ha </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higuchi_Taizan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higuchi Taizan (page does not exist)">Higuchi Taizan</a> 樋口対山 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tozan Ryū </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nakao_Tozan" title="Nakao Tozan">Nakao Tozan</a> 中尾都山 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ueda Ryū </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ueda_Hodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ueda Hodo (page does not exist)">Ueda Hodo</a> 上田芳憧 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The major schools of shakuhachi music that survive to today come from two guilds: the Meian and Kinko. These guilds are a synthesis of two sects of an earlier <a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a> guild of komusō priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_music_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_music-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Myoan Kyokai stands as a significant bastion of this tradition, but lack organizational unity.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_Sadie_2001_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_Sadie_2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary <i>Kyochiku Zenji Hosan Kai</i> (KZHK) group in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> organizes annual meetings for hundreds of shakuhachi players, Rinzai clerics, and Fuke Zen enthusiasts. The related Myōan Society, as well as other small groups throughout Japan. KZHK and the Myōan Society operate from their base temples of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a> and Myōan-ji, the latter being the former headquarters of the Fuke sect. Many Rinzai monks still practice as komusō during certain celebrations in former Fuke-shū temples that have, since the 19th century, reverted to traditional Rinzai Zen. Notable temples include <a href="/wiki/Kokutai-ji" title="Kokutai-ji">Kokutai-ji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ichigatsu-ji" title="Ichigatsu-ji">Ichigatsu-ji</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hakata-ku,_Fukuoka" title="Hakata-ku, Fukuoka">Hakata Ward</a> holds one of remaining temples where Komusō continue to perform.<sup id="cite_ref-Komuso_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komuso-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the general public can learn to play the shakuhachi at the dojo at Icchoken in <a href="/wiki/Hakata-ku,_Fukuoka" title="Hakata-ku, Fukuoka">Hakata-ku</a>, and players who learn all 60 songs of the tradition can be certified as shakuhachi masters.<sup id="cite_ref-Komuso_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komuso-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_komusō"><span id="Contemporary_komus.C5.8D"></span>Contemporary <i>komusō</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary komusō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least several particular individuals in modern times have been known to pursue temporary itinerant lifestyles as komusō, for spiritual or learning purposes. Hõzan Murata<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, a famous shakuhachi player, maker, and <i>dai-shihan</i> (grandmaster), lived as a komusō for 8 months in 1974. Perhaps the most well-known contemporary komusō are <a href="/wiki/Kok%C5%AB_Nishimura" title="Kokū Nishimura">Kokū Nishimura</a>—who famously carried on the tradition of dubbing shakuhachi <i>kyotaku</i> ("empty bell"), in reference to the legend of Puhua (Fuke)—and <a href="/wiki/Watazumi_Doso" title="Watazumi Doso">Watazumi Doso</a>, known for his innovations with and revitalization of the shakuhachi repertoire, and the popularization of the <a href="/wiki/Hotchiku" title="Hotchiku">hotchiku</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_the_komusō"><span id="Characteristics_of_the_komus.C5.8D"></span>Characteristics of the <i>komusō</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the komusō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daikokuji-Sasayama_Komus%C5%8D_Shakuhachi_%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%BA%EF%BC%88%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%B9%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B6%E7%A5%AD%E3%82%8A_%E8%99%9A%E7%84%A1%E5%83%A7_DSCF1443.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Daikokuji-Sasayama_Komus%C5%8D_Shakuhachi_%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%BA%EF%BC%88%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%B9%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B6%E7%A5%AD%E3%82%8A_%E8%99%9A%E7%84%A1%E5%83%A7_DSCF1443.jpg/270px-Daikokuji-Sasayama_Komus%C5%8D_Shakuhachi_%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%BA%EF%BC%88%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%B9%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B6%E7%A5%AD%E3%82%8A_%E8%99%9A%E7%84%A1%E5%83%A7_DSCF1443.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Daikokuji-Sasayama_Komus%C5%8D_Shakuhachi_%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%BA%EF%BC%88%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%B9%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B6%E7%A5%AD%E3%82%8A_%E8%99%9A%E7%84%A1%E5%83%A7_DSCF1443.jpg/405px-Daikokuji-Sasayama_Komus%C5%8D_Shakuhachi_%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%BA%EF%BC%88%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%B9%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B6%E7%A5%AD%E3%82%8A_%E8%99%9A%E7%84%A1%E5%83%A7_DSCF1443.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Daikokuji-Sasayama_Komus%C5%8D_Shakuhachi_%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%BA%EF%BC%88%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%B9%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B6%E7%A5%AD%E3%82%8A_%E8%99%9A%E7%84%A1%E5%83%A7_DSCF1443.jpg/540px-Daikokuji-Sasayama_Komus%C5%8D_Shakuhachi_%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%BA%EF%BC%88%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%B9%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B6%E7%A5%AD%E3%82%8A_%E8%99%9A%E7%84%A1%E5%83%A7_DSCF1443.