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Soare - Wikipedia

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href="#Caracteristici_generale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Caracteristici generale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici_generale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structură" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structură"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structură</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structură-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structură subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structură-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nucleu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nucleu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zona_radiativă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zona_radiativă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Zona radiativă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zona_radiativă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tahoclina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tahoclina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tahoclina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tahoclina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zona_convectivă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zona_convectivă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Zona convectivă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zona_convectivă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fotosfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotosfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fotosfera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotosfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Atmosfera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activitate_magnetică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activitate_magnetică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Activitate magnetică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activitate_magnetică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etapele_evoluției" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etapele_evoluției"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Etapele evoluției</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etapele_evoluției-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etapele evoluției subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etapele_evoluției-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Formare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secvența_principală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secvența_principală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Secvența principală</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secvența_principală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-După_epuizarea_nucleului_de_hidrogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#După_epuizarea_nucleului_de_hidrogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>După epuizarea nucleului de hidrogen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-După_epuizarea_nucleului_de_hidrogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compoziție_chimică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compoziție_chimică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Compoziție chimică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compoziție_chimică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mișcare_și_amplasare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mișcare_și_amplasare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mișcare și amplasare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mișcare_și_amplasare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mișcare și amplasare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mișcare_și_amplasare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbita_în_Calea_Lactee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbita_în_Calea_Lactee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Orbita în Calea Lactee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbita_în_Calea_Lactee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mișcarea_în_Sistemul_Solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mișcarea_în_Sistemul_Solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mișcarea în Sistemul Solar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mișcarea_în_Sistemul_Solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Probleme_teoretice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Probleme_teoretice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Probleme teoretice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Probleme_teoretice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Probleme teoretice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Probleme_teoretice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Încălzirea_coroanei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Încălzirea_coroanei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Încălzirea coroanei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Încălzirea_coroanei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problema_Soarelui_slab_timpuriu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problema_Soarelui_slab_timpuriu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Problema Soarelui slab timpuriu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problema_Soarelui_slab_timpuriu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istoricul_observațiilor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoricul_observațiilor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Istoricul observațiilor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istoricul_observațiilor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istoricul observațiilor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istoricul_observațiilor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-În_Antichitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_Antichitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>În Antichitate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_Antichitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dezvoltarea_înțelegerii_științifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezvoltarea_înțelegerii_științifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Dezvoltarea înțelegerii științifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezvoltarea_înțelegerii_științifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misiunile_spațiului_solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misiunile_spațiului_solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Misiunile spațiului solar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misiunile_spațiului_solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observații_și_efecte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observații_și_efecte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Observații și efecte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observații_și_efecte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note_explicative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note_explicative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Note explicative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note_explicative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soare</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 299 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-299" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">299 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амра – abhază" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abhază" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_uroe" title="Mata uroe – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Mata uroe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Тыгъэ – adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыгъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonne" title="Sonne – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sonne" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%80%E1%88%90%E1%8B%AD" title="ፀሐይ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፀሐይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidal" title="Cidal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Cidal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunne" title="Sunne – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sunne" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura" title="Ura – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ura" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3" title="الشمس – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشمس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܫܡܫܐ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܡܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B4" title="شمش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شمش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3" title="شمس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شمس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সূৰ্য – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সূৰ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisimw" title="Pisimw – atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pisimw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Бакъ – avară" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бакъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awalt" title="Awalt – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Awalt" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willka" title="Willka – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Willka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCn%C9%99%C5%9F" title="Günəş – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Günəş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4" title="گونش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گونش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%88" title="Ҡояш – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡояш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya" title="Surya – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Surya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sun" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Saulė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldang" title="Saldang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saldang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Сонца – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сонца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Сонца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сонца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataari" title="Mataari – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mataari" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Слънце – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слънце" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C" title="सुरुज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सुरुज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/San" title="San – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="San" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Matahari" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="မွူး – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မွူး" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile" title="Tile – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Tile" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সূর্য – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সূর্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉི་མ། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉི་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heol" title="Heol – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Heol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sunce" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidumadang_ari" title="Sidumadang ari – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Sidumadang ari" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%9A" title="ᨆᨈᨕᨛᨔᨚ – bugineză" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨈᨕᨛᨔᨚ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Наран – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Наран" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ADk-t%C3%A0u" title="Nĭk-tàu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nĭk-tàu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85" title="Малх – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Малх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlaw" title="Adlaw – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Adlaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93" title="ᏅᏓ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89%C5%A1e%27he" title="Éše&#039;he – cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Éše&#039;he" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1" title="خۆر – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soli" title="Soli – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Soli" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCne%C5%9F" title="Küneş – turcă crimeeană" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Küneş" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turcă crimeeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slunce" title="Slunce – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slunce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%84ce" title="Słuńce – cașubiană" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Słuńce" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="cașubiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%94" title="Слъньцє – slavonă" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Слъньцє" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хĕвел – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕвел" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul" title="Haul – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solen" title="Solen – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Solen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonne" title="Sonne – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Amenaa" title="Ŋmenaa – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Ŋmenaa" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C9%94%CC%88l" title="Akɔ̈l – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Akɔ̈l" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tici" title="Tici – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tici" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82y%C5%84co" title="Słyńco – sorabă de jos" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Słyńco" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="sorabă de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadau" title="Tadau – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tadau" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA" title="އިރު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%94e" title="Ɣe – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Ɣe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ήλιος – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ήλιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5ul" title="Såul – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Såul" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sun" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suno" title="Suno – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ike" title="Päike – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Päike" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eguzkia" title="Eguzkia – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eguzkia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="خورشید – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خورشید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewia" title="Ewia – fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Ewia" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naange" title="Naange – fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Naange" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurinko" title="Aurinko – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aurinko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4iv" title="Päiv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Päiv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanisiga" title="Matanisiga – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Matanisiga" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lin" title="Sólin – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sólin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwe" title="Hwe – fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Hwe" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleil" title="Soleil – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soleil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solely" title="Solely – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Solely" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/San" title="San – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="San" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soreli" title="Soreli – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Soreli" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinne" title="Sinne – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinne" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grian" title="Grian – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grian" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="太陽" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C3%A8y" title="Solèy – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Solèy" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grian" title="Grian – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Grian" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8A%D8%B1" title="خۊر – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="خۊر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarahy" title="Kuarahy – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarahy" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 – gotică" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="સૂર્ય – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સૂર્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27i" title="Ka&#039;i – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ka&#039;i" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owh%C3%A8" title="Owhè – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Owhè" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghrian" title="Yn Ghrian – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghrian" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana" title="Rana – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngit-th%C3%A8u" title="Ngit-thèu – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngit-thèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81" title="Lā – hawaiiană" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lā" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A9" title="השמש – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השמש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suraj" title="Suraj – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Suraj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sunce" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82%C3%B3nco" title="Słónco – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Słónco" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C3%A8y" title="Solèy – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Solèy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap" title="Nap – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Արեգակ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արեգակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_panas" title="Mata panas – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mata panas" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matahari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole" title="Sole – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sole" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siqi%C3%B1iq" title="Siqiñiq – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Siqiñiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init" title="Init – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Init" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85" title="Малх – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Малх" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suno" title="Suno – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Suno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lin" title="Sólin – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sólin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole" title="Sole – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sole" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%AF%E1%95%BF%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᓯᕿᓂᖅ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓯᕿᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太陽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/solri" title="solri – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="solri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreng%C3%A9ng%C3%A9" title="Srengéngé – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Srengéngé" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="მზე – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მზე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyash" title="Quyash – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Quyash" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafukt_(itri)" title="Tafukt (itri) – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafukt (itri)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C9%A9s%C9%A9" title="Wɩsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Wɩsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam" title="Mam – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mam" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nt%C3%A2ngu" title="Ntângu – congoleză" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ntângu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="congoleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataharani" title="Mataharani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mataharani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7)" title="Күн (жұлдыз) – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күн (жұлдыз)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99" title="ព្រះអាទិត្យ – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះអាទិត្យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸೂರ್ಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೂರ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91" title="태양 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태양" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Шонді – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шонді" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Кюн – karaceai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кюн" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaceai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="آفتاب – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آفتاب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunn" title="Sunn – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sunn" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roj_(st%C3%AArk)" title="Roj (stêrk) – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roj (stêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Шонді – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шонді" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl" title="Howl – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Howl" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Күн – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonn" title="Sonn – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sonn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Баргъ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Баргъ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Рагъ – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рагъ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjuba" title="Enjuba – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Enjuba" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon" title="Zon – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4" title="Sô – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sô" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%C3%ABdl" title="Surëdl – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Surëdl" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3i" title="Mói – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mói" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຕາເວັນ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕາເວັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saulė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saule" title="Saule – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Saule" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saule" title="Saule – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saule" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srengenge" title="Srengenge – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Srengenge" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шись – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шись" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoandro" title="Masoandro – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Masoandro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_R%C4%81" title="Te Rā – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Te Rā" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoari" title="Matoari – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Matoari" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сонце – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сонце" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="സൂര്യൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂര്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нар – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%81%9A%E1%80%B2" title="တ္ၚဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="တ္ၚဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D3%B9_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Кечӹ (астрономи) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кечӹ (астрономи)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matahari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xemx" title="Xemx – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Xemx" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1" title="နေ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Чи (пертпельксэнь вал) – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чи (пертпельксэнь вал)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="خارشید – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خارشید" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole" title="Sole – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sole" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnn" title="Sünn – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sünn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunne" title="Zunne – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zunne" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सूर्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="सूर्द्यः – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सूर्द्यः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo" title="Luo – nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Luo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon" title="Zon – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola" title="Sola – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sola" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solen" title="Solen – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Solen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sune" title="Sune – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sune" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%95%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8B" title="ߕߋ߬ߟߋ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߕߋ߬ߟߋ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C3%A9" title="Solé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Solé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3honaa%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%AD" title="Jóhonaaʼéí – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Jóhonaaʼéí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzuwa" title="Dzuwa – nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Dzuwa" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleu" title="Soleu – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Soleu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4ine" title="Päiväine – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Päiväine" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biiftuu" title="Biiftuu – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biiftuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80" title="Хур – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C" title="ਸੂਰਜ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਰਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo" title="Aldo – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aldo" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo" title="Solo – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Solo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solel" title="Solel – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Solel" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunn" title="Sunn – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Sunn" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonne" title="Sonne – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Sonne" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/San" title="San – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="San" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82o%C5%84ce" title="Słońce – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Słońce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سورج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سورج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ήλος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ήλος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1" title="لمر – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لمر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadaw" title="Qadaw – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Qadaw" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti" title="Inti – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulegl" title="Sulegl – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sulegl" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham" title="Kham – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kham" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soari" title="Soari – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Soari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Слунко – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Слунко" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Солнце – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солнце" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сонце – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сонце" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="सूर्यः – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सूर्यः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81)" title="Күн (сулус) – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Күн (сулус)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole" title="Sole – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sole" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suli" title="Suli – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Suli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sun" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC" title="سج – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سج" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaivv%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Beaivváš – sami de nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Beaivváš" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2" title="Lâ – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Lâ" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sunce" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafukt" title="Tafukt – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tafukt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝၼ်း – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဝၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="හිරු – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slnko" title="Slnko – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slnko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سورج – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سورج" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonce" title="Sonce – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sonce" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/La" title="La – samoană" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="La" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A4iv%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Piäiváš – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Piäiváš" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuva" title="Zuva – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zuva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorax" title="Qorax – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qorax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielli" title="Dielli – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dielli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сунце – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сунце" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunne" title="Sunne – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sunne" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonpo%C3%A9" title="Panonpoé – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panonpoé" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solen" title="Solen – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Solen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jua" title="Jua – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82%C5%8D%C5%84ce" title="Słōńce – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Słōńce" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cilal" title="cilal – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cilal" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஞாயிறு (விண்மீன்) – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஞாயிறு (விண்மீன்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/wagi%27" title="wagi&#039; – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="wagi&#039;" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸೂರ್ಯ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸೂರ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A6%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥘᥦᥖᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥘᥦᥖᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="సూర్యుడు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సూర్యుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Офтоб – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Офтоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ดวงอาทิตย์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดวงอาทิตย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%B8%E1%88%93%E1%8B%AD" title="ጸሓይ – tigrină" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጸሓይ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCn_(%C3%BDyldyz)" title="Gün (ýyldyz) – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gün (ýyldyz)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araw_(astronomiya)" title="Araw (astronomiya) – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Araw (astronomiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99%C5%A1i" title="Həši – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həši" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/San" title="San – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="San" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F" title="Güneş – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güneş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hido" title="Hido – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Hido" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%88" title="Кояш – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кояш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuba" title="Zuba – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Zuba" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewia" title="Ewia – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ewia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81)" title="Хүн (сылдыс) – tuvană" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хүн (сылдыс)" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Шунды – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Шунды" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="قۇياش – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇياش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сонце – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сонце" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سورج – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سورج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyosh" title="Quyosh – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quyosh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C5%82e" title="Sołe – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sołe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4ine" title="Päiväine – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Päiväine" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B7t_Tr%E1%BB%9Di" title="Mặt Trời – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mặt Trời" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunne" title="Zunne – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zunne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solea" title="Solea – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Solea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlaw_(astronomiya)" title="Adlaw (astronomiya) – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Adlaw (astronomiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jant" title="Jant – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jant" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%B4" title="日头 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日头" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Нарн – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Нарн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKat" title="UKat – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UKat" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90" title="ბჟა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F" title="זון – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r%C3%B9n" title="Òrùn – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òrùn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daengngoenz" title="Daengngoenz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Daengngoenz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunne" title="Zunne – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zunne" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3" title="太阳 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太阳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5" title="日 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="日" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-th%C3%A2u" title="Ji̍t-thâu – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-thâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太陽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilanga" title="Ilanga – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ilanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q525#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Soare" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soare"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soare"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Soare" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Soare" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;oldid=16474344" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&amp;page=Soare&amp;id=16474344&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSoare"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSoare"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Soare"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Soare&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sun" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sistemul_solar/Soare" hreflang="ro"><span>Wikimanuale</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q525" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Pentru numele omonim, vedeți <a href="/wiki/Soare_(nume_de_familie)" title="Soare (nume de familie)">Soare (nume de familie)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border-collapse:collapse"><caption class="" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Soare <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sun_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☉"><img alt="☉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Sun_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></caption> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg/220px-The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg/330px-The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg/440px-The_Sun_in_white_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3379" data-file-height="3379" /></a></span> <br /> <span style="">Imagine realizată în 2019 în <a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83_vizibil%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumină vizibilă">lumină vizibilă</a> cu filtru solar, cu <a href="/wiki/Pat%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Pată solară">pete solare</a>.</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/220px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/330px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/440px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="3860" /></a></span> <br /> <span style="">Imagine realizată în 2010 în culori false,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> văzută în <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet">lumina ultravioletă</a> (lungime de undă de 30,4 nm)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#F6E5A8">Date observaționale</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Dist. medie față de <a href="/wiki/Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra">Terra</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">1 <a href="/wiki/Unitate_astronomic%C4%83" title="Unitate astronomică">au</a> ≈ 149&#160;600&#160;000&#160;km <sup id="cite_ref-Pitjeva2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitjeva2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />8&#160;min 19&#160;s la <a href="/wiki/Viteza_luminii" title="Viteza luminii">viteza luminii</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_aparent%C4%83" title="Magnitudine aparentă">Strălucire</a> (<i>V</i>)</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">−26,74<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_absolut%C4%83" title="Magnitudine absolută">Magnitudine absolută</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">4,83 <sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Clasificare_stelar%C4%83" title="Clasificare stelară">Clasificare stelară</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">G2V <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Metalicitate" title="Metalicitate">Metalicitate</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px"><i>Z</i> = 0,0122 <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Diametru_unghiular" title="Diametru unghiular">Diametru unghiular</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">31,6–32,7 <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#F6E5A8">Caracteristici orbitale</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Dist.medie față de centrul <a href="/wiki/Calea_Lactee" title="Calea Lactee">Căii Lactee</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">≈2,7×10<sup>17</sup> km<br /><small>27.200 ani-lumină</small></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_galactic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="An galactic — pagină inexistentă">Per. galactică</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">(2,25–2,50)×10<sup>8</sup> <a href="/wiki/An_iulian" title="An iulian">ani</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Vitez%C4%83" title="Viteză">Viteză</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">≈ 220 km/s (orbită în jurul centrului Căii Lactee) <br />≈ 20 km/s (în raport cu viteza medie a altor stele din vecinătatea stelară) <br />≈ 370 km/s (relativ la radiația cosmică de fond)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#F6E5A8">Caracteristici fizice</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Raza ecuatorială</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">695.700 &#160;km,<sup id="cite_ref-IAU2015resB3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU2015resB3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /> 696.342 km <sup id="cite_ref-arxiv1203_4898_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arxiv1203_4898-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />109×<a href="/wiki/Raza_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Raza Pământului">Terra</a><sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Circumferința ecuatorială</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">4,379×10<sup>6</sup> km <sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />109 × Terra<sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Aplatizare" title="Aplatizare">Aplatizare</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">9×10<sup>−6</sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Suprafață</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">6,09×10<sup>12</sup> km<sup>2</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />12.000 × Terra<sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Volum</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">1,41×10<sup>18</sup> km<sup>3</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />1.300.000 × Terra</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Masă</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">1,9884 × 10<sup>30</sup> kg<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />333.000 <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_terestr%C4%83" title="Masă terestră">× Terra</a> <sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Densitate medie</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">1,408 g/cm3 <sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />0,255 × Terra<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Gravitația de suprafață ecuatorială</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">274 m/s<sup>2</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />28 × Terra<sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Viteza_de_eliberare" class="mw-redirect" title="Viteza de eliberare">Viteza de eliberare</a><br />(de la suprafață)</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">617,7 km/s <sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />55 × Terra<sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Temperatură</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">Centru: 15.099.726 °C<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Fotosfer%C4%83" title="Fotosferă">Fotosferă</a>: 5.498.85 °C<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroană solară">Coroană</a>: ≈ 5.000 °C</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Luminozitate" title="Luminozitate">Luminozitate</a> (L<sub>sol</sub>)</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">3,828 × 10<sup>26</sup> <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a> <sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />≈ 3,75 × 10<sup>28</sup><a href="/wiki/Lumen" title="Lumen">lm</a><br />≈ 98 lm/W <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eficacitate_luminoas%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eficacitate luminoasă — pagină inexistentă">eficacitate</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Radian%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Radianță">Radianță</a> medie&#160;(I<sub>sol</sub>)</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">2,009 × 10<sup>7</sup> W·m<sup>−2</sup>·sr<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Vârstă</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">≈ 4,6 miliarde ani <sup id="cite_ref-Bonanno_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonanno-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#F6E5A8">Caracteristici de rotație</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclinare_axial%C4%83" title="Înclinare axială">Înclinare axială</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">7,25° <sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><small>(față de planul elipticii)</small><br />67,23°<br /><small>(față de planul galactic)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Ascensie_dreapt%C4%83" title="Ascensie dreaptă">Ascensie dreaptă</a><br />a Polului Nord<sup id="cite_ref-iau-iag_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau-iag-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">286,13°<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">19 h 4 min 30 s</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Declina%C8%9Bie" title="Declinație">Declinație</a><br />a Polului Nord</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">+63,87°<br />63° 52' Nord</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Per.rotație siderală<br />(la ecuator)</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">25,05 z<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">(la 16° latitude)</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">25,38 z<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">25 z 9 h 7 min 12 s</span><sup id="cite_ref-iau-iag_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau-iag-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">(la poli)</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">34,4 z<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Viteza de rotație<br />(la ecuator)</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">7.189 km/h <sup id="cite_ref-sse_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#F6E5A8">Compoziție fotosferică</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">73,46&#160;%<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">Heliu</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">24,85&#160;%</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">Oxigen</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,77&#160;%</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,29&#160;%</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,16&#160;%</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,12&#160;%</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">Azot</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,09&#160;%</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">Siliciu</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,07&#160;%</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">Magneziu</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,05&#160;%</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">Sulf</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,04&#160;%</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Soarele</b> este <a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">steaua</a> din centrul <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul Solar">Sistemului Solar</a>. Este o sferă aproape perfectă din <a href="/wiki/Plasm%C4%83" title="Plasmă">plasmă</a> fierbinte,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ținută de <a href="/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație">gravitație</a> și modelată de un <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">câmp magnetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Este de departe cea mai importantă sursă de energie pentru <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață">viața</a> de pe <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a>. Diametrul său este de aproximativ 1,39 milioane de kilometri (sau este de 109 ori mai mare decât al Terrei), iar masa sa este de aproximativ 330&#160;000 de ori mai mare decât a Terrei. Reprezintă aproximativ 99,86&#160;% din masa totală a Sistemului Solar.<sup id="cite_ref-Woolfson00_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolfson00-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aproximativ trei sferturi din masa Soarelui este formată din <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> (&#8776;73&#160;%); restul este în mare parte <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu</a> (&#8776;25&#160;%), cu cantități mult mai mici de elemente mai grele, inclusiv <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-basu2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basu2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soarele este o stea cu secvență principală de tip G (G2V). Ca atare, este denumită în mod informal și nu complet exact o <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_galben%C4%83" title="Pitică galbenă">pitică galbenă</a> (lumina ei este mai aproape de alb decât de galben). S-a format cu aproximativ 4,6 miliarde de ani în urmă<sup id="cite_ref-short_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonanno_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonanno-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connelly2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connelly2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> din <a href="/wiki/Colaps_gravita%C8%9Bional" title="Colaps gravitațional">colapsul gravitațional</a> al materiei într-o regiune a unui <a href="/wiki/Nor_molecular" title="Nor molecular">nor molecular</a> mare. Cea mai mare parte a acestei materii s-a adunat în centru, în timp ce restul s-a aplatizat într-un disc orbitant care a <a href="/wiki/Formarea_Sistemului_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Formarea Sistemului Solar">devenit Sistemul Solar</a>. Masa centrală a devenit atât de fierbinte și densă încât în cele din urmă s-a inițiat fuziunea nucleară în nucleul său. Se crede că aproape toate stelele se formează prin acest proces. </p><p>În prezent, Soarele fuzionează aproximativ 600 de milioane de tone de <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> în <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu</a> în fiecare secundă, transformând 4 milioane de tone de materie în energie. Această energie, care poate dura între 10&#160;000 și 170&#160;000 de ani să scape din nucleul său, este sursa luminii și a căldurii Soarelui. </p><p>Când fuziunea hidrogenului din nucleu se va diminua până la punctul în care Soarele nu mai este în echilibru hidrostatic, nucleul său va suferi o creștere însemnată a densității și temperaturii în timp ce straturile sale exterioare se extind, transformând în cele din urmă Soarele într-o <a href="/wiki/Gigant%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Gigantă roșie">gigantă roșie</a>. S-a calculat că Soarele va deveni suficient de mare pentru a încorpora orbitele actuale ale lui <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a> și va face <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământul</a> de nelocuit – dar după aproximativ cinci miliarde de ani. După aceasta, își va revărsa straturile exterioare și va deveni un tip dens de stea în răcire cunoscută sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_alb%C4%83" title="Pitică albă">pitică albă</a> și nu va mai produce energie prin fuziune, dar va continua să strălucească și va elibera căldură din fuziunea sa anterioară. </p><p>Efectul enorm al Soarelui pe Pământ a fost recunoscut încă din timpurile preistorice, iar Soarele a fost considerat în unele culturi o zeitate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caracteristici_generale">Caracteristici generale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici generale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Caracteristici generale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soarele este o stea cu secvență principală de tip G care cuprinde aproximativ 99,86&#160;% din masa Sistemului Solar. Are o <a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_absolut%C4%83" title="Magnitudine absolută">magnitudine absolută</a> de +4,83, și se estimează că este o stea mai strălucitoare decât aproximativ 85&#160;% din stelele din <a href="/wiki/Calea_Lactee" title="Calea Lactee">Calea Lactee</a>, majoritatea fiind <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Pitică roșie">pitice roșii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Soarele este o stea de populație I sau o stea bogată în elemente grele.<sup id="cite_ref-zeilik_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeilik-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formarea Soarelui ar fi putut fi declanșată de unde de șoc de la una sau mai multe <a href="/wiki/Supernov%C4%83" title="Supernovă">supernove</a> din apropiere.