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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristici_fizice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristici_fizice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Caracteristici fizice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caracteristici_fizice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Caracteristici fizice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici_fizice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Geografie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologie_de_suprafață" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologie_de_suprafață"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Geologie de suprafață </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologie_de_suprafață-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structura_internă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structura_internă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Structura internă </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structura_internă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosferă_și_climă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosferă_și_climă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Atmosferă și climă </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosferă_și_climă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbită_și_rotație" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbită_și_rotație"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Orbită și rotație </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbită_și_rotație-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Observare </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observare subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Faze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tranzit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tranzit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tranzit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tranzit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentagrama_lui_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentagrama_lui_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Pentagrama lui Venus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentagrama_lui_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apariții_în_timpul_zilei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apariții_în_timpul_zilei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Apariții în timpul zilei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apariții_în_timpul_zilei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lumina_cenușie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumina_cenușie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Lumina cenușie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumina_cenușie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Studii </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Studii-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Studii subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Studii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Observații_timpurii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observații_timpurii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Observații timpurii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observații_timpurii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cercetare_de_la_sol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cercetare_de_la_sol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cercetare de la sol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cercetare_de_la_sol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explorare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explorare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Explorare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explorare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primele_misiuni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primele_misiuni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Primele misiuni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primele_misiuni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrarea_în_atmosferă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrarea_în_atmosferă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Intrarea în atmosferă </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrarea_în_atmosferă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studii_de_atmosferă_și_suprafață" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studii_de_atmosferă_și_suprafață"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Studii de atmosferă și suprafață </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studii_de_atmosferă_și_suprafață-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hărți_radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hărți_radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Hărți radar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hărți_radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observarea_atmosferei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observarea_atmosferei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Observarea atmosferei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observarea_atmosferei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misiuni_viitoare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misiuni_viitoare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 Misiuni viitoare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misiuni_viitoare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Note </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Referințe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Vezi și </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legături externe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Comută cuprinsul </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Venus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 249 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-249" aria-hidden="true" > 249 limbi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%98%E1%88%83%E1%88%AB" title="ዘሃራ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዘሃራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frig_(tungol)" title="Frig (tungol) – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Frig (tungol)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शुक्र – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शुक्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الزهرة – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الزهرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8)" title="ڤينوس (كوكب) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤينوس (كوكب)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فينوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فينوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শুক্ৰ গ্ৰহ – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শুক্ৰ গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्र ग्रह – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="शुक्र ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(planet)" title="Venera (planet) – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Venera (planet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زؤهره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زؤهره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сулпан – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сулпан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus" title="Vénus – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vénus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C5%A1ruos_%C5%BEvaizdie" title="Aušruos žvaizdie – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Aušruos žvaizdie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makakadanlag" title="Makakadanlag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Makakadanlag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вэнэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэнэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorah" title="Jorah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jorah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="शुक (ग्रह) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शुक (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শুক্র গ্রহ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শুক্র গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="པ་སངས། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་སངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_(planedenn)" title="Gwener (planedenn) – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwener (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Баасан (гараг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Баасан (гараг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ADng-s%C4%ADng" title="Gĭng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benus" title="Benus – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Benus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎠᎾᏥᏍᏓᏂᎵ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎾᏥᏍᏓᏂᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ڤینۆس – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤینۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archives/%E1%90%8B%E1%90%A7%E1%93%AD_%E1%90%8A%E1%91%96%E1%95%81" title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐋᐧᓭ ᐊᑖᕁ – cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐋᐧᓭ ᐊᑖᕁ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87olpan" title="Çolpan – turcă crimeeană" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çolpan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turcă crimeeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu%C5%A1e_(planeta)" title="Venuše (planeta) – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Venuše (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus" title="Wenus – cașubiană" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wenus" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="cașubiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Дьньница – slavonă" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Дьньница" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_(planed)" title="Gwener (planed) – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwener (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planet)" title="Venus (planet) – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C9%9B%C5%8Bmariga" title="Biɛŋmariga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Biɛŋmariga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyenkyo%C9%94laa" title="Kyenkyoɔlaa – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Kyenkyoɔlaa" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cier" title="Cier – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cier" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus_(planet)" title="Wenus (planet) – sorabă de jos" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wenus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="sorabă de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्रग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शुक्रग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Αφροδίτη (πλανήτης) – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφροδίτη (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8ner_(astronom%C3%A9ia)" title="Vèner (astronoméia) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vèner (astronoméia)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuso_(planedo)" title="Venuso (planedo) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venuso (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenus" title="Veenus – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veenus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artizarra" title="Artizarra – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artizarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu_(praneta)" title="Venu (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Venu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زهره – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زهره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veen%C3%BCs" title="Veenüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Veenüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Vénus (planète) – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vénus (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nus_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Vènus (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vènus (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenus" title="Fenus – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fenus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenus_(planeet)" title="Fenus (planeet) – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fenus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ineas_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Véineas (pláinéad) – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Véineas (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kervank%C4%B1ran" title="Kervankıran – găgăuză" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kervankıran" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="găgăuză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nis_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Vénis (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vénis (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%ACbhinn_(planaid)" title="An Rìbhinn (planaid) – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Rìbhinn (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="رۊجا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊجا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyja_Ko%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Mbyja Ko'ẽ – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyja Ko'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शुक्र – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="शुक्र" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="શુક્ર (ગ્રહ) – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શુક્ર (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCli%27wai" title="Jüli'wai – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Jüli'wai" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlag" title="Badlag – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Badlag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEm-s%C3%AAn" title="Kîm-sên – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kîm-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABloa" title="Hōkūloa – hawaiiană" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōkūloa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="נוגה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शुक्र – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शुक्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhrgrah" title="Sukhrgrah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sukhrgrah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus" title="Wenus – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wenus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venis_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Venis (planèt) – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Venis (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nusz" title="Vénusz – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vénusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Վեներա (մոլորակ) – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեներա (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Արուսեակ (մոլորակ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արուսեակ (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvlu%C4%A1iaqpak" title="Uvluġiaqpak – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uvluġiaqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benus" title="Benus – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Benus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuso" title="Venuso – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Venuso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(reikistjarna)" title="Venus (reikistjarna) – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Venus (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_(astronomia)" title="Venere (astronomia) – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venere (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%96%E1%93%84%E1%94%85" title="ᕖᓄᔅ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕖᓄᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinos" title="Viinos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Viinos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/venus" title="venus – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="venus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ვენერა – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვენერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatrit_(amtiweg)" title="Tatrit (amtiweg) – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tatrit (amtiweg)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniis%C9%A9" title="Feniisɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Feniisɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1na%CC%B1ndan" title="A̱na̱ndan – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱na̱ndan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%27anda" title="Ng'anda – congoleză" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ng'anda" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="congoleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venasi" title="Venasi – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Venasi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Шолпан (ғаламшар) – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шолпан (ғаламшар)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ភពសុក្រ – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភពសុក្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶುಕ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶುಕ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%84%B1" title="금성 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – karaceai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaceai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="شۆکُر – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شۆکُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenu%C3%9F_(Planneet)" title="Veenuß (Planneet) – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Veenuß (Planneet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelaw%C3%AAj_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Gelawêj (gerstêrk) – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gelawêj (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_(planet)" title="Gwener (planet) – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwener (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чолпон – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чолпон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Venus (Planéit) – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Venus (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet) – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Venus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_(astronomia)" title="Venere (astronomia) – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Venere (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vener_(pianeta)" title="Vener (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vener (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokw%C9%9Bt%C9%9B" title="Mokwɛtɛ – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokwɛtɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81" title="ດາວສຸກ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວສຸກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(planeta)" title="Venera (planeta) – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Venera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Venera (planēta) – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Venera (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Циле – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Циле" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venosy_(planeta)" title="Venosy (planeta) – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Venosy (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88%D3%B1%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Чолгашӱдыр – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чолгашӱдыр" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="ശുക്രൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശുക്രൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сугар – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сугар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯏꯂꯥꯢ ꯊꯄꯤ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯂꯥꯢ ꯊꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्र ग्रह – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शुक्र ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhrah" title="Zuhrah – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zuhrah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_(pjaneta)" title="Venere (pjaneta) – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Venere (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nus" title="Bénus – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bénus" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="သောကြာဂြိုဟ် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောကြာဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="روجا – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روجا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlalpol" title="Citlalpol – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlalpol" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere" title="Venere – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Venere" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet) – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Venus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्रग्रह – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शुक्रग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="लुँनगु – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुँनगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Venus" title="Planeten Venus – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Venus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%B0%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%9F%DF%8F" title="ߛߌ߰ߟߏߟߏ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߌ߰ߟߏߟߏ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biinis" title="Biinis – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biinis" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nthand%C3%A1" title="Nthandá – nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nthandá" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nus_(planeta)" title="Vènus (planeta) – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vènus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkalcha" title="Bakkalcha – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bakkalcha" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ଶୁକ୍ର – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶୁକ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бонвæрнон – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бонвæрнон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulundagis" title="Sulundagis – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sulundagis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – pidgin nigerian" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="pidgin nigerian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus" title="Wenus – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wenus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nere" title="Vénere – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vénere" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="وینس (سیارا) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وینس (سیارا)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زهره – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زهره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(planeta)" title="Vénus (planeta) – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vénus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27aska" title="Ch'aska – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'aska" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planet)" title="Venus (planet) – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Venus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukor" title="Shukor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Shukor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umubumbe_wa_Venus" title="Umubumbe wa Venus – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umubumbe wa Venus" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="शुक्रः – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शुक्रः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D2%A5%D1%8D" title="Дьэллэҥэ – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьэллэҥэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nere_(praneta)" title="Vènere (praneta) – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vènere (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8niri_(pianeta)" title="Vèniri (pianeta) – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vèniri (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="وينس – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وينس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – sami de nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(planeta)" title="Venera (planeta) – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Venera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama%E1%B8%8Dan" title="Amaḍan – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amaḍan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="සිකුරු ග්‍රහලොව – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිකුරු ග්‍රහලොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu%C5%A1a" title="Venuša – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Venuša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hweva" title="Hweva – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hweva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxaraxir" title="Waxaraxir – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waxaraxir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venusi" title="Venusi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Venusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhara" title="Juhara – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Juhara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhura" title="Zuhura – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zuhura" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynus" title="Wynus – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wynus" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="வெள்ளி (கோள்) – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளி (கோள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="శుక్రుడు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శుక్రుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зуҳра – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зуҳра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวศุกร์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวศุกร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenera" title="Wenera – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wenera" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benus_(planeta)" title="Benus (planeta) – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Benus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%BCs" title="Venüs – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Venüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Чулпан (планета) – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чулпан (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%B9rua" title="Taùrua – tahitiană" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Taùrua" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шолбан – tuvană" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Шолбан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ۋېنېرا – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋېنېرا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%81" title="زہرہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زہرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(sayyora)" title="Venera (sayyora) – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Venera (sayyora)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nere_(astronomia)" title="Vènere (astronomia) – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vènere (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vener" title="Vener – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vener" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Kim" title="Sao Kim – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venud" title="Venud – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Venud" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoele_do_bierdj%C3%AE" title="Sitoele do bierdjî – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sitoele do bierdjî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weenus" title="Weenus – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Weenus" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Венера һариг – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Венера һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVenus" title="IVenus – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IVenus" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="ვენერა (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვენერა (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ווענוס – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווענוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80g%C3%B9%C3%A0l%C3%A0" title="Àgùàlà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àgùàlà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqhaemh" title="Ndaundeiqhaemh – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqhaemh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%99%BD" title="太白 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="太白" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Kim-chheⁿ – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNokhwezi" title="UNokhwezi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNokhwezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a">Articol</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Venus&id=16662352&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini">Citează acest articol</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVenus">Obține URL scurtat</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVenus">Descărcați codul QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Venus">Creare carte</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g">Element Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Acest articol se referă la o planetă. Pentru alte sensuri, vedeți <a href="/wiki/Venus_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="Venus (dezambiguizare)">Venus (dezambiguizare)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border-collapse:collapse"><caption class="" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><big>Venus</big> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></caption> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg/405px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg/540px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1096" /></a> Venus în culori reale, fotografie realizată de <a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> în 1974 procesată cu două filtre; suprafața este întunecată de nori groși de acid sulfuric</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #F5F5DC">Caracteristicile orbitei</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Afeliu</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">108.939.000 km</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Periheliu</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">107.477.000 km</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Axa semimajoră</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">108.208.000 km</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Excentricitate_orbital%C4%83" title="Excentricitate orbitală">Excentricitate</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,006772 <a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_sinodic%C4%83" title="Perioadă sinodică">Per.orbitală</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">224,701 zile <a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a> 0,615198 ani 1,92 zile solare venusiene</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_sinodic%C4%83" title="Perioadă sinodică">Per.sinodică</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">583,92 zile <a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Vitez%C4%83_orbital%C4%83" title="Viteză orbitală">Viteză orbitală</a> medie</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">35,02 km/s</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Anomalie_medie" title="Anomalie medie">Anomalie medie</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">50,115°</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclina%C8%9Bie_orbital%C4%83" title="Înclinație orbitală">Înclinație orbitală</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">3,39458° față de <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic%C4%83" title="Ecliptică">planul eliptic</a> 3,86° față de ecuatorul Soarelui 2,19° față de planul invariabil<a href="#cite_note-meanplane-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Longitudinea_nodului_ascendent" title="Longitudinea nodului ascendent">Longitudinea nodului ascendent</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">76,680° <a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Argumentul_periastrului" title="Argumentul periastrului">Argumentul periastrului</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">54,884°</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_natural" title="Satelit natural">Sateliți</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #F5F5DC">Caracteristici fizice</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Raza medie</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">6,051.8 ± 1,0 km <a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Aplatizare" title="Aplatizare">Aplatizare</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0 <a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Suprafață</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">4,6023×108 km2</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Volum</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">9,2843×1011 km3</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Masă</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">4,8675×1024 kg <a href="#cite_note-Konopliv1999-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Densitatea medie</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">5,243 g/m3</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Gravitația de suprafață</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">8,87 m/s2</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Viteza_de_eliberare" class="mw-redirect" title="Viteza de eliberare">Viteza de eliberare</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">10,36 km/s <a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_rota%C8%9Bie" title="Perioadă de rotație">Per.de rotație</a> siderală</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">−243,025 zile (<a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99care_prograd%C4%83_%C8%99i_mi%C8%99care_retrograd%C4%83" title="Mișcare progradă și mișcare retrogradă">retrogradă</a>) <a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Viteză de rotație ecuatorială</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">6,52 km/h (1,81 m/s)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclinare_axial%C4%83" title="Înclinare axială">Înclinare axială</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">2,64° (pt.totația retrogradă) 177,36° (față de orbită)<a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Ascensie_dreapt%C4%83" title="Ascensie dreaptă">Ascensie dreaptă</a> pol nord</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">272,76°; 18h 11m 2s<a href="#cite_note-iauwg_ccrsps2000-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Declina%C8%9Bie" title="Declinație">Declinație</a> pol nord</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">67,16°</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">0,76 (Bond) <a href="#cite_note-Haus_et_al-9">[8]</a> 0,689 (<a href="/wiki/Albedo_geometric" title="Albedo geometric">geometric</a>) <a href="#cite_note-Mallama_et_al-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px">Temperatură medie</th><td class="" style="padding:2px">737 K <a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a> 464 °C 867 °F</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_aparent%C4%83" title="Magnitudine aparentă">Magnitudine aparentă</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">−4,92 la −2,98 <a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Diametru_unghiular" title="Diametru unghiular">Diametru unghiular</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">29,7″–66.0″ <a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #F5F5DC">Atmosferă</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Presiune_atmosferic%C4%83" title="Presiune atmosferică">Presiunea la supraf.</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">92 bari (9,2 MPa)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px"><a href="/wiki/Chimie_atmosferic%C4%83" title="Chimie atmosferică">Compoziție atmoferică</a></th><td class="" style="padding:2px">96,5% <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a> 3,5% <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">azot</a> 0,015% <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_sulf" title="Dioxid de sulf">dioxid de sulf</a> 0,0070% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> 0,0020% <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">vapori de apă</a> 0,0017% <a href="/wiki/Monoxid_de_carbon" title="Monoxid de carbon">monoxid de carbon</a> 0,0012% <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu</a> 0,0007% <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> Venus cunoscut și ca Luceafărul este a doua <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">planetă</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soare</a>. Este numită după <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mitologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (mitologie)">zeița romană a iubirii și frumuseții</a>. Este al treilea obiect natural ca luminozitate pe cerul nopții după <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soare</a> și <a href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lună">Lună</a>. Mărimea sa stelară observată atinge -4,6 m și este suficientă pentru ca lumina reflectată din Venus să creeze umbre; rareori este vizibilă cu ochiul liber și în timpul zilei.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Deoarece Venus este mai aproape de Soare decât de Pământ, este întotdeauna vizibilă la o distanță unghiulară scurtă de acesta; alungirea sa maximă este de 47,8 °. Distanța lui Venus față de Pământ variază de la aproximativ 40 de milioane de km până la aproximativ 259 de milioane de km. Situată la circa 108 milioane km de <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soare</a>, Venus își parcurge orbita în 224,7 de zile.