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Komusō</i></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg/220px-Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg/330px-Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg/440px-Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="3084" /></a><figcaption>A Buddhist monk begging as a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg/220px-A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg/330px-A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg/440px-A_begging_criminal-J._M._W._Silver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>komusō</i> were characterized in the public imagination of Japan by their playing of solo pieces, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">honkyoku</i></span> ("fundamental pieces"), on the <i>shakuhachi</i> (a type of bamboo <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>), a practice known today as <i>suizen</i>, while wearing a large woven basket hat or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tengai</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天蓋</span></span>)</span> that covered their entire head as they went on <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flute">Flute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">Shakuhachi</a></div> <p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakuhachi</i></span> flute derives its name from its size. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shaku_(unit)" title="Shaku (unit)">Shaku</a></i></span> is an old unit of measure close to 1 foot (30 cm). <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hachi</i></span> means eight, which in this case represents a measure of eight-tenths of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shaku</i></span>. True <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakuhachi</i></span> are made of bamboo and can be very expensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suizen"><i>Suizen</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Suizen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The playing of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">honkyoku</i></span> on the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a></i></span> in return for <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> is known today as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">suizen</i></span>, ('Zen of blowing (the flute)'), and interpreted as a form of <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">dhyana</a>, "meditation").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Deeg, the image of "shakuhachi-Zen" as a spiritual practice is reinforced by western <i>shakuhachi</i>-players, giving it spiritual connotations it never had in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20078-9_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg20078-9-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Deeg, this spiritualisation "can be comprehended with the aid of two concepts, those of "attaining buddhahood through one sound" (ichion-jōbutsu 一音成佛) and "the Zen of blowing (the flute)" (suizen 吹禪).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to "the content of the two published volumes of the Annals of the International Shakuhachi Society (ISS)" as an example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079,_note_4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079,_note_4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li>According to Blasdel, the concept of <i>ichi on jōbutsu</i> – the attainment of <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> through a single note<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – became an important aspect of the <i>Fuke</i> sect's ‘blowing Zen’ as it developed in later periods.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Yohmei_Blasdel" title="Christopher Yohmei Blasdel">Christopher Yohmei Blasdel</a>, the <i>shakuhachi</i> was used as a <i>hoki</i> (religious tool) "to enter the realm of enlightenment".<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_music_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_music-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to Ralph Samuelson, for suizen practitioners <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">honkyoku</i></span> pieces are traditionally played in the manner of a personal spiritual practice and not as a public performance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disguise_and_outfit">Disguise and outfit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disguise and outfit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>komusō</i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">虚無僧/こむそう</span></span>)</span> were characterized by a straw <a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">basket</a> (a sedge or reed hood known as a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tengai</i></span>) worn on the head, manifesting the absence of specific ego but also useful for traveling incognito.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Komusō</i></span> wore a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tengai</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天蓋</span></span>)</span>, a type of woven straw hat or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasa_(hat)" title="Kasa (hat)">kasa</a></i></span>, which completely covered their head like an overturned basket. The idea was that the wearing of such a hat removed the ego of the wearer, whilst also concealing their identity. Further, the government granted the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span> the rare privilege to freely travel the country without hindrance; one reason doing so may have been an interest on behalf of the shogunate to receive first-hand information about conditions in the provinces, the collection of such information made possible by the concealed nature of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komusō</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Komusō</i></span> wore <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> – especially of a five-crested, formal <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">mon-tsuki</i></span> style – and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Obi_(sash)" title="Obi (sash)">obi</a></i></span>, as well as an <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">o-kuwara</i></span>, a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rakusu" title="Rakusu">rakusu</a></i></span>-like garment worn over the shoulders. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Komusō</i></span> would wear a secondary <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakuhachi</i></span> to accompany their primary flute, possibly as a replacement for the samurai's <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wakizashi" title="Wakizashi">wakizashi</a></i></span>; their primary <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakuhachi</i></span>, usually a 1.8 size instrument (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">I shaku ha sun</i></span>), would be pitched in rough equivalence to the D or D flat in the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">twelve-tone scale</a>. </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Komusō</i></span> wore <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">inro</a></i></span> from their belt – a container for medicine, tobacco and other items – <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kyahan" title="Kyahan">kyahan</a></i></span> shin coverings above their <a href="/wiki/Tabi" title="Tabi">tabi</a> socks and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waraji" title="Waraji">waraji</a></i></span> sandals, and a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">hachimaki</a></i></span> headband, covered by the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tengai</i></span>. They wore <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tekou</i></span>, hand-and-forearm covers, a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">fusa</i></span> tassel,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Where? (September 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and carried a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gebako</i></span>, a box used for collecting alms and holding documents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honkyoku">Honkyoku</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Honkyoku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Honkyoku</i> (本曲, "original pieces") comprises a repertoire of solo compositions for the shakuhachi, rooted in the heritage of the Fuke Sect of Zen Buddhism. They were initially cultivated for the solicitation of alms by solitary wandering mendicants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinko_Ryū_Repertory"><span id="Kinko_Ry.C5.AB_Repertory"></span>Kinko Ryū Repertory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kinko Ryū Repertory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Shikanotoone_new.ogg" title="File:Shikanotoone new.ogg">Shika no Tōne</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="376" data-mwtitle="Shikanotoone_new.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Shikanotoone_new.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Shikanotoone_new.ogg/Shikanotoone_new.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A <i>honkyoku</i> piece recorded by Araki Kodō III</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The following Honkyoku make up what is now known as the Kinko Ryu Shakuahchi Honkyoku Repertoire, the pieces played by the Kinko school: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35;"> <ol><li>Hifumi—Hachigaeshi no Shirabe 一二三鉢返の調</li> <li>Taki-ochi no Kyoku (Taki-otoshi no Kyoku) 瀧落の曲</li> <li>Akita Sugagaki 秋田菅垣</li> <li>Koro Sugagaki 転菅垣</li> <li>Kyūshū Reibo 九州鈴慕</li> <li>Shizu no Kyoku 志図の曲</li> <li>Kyō Reibo 京鈴慕</li> <li>Mukaiji Reibo 霧海箎</li> <li>Kokū Reibo 虚空</li> <li>a) Kokū Kaete (Ikkan-ryū) 虚空替手 (一関流) b) Banshikichō 盤渉調</li> <li>Shin Kyorei 真虚霊</li> <li>Kinsan Kyorei 琴三虚霊</li> <li>Yoshiya Reibo 吉野鈴慕</li> <li>Yūgure no Kyoku 夕暮の曲</li> <li>Sakai Jishi 栄獅子</li> <li>Uchikae Kyorei 打替虚霊</li> <li>Igusa Reibo 葦草鈴慕</li> <li>Izu Reibo 伊豆鈴慕</li> <li>Reibo Nagashi 鈴慕流</li> <li>Sōkaku Reibo 巣鶴鈴慕</li> <li>Sanya Sugagaki 三谷菅垣</li> <li>Shimotsuke Kyorei 下野虚霊</li> <li>Meguro-jishi 目黒獅子</li> <li>Ginryū Kokū 吟龍虚空</li> <li>Sayama Sugagaki 佐山菅垣</li> <li>Sagari Ha no Kyoku 下り葉の曲</li> <li>Namima Reibo 波間鈴慕</li> <li>Shika no Tōne 鹿の遠音</li> <li>Hōshōsu 鳳将雛</li> <li>Akebono no Shirabe 曙の調</li> <li>Akebono Sugagaki 曙菅垣</li> <li>Ashi no Shirabe 芦の調</li> <li>Kotoji no Kyoku 琴柱の曲</li> <li>Kinuta Sugomori 砧巣籠</li> <li>Tsuki no Kyoku 月の曲</li> <li>Kotobuki no Shirabe 寿の調</li></ol> </div> <p>At least three additional pieces were later added to the Kinko-Ryu repertoire: </p> <ol><li>Kumoi Jishi 雲井獅子</li> <li>Azuma no Kyoku 吾妻の曲</li> <li>Sugagaki 菅垣</li></ol> <p>The earliest list of the repertoire is dated to the first half of the 18th century, and the compositions do not contain direct references to the terminology of the <i>Kyotaku denki</i>, indication that the incorporation of Zen-philosophy, or "shakuhachi-Zen", is a 19th-century phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complete_recordings">Complete recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Complete recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recordings of the complete honkyoku of the Kinko School have been recorded by </p> <ul><li>Araki Kodo V (Chikuo II)</li> <li>Aoki Reibo II</li> <li>Yamaguchi Goro</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">Shakuhachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchiku" title="Hotchiku">Hotchiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai Zen">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaku_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Obaku Zen">Ōbaku</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Robin Hartshorne and Kazuaki Tanahashi, <i>Hitori Mondō</i> ("Self-questioning") bears a similarity to <i>suizen</i>: "Here, he speaks of 'going all the way with intellect and then going beyond intellect' on the path to enlightenment. He distinguishes the form (<i>jitsu</i>) of shakuhachi music played for entertainment from the emptiness (<i>kyo</i>) of Zen instrumental practice."