<sup id="cite_ref-Falk_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acest lucru este sugerat de o abundență mare de elemente grele în Sistemul Solar, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aurul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">uraniu</a>, în raport cu abundența acestor elemente în stelele de Populație II, sărace în elemente grele. Elementele grele ar putea fi cel mai plauzibil produse prin reacții nucleare Reacția <a href="/wiki/Proces_endoterm" title="Proces endoterm">endotermice</a> în timpul unei supernove sau prin transmutarea prin absorbție de neutroni în cadrul unei stele masive de a doua generație.<sup id="cite_ref-zeilik_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeilik-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soarele este de departe cel mai strălucitor obiect de pe cerul Pământului, cu o <a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_aparent%C4%83" title="Magnitudine aparentă">magnitudine aparentă</a> de -26,74.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aceasta este de aproximativ 13 miliarde de ori mai strălucitoare decât următoarea stea ca strălucire, <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, care are o magnitudine aparentă de -1,46. O <a href="/wiki/Unitate_astronomic%C4%83" title="Unitate astronomică">unitate astronomică</a> (aproximativ 150&#160;000&#160;000&#160;km) este definită ca distanța medie de la centrului Soarelui până la centrul Pământului, deși distanța variază pe măsură ce Pământul se deplasează de la periheliu în ianuarie la afeliu în iulie.<sup id="cite_ref-USNO_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNO-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La această distanță medie, lumina călătorește de la orizontul Soarelui la orizontul Pământului în aproximativ 8 minute și 19 secunde, în timp ce lumina din cele mai apropiate puncte ale Soarelui și Pământului durează cu aproximativ două secunde mai puțin. Energia acestei <a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Lumină solară">lumini solare</a> susține aproape toată viața <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> de pe Pământ prin <a href="/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză">fotosinteză</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Simon2001_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon2001-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și controlează clima și vremea Terrei. </p><p>Soarele nu are o graniță certă, cum au de exemplu planetele telurice, dar în straturile sale exterioare, densitatea gazului scade exponențial pe măsură ce crește distanța de centrul său.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_et_al,_2012-41_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer_et_al,_2012-41-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pentru a putea fi măsurat, raza Soarelui este considerată a fi distanța de la centrul său până la marginea <a href="/wiki/Fotosfer%C4%83" title="Fotosferă">fotosferei</a>, suprafața vizibilă aparentă a Soarelui.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips1995-73_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips1995-73-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prin această măsură, Soarele este o sferă aproape perfectă, cu o aplatizare estimată la aproximativ 9/1000000,<sup id="cite_ref-Godier_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godier-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ceea ce înseamnă că diametrul său polar diferă de cel ecuatorial cu doar 10 kilometri.<sup id="cite_ref-perfect_sphere_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perfect_sphere-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Efectul mareic al planetelor este slab și nu afectează în mod semnificativ forma Soarelui.<sup id="cite_ref-Schutz2003_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schutz2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deoarece Soarele este format dintr-o <a href="/wiki/Plasm%C4%83" title="Plasmă">plasmă</a> care nu este un solid, diversele sale părți se pot roti cu viteze diferite; acest comportament este cunoscut sub numele de rotație diferențială. Într-un cadru de referință definit de stele, perioada de rotație este de aproximativ 25,6 zile la ecuator și 33,5 zile la poli. Cu toate acestea, datorită schimbării constante a punctului de observare a Pământului, pe măsură ce orbitează în jurul Soarelui, rotația aparentă a Soarelui la ecuatorul său este de 28 de zile.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips1995-78_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips1995-78-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interiorul Soarelui nu este direct observabil, iar Soarele însuși este opac <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_electromagnetic%C4%83" title="Radiație electromagnetică">radiațiilor electromagnetice</a>. Cu toate acestea - la fel cum <a href="/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie">seismologia</a> folosește undele generate de cutremure pentru a studia structura internă a Pământului - <a href="/wiki/Helioseismologie" title="Helioseismologie">helioseismologia</a> folosește undele de presiune (infrasunete) care trec prin interiorul Soarelui pentru a studia și vizualiza structura internă a stelei.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Modelarea computațională este de asemenea folosită ca instrument pentru a testa compatibilitatea modelelor teoretice ale straturilor sale mai profunde cu observațiile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structură"><span id="Structur.C4.83"></span>Structură</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structură" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Structură"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleu">Nucleu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nucleu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Nucleu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sun_poster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sun_poster.svg/470px-Sun_poster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="470" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sun_poster.svg/705px-Sun_poster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sun_poster.svg/940px-Sun_poster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Structura internă a Soarelui</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_solar" title="Nucleu solar">Nucleu solar</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <p>Se crede că nucleul Soarelui se extinde de la centru până la aproximativ 20–25&#160;% din raza solară.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Are o densitate de până la 150 g/cm<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basu_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (de aproximativ 150 de ori mai mare decât densitatea apei) și o temperatură de aproximativ 15 milioane de grade Kelvin.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În schimb, temperatura suprafeței Soarelui este de aproximativ 5.800 K. Analiza recentă a datelor misiunii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory — pagină inexistentă">SOHO</a> favorizează o viteză de rotație mai rapidă în nucleu decât în zona de radiație de deasupra.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2007_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De-a lungul vieții Soarelui, energia a fost produsă prin fuziunea nucleară în regiunea de bază printr-o serie de reacții nucleare numite lanțul p-p (proton-proton); acest proces transformă <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogenul</a> în <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Doar 0,8&#160;% din energia generată de Soare provine dintr-o altă secvență de reacții de fuziune numită ciclul CNO, deși se preconizează că această proporție va crește pe măsură ce Soarele va îmbătrâni.<sup id="cite_ref-jpcs271_1_012031_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpcs271_1_012031-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nucleul este singura regiune din Soare care produce o cantitate apreciabilă de energie termică prin fuziune; 99&#160;% din putere este generată în 24&#160;% din raza Soarelui, iar la o distanță de 30&#160;% față de centru, fuziunea s-a oprit aproape în întregime. Restul stelei este încălzit prin căldură transferată din nucleu către exterior.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips1995-47_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips1995-47-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zirker2002-15_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zirker2002-15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soarele emite 384,6 <a href="/wiki/Yotta" title="Yotta">yottawați</a> (3,846 × 10<sup>26</sup> W) energie,<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ceea ce corespunde la 9,192 × 10<sup>10</sup> megatone TNT pe secundă. Această energie este echivalentă cu 4,26 milioane tone. </p><p>Rata de fuziune în nucleu este într-o stare de echilibru: o rată ușor mai mare de fuziune ar determina nucleul să se încălzească mai mult și să se extindă ușor în ciuda presiunii straturilor exterioare, iar acest lucru ar reduce rata de fuziune, corectând perturbarea; iar rată ușor mai mică ar face ca nucleul să se răcească și să se contracte ușor, care ar duce la creșterea ratei de fuziune și revenirea la viteza actuală.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zona_radiativă"><span id="Zona_radiativ.C4.83"></span>Zona radiativă</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Zona radiativă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Zona radiativă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Zon%C4%83_radiativ%C4%83" title="Zonă radiativă">Zonă radiativă</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>În straturile aflate la mai mult de 25&#160;% din raza solară plecând din centrul Soarelui, practic nu există o transformare nucleară a elementelor și generarea de căldură, ci doar conducerea căldurii din nucleu, motiv pentru care se utilizează termenul <i>înveliș</i> în raport cu aceste straturi.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Materia solară este suficient de fierbinte și densă pentru a permite transferul de căldură din centru spre exterior prin <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_termic%C4%83" title="Radiație termică">radiații termice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Convec%C8%9Bie" title="Convecție">Convecția</a> termică nu are loc în această zonă; deși temperatura din această zonă scade pe măsură ce distanța de nucleu crește (de la aproximativ 7&#160;000&#160;000&#160;K la 2&#160;000&#160;000&#160;K), <a href="/wiki/Gradient_de_temperatur%C4%83" title="Gradient de temperatură">gradientul de temperatură</a> este mai mic decât gradientul adiabatic plasmatic, nepermițând apariția convecției.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA1_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Transferul de energie are loc prin interacțiunea radiațiilor de căldură cu particulele care formează plasma; ionii de hidrogen și heliu emit fotoni care parcurg doar o scurtă distanță înainte de a fi reabsorbiți de alți ioni.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În zona radială, densitatea scade de 100 de ori, de la 20&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup> la 0,2&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tahoclina">Tahoclina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tahoclina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tahoclina"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zona radiativă și zona convectivă sunt separate printr-un strat de tranziție numit tahoclină. Aceasta este o regiune în care mișcarea de rotație generală a Soarelui (rotație diferențială datorită naturii gazoase) și convecție produc un <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_de_viteze" title="Câmp de viteze">câmp de viteze</a> care forțează plasma să se scurgă printre liniile de forță ale câmpului magnetic local.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acestă trecere între cele două regimuri distincte de rotație este destul de bruscă și se produce la baza zonei convective. Estimarea grosimii acestui strat variază între 0,016–0,038 raze solare. </p><p>În prezent, se consideră ipoteza că un dinam magnetic din acest strat generează câmpul magnetic al Soarelui.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA1_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zona_convectivă"><span id="Zona_convectiv.C4.83"></span>Zona convectivă</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Zona convectivă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Zona convectivă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Zona_convectiv%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona convectivă">Zona convectivă</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Zona de convecție a Soarelui se extinde de la 0,7 raze solare (500&#160;000&#160;km) până aproape de suprafață. În acest strat, plasma solară nu este suficient de densă sau suficient de caldă pentru a transfera energia termică a interiorului spre exterior prin radiații - cu alte cuvinte, nu este suficient de opacă. În schimb, densitatea plasmei este suficient de mică pentru a permite curenților convectivi să dezvolte și să mute energia Soarelui în exterior spre suprafața sa. Materialul încălzit în tahoclină ridică căldura pe care nu o poate radia către straturile superioare, se extinde, ceea ce-i reduce densitatea și îi permite să crească. Ca urmare, se dezvoltă o mișcare ordonată a masei în celulele termice care transportă cea mai mare parte a căldurii spre exterior, până la fotosferă. Când materia se răcește difuziv și radiat chiar sub suprafața fotosferică, densitatea acesteia crește și se scufundă până la baza zonei de convecție, unde din nou ridică căldură din partea de sus a zonei radiative și ciclul convectiv se repetă. În fotosferă, temperatura scade la 5700&#160;K și densitatea la 0,2&#160;g/m<sup>3</sup> (aproximativ 1/6000 densitate de aer la nivelul mării).<sup id="cite_ref-NASA1_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coloanele de materie fierbinte care se ridică în zona de convecție formează o urmă pe suprafața Soarelui, oferindu-i un aspect granular numit <a href="/wiki/Granula%C8%9Bie_solar%C4%83" title="Granulație solară">granulație solară</a> la cea mai mică scară și <a href="/wiki/Supergranula%C8%9Bie" title="Supergranulație">supergranulație</a> la scări mai mari. </p><p>Convecția turbulentă în acest strat exterior a interiorului solar creează o acțiune dinamică „la scară mică” care generează câmpuri magnetice locale cu propriii poli nordici și sudici împrăștiați pe întreaga suprafață a Soarelui. Coloanele de materie fierbinte ale Soarelui sunt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celule_B%C3%A9nard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Celule Bénard — pagină inexistentă">celule Bénard</a> și iau forma <a href="/wiki/Prism%C4%83_hexagonal%C4%83" title="Prismă hexagonală">prismelor hexagonale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fotosfera">Fotosfera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fotosfera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fotosfera"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:EffectiveTemperature_300dpi_e.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EffectiveTemperature_300dpi_e.png/220px-EffectiveTemperature_300dpi_e.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EffectiveTemperature_300dpi_e.png/330px-EffectiveTemperature_300dpi_e.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EffectiveTemperature_300dpi_e.png/440px-EffectiveTemperature_300dpi_e.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83_efectiv%C4%83" title="Temperatură efectivă">Temperatura efectivă</a> a Soarelui (5.777 K) este temperatura pe care ar trebui să o aibă un <a href="/wiki/Corp_absolut_negru" title="Corp absolut negru">corp absolut negru</a> de aceeași dimensiune pentru ca puterea radiată să fie aceeași.</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Fotosfer%C4%83" title="Fotosferă">Fotosferă</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_(NSF)_as_of_January_20,_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miasma of plasma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg/220px-Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg/330px-Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg/440px-Highest_resolution_photo_of_Sun_%28NSF%29_as_of_January_20%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7320" data-file-height="7320" /></a><figcaption>Imagine de înaltă rezoluție a suprafeței Soarelui, realizată de Telescopul solar Daniel K. Inouye (DKIST)</figcaption></figure> <p>Stratul de suprafață al Soarelui, vizibil cu ochiul liber, se numește <a href="/wiki/Fotosfer%C4%83" title="Fotosferă">fotosferă</a>. În acest strat, cei mai mulți fotoni părăsesc Soarele prin atmosfera solară transparentă de deasupra lui și devin radiații solare, lumina solară. Fotosfera are o grosime de zeci până la sute de kilometri, deși acest strat este o mică parte din raza stelei, fenomene importante apar în ea, iar proprietățile materiei pe care o construiește se schimbă semnificativ. În acest strat temperatura scade de la 7610 la 4465&#160;K. Deoarece partea superioară a fotosferei este mai rece decât partea inferioară, imaginea Soarelui apare mai strălucitoare în centru decât pe margine, într-un fenomen cunoscut sub numele de întunecarea marginii.<sup id="cite_ref-Abhyankar1977_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Spectrul luminii solare are aproximativ spectrul unui <a href="/wiki/Corp_absolut_negru" title="Corp absolut negru">corp absolut negru</a> care radiază la 5777&#160;K, intersectat cu linii de absorbție atomică din straturile diluate de deasupra fotosferei. </p><p>Fotosfera are o densitate a particulelor de &#8776;10<sup>23</sup>&#160;m<sup>−3</sup> (aproximativ 0,37&#160;% din numărul de particule pe volumul atmosferei Pământului la nivelul mării, adică fotosfera este puțin mai transparentă decât aerul curat de pe Pământ). Acest strat nu este complet ionizat - gradul de ionizare este de aproximativ 3&#160;%, lăsând aproape tot hidrogenul în formă atomică.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În timpul studiilor timpurii ale spectrului optic al fotosferei, s-au descoperit câteva linii de absorbție care nu corespundeau nici unui element chimic cunoscut pe Pământ. În 1868, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a> a emis ipoteza că aceste linii de absorbție erau cauzate de un element nou pe care l-a numit <i><a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu</a></i>, după zeul grec al Soarelui, <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>. Douăzeci și cinci de ani mai târziu, heliul a fost izolat pe Pământ.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockyer_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockyer-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosfera">Atmosfera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Atmosfera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Atmosfera"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Vezi și: <a href="/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroană solară">Coroană solară</a>&#160;și <a href="/wiki/Bucl%C4%83_coronal%C4%83" title="Buclă coronală">Buclă coronală</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/220px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/330px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/440px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="3489" /></a><figcaption>În timpul unei <a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsă solară">eclipse solare</a> totale, <a href="/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroană solară">coroana solară</a> poate fi văzută cu ochiul liber, în scurta perioadă de totalitate.</figcaption></figure> <p>Părțile Soarelui situate în afara fotosferei sunt denumite colectiv atmosfera solară.<sup id="cite_ref-Abhyankar1977_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Există cinci zone principale în afara fotosferei: stratul de temperatură minimă, <a href="/wiki/Cromosfer%C4%83" title="Cromosferă">cromosfera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regiunea_de_tranzi%C8%9Bie" title="Regiunea de tranziție">regiunea de tranziție</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroană solară">coroană</a> și <a href="/wiki/Heliosfer%C4%83" title="Heliosferă">heliosferă</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abhyankar1977_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aceste straturi pot fi observate cu telescoape care operează în întregul spectru electromagnetic de la unde radio, lumină vizibilă, până la razele gamma. </p><p>Zona cea mai rece a Soarelui este stratul de temperatură minimă care se extinde până la circa 500&#160;km deasupra fotosferei, unde temperatura scade la aproximativ 4100&#160;K.<sup id="cite_ref-Abhyankar1977_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Această parte a Soarelui este suficient de rece pentru a permite existența unor molecule simple, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Monoxid_de_carbon" title="Monoxid de carbon">monoxidul de carbon</a> și apa, care pot fi detectate prin spectrele lor de absorbție.<sup id="cite_ref-Solanki1994_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solanki1994-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cromosfera, regiunea de tranziție și coroana sunt mult mai fierbinți decât suprafața Soarelui.<sup id="cite_ref-Abhyankar1977_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Motivul nu este bine înțeles, dar dovezile sugerează că <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unde_Alfv%C3%A9n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unde Alfvén — pagină inexistentă">undele Alfvén</a> pot avea suficientă energie pentru încălzirea coroanei.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deasupra stratului de temperatură minimă este un start de aproximativ 2000&#160;km grosime în spectrul căruia domină liniile de emisie și absorbție.<sup id="cite_ref-Abhyankar1977_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Se numește <i>cromosferă</i> din grecescul χρώμα (<i>croma</i>), care înseamnă „culoare”, deoarece cromosfera este vizibilă ca un flash colorat la începutul și la sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsă solară">eclipselor solare</a> totale.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Temperatura cromosferei crește treptat odată cu altitudinea, până la aproximativ 20&#160;000&#160;K în partea superioară a stratului.<sup id="cite_ref-Abhyankar1977_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhyankar1977-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În partea superioară a cromosferei, heliul devine parțial ionizat.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansteen1997_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansteen1997-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/350px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/525px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/700px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Arcurile zonelor de conectare a plasmei cu polaritate magnetică opusă constau în filamente fine. Fotografia realizată de Telescopul Optic Solar la bordul sondei Hinode la 12 ianuarie 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>Deasupra cromosferei există un strat de tranziție subțire (aproximativ 200&#160;km), în care temperatura crește brusc de la aproximativ 20&#160;000&#160;K în cromosfera superioară la aproape 1&#160;000&#160;000&#160;K.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdelyi2007_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Creșterea temperaturii este facilitată de ionizarea completă a heliului în regiunea de tranziție, ceea ce reduce semnificativ răcirea prin radiație a plasmei.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansteen1997_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansteen1997-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stratul de tranziție nu are loc la o altitudine strict definită, ci este mai degrabă un fel de „halo” în jurul manifestărilor activității cromosferice, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Spicule_solare" title="Spicule solare">spicule</a> și <a href="/wiki/Protuberan%C8%9B%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Protuberanță solară">protuberanțe</a>, și este în continuă mișcare haotică.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De pe suprafața Pământului este dificil de observat stratul de tranziție, dar este ușor de observat din spațiu prin instrumente sensibile la ultraviolete extreme.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwivedi2006_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroană solară">Coroana</a> este următorul strat al atmosferei Soarelui. Coroana joasă, aproape de suprafața Soarelui, are o densitate a particulelor în jur de 10<sup>15</sup> m<sup>−3</sup> până la 10<sup>16</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansteen1997_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansteen1997-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Temperatura medie a coroanei și a vântului solar este de aproximativ 1&#160;000&#160;000–2&#160;000&#160;000&#160;K; în cele mai calde regiuni este de 8&#160;000&#160;000–20&#160;000&#160;K.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdelyi2007_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deși nu există încă o teorie completă care să explice temperatura coroanei, cel puțin o parte din căldura sa este generată de reconectarea magnetică.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdelyi2007_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell2001_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Coroana este atmosfera extinsă a Soarelui, care are un volum mult mai mare decât volumul conținut în fotosferă. <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">Fluxul</a> de plasmă de pe suprafața exterioară a coroanei, care se propagă aleatoriu și mai departe de Soare în spațiul interplanetar, este numit <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2nt_solar" title="Vânt solar">vânt solar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2001_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heliosfer%C4%83" title="Heliosferă">Heliosfera</a> - cea mai rarefiată regiune exterioară a atmosferei Soarelui - este plină cu plasma vântului solar. Limita sa internă este definită de zona în care fluxul vântului solar devine mai rapid decât viteza undelor Alfvén,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> la aproximativ 20 de raze solare (0,1 au). Turbulența și forțele dinamice din heliosferă nu pot afecta forma coroanei solare din interior, deoarece informațiile (deformările) pot circula doar cu viteza undelor Alfvén. Vântul solar călătorește continuu prin heliosferă,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> formând câmpul magnetic al Soarelui într-o formă spiralată,<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2001_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> până când ajunge la heliopauză, la peste 50 au de Soare. În decembrie 2004, sonda <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> a trecut printr-un front de șoc care se crede că face parte din heliopauză.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La sfârșitul anului 2012, <i>Voyager 1</i> a înregistrat o creștere marcantă a coliziunilor cu raze cosmice și o scădere accentuată a particulelor cu energie mai mică din vântul solar, ceea ce a sugerat că sonda a trecut de heliopauză și a intrat în <a href="/wiki/Mediul_interstelar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediul interstelar">mediul interstelar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heliosfera se extinde cu mult peste planetele Sistemului Solar și orbitele obiectelor <a href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper">centurii Kuiper</a> precum Pluto. Heliopauza stabilește limita influenței Soarelui, dincolo de care se extinde mediul interstelar . Câmpul gravitațional al Soarelui domină asupra unei zone mai mari, menținând <a href="/wiki/Norul_Oort" class="mw-redirect" title="Norul Oort">norul Oort</a> și extinzându-se cu mult peste limita heliosferei.<sup id="cite_ref-Inter_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inter-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activitate_magnetică"><span id="Activitate_magnetic.C4.83"></span>Activitate magnetică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Activitate magnetică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Activitate magnetică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Vezi și: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic_stelar" title="Câmp magnetic stelar">Câmp magnetic stelar</a>&#160;și <a href="/wiki/Pat%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Pată solară">Pată solară</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:ChroniclesofJohnofWorcester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ChroniclesofJohnofWorcester.jpg/270px-ChroniclesofJohnofWorcester.