<a href="#cite_note-nasa_venus-14">[13]</a> Rotația în jurul propriei sale axe este foarte lentă, durează 243 de zile și are loc de la est la vest, în sens invers față de rotația celorlalte planete. Venus își atinge luminozitatea maximă cu câteva ore înainte de răsărit sau după apus, motiv pentru care popular este cunoscută sub numele de Luceafărul de dimineață și Luceafărul de seară. Planeta nu are nici un satelit, caracteristică pe care o împărtășește doar cu <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a> între planetele din <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul Solar">Sistemul Solar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Venus este o planetă telurică și este uneori numită „planeta soră” a Pământului, datorită dimensiunii lor similare, a masei, a apropierii de Soare și a <a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">compoziției chimice</a>. În alte aspecte diferă radical de Terra. Are cea mai densă atmosferă dintre cele patru planete telurice, constând din mai mult de 96 % <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Presiunea_atmosferic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Presiunea atmosferică">Presiunea atmosferică</a> la suprafața planetei este de 92 de ori mai mare decât pe Pământ sau aproximativ presiunea găsită la 900 m subacvatic pe Pământ. Venus este de departe cea mai fierbinte planetă din Sistemul Solar, cu o temperatură medie a suprafeței de 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), chiar dacă <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a> este mai aproape de <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soare</a>. Venus este acoperită cu un strat opac de nori de <a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfuric" title="Acid sulfuric">acid sulfuric</a> care reflectă bine și nu permit observarea suprafeței sale din spațiu în <a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83_vizibil%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumină vizibilă">lumină vizibilă</a>. Există presupuneri că pe Venus au existat oceane în trecut,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> ca pe Pământ, dar s-au evaporat pe măsură ce temperatura suprafeței a crescut.<a href="#cite_note-Jakosky-18">[17]</a> Apa a fost probabil <a href="/wiki/Fotoliz%C4%83" title="Fotoliză">fotodisociată</a>, iar hidrogenul liber a fost împrăștiat în spațiul interplanetar de <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2nt_solar" title="Vânt solar">vântul solar</a> din cauza lipsei unui <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfer%C4%83" title="Magnetosferă">câmp magnetic planetar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-solarwind-19">[18]</a> Venus nu are un nucleu metalic de dimensiuni mari, ca cel al pământului, motiv pentru care nu are un câmp magnetic protector. Peisajul actual al lui Venus este un deșert uscat cu roci acoperite de praf. Fiind una dintre cele mai strălucitoare obiecte de pe cer, Venus a fost un element principal în cultura umană încă din cele mai vechi timpuri; a fost o inspirație primordială pentru scriitori și poeți. Venus a fost prima planetă căreia i s-au trasat mișcările pe cer, încă din al doilea mileniu î.Hr.<a href="#cite_note-practice-20">[19]</a> Suprafața venusiană a fost subiectul speculațiilor până în a doua jumătate a secolului XX, când a fost vizitată pentru prima dată de nava spațială <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 2 — pagină inexistentă">Mariner 2</a> în 1962 și de prima navă care a fost debarcată cu succes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venera 7 — pagină inexistentă">Venera 7</a> în 1970. Norii groși ai lui Venus fac imposibilă observarea suprafeței sale în lumină vizibilă, iar primele hărți detaliate nu au apărut până la sosirea orbitatorului <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Magellan (sondă spațială)">Magellan</a> în 1991. Posibilitatea existenței vieții pe Venus a fost mult timp un subiect de speculații, iar în ultimii ani s-au făcut cercetări active în acest sens. În urma unei observații din 2019 conform căreia absorbția luminii straturilor de nori superiori a fost în concordanță cu prezența microorganismelor, un articol din septembrie 2020 din Nature Astronomy a anunțat detectarea gazului <a href="/wiki/Fosfin%C4%83" title="Fosfină">fosfină</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a>, în concentrații mai mari decât poate fi explicat de orice sursă abiotică cunoscută.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sample1-23">[22]</a> Cu toate acestea, s-au exprimat îndoieli cu privire la aceste observații din cauza problemelor de prelucrare a datelor și a eșecului de a detecta fosfina la alte lungimi de undă.<a href="#cite_note-Plait1-24">[23]</a> Până la sfârșitul lunii octombrie 2020, re-analiza datelor cu o scădere adecvată a condițiilor nu a dus la detectarea fosfinei.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2020-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caracteristici_fizice">Caracteristici fizice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici fizice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Caracteristici fizice">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Venus este una dintre cele patru <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_terestr%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetă terestră">planete telurice</a> din Sistemul Solar, ceea ce înseamnă că este un corp stâncos la fel ca Pământul. Este similar cu Pământul ca mărime și masă și este adesea descris ca „sora” sau „geamănul” Pământului.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Diametrul lui Venus este de 12.103,6 km — cu doar 638,4 km mai puțin decât cel al Pământului — și masa sa este de 81,5 % din cea a Pământului. Condițiile de pe suprafața venusiană diferă radical de cele de pe Pământ, deoarece atmosfera sa densă conține 96,5 % <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a>, restul de 3,5 % fiind <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">azot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geografie">Geografie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Geografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geografie">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Suprafața venusiană a fost un subiect de speculație până în secolul al XX-lea când unele dintre secretele sale au fost dezvăluite de știința planetară. <a href="/wiki/Sond%C4%83_de_aterizare" title="Sondă de aterizare">Sondele de aterizare</a> Venera care au debarcat în 1975 și 1982 au returnat imagini ale unei suprafețe acoperite cu sedimente și roci relativ unghiulare.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Suprafața a fost cartografiată în detaliu de <a href="/wiki/Sonda_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonda Magellan">Magellan</a> în 1990-1991. Solul venusian prezintă dovezi de <a href="/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan">vulcanism</a> extins, iar <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">sulful</a> din atmosferă poate indica faptul că au avut loc erupții recente.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Aproximativ 80 % din suprafața venusiană este acoperită de câmpii vulcanice netede, din care 70 % câmpii cu creste joase și 10 % sunt plate sau ondulate.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Două ținuturi muntoase alcătuiesc restul suprafeței sale, unul care se află în emisfera nordică a planetei și celălalt, cel mai mare, este situat la sud de ecuator. Ținutul înalt nordic se numește <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_I%C8%99tar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terra Iștar — pagină inexistentă">Terra Iștar</a>, după <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, zeița babiloniană a iubirii și are aproximativ mărimea Australiei. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntele_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntele Maxwell — pagină inexistentă">Muntele Maxwell</a>, cel mai înalt munte de pe Venus, se află pe Ishtar Terra. Vârful său este la 11 km deasupra altitudinii venusiene.<a href="#cite_note-planetology-34">[33]</a> Ținutul înalt sudic este numit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Afrodita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terra Afrodita — pagină inexistentă">Terra Afrodita</a>, după zeița dragostei din <a href="/wiki/Mitologia_greac%C4%83" title="Mitologia greacă">mitologia greacă</a> și este cea mai mare dintre cele două regiuni muntoase, având aproximativ dimensiunea Americii de Sud. O rețea de erupții și falii acoperă o mare parte din această zonă.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-35">[34]</a> Lipsa de dovezi a prezenței <a href="/wiki/Lav%C4%83" title="Lavă">lavei</a> care însoțește orice flux de vizibil de <a href="/wiki/Caldera" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera">caldera</a> rămâne o enigmă. Planeta are puține urme de crater de impact, care demonstrează că suprafața este relativ tânără, de aproximativ 300-600 milioane de ani.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strom1994-37">[36]</a> Pe lângă cratere, munți și văi întâlnite în mod obișnuit pe alte planete stâncoase, Venus are o serie de caracteristici unice ale suprafeței. Acestea includ: cupole vulcanice cu vârf plat numite „farra”, care au 20-50 km în diametru și 100-1000 m în înălțime și arată oarecum ca niște clătite; sisteme de fractură radiale, în formă de stea, numite „novae”; formațiuni compuse din fracturi radiale și concentrice, asemănătoare pânzelor de păianjen, cunoscute sub numele de „arahnoide” și „coroane”, inele circulare ale fracturilor, uneori înconjurate de o depresiune. Aceste caracteristici au origine vulcanică.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-38">[37]</a> Majoritatea trăsăturilor de suprafață venusiene poartă numele femeilor istorice și mitologice.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Excepțiile sunt Muntele Maxwell, numit după <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, și regiunile de munte Alpha Regio, Beta Regio și Ovda Regio. Ultimele trei caracteristici au fost denumite înainte ca sistemul actual de denumiri să fie adoptat de către <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_Astronomic%C4%83_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Uniunea Astronomică Internațională">Uniunea Astronomică Internațională</a>, instituția care supraveghează nomenclatura planetară.