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deeg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Or 'the expression of awakening in a single note'<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729-32-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729-32_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 29-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamisango1988_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamisango1988">Kamisango (1988)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002103-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002103_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002103_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaroni2002">Baroni 2002</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2012_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinder2012">Linder (2012)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinder2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinder2017_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinder2017">Linder (2017)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-32-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-32_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-32_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 31-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope200033-36-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200033-36_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200033-36_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope2000">Pope (2000)</a>, p. 33-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2017_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2017">Hughes (2017)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrunn2015" class="citation book cs1">Brunn, Stanley D. (2015-02-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGh-BgAAQBAJ&dq=Fuke-sh%C5%AB&pg=PA2816"><i>The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9376-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9376-6"><bdi>978-94-017-9376-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+World+Religion+Map%3A+Sacred+Places%2C+Identities%2C+Practices+and+Politics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft.isbn=978-94-017-9376-6&rft.aulast=Brunn&rft.aufirst=Stanley+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGh-BgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DFuke-sh%25C5%25AB%26pg%3DPA2816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope200034-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200034_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope2000">Pope (2000)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200727,_note_64-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200727,_note_64_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 27, note 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMau201452-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMau201452_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMau2014">Mau (2014)</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMau201876-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMau201876_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMau2018">Mau (2018)</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope200035-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200035_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope200035_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope2000">Pope (2000)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shakuhachi-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shakuhachi_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakuhachi_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakuhachi_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.komuso.com/top/komuso_history.pl">"The International Shakuhachi Society"</a>. <i>www.komuso.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.komuso.com&rft.atitle=The+International+Shakuhachi+Society&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.komuso.com%2Ftop%2Fkomuso_history.pl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2005" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen R. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorsofmediev0000turn"><i>Warriors of Medieval Japan</i></a></span>. Osprey publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorsofmediev0000turn/page/160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-864-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-864-2"><bdi>1-84176-864-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Medieval+Japan&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Osprey+publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84176-864-2&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorsofmediev0000turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHur2007" class="citation book cs1">Hur, Nam-lin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1tg5pht"><i>Death and Social Order in Tokugawa Japan: Buddhism, Anti-Christianity, and the Danka System</i></a>. Vol. 282 (1 ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1tg5pht">10.2307/j.ctt1tg5pht</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02503-5"><bdi>978-0-674-02503-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1tg5pht">j.ctt1tg5pht</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Social+Order+in+Tokugawa+Japan%3A+Buddhism%2C+Anti-Christianity%2C+and+the+Danka+System&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1tg5pht%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1tg5pht&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02503-5&rft.aulast=Hur&rft.aufirst=Nam-lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1tg5pht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200728_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg2007-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg2007_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopes2014-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopes2014_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopes2014_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopes2014">Buswell & Lopes (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323210457/http://fuke-shakuhachi.com/shaku8/en_history_fukeshakuhachi.html">Fuke Shakuhachi Official Site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley_Sadie_2001-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_Sadie_2001_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_Sadie_2001_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Sadie; John Tyrrell "Japan. SII, 5(ii): Emergence of the Modern Shakuhachi In The New Grove Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan, 2001. Volume #8: 833-834</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200729_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200730_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of the International Shakuhachi Society</i>, Volume 1. Ed. Dan E Mayers [n.d., 1996?]: Robin Hartshorne and Kazuaki Tanahashi, “The hitori mondo of Hisamatsu Fuyo,”pp. 41-45. Reproduced in full in Gutzwiller 2005 (see footnote 3, above), pp. 175-188 (German and Japanese text), with a comprehensive analysis on pp. 