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ChroniclesofJohnofWorcester.jpg/405px-ChroniclesofJohnofWorcester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/ChroniclesofJohnofWorcester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Un desen cu pete solare în Cronicile lui John de Worcester, 1128.<sup id="cite_ref-John1128_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John1128-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Soarele este o stea magnetică activă, are un <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">câmp magnetic</a> puternic și în schimbare, care variază de la an la an și schimbă polaritatea în jurul unui maxim de unsprezece ani.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040012_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zirker2002-119_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zirker2002-119-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lang_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Câmpul magnetic al Soarelui provoacă numeroase efecte, care sunt numite colectiv <a href="/wiki/Ciclu_solar" title="Ciclu solar">activitate solară</a>, inclusiv <a href="/wiki/Pat%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Pată solară">pete pe suprafața Soarelui</a>, erupții solare și variații ale <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2nt_solar" title="Vânt solar">vântului solar</a>. Atât ejecțiile de masă coronală, cât și fluxurile de mare viteză ale vântului solar transportă plasmă și câmp magnetic spre exterior, în Sistemul Solar.<sup id="cite_ref-Zirker2002_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zirker2002-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Impactul activității solare pe <a href="/wiki/Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra">Terra</a> este manifestat, printre altele, în apariția <a href="/wiki/Auror%C4%83_boreal%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Auroră boreală">aurorelor</a> la latitudini temperate și înalte, întreruperea comunicațiilor radio și a energiei electrice. Se crede că activitatea solară a jucat un rol important în formarea și evoluția Sistemului Solar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pat%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Pată solară">Petele solare</a> sunt regiuni cu activitate magnetică intensă unde <a href="/wiki/Convec%C8%9Bie" title="Convecție">convecția</a> este inhibată de un câmp magnetic puternic, reducând transferul de căldură din interiorul fierbinte la suprafață. Ca urmare, petele solare sunt ușor mai reci decât fotosfera înconjurătoare, astfel încât par întunecate. Numărul de pete vizibile pe Soare nu este constant, se schimbă într-un ciclu de 11 ani, cunoscut sub numele de ciclu solar. La un <a href="/wiki/Minimum_solar" title="Minimum solar">minim solar</a> obișnuit, petele sunt greu vizibile, uneori deloc, iar cele care apar la latitudini heliografice mari. Pe măsură ce ciclul solar progresează spre <a href="/wiki/Maximum_solar" title="Maximum solar">maximul său</a>, numărul de pete solare crește iar ele tind să se formeze mai aproape de ecuatorul solar, fenomen cunoscut sub numele de legea lui Spörer. Petele solare apar de obicei în perechi cu polaritate magnetică opusă. Cele mai mari pete solare pot avea zeci de mii de kilometri în diametru.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunspot2001_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunspot2001-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:20110702-0900UT_(5916487146).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/20110702-0900UT_%285916487146%29.jpg/250px-20110702-0900UT_%285916487146%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/20110702-0900UT_%285916487146%29.jpg/375px-20110702-0900UT_%285916487146%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/20110702-0900UT_%285916487146%29.jpg/500px-20110702-0900UT_%285916487146%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Filament întunecat și proeminențe strălucitoare, 2 iulie 2011 </figcaption></figure> <p>Ciclul solar are un impact mare atât asupra vremii spațiale, cât și asupra climei Pământului, deoarece luminozitatea Soarelui este direct legată de activitatea magnetică.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1038/351042a0-s42-4_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1038/351042a0-s42-4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Minimele activității solare par a fi corelate cu temperaturi mai scăzute pe Pământ, iar ciclurile solare deosebit de lungi se corelează cu perioadele mai calde. Se pare că în secolul al XVII-lea ciclul solar s-a oprit complet câțiva ani. În această epocă, cunoscută sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Minimul_lui_Maunder" title="Minimul lui Maunder">Minimul lui Maunder</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Mica_er%C4%83_glaciar%C4%83" title="Mica eră glaciară">Mica eră glaciară</a>, Europa a cunoscut temperaturi excepțional de scăzute.<sup id="cite_ref-Lean_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lean-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> O teorie recentă susține că instabilitățile magnetice din nucleul Soarelui provoacă fluctuații în perioade de 41&#160;000 sau 100&#160;000 de ani. Acestea pot oferi o explicație pentru <a href="/wiki/Glacia%C8%9Biune" title="Glaciațiune">glaciațiuni</a> ca alternativă la ciclurile Milankovic.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1016/j.jastp.2007.01.005-s759_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.jastp.2007.01.005-s759-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60196-1-s12_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60196-1-s12-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toată materia din Soare este sub formă de gaz și <a href="/wiki/Plasm%C4%83" title="Plasmă">plasmă</a> la temperaturi ridicate. Datorită acestui lucru, Soarele se poate roti mai repede la ecuator (aproximativ 25 de zile) decât la latitudini heliografice mai mari (aproximativ 35 de zile lângă poli). Rotația diferențială a Soarelui determină o răsucire a <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">liniilor câmpului său magnetic</a>, creând bucle ale câmpului magnetic care se ridică de la suprafața Soarelui și provoacă <a href="/wiki/Pat%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Pată solară">pete solare</a> și <a href="/wiki/Protuberan%C8%9B%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Protuberanță solară">protuberanțe</a>. Această mișcare conduce dinamul solar și ciclul de 11 ani al activității solare.<sup id="cite_ref-flips_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flips-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2001_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2001-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Câmpul magnetic solar se extinde cu mult peste Soarele însuși. Plasma solară de vânt transportă un câmp magnetic în spațiul interplanetar, formând ceea ce se numește câmp magnetic interplanetar.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2001_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Într-o aproximare cunoscută sub numele de magnetohidrodinamică ideală, particulele de plasmă se mișcă numai de-a lungul liniilor câmpului magnetic. Drept urmare, vântul solar care curge spre exterior întinde în exterior câmpul magnetic interplanetar, forțându-l într-o structură aproximativ radială. Deoarece câmpurile de la nord și de sud ale ecuatorului solar au poli diferiți, cu vectorul de inducție îndreptat spre soare sau invers, în planul ecuatorial al soarelui există un strat limită subțire de-a lungul căruia curge un curent slab.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2001_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La o distanță mai mare, rotația Soarelui transformă câmpul magnetic și acest strat în forma unei <a href="/wiki/Spirala_lui_Arhimede" title="Spirala lui Arhimede">spirale a lui Arhimede</a>, creând o structură numită spirală Parker.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2001_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Câmpul magnetic interplanetar este mult mai puternic decât componenta dipol a câmpului magnetic solar, care pe suprafața fotosferei are o inducție de 50 până la 400&#160;<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Tesla (unitate de măsură)">μT</a> și scade cu inversul cubului distanței de la Soare la aproximativ 0,1&#160;nT pe orbita Pământului. Conform observațiilor sondelor spațiale, câmpul magnetic interplanetar de lângă Pământ are o valoare de 5&#160;nT.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2003_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2003-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Diferența este cauzată de câmpurile magnetice generate de curenții electrici care curg în plasma care înconjoară Soarele. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etapele_evoluției"><span id="Etapele_evolu.C8.9Biei"></span>Etapele evoluției</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etapele evoluției" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Etapele evoluției"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Geneza_%C8%99i_evolu%C8%9Bia_Sistemului_Solar" title="Geneza și evoluția Sistemului Solar">Geneza și evoluția Sistemului Solar</a> și <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bia_stelelor" title="Evoluția stelelor">Evoluția stelelor</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Soarele este astăzi aproximativ la jumătatea celei mai stabile părți din viața sa. Ea nu s-a schimbat dramatic de peste 4 miliarde de ani,<sup id="cite_ref-short_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și va rămâne destul de stabilă pentru mai mult de cinci miliarde de ani. Totuși, după ce fuziunea de hidrogen din nucleul său se va opri, Soarele va suferi modificări dramatice, atât intern, cât și extern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formare">Formare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Formare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Formare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(stea)" title="Coatlicue (stea)">Coatlicue (stea)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Se presupune că Soarele s-ar fi format în urmă cu aproximativ 4,6 miliarde de ani ca urmare a prăbușirii unei părți dintr-un <a href="/wiki/Nor_molecular" title="Nor molecular">nor molecular</a> uriaș format în mare parte din hidrogen și heliu și care a dat naștere probabil la multe alte stele.<sup id="cite_ref-Zirker2002-7_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zirker2002-7-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Această vârstă este estimată folosind modele computerizate de evoluție stelară și prin nucleocosmoincronologie.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonanno_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonanno-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rezultatul este în concordanță cu datarea radiometrică a celui mai vechi material din Sistemul Solar, cu o vechime de 4,567 miliarde de ani.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature436_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature436-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cercetările asupra meteoriților au scos la iveală urme de izotop fiică stabil, derivați din descompunerea izotopilor cu viață scurtă, cum ar fi fier-60 care poate fi format natural numai prin explozia stelelor de scurtă durată. Aceasta indică faptul că una sau mai multe <a href="/wiki/Supernov%C4%83" title="Supernovă">supernove</a> trebuie să fi explodat în apropierea locului unde s-a născut Soarele. O <a href="/wiki/Und%C4%83_de_%C8%99oc" title="Undă de șoc">undă de șoc</a> provenită dintr-o supernovă din apropiere ar fi declanșat formarea Soarelui prin comprimarea materiei în cadrul norului molecular și determinând anumite regiuni să se prăbușească sub propria lor gravitație.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moment_cinetic#Principiul_conservării_momentului_cinetic" title="Moment cinetic">Principiul conservării momentului cinetic</a> a determinat rotirea mai rapidă a fragmentului de nor care s-a prăbușit. Cea mai mare parte a masei s-a concentrat în centru, formând o <a href="/wiki/Protostea" title="Protostea">protostea</a>, în timp ce restul s-a aplatizat, formând un <a href="/wiki/Disc_protoplanetar" title="Disc protoplanetar">disc protoplanetar</a>, din care s-au format ulterior <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">planetele</a> și alți sateliți ai Soarelui. Compresia materiei din nucleul protostelei a generat cantități mari de căldură, care s-a mărit pe măsură ce gazul s-a accelerat pe discul înconjurător, până la reacțiile de fuziune din centru. La 10 milioane de ani după ce norul a început să se prăbușească, s-a născut Soarele, o stea cu un diametru de aproximativ 1,33 ori mai mare decât azi și o temperatură de suprafață de 4500&#160;K. Vântul solar intens a îndepărtat resturile nebuloasei solare.<sup id="cite_ref-UCSD_evo_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCSD_evo-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elmegreen_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elmegreen-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> După aproximativ 17 milioane de ani, Soarele a atins echilibrul hidrostatic și s-a alăturat stelelor din <a href="/wiki/Secven%C8%9Ba_principal%C4%83" title="Secvența principală">secvența principală</a>, începând cea mai lungă etapă din evoluția sa.<sup id="cite_ref-UCSD_evo_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCSD_evo-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secvența_principală"><span id="Secven.C8.9Ba_principal.C4.83"></span>Secvența principală</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Secvența principală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Secvența principală"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Solar_evolution_(English).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg/320px-Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg/480px-Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg/640px-Solar_evolution_%28English%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Evoluția luminozității Soarelui, a razei și a temperaturii eficiente în comparație cu Soarele actual. După Ribas (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-ribas2010_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ribas2010-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Soarele este aproape la jumătatea etapei sale de stea din <a href="/wiki/Secven%C8%9Ba_principal%C4%83" title="Secvența principală">secvența principală</a>, timp în care reacțiile nucleare de fuziune din nucleul său fuzionează hidrogenul în heliu. În fiecare secundă, peste patru milioane de tone de materie sunt transformate în energie în nucleul Soarelui, producând <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> și radiații solare. În acest ritm, Soarele a transformat până acum de aproximativ 100 de ori masa Pământului în energie, aproximativ 0,03&#160;% din masa totală a Soarelui. Soarele va petrece în total aproximativ 10 miliarde de ani ca stea din secvența principală.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secvența principală este cea mai lungă și mai stabilă perioadă din viața Soarelui, dar, această perioadă evoluează. Modificările apar în principal ca răspuns la modificarea concentrației componentelor cauzată de conversia hidrogenului în heliu. Soarele se află în echilibru hidrostatic, în care presiunea internă echilibrează presiunea straturilor exterioare ale stelei. Într-o stea de mărimea Soarelui, în acest stadiu al vieții sale, presiunea este cauzată în principal de particule de plasmă. Materia nucleului se comportă ca un gaz perfect, presiunea depinde de temperatură și de numărul de particule pe unitate de volum. Conversia hidrogenului în heliu cvadruplică numărul de particule din nucleu. Aceasta, la rândul său, crește densitatea nucleului și eliberează energie gravitațională, din care jumătate este emisă la exterior și jumătate crește temperatura nucleului (<a href="/wiki/Teorema_virialului" title="Teorema virialului">Teorema virialului</a>). </p><p>Temperatura mai ridicată a nucleului și o emisie mai mare de energie fac ca straturile exterioare să se extindă ușor, iar steaua devine mai strălucitoare. Pe plan intern, schimbările din Soare sunt mai semnificative, dar efectele lor nu sunt foarte vizibile din exterior, atât timp cât steaua arde în continuare hidrogenul din nucleu.<sup id="cite_ref-Guidry_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidry-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soarele devine treptat mai fierbinte în timpul său în secvența principală, nucleul se micșorează, permițând straturilor exterioare ale Soarelui să se apropie mai mult de centru și să experimenteze o forță gravitațională mai puternică, conform legii pătratului invers. Această forță mai puternică crește presiunea asupra nucleului, care este contrabalansată de o creștere treptată a vitezei la care se produce fuziunea. Acest proces se accelerează pe măsură ce nucleul devine treptat mai dens. Se estimează că Soarele a devenit cu 30&#160;% mai luminos în ultimii 4,5 miliarde de ani.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În prezent, crește în luminozitate cu aproximativ 1&#160;% la fiecare 100 de milioane de ani.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="După_epuizarea_nucleului_de_hidrogen"><span id="Dup.C4.83_epuizarea_nucleului_de_hidrogen"></span>După epuizarea nucleului de hidrogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: După epuizarea nucleului de hidrogen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: După epuizarea nucleului de hidrogen"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sun_red_giant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sun_red_giant.svg/220px-Sun_red_giant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sun_red_giant.svg/330px-Sun_red_giant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sun_red_giant.svg/440px-Sun_red_giant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Mărimea Soarelui actual (acum în <a href="/wiki/Secven%C8%9Ba_principal%C4%83" title="Secvența principală">secvența principală</a>) în comparație cu dimensiunea estimată în timpul fazei sale de gigantă roșie din viitor</figcaption></figure> <p>Soarele nu are suficientă masă pentru a exploda ca supernovă. În schimb, va ieși din <a href="/wiki/Secven%C8%9Ba_principal%C4%83" title="Secvența principală">secvența principală</a> în aproximativ 5 miliarde de ani și va începe să se transforme într-o <a href="/wiki/Gigant%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Gigantă roșie">gigantă roșie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schroder_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schroder-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ca gigantă roșie, Soarele va crește atât de mare încât va cuprinde <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a> și, probabil, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schroder_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schroder-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sackmann_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sackmann-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chiar înainte de a deveni o gigantă roșie, luminozitatea Soarelui se va dubla aproape, iar Pământul va primi la fel de multă lumină solară cât primește astăzi Venus. Odată ce nucleul de hidrogen va fi epuizat în 5,4 miliarde de ani, Soarele se va extinde într-o fază subgiantă și se va dubla lent în dimensiuni în aproximativ jumătate de miliard de ani. Se va extinde apoi mai rapid în aproximativ o jumătate de miliard de ani până va fi de peste două sute de ori mai mare decât astăzi și de câteva mii de ori mai luminos. Apoi va începe faza de gigantă roșie în care Soarele va sta în jur de un miliard de ani și va pierde aproximativ o treime din masa sa.<sup id="cite_ref-schroder_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schroder-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compoziție_chimică"><span id="Compozi.C8.9Bie_chimic.C4.83"></span>Compoziție chimică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Compoziție chimică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Compoziție chimică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/270px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/405px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/540px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEn_lan%C8%9B_proton%E2%80%93proton" title="Reacție în lanț proton–proton">Reacție în lanț proton–proton</a> predomină în stele de dimensiunea Soarelui sau mai mici</figcaption></figure> <p>Soarele este compus în principal din două <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">elementele chimice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> și <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu</a>; acestea reprezintă 74,9&#160;% și 23,8&#160;% din masa Soarelui.<sup id="cite_ref-lodders_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lodders-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Toate elementele mai grele, numite <i>metale</i> în astronomie, reprezintă 1,33&#160;% din masă: <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigen</a> (aproximativ 1&#160;% din masă), <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (0,3&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> (0,2&#160;%) și <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a> (0,2&#160;%).<sup id="cite_ref-hkt2004_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkt2004-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">Compoziția chimică</a> originală a Soarelui a fost moștenită din <a href="/wiki/Mediul_interstelar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediul interstelar">mediul interstelar</a> din care s-a format. Inițial ar fi conținut aproximativ 71,1&#160;% hidrogen, 27,4&#160;% heliu și 1,5&#160;% elemente mai grele.<sup id="cite_ref-lodders_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lodders-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogenul și cea mai mare parte a heliului din Soare ar fi fost produse de <a href="/wiki/Nucleosinteza_Big_Bang" title="Nucleosinteza Big Bang">nucleosinteza Big Bang</a> în primele 20 de minute ale Universului, iar elementele mai grele au fost produse de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleosinteza_stelar%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleosinteza stelară — pagină inexistentă">nucleosinteza stelară</a> în generații de stele care și-au completat evoluția stelară și au răspândit materia în mediul interstelar înainte de formarea Soarelui.<sup id="cite_ref-hkt2004_78_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkt2004_78-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>De la formarea Soarelui, procesul principal de fuziune a implicat fuziunea hidrogenului în heliu. În ultimii 4,6 miliarde de ani, cantitatea de heliu s-a schimbat treptat. În interiorul nucleului, proporția de heliu a crescut de la aproximativ 24&#160;% la aproximativ 60&#160;% din cauza fuziunii, iar o parte din heliu și elementele grele s-au așezat din fotosferă spre centrul Soarelui din cauza <a href="/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație">gravitației</a>. În actuala fotosferă fracția de heliu este redusă, iar <a href="/wiki/Metalicitate" title="Metalicitate">metalicitatea</a> este de doar 84&#160;% din ceea ce a fost în faza protostelară (înainte de a începe fuziunea nucleară în nucleu). În viitor, heliul va continua să se acumuleze în nucleu, iar în aproximativ 5 miliarde de ani această acumulare treptată va determina Soarele să părăsească <a href="/wiki/Secven%C8%9Ba_principal%C4%83" title="Secvența principală">secvența principală</a> și să devină o <a href="/wiki/Gigant%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Gigantă roșie">gigantă roșie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compoziția chimică a fotosferei este considerată în mod normal reprezentativă pentru compoziția Sistemului Solar primordial.<sup id="cite_ref-aller1968_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aller1968-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Conținutul elementelor grele solare este măsurat prin <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopie_astronomic%C4%83" title="Spectroscopie astronomică">spectroscopia</a> fotosferei Soarelui și comparat cu compoziția <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteoriților</a>, care nu au fost niciodată încălziți până la punctul lor de topire.<sup id="cite_ref-basu2008_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basu2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Se crede că acești meteoriți păstrează compoziția Soarelui protostelar și, prin urmare, nu sunt afectați de scufundarea elementelor mai grele.<sup id="cite_ref-basu2008_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basu2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În anii 1970, multe cercetări s-au concentrat pe abundența elementelor din grupul de fier din Soare.<sup id="cite_ref-biemont1978_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biemont1978-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deși s-au făcut cercetări semnificative, până în 1978 a fost dificil să se determine abundența unor elemente din grupul fierului (de exemplu cobalt și mangan) prin spectrografie din cauza structurilor lor hiperfine.<sup id="cite_ref-biemont1978_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biemont1978-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În 1978, a fost determinat conținutul de atomi ionizați individual din elementele grupului de fier.<sup id="cite_ref-biemont1978_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biemont1978-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mișcare_și_amplasare"><span id="Mi.C8.99care_.C8.99i_amplasare"></span>Mișcare și amplasare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mișcare și amplasare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Mișcare și amplasare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_(updated_-_annotated).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg/220px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg/330px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg/440px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="5600" /></a><figcaption>O hartă a <a href="/wiki/Calea_Lactee" title="Calea Lactee">Căii Lactee</a> care arată poziția Soarelui</figcaption></figure> <p>Soarele se află aproape de marginea interioară a <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%9Bul_Orion" title="Brațul Orion">Brațului Orion</a> a <a href="/wiki/Calea_Lactee" title="Calea Lactee">Căii Lactee</a>, în cadrul <a href="/wiki/Norul_Interstelar_Local" title="Norul Interstelar Local">Norului Interstelar Local</a> sau a <a href="/wiki/Centura_Gould" title="Centura Gould">Centurii Gould</a>, la o distanță de 7,5–8,5&#160;kpc (25&#160;000–28&#160;000 de <a href="/wiki/An-lumin%C4%83" title="An-lumină">ani- lumină</a>) de <a href="/wiki/Centrul_Galactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrul Galactic">Centrul Galactic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-distance1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distance1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-distance2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distance2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-distance3_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distance3-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eisenhaueretal2005_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisenhaueretal2005-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Soarele este inclus în <a href="/wiki/Bula_Local%C4%83" title="Bula Locală">Bula Locală</a>, un spațiu cu gaz fierbinte diluat, creat probabil de rămășița supernovei Geminga,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sau multiplele supernove din subgrupul B1 al grupului Pleiadelor.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Distanța dintre brațul local și următorul braț, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%9Bul_Perseu" title="Brațul Perseu">Brațul Perseu</a>, este de aproximativ 6500 de ani-lumină.<sup id="cite_ref-fn9_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn9-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Soarele, și deci Sistemul Solar, se găsește în ceea ce oamenii de știință numesc zonă locuibilă galactică. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apex_solar" title="Apex solar">Apexul solar</a> este direcția pe care Soarele se deplasează în raport cu alte stele din apropiere. Această mișcare este spre un punct din constelația <a href="/wiki/Hercule_(constela%C8%9Bie)" title="Hercule (constelație)">Hercule</a>, lângă steaua <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>. </p><p>Într-o distanță de 32,6&#160;ani-lumină de Soare există 315 stele cunoscute în 227 sisteme, inclusiv 163 stele singure. Se estimează că încă 130 de sisteme din acest interval nu au fost încă identificate. Într-o distanță de până la 81,5&#160;ani-lumină pot exista până la 7500 de stele, dintre care aproximativ 2600 sunt cunoscute. Numărul de obiecte substelare din volumul respectiv este de așteptat să fie comparabil cu numărul de stele.