<a href="#cite_note-jpl-magellan-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geologie_de_suprafață">Geologie de suprafață</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Geologie de suprafață" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Geologie de suprafață">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Venus_globe.jpg/220px-Venus_globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Venus_globe.jpg/330px-Venus_globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Venus_globe.jpg/440px-Venus_globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Imagine în culori false a suprafeței lui Venus, obținută din imagini făcute de sonda<a href="/wiki/Magellan_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Magellan (sondă spațială)"> Magellan</a></figcaption></figure> O mare parte a suprafeței venusiene pare să fi fost modelată de activitatea vulcanică. Venus are mai mulți vulcani decât Terra dintre care 167 sunt vulcani mari, care au peste 100 km diametru. Singurul complex vulcanic de această dimensiune de pe Pământ este <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(insul%C4%83)" title="Hawaii (insulă)">Insula Mare</a> din Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-38">[37]</a>:154 Acest lucru nu se datorează faptului că Venus are o activitate vulcanică mai activă decât Pământul, ci faptului că scoarța sa este mai veche. Crusta oceanică a Terrei este reciclată în mod continuu de subducție la limitele plăcilor tectonice și are o vârstă medie de aproximativ 100 de milioane de ani vechime,<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> în timp ce suprafața venusiană este estimată la 300-600 de milioane de ani.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frankel-38">[37]</a> Există unele dovezi care indică activitatea vulcanică în curs de desfășurare pe Venus. Concentrațiile de <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_sulf" title="Dioxid de sulf">dioxid de sulf</a> din atmosferă au scăzut cu un factor de 10 între 1978 și 1986, au crescut în 2006 și au scăzut din nou de 10 ori.<a href="#cite_note-ESA_2012-12-03-42">[41]</a> Acest lucru poate însemna că nivelurile au crescut din cauza erupțiilor vulcanice mari.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcq2012-44">[43]</a> De asemenea, s-a sugerat că fulgerul venusian (discutat mai jos) ar putea proveni din activitatea vulcanică (adică fulgerul vulcanic). În ianuarie 2020, astronomii au raportat dovezi care sugerează că Venus are în prezent o activitate vulcanică activă.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200109-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20200103-46">[45]</a> În 2008 și 2009, prima dovadă directă a vulcanismului în curs a fost observată de Venus Express, sub forma a patru pete fierbinți în infraroșu localizate în zona riftului Ganis Chasma,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Ganis_Chasma-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[n 1]</a> în apropierea vulcanului <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat_Mons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maat Mons — pagină inexistentă">Maat Mons</a>. Se crede că aceste pete reprezintă lava proaspăt eliberată de erupțiile vulcanice.<a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2015-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESA_2015-06-18-50">[48]</a> Temperaturile reale nu sunt cunoscute, deoarece dimensiunea petelor fierbinți nu a putut fi măsurată, dar este posibil să se fi situat între 800-1.100 K (527-827 °C), față de o temperatură normală de 740 K (467 °C).<a href="#cite_note-Shalygin2015-51">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The plains of Venus are outlined in red and gold, with impact craters leaving golden rings across the surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg/220px-PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg/330px-PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg/440px-PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Cratere de impact pe suprafața lui Venus (imagine în culori false reconstituită din date radar)</figcaption></figure> Pe suprafața lui Venus sunt distribuite uniform aproape o mie de cratere de impact. Pe alte corpuri, cum ar fi Pământul și Luna, craterele prezintă grade diferite de degradare. Pe <a href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lună">Lună</a>, degradarea a fost cauzată de impacturile ulterioare, în timp ce pe Pământ a fost cauzată de eroziunea vântului și ploii. Pe Venus, aproximativ 85 % din cratere sunt în stare perfectă. Numărul de cratere, împreună cu starea lor bine conservată, indică faptul că planeta a suferit un eveniment global de refacere în urmă cu aproximativ 300–600 de milioane de ani în urmă,<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strom1994-37">[36]</a> urmat de o scădere a activității vulcanice.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> În timp ce scoarța Pământului este în continuă mișcare, se crede că Venus nu poate susține un astfel de proces. Fără tectonica plăcilor pentru a <a href="/wiki/Disipare" title="Disipare">disipa</a> [[căldură |călduraî] din mantaua sa, Venus suferă în schimb un proces ciclic în care temperaturile mantei cresc până ating un nivel critic care slăbesc scoarța. Apoi, pe o perioadă de aproximativ 100 de milioane de ani, subducția are loc la o scară enormă, reciclând complet scoarța.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-38">[37]</a> Craterele venusiene au un diametru cuprins între 3 și 280 km. Nici un crater nu este mai mic de 3 km, din cauza efectelor atmosferei dense asupra obiectelor. Obiectele cu energie cinetică mai mică decât o anumită valoare critică sunt încetinite atât de mult de atmosferă, încât nu creează crater de impact.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Proiectilele cu diametrul mai mic de 50 m se vor fragmenta și arde în atmosferă înainte de a ajunge la sol.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structura_internă">Structura internă</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structura internă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Structura internă">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Venus_structure.jpg/220px-Venus_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Venus_structure.jpg/330px-Venus_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Venus_structure.jpg/440px-Venus_structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Posibila structură a interiorului lui Venus: sub o crustă groasă, există o manta care înconjoară nucleul metalic.</figcaption></figure> Fără date și informații seismice despre momentul de inerție, sunt disponibile puține informații directe despre structura internă și geochimia lui Venus.<a href="#cite_note-goettel-55">[53]</a> Similitudinea în mărime și densitate între Venus și Pământ sugerează că acestea împărtășesc o structură internă similară: un nucleu, manta și crustă. La fel ca cel al Terrei, nucleul venusian este cel puțin parțial lichid, deoarece cele două planete s-au răcit cam la aceeași rată.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Dimensiunea ceva mai mică a lui Venus sugerează că presiunile sunt cu 24 % mai mici în interiorul său profund decât cele ale Terrei.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Principala diferență dintre cele două planete este lipsa de dovezi pentru <a href="/wiki/Tectonica_pl%C4%83cilor" title="Tectonica plăcilor">tectonica plăcilor</a> de pe Venus, posibil pentru că scoarța sa este prea puternică pentru fenomenul de <a href="/wiki/Subduc%C8%9Bie" title="Subducție">subducție</a> fără prezența apei. Acest lucru duce la pierderi de căldură reduse pe planetă, prevenind răcirea acesteia și oferind o explicație probabilă pentru lipsa unui <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">câmp magnetic</a> generat intern.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> În schimb, Venus își poate pierde căldura internă în evenimente periodice majore de refacere.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosferă_și_climă">Atmosferă și climă</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Atmosferă și climă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Atmosferă și climă">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosfera lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Atmosfera lui Venus</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> Venus are o atmosferă extrem de densă compusă din 96,5 % <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a>, 3,5 % <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">azot</a> și urme de alte gaze, inclusiv <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_sulf" title="Dioxid de sulf">dioxid de sulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SolarSystemEncyclopedia-59">[57]</a> Masa atmosferei sale este de 93 de ori mai mare decât cea a Pământului, în timp ce presiunea la suprafața sa este de aproximativ 92 de ori mai mare decât cea a Pământului — o presiune echivalentă cu cea la o adâncime de aproape 1 km sub oceanele <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământul</a>ui. Densitatea la suprafață este de 65 kg/m3, sau de 50 de ori mai densă decât atmosfera Pământului la 293 K (20 °C) la nivelul mării. Cantitatea mare de CO2 generează cel mai puternic <a href="/wiki/Efect_de_ser%C4%83" title="Efect de seră">efect de seră</a> din <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul Solar</a>, creând temperaturi la suprafață de cel puțin 735 K (462 °C).<a href="#cite_note-nasa_venus-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Acest lucru face ca suprafața lui Venus să fie mai fierbinte decât cea a lui <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a>, care are o temperatură minimă a suprafeței de 53 K (−220 °C) și o temperatură maximă a suprafeței de 700 K (427 °C),<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> chiar dacă Venus este aproape de două ori mai departe de Soare decât Mercur și primește doar 25 % din iradianța solară a lui Mercur. Această temperatură este mai mare decât cea utilizată pentru sterilizare. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r13393782/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft" style="background-color:light grey"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px;background-color:light grey"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:light grey;width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Global_view_uvi_Venus_(Akatsuki).