149-155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200731_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200732-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200732_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeg" class="citation web cs1">Deeg, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11667141">"Komuso and Shakuhachi-Zen From Historical Legitimation to Spiritualisation of a Buddhist Denomination in the Edo Period"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Komuso+and+Shakuhachi-Zen+From+Historical+Legitimation+to+Spiritualisation+of+a+Buddhist+Denomination+in+the+Edo+Period&rft.aulast=Deeg&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11667141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg200733-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg200733_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg 2007</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Japanese-music/Koto-music">"Japanese music - Koto, Traditional, Folk | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Japanese+music+-+Koto%2C+Traditional%2C+Folk+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FJapanese-music%2FKoto-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.komuso.com/top/index.pl">"The International Shakuhachi Society"</a>. <i>www.komuso.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.komuso.com&rft.atitle=The+International+Shakuhachi+Society&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.komuso.com%2Ftop%2Findex.pl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japanese_music-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Japanese_music_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japanese_music_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of the International Shakuhachi Society</i>, Volume 1. Ed. Dan E Mayers [n.d., c. 1996?]: Christopher Blasdel, “The Shakuhachi: Aesthetics of a single tone,” p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Komuso-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Komuso_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komuso_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInoue2021" class="citation web cs1">Inoue, Mai (2021-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fukuoka-now.com/en/the-shakuhachi-of-the-komuso-a-tradition-alive-and-well-in-hakata/">"The Shakuhachi of the Komuso: A Tradition Alive and Well in Hakata"</a>. <i>Fukuoka Now</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fukuoka+Now&rft.atitle=The+Shakuhachi+of+the+Komuso%3A+A+Tradition+Alive+and+Well+in+Hakata&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft.aulast=Inoue&rft.aufirst=Mai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fukuoka-now.com%2Fen%2Fthe-shakuhachi-of-the-komuso-a-tradition-alive-and-well-in-hakata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg20078-9-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20078-9_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079,_note_4-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeeg20079,_note_4_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeeg2007">Deeg (2007)</a>, p. 9, note 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanrichardson.com/article_1.html">Ichi-on Jobutsu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of the International Shakuhachi Society</i>, Volume 1. Ed. Dan E Mayers [n.d., 1996?]: Christopher Blasdel, “The Shakuhachi: Aesthetics of a single tone,” p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of the International Shakuhachi Society</i>, Volume 1. Ed. Dan E Mayers [n.d., 1996?]: Ralph Samuelson, “Toward an understanding of Shakuhachi Honkyoku,” p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishiyamaGroemer1997" class="citation book cs1">Nishiyama, Matsunosuke; Groemer, Gerald (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gudOOeIuoYIC&dq=komuso&pg=PA124"><i>Edo Culture: Daily Life and Diversions in Urban Japan, 1600-1868</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1736-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1736-2"><bdi>0-8248-1736-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edo+Culture%3A+Daily+Life+and+Diversions+in+Urban+Japan%2C+1600-1868&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8248-1736-2&rft.aulast=Nishiyama&rft.aufirst=Matsunosuke&rft.au=Groemer%2C+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgudOOeIuoYIC%26dq%3Dkomuso%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215702/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=382514&rel_no=1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Komuso: Japanese Zen Priest", 2008 article by David Michael Weber"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=382514&rel_no=1">the original</a> on 2014-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Komuso%3A+Japanese+Zen+Priest%22%2C+2008+article+by+David+Michael+Weber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ohmynews.com%2Farticleview%2Farticle_view.asp%3Fno%3D382514%26rel_no%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroni2002" class="citation book cs1">Baroni, Helen J. (2002). <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism</i>. The Rosen Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Zen+Buddhism&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Baroni&rft.aufirst=Helen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopes2014" class="citation book cs1">Buswell; Lopes (2014). "Fukeshu". <i>Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fukeshu&rft.btitle=Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Buswell&rft.au=Lopes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeg2007" class="citation journal cs1">Deeg, Max (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408103143/http://www.japanese-religions.jp/publications/assets/JR32_a_Deeg.pdf">"Komusō and "Shakuhachi-Zen": From Historical Legitimation to the Spiritualisation of a Buddhist denomination in the Edo Period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Japanese Religions</i>. <b>32</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanese-religions.jp/publications/assets/JR32_a_Deeg.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-04-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Religions&rft.atitle=Komus%C5%8D+and+%22Shakuhachi-Zen%22%3A+From+Historical+Legitimation+to+the+Spiritualisation+of+a+Buddhist+denomination+in+the+Edo+Period&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Deeg&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanese-religions.jp%2Fpublications%2Fassets%2FJR32_a_Deeg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ferguson, Andy. <i>Zen's Chinese Heritage: The Masters and Their Teachings</i>. Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-163-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-163-7">0-86171-163-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2017" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, David W. (2017-02-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4tINDgAAQBAJ&q=Komus%C5%8D"><i>The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music</i></a>. 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Stockholm University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Deconstructing+Traditional+Japanese+Music%3A+A+Study+on+Shakuhachi%2C+Historical+Authenticity+and+Transmission+of+Tradition&rft.inst=Stockholm+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Gunnar+Jinmei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Fpid%3Ddiva2%253A488776%26dswid%3D4262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinder2017" class="citation journal cs1">Linder, Gunnar Jinmei (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/113430128">"Analysis of Transmission in Japanese Traditional Art Forms: Part 2, A Comprehensive study of Shakuhachi Lineages"</a>. <i>Journal of East Asian Identities</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">117–</span>127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Identities&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Transmission+in+Japanese+Traditional+Art+Forms%3A+Part+2%2C+A+Comprehensive+study+of+Shakuhachi+Lineages&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Gunnar+Jinmei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F113430128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMau2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Mau, Christian (2014). <i>Situating the Myōan Kyōkai: A Study of Suizen and the Fuke Shakuhachi</i> (PhD thesis). University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Situating+the+My%C5%8Dan+Ky%C5%8Dkai%3A+A+Study+of+Suizen+and+the+Fuke+Shakuhachi&rft.inst=University+of+London&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Mau&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMau2018" class="citation book cs1">Mau, C.T. (2018). "Gathering to Study: the Case of the Myoan Shakuhachi's Benkyo-kai". <i>Community Music in Oceania: Many Voices, One Horizon</i>. University of Hawai' Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gathering+to+Study%3A+the+Case+of+the+Myoan+Shakuhachi%27s+Benkyo-kai&rft.btitle=Community+Music+in+Oceania%3A+Many+Voices%2C+One+Horizon&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Mau&rft.aufirst=C.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2000" class="citation journal cs1">Pope, Edgar W. (2000). "The Shakuhachi, the Fuke-shu, and the Scholars: a Historical Controversy". <i>Journal of Hokusei Jr. Col</i>. <b>36</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hokusei+Jr.+Col.&rft.atitle=The+Shakuhachi%2C+the+Fuke-shu%2C+and+the+Scholars%3A+a+Historical+Controversy&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Edgar+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Watson, Burton; tr. <i>The Zen Teachings of Master Lin-Chi: A Translation of the Lin-chi lu</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11485-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11485-0">0-231-11485-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford1977" class="citation journal cs1">Sanford, James H. (1977). "Shakuhachi Zen. The Fuke-shu and Komuso". <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i>. <b>32</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">411–</span>440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2384045">10.2307/2384045</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384045">2384045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=Shakuhachi+Zen.+The+Fuke-shu+and+Komuso&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E440&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2384045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2384045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomus%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shin_Meikai_kokugo_jiten" title="Shin Meikai kokugo jiten">Shin Meikai kokugo jiten</a></i> (新明解国語辞典), <a href="/wiki/Sanseido" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanseido">Sanseido</a> Co., Ltd., Tokyo 1974</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deeg, Max (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408103143/http://www.japanese-religions.jp/publications/assets/JR32_a_Deeg.pdf">Komuso and "Shakuhachi-Zen": From Historical Legitimation to the Spiritualisation of a Buddhist Denomination in the Edo Period</a>, Japanese Religion 32 (1–2), 7-38</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komus%C5%8D&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Komus%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Komusō">Komusō</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><i>The Zen Teaching of Rinzai</i> (a.k.a. The Record of Rinzai) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/Translations/Teachings_of_Rinzai.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finevery.googlepages.com/Teachings_of_Rinzai.htm">Text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508060355/http://finevery.googlepages.com/Teachings_of_Rinzai.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyotaku.nl/kyotakudenki-transl-tsuge.pdf">The <i>Kyotaku Denki</i> </a></li> <li>Hisamatsu Fūyō. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.komuso.com/people/people.pl?person=105">Hitori Mondō</a></i></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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<i>Fukezen Shakuhachi Honkyoku</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107062410/https://www.shakuhachi.cz/original/en_rec.html">Archived</a> 2017-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Komuso and "Shakuhachi-Zen" From Historical Legitimation to the Spiritualisation of a Buddhist denomination in the Edo Period <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237648626_KomusO_and_Shakuhachi-Zen_From_Historical_Legitimation_to_the_Spiritualisation_of_a_Buddhist_denomination_in_the_Edo_Period">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr 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Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" 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