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholz2002_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz2002-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Din cele 50 de sisteme stelare cele mai apropiate în interiorul unui interval de 17 ani-lumină de Pământ (cel mai apropiat fiind pitica roșie <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> la aproximativ 4,2 ani-lumină), Soarele se clasează pe locul patru după masa sa.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbita_în_Calea_Lactee"><span id="Orbita_.C3.AEn_Calea_Lactee"></span>Orbita în Calea Lactee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Orbita în Calea Lactee" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Orbita în Calea Lactee"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soarele orbitează centrul Căii Lactee și se deplasează în prezent în direcția constelației <a href="/wiki/Leb%C4%83da_(constela%C8%9Bie)" title="Lebăda (constelație)">Lebăda</a>. Un model simplu al mișcării unei stele în galaxie are coordonatele galactice <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span> și <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Z</span> ca: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X(t)=X(0)+{\frac {U(0)}{\kappa }}\sin(\kappa t)+{\frac {V(0)}{2B}}(1-\cos(\kappa t))}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>&#x2061;<!-- ⁡ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>&#x2061;<!-- ⁡ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X(t)=X(0)+{\frac {U(0)}{\kappa }}\sin(\kappa t)+{\frac {V(0)}{2B}}(1-\cos(\kappa t))}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6f3388c8ce46569b570dab7fd7b2e6c209c4f30" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:49.687ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X(t)=X(0)+{\frac {U(0)}{\kappa }}\sin(\kappa t)+{\frac {V(0)}{2B}}(1-\cos(\kappa t))}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(t)=Y(0)+2A\left(X(0)+{\frac {V(0)}{2B}}\right)t-{\frac {\Omega _{0}}{B\kappa }}V(0)\sin(\kappa t)+{\frac {2\Omega _{0}}{\kappa ^{2}}}U(0)(1-\cos(\kappa t))}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>&#x2061;<!-- ⁡ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>&#x2061;<!-- ⁡ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(t)=Y(0)+2A\left(X(0)+{\frac {V(0)}{2B}}\right)t-{\frac {\Omega _{0}}{B\kappa }}V(0)\sin(\kappa t)+{\frac {2\Omega _{0}}{\kappa ^{2}}}U(0)(1-\cos(\kappa t))}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be8896f742d4527045253ef13f7a77e0bcc23c33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:80.44ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(t)=Y(0)+2A\left(X(0)+{\frac {V(0)}{2B}}\right)t-{\frac {\Omega _{0}}{B\kappa }}V(0)\sin(\kappa t)+{\frac {2\Omega _{0}}{\kappa ^{2}}}U(0)(1-\cos(\kappa t))}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z(t)={\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\sin(\nu t)+Z(0)\cos(\nu t)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>&#x03BD;<!-- ν --></mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>&#x2061;<!-- ⁡ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>&#x03BD;<!-- ν --></mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>&#x2061;<!-- ⁡ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>&#x03BD;<!-- ν --></mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z(t)={\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\sin(\nu t)+Z(0)\cos(\nu t)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e64672688b472726b120195b2fbf23871e1879e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:35.666ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z(t)={\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\sin(\nu t)+Z(0)\cos(\nu t)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>unde <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">U</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">V</span> și <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">W</span> sunt vitezele respective în raport cu standardul local de repaus, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> și <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">B</span> sunt constante Oort, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{0}=A-B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{0}=A-B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ead3dadeffbf8dcc79909aa6dc10d59cf163e2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.178ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{0}=A-B}"></span> este viteza unghiulară a rotației galactice pentru standardul local de repaus, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {-4\Omega _{0}B}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>B</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {-4\Omega _{0}B}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6dda165f42b8a36c5cc943bd35fe1549e0fff3e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.228ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {-4\Omega _{0}B}}}"></span> este „frecvența epiciclică”, iar ν este frecvența de oscilație verticală.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pentru Soare, valorile actuale ale <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">U</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">V</span> și <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">W</span> sunt estimate ca <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (U(0),V(0),W(0))=(10.00,5.25,7.17)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>10.00</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5.25</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>7.17</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (U(0),V(0),W(0))=(10.00,5.25,7.17)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0a0b978fb1b35cf27184ca919054d0dbf09e4bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.338ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (U(0),V(0),W(0))=(10.00,5.25,7.17)}"></span> km/s, iar estimările pentru celelalte constante <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span>&#160;=&#160;15,5&#160;km/s/kpc, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">B</span>&#160;=&#160;−12,2&#160;km/s/kpc, κ&#160;=&#160;37&#160;km/s/kpc, și ν=74&#160;km/s/kpc. Luăm <span class="texhtml"><i>X</i>(0)</span> și <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i>(0)</span> ca fiind zero și <span class="texhtml"><i>Z</i>(0)</span> estimat a fi 17 parseci.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acest model implică faptul că Soarele circulă în jurul unui punct care se învârte în jurul galaxiei. Perioada de circulație a Soarelui în jurul punctului este <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi /\kappa }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>&#x03C0;<!-- π --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi /\kappa }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f16634dc7b3748efd1772f5c2060f227f942b98c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.996ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi /\kappa }"></span>, care, folosind echivalența cu care un parsec este egală cu 1 km/s de 0,978 milioane de ani, ajunge la 166 milioane de ani, mai scurt decât timpul necesar pentru a merge în jurul galaxiei. În coordonatele (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X, Y</span>) Soarele descrie o elipsă în jurul punctului, a cărei lungime în direcția <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span> este </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\times {\sqrt {\left({\frac {2\Omega _{0}}{\kappa ^{2}}}U(0)\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\Omega _{0}}{B\kappa }}V(0)\right)^{2}}}=1035{\text{ parsec}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1035</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;parsec</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\times {\sqrt {\left({\frac {2\Omega _{0}}{\kappa ^{2}}}U(0)\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\Omega _{0}}{B\kappa }}V(0)\right)^{2}}}=1035{\text{ parsec}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f44f0d02c97d38bfb265359a9ed16090559abad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:51.625ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\times {\sqrt {\left({\frac {2\Omega _{0}}{\kappa ^{2}}}U(0)\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\Omega _{0}}{B\kappa }}V(0)\right)^{2}}}=1035{\text{ parsec}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>și a cărui lățime în direcția <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span> este </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\times {\sqrt {\left({\frac {U(0)}{\kappa }}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {V(0)}{2B}}\right)^{2}}}=691{\text{ parsec}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>691</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;parsec</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\times {\sqrt {\left({\frac {U(0)}{\kappa }}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {V(0)}{2B}}\right)^{2}}}=691{\text{ parsec}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c48a8c03c589c554c7d7186a12470f0e6d2b1d95" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:42.818ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\times {\sqrt {\left({\frac {U(0)}{\kappa }}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {V(0)}{2B}}\right)^{2}}}=691{\text{ parsec}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Raportul dintre lungimea și lățimea acestei elipse, același pentru toate stelele din vecinătatea noastră, este <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\Omega /\kappa \approx 1,50.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> <mo>&#x2248;<!-- ≈ --></mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>50.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\Omega /\kappa \approx 1,50.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3c649abe19d121846d24f53979a5284ca2d2f5c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.609ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\Omega /\kappa \approx 1,50.}"></span> Punctul în mișcare este în prezent la </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X={\frac {V(0)}{2B}}=-215{\text{ parsec}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>215</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;parsec</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X={\frac {V(0)}{2B}}=-215{\text{ parsec}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/baefa9d49a62a1d3a884895aa4392b0b8c9416cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:25.996ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X={\frac {V(0)}{2B}}=-215{\text{ parsec}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y={\frac {2\Omega _{0}}{\kappa ^{2}}}U(0)=405{\text{ parsec}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>&#x03BA;<!-- κ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>405</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;parsec</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y={\frac {2\Omega _{0}}{\kappa ^{2}}}U(0)=405{\text{ parsec}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90763887d855f00e197d318d8a06c56e319b80d8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:28.518ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y={\frac {2\Omega _{0}}{\kappa ^{2}}}U(0)=405{\text{ parsec}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Oscilația în direcția <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Z</span> ia Soarele </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>&#x03BD;<!-- ν --></mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>98</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;parsec</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af1e32894493249abd7f1ea70098c48f3427c100" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:33.941ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>deasupra planului galactic și aceeași distanță sub el, cu o perioadă de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>&#x03C0;<!-- π --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>&#x03BD;<!-- ν --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f59f413c4a65b8a9e8e41e2093fb7ff3c7414dfa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.889ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu }"></span> sau 83 de milioane de ani, aproximativ 2,7 ori pe orbită.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deși <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi /\Omega _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>&#x03C0;<!-- π --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi /\Omega _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/929b22f32322e47f6120955cf51e50f4d23d9b79" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.389ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi /\Omega _{0}}"></span> este de 222 milioane de ani, valoarea lui <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }"></span> în punctul în care circulă Soarele se află </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega \approx \Omega _{0}-{\frac {2A}{R_{0}}}\Delta X\approx 26.1{\text{ km/s/kpc}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mo>&#x2248;<!-- ≈ --></mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A9;<!-- Ω --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <mi>X</mi> <mo>&#x2248;<!-- ≈ --></mo> <mn>26.1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;km/s/kpc</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega \approx \Omega _{0}-{\frac {2A}{R_{0}}}\Delta X\approx 26.1{\text{ km/s/kpc}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51a9ec31c4bb7b7ea53d7ff6ba0a5c4d5c1c7caa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:35.777ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega \approx \Omega _{0}-{\frac {2A}{R_{0}}}\Delta X\approx 26.1{\text{ km/s/kpc}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>care corespunde cu 235 de milioane de ani și acesta este timpul necesar pentru a orbita o dată galaxia. Alte stele cu aceeași valoare a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X+V/(2B)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X+V/(2B)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/74a9617775983bbc10039de9637300dea9c2c425" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.506ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X+V/(2B)}"></span> au nevoie de aceeași perioadă de timp pentru a ocoli galaxia ca Soarele și astfel să rămână în aceeași vecinătate generală ca Soarele. </p><p> Orbita Soarelui în jurul Căii Lactee este probabil aproximativ eliptică, cu adăugarea de perturbații din brațele spiralate ale galaxiei și distribuția de masă neuniformă în Calea Lactee. S-a susținut că trecerea Soarelui prin brațele în spirală cu densitate mai mare coincide adesea cu <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEn_mas%C4%83" title="Extincție în masă">extincțiile în masă</a> pe Pământ, probabil din cauza evenimentelor de impact crescute.<sup id="cite_ref-extinction_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinction-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Solar_system_barycenter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Solar_system_barycenter.svg/300px-Solar_system_barycenter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Solar_system_barycenter.svg/450px-Solar_system_barycenter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Solar_system_barycenter.svg/600px-Solar_system_barycenter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Mișcarea baricenterului Sistemului Solar în 1945–1995</figcaption></figure><p> Turul complet al Centrului galactic (anul galactic) durează aproximativ 225-250 milioane de ani,<sup id="cite_ref-fn10_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn10-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> astfel încât se crede că până în prezent Soarele a finalizat 20-25 de orbite. Viteza orbitală a Sistemului Solar în jurul centrului Căii Lactee este de aproximativ 251 km/s.<sup id="cite_ref-space.newscientist.com_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.newscientist.com-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cu această viteză, Sistemul Solar are nevoie de aproximativ 1190 de ani pentru a parcurge o distanță de 1 <a href="/wiki/An_lumin%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="An lumină">an lumină</a> sau 7 zile pentru a călători 1 <a href="/wiki/Unitate_astronomic%C4%83" title="Unitate astronomică">AU</a>. </p><p>Calea Lactee se deplasează în raport cu <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_cosmic%C4%83_de_fond" title="Radiație cosmică de fond">radiația cosmică de fond</a> (CMB) în direcția constelației <a href="/wiki/Hidra_(constela%C8%9Bie)" title="Hidra (constelație)">Hidra</a> cu o viteză de 550&#160;km/s, iar viteza rezultată a Soarelui în raport cu CMB este de aproximativ 370&#160;km/s în direcția <a href="/wiki/Cupa_(constela%C8%9Bie)" title="Cupa (constelație)">Cupei</a> sau a <a href="/wiki/Leul_(constela%C8%9Bie)" title="Leul (constelație)">Leului</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mișcarea_în_Sistemul_Solar"><span id="Mi.C8.99carea_.C3.AEn_Sistemul_Solar"></span>Mișcarea în Sistemul Solar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mișcarea în Sistemul Solar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Mișcarea în Sistemul Solar"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mișcarea Soarelui față de centrul de masă al Sistemului Solar este foarte complexă datorită perturbațiilor planetare. Când <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Saturn">Saturn</a> (cele două planete cu cea mai mare masă) sunt de aceeași parte a Soarelui, centrul de greutate al Sistemului Solar este dincolo de suprafața Soarelui; atunci când sunt pe laturi opuse ale stelei și alte planete sunt pe orbitele lor, baricentrul poate fi foarte aproape de centrul Soarelui.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La fiecare 179 de ani (de nouă ori perioada sinodică a lui Jupiter și Saturn), modelul se repetă mai mult sau mai puțin, dar rotit cu aproximativ 24°.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Probleme_teoretice">Probleme teoretice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Probleme teoretice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Probleme teoretice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Map_of_the_full_sun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Map_of_the_full_sun.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_full_sun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Map_of_the_full_sun.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_full_sun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Map_of_the_full_sun.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_full_sun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>O hartă a întregii suprafețe a Soarelui, realizată de sondele STEREO și SDO</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Încălzirea_coroanei"><span id=".C3.8Enc.C4.83lzirea_coroanei"></span>Încălzirea coroanei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Încălzirea coroanei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Încălzirea coroanei"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroană solară">Coroană solară</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Suprafața vizibilă a Soarelui (fotosfera) are o temperatură de aproximativ 6000&#160;K, în timp ce temperatura coroanei ajunge la 1&#160;000&#160;000–2&#160;000&#160;000&#160;K.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdelyi2007_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Temperatura ridicată a coronei arată că este încălzită cu altceva decât conducerea directă a căldurii din fotosferă.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2001_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Se crede că energia necesară pentru încălzirea coroanei este asigurată de mișcarea turbulentă din zona de convecție de sub fotosferă și au fost propuse două mecanisme principale pentru a explica încălzirea coronală.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdelyi2007_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Primul este încălzirea prin unde, în care undele sonore, gravitaționale sau magnetohidrodinamice sunt produse de turbulența din zona de convecție.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdelyi2007_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aceste unde se deplasează și se disipă în coroană, eliberând energie în gaz sub formă de căldură.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfven_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfven-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Al doilea mecanism este încălzirea printr-un câmp magnetic: energia magnetică este acumulată continuu prin mișcarea fotosferei și eliberată prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconectare_magnetic%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconectare magnetică — pagină inexistentă">reconectare magnetică</a> sub formă de raze solare mari și o mulțime de evenimente similare, dar mai mici.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În prezent nu este clar dacă undele sunt un mecanism eficient de încălzire. Toate undele, cu excepția undelor Alfvén, s-au dovedit a se disipa sau a se refracta înainte de a ajunge la coroană.<sup id="cite_ref-Sturrock_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sturrock-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În plus, undele Alfvén nu se disipează cu ușurință în coroană. Prin urmare, cercetarea actuală s-a orientat către mecanisme de încălzire prin arderi cu intensitate bruscă.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdelyi2007_57-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdelyi2007-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problema_Soarelui_slab_timpuriu">Problema Soarelui slab timpuriu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Problema Soarelui slab timpuriu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Problema Soarelui slab timpuriu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Paradoxul_Soarelui_slab_timpuriu" title="Paradoxul Soarelui slab timpuriu">Paradoxul Soarelui slab timpuriu</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Modelele teoretice ale dezvoltării Soarelui sugerează că acum 3,8 până la 2,5 miliarde de ani, în timpul eonului <a href="/wiki/Arhaic" title="Arhaic">Arhaic</a>, Soarele avea o luminozitate de doar aproximativ 75&#160;% din cea din prezent. O astfel de stea slabă nu ar fi fost capabilă să susțină apa lichidă pe suprafața Pământului și, astfel, viața nu ar fi trebuit să se dezvolte. Cu toate acestea, registrul geologic demonstrează că Pământul a rămas la o temperatură destul de constantă de-a lungul istoriei sale și că tânărul Pământ a fost ceva mai cald decât în prezent. O teorie în rândul oamenilor de știință este că atmosfera tânărului Pământ conținea cantități mult mai mari de gaze cu efect de seră (cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Dioxidul_de_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxidul de carbon">dioxidul de carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metanul</a>) decât astăzi, care au prins suficientă căldură pentru a compensa cantitatea mai mică de energia solară care ajungea pe planetă.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasting_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasting-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cu toate acestea, examinarea sedimentelor din Arhaic pare incompatibilă cu ipoteza unor concentrații mari de seră. În schimb, intervalul de temperatură moderat poate fi explicat printr-un <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> de suprafață mai scăzut. Acest lucru ar fi dus la o absorbție crescută a energiei solare, compensând astfel puterea redusă de energie solară.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosing_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosing-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoricul_observațiilor"><span id="Istoricul_observa.C8.9Biilor"></span>Istoricul observațiilor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoricul observațiilor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Istoricul observațiilor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efectul enorm al Soarelui pe Pământ a fost recunoscut încă din timpurile preistorice, iar Soarele a fost considerat în unele culturi ca o zeitate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_Antichitate"><span id=".C3.8En_Antichitate"></span>În Antichitate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: În Antichitate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: În Antichitate"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg/220px-Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg/330px-Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg/440px-Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carul_din_Trundholm" title="Carul din Trundholm">Carul din Trundholm</a> tras de un cal este o sculptură despre care e crede că era o ilustrare a unei zeități solare din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitologie_norvegian%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitologie norvegiană — pagină inexistentă">mitologia norvegiană</a> din <a href="/wiki/Epoca_bronzului" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoca bronzului">epoca bronzului</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Soarele a fost un obiect de venerație în multe culturi de-a lungul istoriei umane. În cea mai de bază înțelegere, Soarele este un disc luminos pe cer, a cărui prezență deasupra orizontului creează zi și a cărui lipsă provoacă noapte. În multe culturi preistorice și antice, Soarele era considerat un zeu sau un fenomen supranatural. Cultul Soarelui a fost centrul vieții religioase a mai multor civilizații, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Egiptul_antic" class="mw-redirect" title="Egiptul antic">Egiptul antic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Inca" title="Imperiul Inca">Imperiul Inca</a> din America de Sud și <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">aztecii</a> a ceea ce este astăzi Mexic. În unele religii, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">hinduismul</a>, Soarele este încă considerat un zeu.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În preistorie, oamenii au creat numeroase monumente pentru a observa fenomene legate de Soare; de exemplu, <a href="/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit">megaliții</a> au fost folosiți pentru a marca cu precizie <a href="/wiki/Solsti%C8%9Biu" title="Solstițiu">solstițiile</a> de vară sau de iarnă (astfel de megaliți se găsesc în Nabta Playa, Egipt; Mnajdra, Malta și <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, Anglia); Newgrange, un munte construit de oameni preistorici în Irlanda, a fost conceput pentru a identifica cu exactitate ziua solstițiului de iarnă; piramida lui El Castillo la Chichén Itzá din Mexico a fost construită astfel încât, în timpul echinocțiului de primăvară și toamnă, umbrele de pe pereții piramidei să ia forma unor șerpi înfiorători.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vechii egipteni l-au înfățișat pe zeul <a href="/wiki/Ra_(zeu_egiptean)" title="Ra (zeu egiptean)">Ra</a> ca fiind condus prin cer într-o barcă solară, însoțit de zei mai mici,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar la greci, zeul <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, personificarea Soarelui, era purtat de un car tras de cai de foc.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Din timpul domniei împăratului roman <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, ziua de naștere a Soarelui a fost sărbătorită ca <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> (literalmente „Soare neînvins”), la scurt timp după solstițiul de iarnă, care ar fi putut fi un antecedent al Crăciunului.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În fiecare an, Soarele părea că se mișcă pe fundalul stelelor fixe de-a lungul eclipticii, prin semnele zodiacului; din acest motiv, astronomii greci au recunoscut că aceasta este una dintre cele șapte <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">planete</a> (greacă πλανήτες, <i>planetes</i>, înseamnă „rătăcitor”); denumirea zilelor săptămânilor după cele șapte planete datează din <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperiul roman">epoca romană</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-almagest_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almagest-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dezvoltarea_înțelegerii_științifice"><span id="Dezvoltarea_.C3.AEn.C8.9Belegerii_.C8.99tiin.C8.9Bifice"></span>Dezvoltarea înțelegerii științifice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezvoltarea înțelegerii științifice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Dezvoltarea înțelegerii științifice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sun-bonatti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sun-bonatti.png/220px-Sun-bonatti.