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The atmosphere of Venus appears darker and lined with shadows. The shadows trace the prevailing wind direction." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Global_view_uvi_Venus_%28Akatsuki%29.jpg/230px-Global_view_uvi_Venus_%28Akatsuki%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Global_view_uvi_Venus_%28Akatsuki%29.jpg/345px-Global_view_uvi_Venus_%28Akatsuki%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Global_view_uvi_Venus_%28Akatsuki%29.jpg/460px-Global_view_uvi_Venus_%28Akatsuki%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="967" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Structura norilor în atmosfera venusiană în 2018, dezvăluită de observațiile în ultraviolet de către sonda spațială Akatsuki</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:light grey;width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_clouds_Galileo_Color_PIA00124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Venus_clouds_Galileo_Color_PIA00124.jpg/230px-Venus_clouds_Galileo_Color_PIA00124.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Venus_clouds_Galileo_Color_PIA00124.jpg/345px-Venus_clouds_Galileo_Color_PIA00124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Venus_clouds_Galileo_Color_PIA00124.jpg/460px-Venus_clouds_Galileo_Color_PIA00124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Imagine în infraroșu a atmosferei profunde a lui Venus obținută de <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Galileo (sondă spațială)">Galileo</a> în februarie 1990, când nava s-a aflat la aproximativ 100.000 de kilometri deasupra planetei. Culoarea roșie reprezintă căldura radiantă din atmosfera inferioară care strălucește prin norii de acid sulfuric.</div></div></div></div></div> Atmosfera lui Venus este extrem de îmbogățită cu gaze nobile primordiale comparativ cu cea a Terrei.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Această îmbogățire indică o divergență timpurie față de Pământ în evoluție. Un impact neobișnuit de mare cu o <a href="/wiki/Comet%C4%83" title="Cometă">cometă</a> <a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> sau acumularea unei atmosfere primare mai masive din nebuloasa solară <a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> au fost propuse pentru a explica îmbogățirea. Studiile au sugerat că acum miliarde de ani, atmosfera lui Venus ar fi putut fi mult mai asemănătoare cu cea din jurul Terrei și că ar fi putut exista cantități substanțiale de apă lichidă la suprafață, dar după o perioadă de 600 milioane până la câteva miliarde de ani,<a href="#cite_note-baas39_540-66">[64]</a> un efect de seră a fost cauzat de evaporarea apei originale, care a generat un nivel critic de gaze cu efect de seră în atmosfera sa.<a href="#cite_note-Kasting-67">[65]</a> Deși condițiile de suprafață de pe Venus nu mai sunt primitoare pentru viața așa cum este pe Pământ, aceasta s-ar fi putut forma înainte de acest eveniment; există speculații cu privire la posibilitatea existenței vieții în straturile superioare de nori ale lui Venus, la 50 km de suprafață, unde temperatura variază între 303 și 353 K (30 și 80 °C), însă mediul este acid.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cockell1999-70">[68]</a> Detectarea <a href="/wiki/Fosfin%C4%83" title="Fosfină">fosfinei</a> în atmosfera lui Venus, a condus la speculații în septembrie 2020 că ar putea exista viață în prezent în atmosferă.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Inerția termică și transferul de căldură de către vânturi în atmosfera inferioară înseamnă că temperatura suprafeței lui Venus nu variază semnificativ între cele două emisfere ale planetei, în ciuda rotației extrem de lente a lui Venus. Vânturile de la suprafață sunt lente, se mișcă cu câțiva kilometri pe oră, dar din cauza densității mari a atmosferei la suprafață, exercită o forță considerabilă asupra obstacolelor și transportă praful și pietrele mici la suprafață. Dacă ar fi numai acest lucru și ar fi suficient pentru a face dificil mersul oamenilor pe Venus, chiar dacă nu am ține cont de temperatura extrem de ridicată, presiune și lipsa oxigenului.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Deasupra unui strat dens de CO2 sunt nori groși, care constau în principal din acid sulfuric, care este format din <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_sulf" title="Dioxid de sulf">dioxid de sulf</a> și apă printr-o reacție chimică rezultând hidrat de acid sulfuric. În plus, atmosfera este formată din aproximativ 1 % <a href="/wiki/Clorur%C4%83_feric%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Clorură ferică">clorură ferică</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kras006-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Alți constituenți posibili ai particulelor de nor sunt sulfatul feric, <a href="/wiki/Clorur%C4%83_de_aluminiu" title="Clorură de aluminiu">clorura de aluminiu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Pentoxid_de_fosfor" title="Pentoxid de fosfor">anhidridă fosforică</a>. Norii de la diferite niveluri au compoziții diferite și diferite distribuții ale dimensiunii particulelor.<a href="#cite_note-kras006-74">[72]</a> Acești nori reflectă și împrăștie aproximativ 90 % din lumina Soarelui înapoi în spațiu și împiedică observarea vizuală a suprafeței planetei în lumina vizibilă. Acoperirea permanentă cu nori înseamnă că, deși Venus este mai aproape decât Pământul de Soare, acesta primește mai puțină lumină solară pe sol. Vânturi puternice de 300 km/h apar în vârfurile norilor care înconjoară planeta în aproximativ patru până la cinci zile terestre.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Vânturile venusiene pot sufla cu viteze de până la 60 de ori mai rapide decât rotația planetei, în timp ce cele mai rapide vânturi ale Pământului ating doar 10 % până la 20 % din viteza de rotație a Terrei.<a href="#cite_note-science328-77">[75]</a> Suprafața lui Venus este efectiv izotermă; păstrează o temperatură constantă nu numai între cele două emisfere, ci și între ecuator și poli.<a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Minuscula înclinare axială a lui Venus — mai puțin de 3°, comparativ cu 23° pe Terra — minimizează, de asemenea, variația sezonieră a temperaturii.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Altitudinea este unul dintre puținii factori care afectează temperatura venusiană. Cel mai înalt punct de pe Venus, Maxwell Montes, este, prin urmare, cel mai rece punct de pe Venus, cu o temperatură de aproximativ 655 K (380 °C) și o presiune atmosferică de aproximativ 4,5 MPa (45 bari).<a href="#cite_note-Basilevsky_2003-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGill_2010-81">[79]</a> În 1995, nava spațială <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(nav%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan (navă spațială)">Magellan</a> a înregistrat o imagine a unei substanțe puternic reflectante în vârfurile celor mai înalte vârfuri montane care semănau puternic cu zăpada terestră. Această substanță s-a format probabil dintr-un proces similar cu zăpada, deși la o temperatură mult mai ridicată. Prea volatilă pentru a se condensa la suprafață, a crescut sub formă gazoasă până la straturile superioare și mai reci ale atmosferei, de unde a căzut ca precipitație. Identitatea acestei substanțe nu este cunoscută cu certitudine, dar speculațiile au variat de la <a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">telurul</a> elementar la sulfura de plumb (<a href="/wiki/Galen%C4%83" title="Galenă">galenă</a>).<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Deși Venus nu are anotimpuri, în 2019 astronomii au identificat o variație ciclică a absorbției luminii solare de către atmosferă, posibil cauzată de particule opace, absorbante, suspendate în norii superiori. Variația provoacă modificări ale vitezei vânturilor zonale ale lui Venus și pare să crească și să scadă în timp odată cu ciclul solar de 11 ani al Soarelui.<a href="#cite_note-TAJ-20190826-83">[81]</a> Existența fulgerelor în atmosfera lui Venus a fost controversată <a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[82]</a> de când au fost detectate primele explozii de către sondele sovietice Venera.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Philips-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> În 2006-2007, Venus Express a detectat în mod clar existența undelor electromagnetice produse de fulgere. Aspectul lor intermitent indică un model asociat cu activitatea meteo. Conform acestor măsurători, rata fulgerului este de cel puțin jumătate din cea de pe Pământ,<a href="#cite_note-Russell_2007-88">[86]</a> însă alte instrumente nu au detectat deloc fulgerul.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[82]</a> Originea oricărui fulger rămâne neclară, dar ar putea proveni din nori sau vulcani. În 2007, Venus Express a descoperit că la polul sud există un imens vortex atmosferic dublu.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> În 2011 sonda a descoperit că atmosfera venusiană are un strat de ozon.<a href="#cite_note-esaozone-91">[89]</a> La 29 ianuarie 2013, oamenii de știință ai <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> au raportat că ionosfera planetei Venus curge spre exterior într-un mod similar cu „coada ionică văzută curgând de la o cometă în condiții similare”.<a href="#cite_note-ESA-20130129-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space-20130130-93">[91]</a> În decembrie 2015 și, într-o măsură mai mică, în aprilie și mai 2016, cercetătorii care lucrează la misiunea japoneză Akatsuki au observat forme de arc în atmosfera lui Venus. Aceasta a fost considerată o dovadă directă a existenței poate a celor mai mari <a href="/wiki/Unde_gravita%C8%9Bionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Unde gravitaționale">unde gravitaționale</a> staționare din Sistemul Solar.