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sun-bonatti.png/330px-Sun-bonatti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sun-bonatti.png/440px-Sun-bonatti.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Sol (Soare) ilustrat în cartea <i>Liber astronomie</i> de Guido Bonatti din 1550</figcaption></figure> <p>La începutul primului mileniu î.Hr., <a href="/wiki/Astronomia_babilonian%C4%83" title="Astronomia babiloniană">astronomii babilonieni</a> au observat că mișcarea Soarelui de-a lungul eclipticii nu este uniformă, deși nu știau de ce; astăzi se știe că acest lucru se datorează mișcării Pământului într-o orbită eliptică în jurul Soarelui, Pământul mișcându-se mai repede atunci când este mai aproape de Soare la periheliu și mai lent când este mai departe, la afeliu.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unul dintre primii oameni care a oferit o explicație științifică sau filosofică pentru Soare a fost filosoful grec <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a>. El l-a considerat o bilă gigantică de metal arzător, chiar mai mare decât țara Peloponnesului și că Luna reflecta lumina Soarelui.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Întrucât acest lucru era în mod clar contrar descrierii religioase a Soarelui drept carul zeului Helios, el ar fi fost închis pentru predicarea ereziei și condamnat la exil<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sau la moarte, deși ulterior a fost eliberat datorită intervenției lui <a href="/wiki/Pericle" title="Pericle">Pericle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eratostene" title="Eratostene">Eratostene</a> a estimat distanța dintre Pământ și Soare în secolul al III-lea î.Hr. drept „stadii numeroase 400 și 80000”, a cărui traducere este ambiguă, implicând fie 4.080.000 de <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion (unitate de măsură)">stadii</a> (755.000 km), fie 804.000.000 de stadii (148 la 153 milioane de kilometri); ultima valoare fiind aproximativ corectă. În secolul I d.Hr., <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeu" title="Ptolemeu">Ptolemeu</a> a estimat distanța ca fiind de 1.210 ori mai mare decât raza Pământului, aproximativ 7,71 milioane de kilometri.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teoria conform căreia Soarele este centrul în jurul căruia orbitează planetele a fost propusă pentru prima dată de grecul <a href="/wiki/Aristarh_din_Samos" title="Aristarh din Samos">Aristarh din Samos</a> în secolul al III-lea î.Hr., iar ulterior a fost adoptat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleucus_din_Seleucia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleucus din Seleucia — pagină inexistentă">Seleucus din Seleucia</a> (vezi <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a>). Această viziune a fost dezvoltată într-un model matematic mai detaliat al unui sistem heliocentric din secolul al XVI-lea de către <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>. </p><p>Observațiile <a href="/wiki/Pat%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Pată solară">petelor solare</a> au fost înregistrate în timpul <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Han" title="Dinastia Han">dinastiei Han</a> (206 î.Hr. - 220 d.Hr.) de către astronomii chinezi, care au păstrat înregistrări ale acestor observații timp de secole. <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> a oferit și o descriere a petelor solare în secolul al XII-lea.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inventarea <a href="/wiki/Telescop" title="Telescop">telescopului</a> la începutul secolului al XVII-lea a permis observarea detaliată a petelor solare de către <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harriot" title="Thomas Harriot">Thomas Harriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> și alți astronomi. Galileo a emis ipoteza că petele solare se găseau pe suprafața Soarelui și nu erau obiecte mici care treceau între Pământ și Soare.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/Evul_Mediu" title="Evul Mediu">Evul Mediu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a> s-a dezvoltat în țările musulmane. <a href="/wiki/Al-Battani" title="Al-Battani">Al-Battani</a> a descoperit că direcția apogeului Soarelui se schimbă.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (În termeni moderni heliocentrici, acest lucru este cauzat de o mișcare treptată a afeliului orbitei Pământului). Ibn Yunus a observat mai mult de 10.000 de măsurători pentru poziția Soarelui timp de mai mulți ani folosind un <a href="/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab">astrolab</a> mare.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dintr-o observație a tranzitului planetei Venus în 1032, astronomul și polimatul persan <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a> (Avicenna) a ajuns la concluzia că Venus este mai aproape de Pământ decât de Soare.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În 1672, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Richer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Richer — pagină inexistentă">Jean Richer</a> au determinat distanța față de <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Marte" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Marte">Marte</a> și au putut astfel să calculeze distanța până la Soare. </p><p> În 1666, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> a observat lumina Soarelui folosind o <a href="/wiki/Prism%C4%83" class="mw-disambig" title="Prismă">prismă</a> și a arătat că este alcătuită din mai multe culori.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În 1800, <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> a descoperit <a href="/wiki/Infraro%C8%99u" title="Infraroșu">infraroșu</a> - radiații în afara părții roșii a spectrului luminii solare.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Newton%27s_Experimentum_Crucis_(Grusche_2015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Newton%27s_Experimentum_Crucis_%28Grusche_2015%29.jpg/500px-Newton%27s_Experimentum_Crucis_%28Grusche_2015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Newton%27s_Experimentum_Crucis_%28Grusche_2015%29.jpg/750px-Newton%27s_Experimentum_Crucis_%28Grusche_2015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Newton%27s_Experimentum_Crucis_%28Grusche_2015%29.jpg/1000px-Newton%27s_Experimentum_Crucis_%28Grusche_2015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5532" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Isaac Newton executând experimentul său crucial cu prisma în dormitorul său din <a href="/wiki/Woolsthorpe_Manor" title="Woolsthorpe Manor">Woolsthorpe Manor</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> În secolul al XIX-lea, s-au înregistrat progrese mari în studiile spectroscopice ale Soarelui; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> a înregistrat peste 600 de <a href="/wiki/Linie_spectral%C4%83" title="Linie spectrală">linii de absorbție</a> în spectrul solar; cele mai puternice sunt încă numite linii Fraunhofer. În primii ani ai erei științifice moderne, sursa de energie a Soarelui a fost un mare mister. <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> a sugerat că Soarele este un corp lichid care se răcește treptat, care radiază căldura internă.<sup id="cite_ref-kelvin_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelvin-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelvin și <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> au propus un mecanism de contractare gravitațională pentru a explica producția de energie, dar estimarea de vârstă rezultată a Soarelui a fost de doar 20 de milioane de ani, prea scurtă pentru durata de cel puțin 300 de milioane de ani sugerată de unele descoperiri geologice ale acelor timpuri.<sup id="cite_ref-kelvin_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelvin-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În 1890, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lockyer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Lockyer — pagină inexistentă">Joseph Lockyer</a>, care a descoperit <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu</a> în spectrul solar, a propus o ipoteză meteoritică pentru formarea și evoluția Soarelui.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Până în 1904 nu a fost oferită o soluție documentată. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> a sugerat că puterea radiației solare poate fi susținută de surse interne de căldură și a sugerat degradarea radioactivă ca sursă.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Un indiciu esențial cu privire la sursa de energie solară a fost adus de lucrările lui <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, care a arătat echivalența masei și a energiei în relația <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>E</i> = <i>mc</i><sup>2</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În 1920, Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a> a emis ipoteza că presiunile și temperaturile din nucleul Soarelui ar putea produce o reacție de fuziune nucleară care conectează protonii de hidrogen în nucleele de heliu, ceea ce duce la eliberarea de energie asociată cu un deficit de masă al nucleului de heliu.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Preponderența hidrogenului în Soare a fost confirmată în 1925 de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilia_Payne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilia Payne — pagină inexistentă">Cecilia Payne</a> folosind teoria ionizării dezvoltată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meghnad_Saha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Meghnad Saha — pagină inexistentă">Meghnad Saha</a>. Conceptul teoretic al fuziunii a fost dezvoltat în anii 1930 de astrofizicienii <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> și <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>. Hans Bethe a calculat detaliile celor două reacții nucleare producătoare de energie care alimentează Soarele.<sup id="cite_ref-Bethe_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethe-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bethe2_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethe2-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În 1957, a fost publicată o lucrare colectivă intitulată „Sinteza elementelor în stele” (autori: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Burbidge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Burbidge — pagină inexistentă">Margaret Burbidge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Burbidge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Burbidge — pagină inexistentă">Geoffrey Burbidge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Fowler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Fowler — pagină inexistentă">William Fowler</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a>), care a demonstrat convingător că majoritatea elementelor din <a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a> au fost formate în procese de fuziune în stele, unele precum Soarele.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misiunile_spațiului_solar"><span id="Misiunile_spa.C8.9Biului_solar"></span>Misiunile spațiului solar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Modifică secțiunea: Misiunile spațiului solar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Misiunile spațiului solar"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sunspots_and_Solar_Flares.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sunspots_and_Solar_Flares.jpg/220px-Sunspots_and_Solar_Flares.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sunspots_and_Solar_Flares.jpg/330px-Sunspots_and_Solar_Flares.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sunspots_and_Solar_Flares.jpg/440px-Sunspots_and_Solar_Flares.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Lumina solară care a generat o mare furtună geomagnetică, 13 martie 2012, ora 18.29 UTC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Massive_X-Class_Flare_Released_on_June_6_(full_disk)_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Massive_X-Class_Flare_Released_on_June_6_%28full_disk%29_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg/220px-Massive_X-Class_Flare_Released_on_June_6_%28full_disk%29_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Massive_X-Class_Flare_Released_on_June_6_%28full_disk%29_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg/330px-Massive_X-Class_Flare_Released_on_June_6_%28full_disk%29_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Massive_X-Class_Flare_Released_on_June_6_%28full_disk%29_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg/440px-Massive_X-Class_Flare_Released_on_June_6_%28full_disk%29_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Flacără din clasa X1.1 în partea inferioară dreapta a Soarelui, pe 6 iulie 2012, atingând un vârf la 19:08. </figcaption></figure> <p>Primii sateliți destinați observării Soarelui au fost sondele americane ale <a href="/wiki/Programul_Pioneer" title="Programul Pioneer">Programului Pioneer</a>: Pioneer 6, 7, 8 și 9 care au fost lansate între 1959 și 1968. Aceste sonde au orbitat Soarele de la o distanță similară cu cea a Pământului și au făcut primele măsurători detaliate ale vântului solar și ale câmpului magnetic solar. Pioneer 9 a funcționat o perioadă deosebit de lungă, transmitând date până în mai 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În anii ’70, două nave spațiale Helios și <i>Apollo Telescope Mount</i> a lui Skylab au furnizat oamenilor de știință date semnificative noi despre <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2nt_solar" title="Vânt solar">vântul solar</a> și coroana solară. Sondele Helios 1 și 2, care au fost rodul cooperării americano-germane, au studiat vântul solar de pe orbita al cărui periheion se încadra pe orbita lui <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burlaga2001_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burlaga2001-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stația spațială Skylab, lansată de NASA în 1973, a inclus un modul de observare solar numit Apollo Telescope Mount care a fost operat de astronauți rezidenți în stație.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwivedi2006_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skylab a oferit informații despre stratul de tranziție al atmosferei solare și a înregistrat emisiile ultraviolete din coroana solară.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwivedi2006_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Printre descoperiri s-au inclus primele observații ale ejectărilor de masă coronală și ale găurilor coronale, care sunt cunoscute în prezent ca fiind strâns legate de vântul solar.<sup id="cite_ref-Burlaga2001_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burlaga2001-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:PIA22197-SunFormsQuestionMark-20171222.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA22197-SunFormsQuestionMark-20171222.jpg/220px-PIA22197-SunFormsQuestionMark-20171222.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA22197-SunFormsQuestionMark-20171222.jpg/330px-PIA22197-SunFormsQuestionMark-20171222.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA22197-SunFormsQuestionMark-20171222.jpg/440px-PIA22197-SunFormsQuestionMark-20171222.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>Gaura coronală pe Soare formează <a href="/wiki/Semnul_%C3%AEntreb%C4%83rii" title="Semnul întrebării">semnul întrebării</a> (22 decembrie 2017)</figcaption></figure> <p>În 1980, NASA a lansat misiunea Solar Maximum. Acest satelit a fost proiectat pentru a observa raze gamma, raze X și raze UV în <a href="/wiki/Erup%C8%9Bie_solar%C4%83" title="Erupție solară">erupțiile solare</a> din timpul activității solare ridicate. La doar câteva luni de la începutul misiunii, o eroare a electronicelor a determinat satelitul să intre în regim de așteptare și nu a funcționat în următorii trei ani. În 1984, naveta <i><a href="/wiki/Naveta_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_Challenger" title="Naveta spațială Challenger">Challenger</a></i> a interceptat satelitul și l-a reparat, după care satelitul a revenit pe orbita Pământului. Solar Maximum Mission a finalizat aproximativ 240.000 de fotografii ale coroanei înainte de a intra în atmosfera Terrei în iunie 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lansat în 1991, satelitul japonez Yohkoh („Rază de soare”) a observat sclipiri solare la lungimile de undă ale razelor X. Datele misiunii au permis oamenilor de știință să identifice mai multe tipuri diferite de sclipiri și să demonstreze că coroana este mult mai dinamică decât se credea anterior. Yohkoh a observat un întreg ciclu solar, dar a intrat în regim de așteptare când o eclipsă inelară din 2001 l-a determinat să piardă controlul asupra poziției Soarelui. Satelitul a fost distrus prin reintrarea în atmosferă în 2005. <sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Una dintre cele mai importante misiuni solare până în prezent a fost <a href="/w/index.php?title=SOHO_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SOHO (sondă spațială) — pagină inexistentă">Observatorul Solar și Heliosferic</a>, construit în comun de <a href="/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_European%C4%83" title="Agenția Spațială Europeană">Agenția Spațială Europeană</a> și <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> și lansat la 2 decembrie 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwivedi2006_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Planificat inițial să îndeplinească o misiune de doi ani, aceasta a fost extinsă până în 2012<sup id="cite_ref-sohoext_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohoext-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și apoi până în 2016. Sonda a fost plasată în <a href="/wiki/Punct_Lagrange" title="Punct Lagrange">Punctul Lagrange</a> L1 între Pământ și Soare și a monitorizat constant Soarele la mai multe lungimi de undă.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwivedi2006_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi2006-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pe lângă observarea directă a Soarelui, a dus și la descoperirea a unui număr mare de <a href="/wiki/Comete" class="mw-redirect" title="Comete">comete</a>, în principal comete mici care au fost distruse când au trecut pe lângă Soare.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Observatorul SOHO s-a dovedit a fi atât de util încât în februarie 2010 <a href="/wiki/Observatorul_Dinamicii_Solare" title="Observatorul Dinamicii Solare">Observatorul Dinamicii Solare</a> (SDO) a fost trimis să continue misiunea.<sup id="cite_ref-sdolaunch_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdolaunch-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Giant_prominence_on_the_sun_erupted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Giant_prominence_on_the_sun_erupted.jpg/400px-Giant_prominence_on_the_sun_erupted.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Giant_prominence_on_the_sun_erupted.jpg/600px-Giant_prominence_on_the_sun_erupted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Giant_prominence_on_the_sun_erupted.jpg/800px-Giant_prominence_on_the_sun_erupted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>O proeminență solară erupe în august 2012, capturată de SDO</figcaption></figure> <p>Toate aceste sonde au observat Soarele din planul ecliptic, care permite observații detaliate doar în regiunea ecuatorială. Sonda spațială <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Ulysses (sondă spațială)">Ulysses</a></i> a fost lansată în 1990 pentru a studia regiunile polare ale Soarelui. Mai întâi a călătorit la Jupiter, astfel încât asistența gravitațională a planetei să-i permită ieșirea cu mult deasupra planului eclipticii. În mod neașteptat, sonda a fost la locul și timpul potrivit pentru a observa coliziunea <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Shoemaker-Levy_9" title="Cometa Shoemaker-Levy 9">Cometei Shoemaker-Levy 9</a> cu <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a> în 1994. Când <i>Ulysses</i> se afla pe orbita planificată, a început să observe vântul solar și forța câmpului magnetic la latitudini heliografice mari, descoperind că vântul solar din latitudini înalte călătorește cu aproximativ 750 km/s, mai lent decât se aștepta și că undele magnetice mari emise din latitudinile heliografice mari împrăștie razele cosmice galactice.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conținutul de elemente din fotosferă este bine cunoscut datorită studiilor spectroscopice, dar compoziția din interiorul Soarelui este cunoscută mult mai puțin. O misiune de retur cu mostre de vânt solar, <i>Genesis</i>, a fost proiectată pentru a permite astronomilor să măsoare direct compoziția materialului solar.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Genesis</i> s-a întors pe Pământ în 2004, dar parașuta sondei nu s-a deschis în timpul zborului prin atmosferă și landerul s-a prăbușit. În ciuda deteriorărilor grave, unele probe au fost recuperate din capsula spartă și sunt analizate.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Misiunea STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) a fost lansată în octombrie 2006. Două sonde spațiale identice au fost lansate pe orbite, unde o sondă se află înaintea Terrei, iar cealaltă o urmărește, în spatele Terrei. Aceasta permite imagini stereoscopice ale Soarelui și fenomenelor solare, cum ar fi ejecțiile de masă din coroană. <sup id="cite_ref-inst_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inst-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sonda spațială <i><a href="/wiki/Parker_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Parker (sondă spațială)">Parker</a></i> a fost lansată în 2018 și urmează să efectueze observații în interiorul coroanei solare pentru a explica mecanismele de încălzire a coroanei și accelerarea vântului solar. Se va apropia de Soare la o distanță minimă de 2,3 milioane de kilometri în 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În februarie 2020, <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> în cooperare cu <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> au lansat sonda <a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> pentru a investiga modul în care Soarele creează și controlează comportamentul heliosferei. Misiunea este planificată să dureze 7 ani. Organizația indiană de cercetare spațială a programat lansarea unui satelit de 100 kg, denumit <i>Aditya-L1</i> pentru sfârșitul anului 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Principalul instrument va fi un coronagraf pentru studierea dinamicii coroanei solare.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observații_și_efecte"><span id="Observa.C8.9Bii_.C8.99i_efecte"></span>Observații și efecte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Observații și efecte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Observații și efecte"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Russian_Orbital_Segment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Russian_Orbital_Segment.jpg/220px-STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Russian_Orbital_Segment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Russian_Orbital_Segment.jpg/330px-STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Russian_Orbital_Segment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Russian_Orbital_Segment.jpg/440px-STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Russian_Orbital_Segment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Soarele, văzut de pe <a href="/wiki/Orbita_joas%C4%83_a_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Orbita joasă a Pământului">orbita joasă a Pământului</a>, cu vedere la Stația Spațială Internațională. Această lumină solară nu este filtrată de atmosfera inferioară, care blochează o mare parte a spectrului solar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lumina Soarelui poate provoca durere atunci când o privești cu ochiul liber; dacă se face pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp și cu ochii pe jumătate închiși, nu este periculos pentru ochii normali.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Privirea directă a Soarelui provoacă orbire parțială temporară. În timpul acestei acțiuni, aproximativ 4&#160;miliwati de lumină lovesc retina, încălzind-o ușor, ceea ce poate provoca deteriorarea ochilor.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Expunerea la ultraviolete determină îngălbenirea treptată a lentilelor oculare de-a lungul anilor și contribuie la formarea <a href="/wiki/Cataract%C4%83" title="Cataractă">cataractei</a>, dar aceasta depinde de expunerea generală la radiațiile solare UV și nu dacă privim direct la Soare.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vizionarea de lungă durată a Soarelui direct cu ochiul liber poate provoca leziuni provocate de radiații solare la nivelul retinei după aproximativ 100 de secunde, în special în condițiile în care lumina UV de la Soare este intensă și bine focalizată.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Efectele sunt mai puternice dacă soarele este aproape de zenit sau observat la altitudini mari; de asemenea, ochii tineri și implanturile de lentile (în special din generațiile mai vechi) nu filtrează lumina ultravioletă la fel de eficient ca ochii îmbătrâniți în mod natural. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:2006-06-23_14-47-59_Seychelles_-_De_Quincey_Village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2006-06-23_14-47-59_Seychelles_-_De_Quincey_Village.jpg/220px-2006-06-23_14-47-59_Seychelles_-_De_Quincey_Village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2006-06-23_14-47-59_Seychelles_-_De_Quincey_Village.jpg/330px-2006-06-23_14-47-59_Seychelles_-_De_Quincey_Village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2006-06-23_14-47-59_Seychelles_-_De_Quincey_Village.jpg/440px-2006-06-23_14-47-59_Seychelles_-_De_Quincey_Village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Raze solare</figcaption></figure> <p>Vizualizarea Soarelui prin instrumente optice care concentrează lumina, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Binoclu" title="Binoclu">binoclul</a> fără un filtru adecvat care blochează radiațiile UV și întunecă semnificativ lumina Soarelui, poate duce la deteriorarea permanentă a retinei.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pentru observație, utilizați filtre special concepute. Unele filtre improvizate care permit trecerea razelor ultraviolete sau infraroșii pot deteriora ochiul la niveluri de luminozitate ridicate.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Binoclul fără filtre poate furniza energie de sute de ori mai mult decât atunci când privești direct Soarele, și poate provoca daune imediate. Chiar și o scurtă privire a Soarelui, la prânz, printr-un telescop fără filtru, poate provoca leziuni permanente ale ochilor.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:D%C3%BClmen,_Hausd%C3%BClmen,_Sonnenaufgang_--_2015_--_4952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Sonnenaufgang_--_2015_--_4952.jpg/220px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Sonnenaufgang_--_2015_--_4952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Sonnenaufgang_--_2015_--_4952.jpg/330px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Sonnenaufgang_--_2015_--_4952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Sonnenaufgang_--_2015_--_4952.jpg/440px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Sonnenaufgang_--_2015_--_4952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5354" data-file-height="3569" /></a><figcaption>Răsărit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:SunsetFrance2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SunsetFrance2008.JPG/220px-SunsetFrance2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SunsetFrance2008.JPG/330px-SunsetFrance2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SunsetFrance2008.JPG/440px-SunsetFrance2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Apus</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83_de_Soare" title="Eclipsă de Soare">Eclipsele solare</a> parțiale sunt periculoase pentru observatori, pentru că pupila ochiului nu este adaptată la contrastul vizual neobișnuit de mare: pupila se dilată sau se îngustează în funcție de cantitatea totală de lumină din câmpul vizual, nu de luminozitatea celui mai strălucitor obiect. În timpul eclipselor parțiale, cea mai mare parte a luminii solare este blocată de <a href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lună">Luna</a> care trece în fața Soarelui, dar părțile expuse ale fotosferei au aceeași luminozitate ca în timpul unei zile normale. Atunci când cantitatea totală de lumină este redusă, pupila se extinde de la &#8776;2&#160;mm la &#8776;6&#160;mm, iar fiecare celulă retiniană expusă la lumina soarelui primește de până la zece ori mai multă lumină decât atunci când privește Soarele care nu este eclipsat.<sup id="cite_ref-Espenak_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espenak-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pericolul este insidios pentru observatorii neexperimentați și pentru copii, deoarece nu există percepția durerii: nu este imediat evident că vederea cuiva este distrusă. </p><p>În timpul răsăritului și apusului, lumina solară este atenuată, iar Soarele este uneori suficient de slab pentru a fi privit confortabil cu ochiul liber sau în siguranță cu utilizarea instrumentelor optice (cu condiția să nu existe riscul de luminozitate bruscă, de exemplu, printr-o pauză între nori).<sup id="cite_ref-Haber2005_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haber2005-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ceața, praful din atmosferă și umiditatea ridicată contribuie la atenuarea luminii.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La scurt timp după apusul Soarelui sau înainte de răsărit, poate apărea un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenomen_optic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenomen optic — pagină inexistentă">fenomen optic</a> rar, cunoscut sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_verde" title="Rază verde">rază verde</a>. Flashul este cauzat de lumina Soarelui care vine chiar sub orizont, fiind curbată (de obicei prin inversarea temperaturii) către observator. Lumina de lungimi de undă mai scurte (violet, albastru, verde) este curbată mai mult decât cea a lungimilor de undă mai lungi (galben, portocaliu, roșu), dar lumina violetă și albastră este mai difuză, lăsând lumină care este percepută drept verde.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lumina ultravioletă de la Soare are proprietăți <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptice</a> și poate fi folosită pentru igienizarea uneltelor și a apei. De asemenea, provoacă arsuri solare și are alte efecte biologice, cum ar fi producerea de <a href="/wiki/Vitamina_D" title="Vitamina D">vitamina D</a> și <a href="/wiki/Bronzare" title="Bronzare">bronzarea</a> solară. Este cauza principală a <a href="/wiki/Cancer_de_piele" title="Cancer de piele">cancerului de piele</a>. Lumina ultravioletă este puternic atenuată de stratul de ozon al atmosferei Pământului, astfel încât cantitatea de UV variază foarte mult cu latitudinea și a fost parțial responsabilă pentru multe adaptări biologice, inclusiv variații ale culorii pielii umane în diferite regiuni ale Pământului.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note_explicative">Note explicative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note explicative" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note explicative"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <small><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-short-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-short_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-short_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">All numbers in this article are short scale. One billion is 10<sup>9</sup>, or 1,000,000,000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Comunitățile din izvoarele termale trăiesc atât de adânc sub mare încât nu au acces la lumina soarelui. Bacteriile folosesc în schimb compuși de sulf ca sursă de energie, prin chimiosinteză.</span> </li> </ol></div></small> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <small><div class="cite-bracket" style="-moz-column-width: 30em &lt;sup id=" id="cite_ref-UCSD_evo_82-2"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">O imagine în culori false este o imagine care înfățișează un obiect în culori care diferă de cele pe care le-ar arăta o fotografie (o imagine în culori adevărate). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitjeva2009-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pitjeva2009_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pitjeva, E. 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(<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1000691">„Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon–Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit”</a>. <i>Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</i> (în engleză). <b>103</b> (4): 365–372. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-009-9203-8">10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9478">1572-9478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=Proposals+for+the+masses+of+the+three+largest+asteroids%2C+the+Moon%E2%80%93Earth+mass+ratio+and+the+Astronomical+Unit&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=365-372&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-009-9203-8&amp;rft.issn=1572-9478&amp;rft.aulast=Pitjeva&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+V.&amp;rft.au=Standish%2C+E.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1000691&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nssdc-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Williams, D.R. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2006-02-22">22 februarie 2006</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.atitle=The+solar+oblateness+and+its+relationship+with+the+structure+of+the+tachocline+and+of+the+Sun%27s+subsurface&amp;rft.volume=355&amp;rft.pages=365-374&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000A%26A...355..365G&amp;rft.aulast=Godier&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Rozelot%2C+J.-P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.springer.de%2Fpapers%2F0355001%2F2300365.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perfect_sphere-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perfect_sphere_35-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jones, G. 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Princeton University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeyfromcente0000zirk/page/119">119–120</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-691-05781-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-691-05781-1">978-0-691-05781-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Journey+from+the+Center+of+the+Sun&amp;rft.pages=119-120&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-05781-1&amp;rft.aulast=Zirker&amp;rft.aufirst=J.B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneyfromcente0000zirk%2Fpage%2F119&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lang_68-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lang, Kenneth R. (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <i>The Sun from Space</i>. Springer-Verlag. p.&#160;75. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3-540-76952-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3-540-76952-1">978-3-540-76952-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sun+from+Space&amp;rft.pages=75&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-76952-1&amp;rft.aulast=Lang&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zirker2002-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zirker2002_69-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Zirker, J.B. 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Princeton University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeyfromcente0000zirk/page/120">120–127</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-691-05781-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-691-05781-1">978-0-691-05781-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Journey+from+the+Center+of+the+Sun&amp;rft.pages=120-127&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-05781-1&amp;rft.aulast=Zirker&amp;rft.aufirst=J.B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneyfromcente0000zirk%2Fpage%2F120&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunspot2001-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sunspot2001_70-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823050403/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/spacesci/solarexp/sunspot.htm">„The Largest Sunspot in Ten Years”</a>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2009-07-11">11 iulie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=Sun+flips+magnetic+field&amp;rft.date=2001-02-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2001%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F02%2F16%2Fsun.flips%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips2001-76"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2001_76-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Phillips, T. (<time datetime="2001-02-15">15 februarie 2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512121817/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast15feb_1.htm">„The Sun Does a Flip”</a>. NASA. 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(<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219222742/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1b67/1d20056bf7ef19d46282b01983cea0c5ca56.pdf">„Modeling the Sun's Large-Scale Magnetic Field during the Maunder Minimum”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>591</b> (2): 1248–1256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...591.1248W">2003ApJ...591.1248W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F375449">10.1086/375449</a>. 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(<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/safety2.html">„Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Eye+Safety+During+Solar+Eclipses&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Chou&amp;rft.aufirst=B.R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FSEhelp%2Fsafety2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> "<i>While environmental exposure to UV radiation is known to contribute to the accelerated aging of the outer layers of the eye and the development of cataracts, the concern over improper viewing of the Sun during an eclipse is for the development of "eclipse blindness" or retinal burns.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFHamMuellerSliney1976" class="citation journal">Ham, W.T. 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Plenum Press. pp.&#160;319–346. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-306-40328-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-306-40328-6">978-0-306-40328-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Solar+Retinopathy+as+a+function+of+Wavelength%3A+its+Significance+for+Protective+Eyewear&amp;rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Constant+Light+on+Visual+Processes&amp;rft.pages=319-346&amp;rft.pub=Plenum+Press&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-306-40328-6&amp;rft.aulast=Ham&amp;rft.aufirst=W.T.+Jr.&amp;rft.au=Mueller%2C+H.A.&amp;rft.au=Ruffolo%2C+J.J.+Jr.&amp;rft.au=Guerry%2C+D.+III&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">J.C.D. Marsh. Observing the Sun in Safety. „Journal of the British Astronomical Association”. 92 (6), s. 257, 1982. Bibcode: 1982JBAA...92..257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Kardos, T. (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=xI6EDV_PRr4C&amp;pg=PT102"><i>Earth science</i></a>. J.W. Walch. p.&#160;87. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8251-4500-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8251-4500-1">978-0-8251-4500-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Earth+science&amp;rft.pages=87&amp;rft.pub=J.W.+Walch&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8251-4500-1&amp;rft.aulast=Kardos&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DxI6EDV_PRr4C%26pg%3DPT102&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonald-177"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald_177-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Macdonald, Lee (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). „2. Equipment for Observing the Sun”. <i>How to Observe the Sun Safely</i>. Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series. New York: Springer Science + Business Media. p.&#160;17. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3825-0_2">10.1007/978-1-4614-3825-0_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-4614-3824-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-4614-3824-3">978-1-4614-3824-3</a>. <q>NEVER LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE SUN THROUGH ANY FORM OF OPTICAL EQUIPMENT, EVEN FOR AN INSTANT. A brief glimpse of the Sun through a telescope is enough to cause permanent eye damage, or even blindness. Even looking at the Sun with the naked eye for more than a second or two is not safe. 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BBC. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/greenflash.shtml">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-12-16">16 decembrie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-10">10 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Green+Flash&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather%2Ffeatures%2Funderstanding%2Fgreenflash.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFBarsh2003" class="citation journal">Barsh, G.S. (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC212702">„What Controls Variation in Human Skin Color?”</a>. <i>PLoS Biology</i>. <b>1</b> (1): e7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000027">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC212702">212702</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551921">14551921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=What+Controls+Variation+in+Human+Skin+Color%3F&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e7&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC212702&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14551921&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000027&amp;rft.aulast=Barsh&amp;rft.aufirst=G.S.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC212702&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ASoare" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div></div></small> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismologie" title="Helioseismologie">Helioseismologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">Stea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Constantă solară">Constantă solară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEn_lan%C8%9B_proton%E2%80%93proton" title="Reacție în lanț proton–proton">Reacție în lanț proton–proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul Solar">Sistemul Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_Scorpii" title="18 Scorpii">18 Scorpii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_galben%C4%83" title="Pitică galbenă">Pitică galbenă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83" title="Eclipsă">Eclipsă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_celor_mai_str%C4%83lucitoare_stele" title="Lista celor mai strălucitoare stele">Lista celor mai strălucitoare stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_solar%C4%83" title="Astronomie solară">Astronomie solară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halou" title="Halou">Halou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afeliu" class="mw-redirect" title="Afeliu">Afeliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periheliu" class="mw-redirect" title="Periheliu">Periheliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxul_Soarelui_slab_timpuriu" title="Paradoxul Soarelui slab timpuriu">Paradoxul Soarelui slab timpuriu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_solar%C4%83" title="Radiație solară">Radiație solară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_viitorului_%C3%AEndep%C4%83rtat" title="Cronologia viitorului îndepărtat">Cronologia viitorului îndepărtat</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soare&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa; color:var(--color-base, #000);"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin:auto;text-align:center;">Puteți găsi mai multe informații despre <b>Sun</b> prin căutarea în proiectele similare ale Wikipediei, grupate sub denumirea generică de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sister_projects" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Sister projects">„proiecte surori”</a>: </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Sun">Definiții și traduceri</a> în Wikționar </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Sun">Imagini și media</a> la Commons </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sun">Citate</a> la Wikicitat </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sun">Texte sursă</a> la Wikisursă </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sun">Manuale</a> la Wikimanuale </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sun" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Sun">Resurse de studiu</a> la Wikiversitate </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/">Nasa SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) satellite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nso.edu/">National Solar Observatory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408014721/http://www.nso.edu/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-04-08">8 aprilie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-30-the-sun-spots-and-all/">Astronomy Cast: The Sun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/10/the_sun.html">A collection of spectacular images of the Sun from various institutions</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrim.com/">Satellite observations of solar luminosity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611210135/http://www.acrim.com/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2017-06-11">11 iunie 2017</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001081332/http://www.suntrek.org/">Sun|Trek, an educational website about the Sun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050518081349/http://www.solarphysics.kva.se/">The Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope, SST</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/sunStructure.html">An animated explanation of the structure of the Sun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810133537/http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/sunStructure.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-08-10">10 august 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Universitatea din Glamorgan)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpMRtvFD8ek&amp;hl=fr">Animation – The Future of the Sun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315111135/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2010/12mar_conveyorbelt.htm">Solar Conveyor Belt Speeds Up</a>&#160;– NASA&#160;– imagini</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-41gAPmUG0&amp;feature=youtube_gdata&amp;ab_channel=NASAGoddard">NASA 5-year timelapse video of the Sun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tmbeLTHC_0">Sun in Ultra High Definition</a> NASA 11 ianuarie 2015</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Sistemul_solar" title="Format:Sistemul solar"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Sistemul_solar" title="Discuție Format:Sistemul solar"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Sistemul_solar&amp;action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul solar</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Solar_System_Template_Final.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_b58697f1be6c2d94" /></span><map name="ImageMap_b58697f1be6c2d94"><area href="/wiki/Soare" shape="circle" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="Soarele" title="Soarele" /><area href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercur" title="Mercur" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" shape="circle" coords="203,8,4" alt="Luna" title="Luna" /><area href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" shape="circle" coords="194,18,8" alt="Pământ" title="Pământ" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" shape="circle" coords="239,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Marte" title="Sateliții lui Marte" /><area href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Marte" title="Marte" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,8" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Centura_de_asteroizi" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="Centura de asteroizi" title="Centura de asteroizi" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,18,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,5,6" alt="Sateliții lui Jupiter" title="Sateliții lui Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,10" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Sateliții lui Saturn" title="Sateliții lui Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,9" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Sateliții lui Uranus" title="Sateliții lui Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" shape="circle" coords="471,10,3" alt="Sateliții lui Neptun" title="Sateliții lui Neptun" /><area href="/wiki/Neptun_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptun" title="Neptun" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Pluton" shape="circle" coords="508,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Pluton" title="Sateliții lui Pluton" /><area href="/wiki/Pluton" shape="circle" coords="504,18,8" alt="Pluton" title="Pluton" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="539,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Haumea" title="Sateliții lui Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="535,18,8" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="564,18,8" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" shape="rect" coords="492,0,573,35" alt="Centura Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Eris" shape="circle" coords="601,14,3" alt="Sateliții lui Eris" title="Sateliții lui Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="597,18,8" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Discul_%C3%AEmpr%C4%83%C8%99tiat" shape="rect" coords="574,0,610,35" alt="Discul împrăștiat" title="Discul împrăștiat" /><area href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Oort" shape="rect" coords="611,0,635,35" alt="Norul lui Oort" title="Norul lui Oort" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">Stea</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soarele</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <small> (<a href="/wiki/Heliosfer%C4%83" title="Heliosferă">Heliosferă</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">Planete</a> <small>(și <a href="/wiki/Satelit_natural" title="Satelit natural">sateliți</a>)</small></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lună">Luna</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" title="Marte (planetă)">Marte</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Marte">sateliți</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Jupiter" title="Inelele lui Jupiter">inele</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Saturn">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Saturn" title="Inelele lui Saturn">inele</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Uranus">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Uranus" title="Inelele lui Uranus">inele</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Neptun_(planet%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptun (planetă)">Neptun</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Neptun">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Neptun" title="Inelele lui Neptun">inele</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">Planete pitice</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Ceres (planetă pitică)">Ceres</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_lui_Pluto" title="Sateliții lui Pluto">sateliți</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Haumea (planetă pitică)">Haumea</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Haumea" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Haumea">sateliți</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Makemake (planetă pitică)">Makemake</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Eris (planetă pitică)">Eris</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(satelit)" title="Dysnomia (satelit)">satelit</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Probabil planete pitice</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">satelit</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sedna" title="Sedna">Sedna</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Vanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanth">satelit</a>)</small> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/(225088)_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="(225088) Gonggong">Gonggong</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangliu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiangliu — pagină inexistentă">satelit</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">2002 MS4</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia#Satelit" title="120347 Salacia">satelit</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Obiecte mici</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_minor%C4%83" title="Planetă minoră">Planete minore</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lista_planetelor_minore" title="Lista planetelor minore">listă</a>)</small></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroizi</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_asteroizi_notabili" title="Listă de asteroizi notabili">listă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; 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</td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProject"><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Proiect:Astronomie" title="Proiect:Astronomie">Proiect</a></b>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sistemul_solar" title="Portal:Sistemul solar">Portal</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Soarele" title="Format:Soarele"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Soarele" title="Discuție Format:Soarele"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Soarele&amp;action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soarele</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Modelul_standard_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modelul standard solar">Structura internă</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleul_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleul solar">Nucleul solar</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zona_radiativ%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona radiativă">Zona radiativă</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zona_convectiv%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona convectivă">Zona convectivă</a> </span></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/200px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/300px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/400px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="3860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Atmosfer%C4%83_stelar%C4%83" title="Atmosferă stelară">Atmosfera</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Fotosfer%C4%83" title="Fotosferă">Fotosfera</a></span></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Supergranula%C8%9Bie" title="Supergranulație">Supergranulație</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Granula%C8%9Bie_solar%C4%83" title="Granulație solară">Granulație</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Facul%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Faculă solară">Facule</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pat%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Pată solară">Pete solare</a> </span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Cromosfer%C4%83" title="Cromosferă">Cromosfera</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Plaj%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Plajă solară">Plăji</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Spicule_solare" title="Spicule solare">Spicule</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Und%C4%83_Moreton" title="Undă Moreton">Undă Moreton</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Proeminen%C8%9B%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Proeminență solară">Proeminențe</a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroană solară">Coroana</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Regiunea_de_tranzi%C8%9Bie" title="Regiunea de tranziție">Regiunea de tranziție</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Protuberan%C8%9B%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Protuberanță solară">Protuberanțe</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaur%C4%83_coronal%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaură coronală — pagină inexistentă">Gaură coronală</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ejec%C8%9Bie_de_mas%C4%83_coronal%C4%83" title="Ejecție de masă coronală">Ejecție de masă coronală</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bucl%C4%83_coronal%C4%83" title="Buclă coronală">Buclă coronală</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_de_gaze&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jet de gaze — pagină inexistentă">Jeturi de gaze</a> </span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Varia%C8%9Bie_solar%C4%83" title="Variație solară">Variații solare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ciclu_solar" title="Ciclu solar">Ciclu solar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Maximum_solar" title="Maximum solar">Maximum solar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Minimum_solar" title="Minimum solar">Minimum solar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83rul_Wolf" title="Numărul Wolf">Numărul Wolf</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Erup%C8%9Bie_solar%C4%83" title="Erupție solară">Erupție</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Helioseismologie" title="Helioseismologie">Helioseismologie</a> </span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Heliosfer%C4%83" title="Heliosferă">Heliosfera</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2nt_solar" title="Vânt solar">Vânt solar</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Heliopauz%C4%83" title="Heliopauză">Heliopauză</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bow_shock&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bow shock — pagină inexistentă">Bow shock</a> </span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Alte articole </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Luminozitate_solar%C4%83" title="Luminozitate solară">Luminozitate solară</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Masă solară">Masă solară</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Rază solară">Rază solară</a> &#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul solar</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinamica_solar%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinamica solară — pagină inexistentă">Dinamica solară</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Unitate_solar%C4%83" title="Unitate solară">Unitate solară</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_descoperirilor_%C3%AEn_fizica_soarelui" class="mw-redirect" title="Cronologia descoperirilor în fizica soarelui">Cronologia descoperirilor</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constant%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Constantă solară">Constantă solară</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Telescop_solar" title="Telescop solar">Telescop solar</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83_de_Soare" title="Eclipsă de Soare">Eclipsă</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_solar%C4%83" title="Radiație solară">Radiație</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Furtun%C4%83_geomagnetic%C4%83" title="Furtună geomagnetică">Furtună geomagnetică</a> </span></div>&#32; </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stea_pitic%C4%83" title="Stea pitică">Tip</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_galben%C4%83" title="Pitică galbenă">pitică galbenă</a></i> &#183; <a href="/wiki/Spectru_stelar" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectru stelar">Clasa spectrală</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_spectral%C4%83_Harvard#Clasa_G" title="Clasificarea spectrală Harvard">G2V</a></i> &#183; <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Categorie"><img alt="Categorie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Soare" title="Categorie:Soare">Soare</a></b> &#183; <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sistemul_solar" title="Portal:Sistemul solar">Portal Sistemul solar</a></b> &#183; <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomie" title="Portal:Astronomie">Portal Astronomie</a></b> &#183; <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soare" title="Portal:Soare">Portal Soare</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Stea" title="Format:Stea"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Stea" title="Discuție Format:Stea"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Stea&amp;action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">Stea</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bia_stelelor" title="Evoluția stelelor">Evoluția</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Apari%C8%9Bia_stelelor" title="Apariția stelelor">Apariția stelelor</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_pre-secven%C8%9Ba_principal%C4%83" title="Stea pre-secvența principală">Pre-secvența principală</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Secven%C8%9Ba_principal%C4%83" title="Secvența principală">Secvența principală</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; 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planetară</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_variabil%C4%83_albastr%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea variabilă albastră — pagină inexistentă">Stea variabilă albastră</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet" title="Stea Wolf–Rayet">Stea Wolf–Rayet</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Supernov%C4%83_fals%C4%83" title="Supernovă falsă">Supernovă falsă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Supernova" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova">Supernova</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Supernov%C4%83_de_tip_II#Hipernove" title="Supernovă de tip II">Hipernova</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Diagrama_Hertzsprung-Russell" title="Diagrama Hertzsprung-Russell">Diagrama Hertzsprung-Russell</a></div> 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href="/wiki/Obiect_Herbig%E2%80%93Haro" title="Obiect Herbig–Haro">Obiect Herbig–Haro</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linia_Hayashi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linia Hayashi — pagină inexistentă">Linia Hayashi</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limita_Hayashi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Limita Hayashi — pagină inexistentă">Limita Hayashi</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Linia_Henyey" title="Linia Henyey">Linia Henyey</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_Herbig_Ae/Be&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea Herbig Ae/Be — pagină inexistentă">Stea Herbig Ae/Be</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Clasificare_stelar%C4%83" title="Clasificare stelară">Clasificare stelară</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Stea_subpitic%C4%83" title="Stea subpitică">subpitică</a> <i>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_subpitic%C4%83_B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea subpitică B — pagină inexistentă">subpitică B</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_pitic%C4%83" title="Stea pitică">pitică</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_albastr%C4%83" title="Pitică albastră">albastră</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_portocalie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitică portocalie">portocalie</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Pitică roșie">roșie</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_galben%C4%83" title="Pitică galbenă">galbenă</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_subgigant%C4%83" title="Stea subgigantă">subgigantă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_gigant%C4%83" title="Stea gigantă">gigantă</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Gigant%C4%83_albastr%C4%83" title="Gigantă albastră">albastră</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gigant%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Gigantă roșie">roșie</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_gigant%C4%83_luminoas%C4%83" title="Stea gigantă luminoasă">gigantă luminoasă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_supergigant%C4%83" title="Stea supergigantă">supergigantă</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Supergigant%C4%83_albastr%C4%83" title="Supergigantă albastră">albastră</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Supergigant%C4%83_alb%C4%83" title="Supergigantă albă">albă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Supergigant%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Supergigantă roșie">roșie</a>· <a href="/wiki/Supergigant%C4%83_galben%C4%83" title="Supergigantă galbenă">galbenă</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_hipergigant%C4%83" title="Stea hipergigantă">hipergigantă</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Hipergigant%C4%83_galben%C4%83" title="Hipergigantă galbenă">galbenă</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_hoinar%C4%83_albastr%C4%83" title="Stea hoinară albastră">hoinară albastră</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_variabil%C4%83_de_tip_Gamma_Cassiopeiae" title="Stea variabilă de tip Gamma Cassiopeiae">scoică</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_peculiar%C4%83" title="Stea peculiară">peculiară</a> <i>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_Ap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea Ap — pagină inexistentă">Ap</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_de_Bariu" class="mw-redirect" title="Stea de Bariu">Bariu</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_de_carbon" title="Stea de carbon">Carbon</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_CH&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea CH — pagină inexistentă">CH</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_de_Mercur-Mangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stea de Mercur-Mangan">Mercur-Mangan</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_Am&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea Am — pagină inexistentă">Am</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_tip_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Stea tip S">tip S</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_de_techne%C8%9Biu" title="Stea de technețiu">Technețiu</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_variabil%C4%83" title="Stea variabilă">variabilă</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Stea_variabil%C4%83_neregulat%C4%83" title="Stea variabilă neregulată">neregulată</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_variabil%C4%83_semiregulat%C4%83" title="Stea variabilă semiregulată">semiregulată</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_variabil%C4%83_Orion" title="Stea variabilă Orion">Orion</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Steaua_Polar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Steaua Polară">Steaua Polară (<i>în raport cu Pământul</i>)</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_polar%C4%83" title="Stea polară">Stea polară</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Stea_compact%C4%83" title="Stea compactă">Rămășite stelare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_alb%C4%83" title="Pitică albă">Pitică albă</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_neagr%C4%83" title="Pitică neagră">Pitică neagră</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_de_heliu" title="Planetă de heliu">Planetă de heliu</a></i>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_neutronic%C4%83" title="Stea neutronică">Stea neutronică</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gaur%C4%83_neagr%C4%83_stelar%C4%83" title="Gaură neagră stelară">Gaură neagră stelară</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gaur%C4%83_neagr%C4%83" title="Gaură neagră">Gaură neagră</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Stea_compact%C4%83" title="Stea compactă">Stele exotice</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Stea_Quark" class="mw-redirect" title="Stea Quark">Stea Quark</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_din_preoni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea din preoni — pagină inexistentă">Stea din preoni</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_Q" title="Stea Q">Stea Q</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzzball&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzzball — pagină inexistentă">Fuzzball</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_Boson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea Boson — pagină inexistentă">Stea Boson</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravastar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravastar — pagină inexistentă">Gravastar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_cu_energie_neagr%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea cu energie neagră — pagină inexistentă">Stea cu energie neagră</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_neagr%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea neagră — pagină inexistentă">Stea neagră</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_electroslab%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea electroslabă — pagină inexistentă">Stea electroslabă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/MECO" title="MECO">MECO</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_de_fier" title="Stea de fier">Stea de fier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obiecte_substelare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Obiecte substelare — pagină inexistentă">Obiecte substelare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie" title="Pitică cenușie">Pitică cenușie</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sub-pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-pitică cenușie">Sub-pitică cenușie</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_tip_planetar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea tip planetar — pagină inexistentă">Planetar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_neagr%C4%83_cu_materie_neagr%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea neagră cu materie neagră — pagină inexistentă">Stea neagră cu materie neagră</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Modelul_standard_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modelul standard solar">Structura stelară</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_solar" title="Nucleu solar">Nucleu</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Zon%C4%83_convectiv%C4%83" title="Zonă convectivă">Zonă convectivă</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Microturbulen%C8%9Be&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Microturbulențe — pagină inexistentă">Microturbulențe</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Oscila%C8%9Bii_de_tip_solar" title="Oscilații de tip solar">Oscilații</a>) &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Zon%C4%83_radiativ%C4%83" title="Zonă radiativă">Zonă radiativă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Fotosfer%C4%83" title="Fotosferă">Fotosferă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Pat%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Pată solară">Pete stelare</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cromosfer%C4%83" title="Cromosferă">Cromosferă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_solar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroană solară">Coroana</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2nt_stelar" title="Vânt stelar">Vânt stelar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Asteroseismologie" title="Asteroseismologie">Asteroseismologie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Nucleosintez%C4%83" title="Nucleosinteză">Nucleosinteză</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Procesul_alpha" title="Procesul alpha">Procesul alpha</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Procesul_triplu-alfa" title="Procesul triplu-alfa">Procesul triplu-alfa</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan%C8%9Bul_Proton-proton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanțul Proton-proton — pagină inexistentă">Lanțul Proton-proton</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium_flash&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Helium flash — pagină inexistentă">Helium flash</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciclul_CNO&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciclul CNO — pagină inexistentă">Ciclul CNO</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arderea_carbonului&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arderea carbonului — pagină inexistentă">Arderea carbonului</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arderea_neonului&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arderea neonului — pagină inexistentă">Arderea neonului</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arderea_oxigenului&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arderea oxigenului — pagină inexistentă">Arderea oxigenului</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arderea_siliciului&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arderea siliciului — pagină inexistentă">Arderea siliciului</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Procesul_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Procesul S">Procesul S</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procesul_R&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Procesul R — pagină inexistentă">Procesul R</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Proprietăți </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Stea_circumpolar%C4%83" title="Stea circumpolară">Stea circumpolară</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Denumirea_stelelor" title="Denumirea stelelor">Denumire</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Dinamic%C4%83_stelar%C4%83" title="Dinamică stelară">Dinamica</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83_efectiv%C4%83" title="Temperatură efectivă">Temperatură efectivă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cinematic%C4%83_stelar%C4%83" title="Cinematică stelară">Cinematică</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99care_proprie" title="Mișcare proprie">Mișcare proprie</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Vitez%C4%83_radial%C4%83" title="Viteză radială">Viteză radială</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic_stelar" title="Câmp magnetic stelar">Câmp magnetic</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_(astronomie)" title="Magnitudine (astronomie)">Magnitudine</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_absolut%C4%83" title="Magnitudine absolută">absolută</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_aparent%C4%83" title="Magnitudine aparentă">aparentă</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_fotografic%C4%83" title="Magnitudine fotografică">fotografică</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Masă solară">Masă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Metalicitate" title="Metalicitate">Metalicitate</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistem_planetar" title="Sistem planetar">Sistem planetar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Rota%C8%9Bie_stelar%C4%83" title="Rotație stelară">Rotație</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistem_stelar" title="Sistem stelar">Sistem stelar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stea_binar%C4%83" title="Stea binară">binar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_binar%C4%83_cu_contact" title="Stea binară cu contact">binară cu contact</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Binar%C4%83_spectroscopic%C4%83" title="Binară spectroscopică">Binară spectroscopică</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Binar%C4%83_cu_eclipse" title="Binară cu eclipse">Binară cu eclipse</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_multipl%C4%83" title="Stea multiplă">multiplă</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistem_fotometric_UBV" title="Sistem fotometric UBV">UBV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_stelelor" title="Lista stelelor">Liste</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_stelelor_dup%C4%83_nume&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista stelelor după nume — pagină inexistentă">Nume de stele</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Lista_celor_mai_masive_stele" title="Lista celor mai masive stele">Masive</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Lista_celor_mai_mari_stele" title="Lista celor mai mari stele">Mari</a>· <a href="/wiki/Lista_celor_mai_str%C4%83lucitoare_stele" title="Lista celor mai strălucitoare stele">Strălucitoare</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Lista_celor_mai_apropiate_stele" title="Lista celor mai apropiate stele">Apropiate</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Lista_stelelor_cu_sistem_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista stelelor cu sistem solar">Cu sistem solar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_pitice_albe" title="Listă de pitice albe">Pitice albe</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=List%C4%83_de_descoperiri_%C3%AEn_astronomie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Listă de descoperiri în astronomie — pagină inexistentă">Cronologia descoperirilor în astronomie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Știință învechită </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_%C3%AEntunecat%C4%83_(mecanica_newtonian%C4%83)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea întunecată (mecanica newtoniană) — pagină inexistentă">Stea întunecată newtoniană</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Stea#Clasificarea_stelelor" title="Stea">Alte clasificări</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">După existența sateliților</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Stea_dubl%C4%83" title="Stea dublă">Stea dublă</a> <i>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_dubl%C4%83_optic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea dublă optic — pagină inexistentă">optic</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stea_dubl%C4%83_fizic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stea dublă fizic — pagină inexistentă">fizic</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stea_multipl%C4%83" title="Stea multiplă">Stea multiplă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistem_planetar" title="Sistem planetar">Sistem planetar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">După modul de grupare în spațiu</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bie_stelar%C4%83" title="Asociație stelară">Asociație stelară</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Roi_stelar" title="Roi stelar">Roi stelar</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Roi_deschis" title="Roi deschis">deschis</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Roi_globular" title="Roi globular">globular</a>)</i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">Galaxie</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Diferite stele </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soarele</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Capella" title="Capella">Capella</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Altair" title="Altair">Altair</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Achernar" title="Achernar">Achernar</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Format:Cele_mai_str%C4%83lucitoare_%C8%99apte_stele_de_bolta_cereasc%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Format:Cele mai strălucitoare șapte stele de bolta cerească">în ordinea strălucirii pe bolta cereaască</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Alte articole </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_spectral%C4%83_Harvard" title="Clasificarea spectrală Harvard">Clasificarea spectrală Harvard</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Asterism" title="Asterism">Asterism</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">Planetă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sistem_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem Solar">Sistem Solar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație">Gravitație</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supraaglomera%C8%9Bie_de_galaxii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Supraaglomerație de galaxii — pagină inexistentă">Supraaglomerație</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aglomera%C8%9Bie_de_stele&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aglomerație de stele — pagină inexistentă">Aglomerație </a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Formate wiki </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Stea" title="Format:Infocaseta Stea">Infocaseta Stea</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Format:Formate_Astronomie" title="Format:Formate Astronomie">Format:Formate Astronomie</a></div>&#32; </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Proiect:Astronomie" title="Proiect:Astronomie">Proiect Astronomie</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/15px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/23px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/30px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stea" title="Portal:Stea">Portal Stea</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <div class="noprint" style="background-color: #F5F5F5; border: 1px solid #ccc; clear: both; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 4px; text-align: center; font-size: 95%; -moz-border-radius: 0.8em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.8em; border-radius:0.8em;"> <ul><li style="display:inline; white-space:nowrap;"><span style="margin:auto 1.5em; margin-right:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sistemul_Solar" title="Portal:Sistemul Solar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/High_School_Earth_Science_Cover.jpg/32px-High_School_Earth_Science_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/High_School_Earth_Science_Cover.jpg/48px-High_School_Earth_Science_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/High_School_Earth_Science_Cover.jpg/64px-High_School_Earth_Science_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="2024" /></a></span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Sistemul Solar">Portal Sistemul Solar</a></b></i></span></li></ul> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX456637">XX456637</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976333j">cb11976333j</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976333j">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1236963652">1236963652</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85130462">sh85130462</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046626">10046626</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00616878">00616878</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph118090&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">ph118090</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/313030132">313030132</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/313030132">313030132</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐djfgr Cached time: 20241122202400 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.430 seconds Real time usage: 1.676 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 16184/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 713123/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 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href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_ce_folosesc_cit%C4%83ri_cu_dat%C4%83_a_acces%C4%83rii_dar_f%C4%83r%C4%83_URL" title="Categorie:Pagini ce folosesc citări cu dată a accesării dar fără URL">Pagini ce folosesc citări cu dată a accesării dar fără URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Categorie:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_ce_folosesc_leg%C4%83turi_automate_c%C4%83tre_ISBN" title="Categorie:Pagini ce folosesc legături automate către ISBN">Pagini ce folosesc legături automate către ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_cu_note_flexibile_de_dimensiune_diferit%C4%83" title="Categorie:Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune diferită">Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune diferită</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_BNE" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BNE">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_BNF" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BNF">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_GND" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori GND">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_LCCN" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori LCCN">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_NARA" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NARA">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NARA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_NDL" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NDL">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_NKC" 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