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r13393782/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:788px;max-width:788px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:transparent">Compoziția atmosferică</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:382px;max-width:382px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The atmosphere of Earth is represented as a series of coloured spikes. The green of water dominates, while the red of carbon dioxide clusters near the left side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/380px-Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif" decoding="async" width="380" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/570px-Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/760px-Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="380" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Spectru de absorbție a unui amestec simplu de gaze corespunzător atmosferei Pământului</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The atmosphere of Venus is represented on the same graph. Here the red of carbon dioxide is almost overwhelming, but the green of water and the purple of carbon monoxide are present." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/400px-Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/600px-Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/800px-Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="391" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Compoziția atmosferei lui Venus pe baza datelor HITRAN.<a href="#cite_note-HITRAN-97">[95]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent;color:var(--color-base, #000)">Culoare verde = vapori de apă, roșu = dioxid de carbon, WN = număr de undă (alte culori au semnificații diferite, lungimi de undă mai scurte în dreapta, mai lungi în stânga).</div></div></div></div> Date despre Venus Diametrul la ecuator:12.100 km Distanta medie fata de Soare:108 milioane de kilometri Distanta minima fata de Pamant:42 de milioane de kilometri Rotatie in juruln axei:243 de zile terestre Inconjoara Soarele in(durata unui an):225 de zile terestre Numar de sateliti naturali:0 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbită_și_rotație">Orbită și rotație</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Orbită și rotație" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Orbită și rotație">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif/220px-Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Venus orbitează Soarele la o distanță medie de aproximativ 108 milioane de kilometri (aproximativ 0,7 <a href="/wiki/Unitate_astronomic%C4%83" title="Unitate astronomică">au</a>) și completează o orbită la fiecare 224,7 zile. Venus este a doua planetă de la Soare și orbitează Soarele de aproximativ 1,6 ori (traseu galben) în cele 365 de zile ale Pământului (traseu albastru)</figcaption></figure> Venus orbitează Soarele la o distanță medie de aproximativ 0,72 <a href="/wiki/Unitate_astronomic%C4%83" title="Unitate astronomică">au</a> (108 milioane km) și completează o orbită la fiecare 224,7 zile. Deși toate orbitele planetare sunt eliptice, orbita lui Venus este cea mai apropiată de una circulară, cu o <a href="/wiki/Excentricitate_orbital%C4%83" title="Excentricitate orbitală">excentricitate</a> mai mică de 0,01.<a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a> Când Venus se află între Pământ și Soare, într-o poziție cunoscută sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Conjunc%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Conjuncție (astronomie)">conjuncție</a> inferioară, ea se apropie de Pământ mai mult decât oricare altă planetă, la o distanță medie de 41 de milioane de km;<a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a> Cu toate acestea, își petrece o mare parte din timp departe de Pământ, ceea ce înseamnă că <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a> este de fapt planeta care este cea mai apropiată de Pământ, cea mai mare parte a timpului.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> În medie, planeta atinge o conjuncție inferioară la fiecare 584 de zile.<a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a> Din cauza excentricității scăzute a orbitei Pământului, distanțele minime vor deveni mai mari pe parcursul a zeci de mii de ani. Începând cu anul 1 până la 5383 vor exista 526 de apropieri la mai puțin de 40 de milioane de km, pentru următorii aproximativ 60.158 de ani, nu va mai exista nici o apropiere la mai puțin de 40 de milioane de km.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Toate planetele din Sistemul Solar orbitează Soarele în sensul contrar acelor de ceasornic, așa cum sunt privite de la polul nord al Pământului. Majoritatea planetelor se rotesc de asemenea pe axele lor în sensul contrar acelor de ceasornic, dar Venus se rotește în sensul acelor de ceasornic într-o rotație retrogradă o dată la 243 zile pământești - cea mai lentă rotire a oricărei planete. Deoarece rotirea sa este atât de lentă, Venus este foarte aproape de o formă sferică.<a href="#cite_note-Venus-100">[98]</a> O <a href="/wiki/Timp_sideral" title="Timp sideral">zi siderală</a> venusiană durează astfel mai mult decât un an venusian (243 față de 224,7 zile terestre). Ecuatorul lui Venus se rotește cu 6,52 km/h, în timp ce Pământul se rotește cu 1.674,4 km/h.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Rotația lui Venus a încetinit în cei 16 ani dintre vizitele navei spațiale Magellan și Venus Express; fiecare <a href="/wiki/Timp_sideral" title="Timp sideral">zi siderală</a> venusiană a crescut cu 6,5 minute în acest interval de timp.<a href="#cite_note-slowing_spin-106">[104]</a> Din cauza rotației retrograde, lungimea unei zile solare pe Venus este semnificativ mai scurtă decât <a href="/wiki/Timp_sideral" title="Timp sideral">ziua siderală</a> - 116,75 zile terestre (ceea ce face ca <a href="/wiki/Timp_solar" title="Timp solar">ziua solară</a> venusiană să fie mai scurtă decât cele 176 de zile terestre ale lui Mercur).<a href="#cite_note-planetary-facts-107">[105]</a> Un an venusian este de aproximativ 1,92 zile solare venusiene.<a href="#cite_note-compare-108">[106]</a> Pentru un observator de pe suprafața lui Venus, Soarele ar răsări în vest și ar apune în est,<a href="#cite_note-compare-108">[106]</a> deși norii opaci ai lui Venus împiedică observarea Soarelui de pe suprafața planetei. <a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Poate că Venus s-a format din <a href="/wiki/Nebuloas%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Nebuloasă solară">nebuloasa solară</a> cu o perioadă de rotație și înclinare diferită, ajungând la starea actuală din cauza schimbărilor haotice de rotație cauzate de perturbațiile provocate de alte planete și de efectele de maree asupra atmosferei sale dense, schimbare care s-ar fi produs de-a lungul a miliarde de ani. Perioada actuală de rotație a lui Venus poate reprezenta o stare de echilibru între mareele provocate de gravitația Soarelui, care încetinește rotația și mareele din atmosferă cauzate de încălzirea sa de razele soarelui, accelerând rotația.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Intervalul mediu de 584 de zile între apropieri succesive de Pământ este aproape exact egal cu 5 zile solare venusiene. Nu se știe dacă acesta este un accident sau rezultatul interacțiunii maree dintre planete.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Venus nu are <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bi_naturali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sateliți naturali">sateliți naturali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-icarus202-113">[111]</a> Are mai mulți <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_troian" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid troian">asteroizi troieni</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cvasisatelit" title="Cvasisatelit">cvasisatelitul</a> 2002 VE68 <a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> și alți doi troieni temporari, 2001 CK32 și 2012 XE133.<a href="#cite_note-dynamics-116">[114]</a> În secolul al XVII-lea, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a> a raportat un satelit orbitând Venus, numit <a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a>, după zeița egipteană creatoare a lumii. Observații similare au fost raportate în mod repetat în următorii 200 de ani. Cele mai multe dintre ele pot fi explicate prin confuzia cu o stea din vecinătate. Un studiu 2006 asupra modelelor Sistemului Solar timpuriu de la Institutul Tehnologic din California arată că Venus a avut probabil cel puțin un satelit creat de un eveniment de impact imens în urmă cu miliarde de ani.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Aproximativ 10 milioane de ani mai târziu, potrivit studiului, un alt impact a inversat direcția de rotire a planetei și a făcut ca satelitul venusian să treacă în spirală treptat spre interior, până când s-a ciocnit cu Venus.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Dacă impacturile ulterioare au creat sateliți, aceștia au fost eliminați în același mod. O explicație alternativă pentru lipsa sateliților este efectul unor maree solare puternice, care poate destabiliza sateliți mari care orbitează planetele terestre interioare.<a href="#cite_note-icarus202-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observare">Observare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Observare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Observare">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/220px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/330px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/440px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Venus este întotdeauna mai strălucitoare decât toate celelalte planete sau stele, văzute de pe Pământ. Al doilea obiect cel mai strălucitor din imagine este <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.</figcaption></figure> Cu ochiul liber, Venus apare ca un punct alb de lumină mai strălucitor decât orice altă planetă sau stea (în afară de <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soare</a>).<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnitudine_aparent%C4%83" title="Magnitudine aparentă">Magnitudinea aparentă</a> medie a planetei este −4,14 cu o abatere standard de 0,31.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-11">[10]</a> Cea mai strălucitoare magnitudine apare în faza de semilună cu aproximativ o lună înainte sau după conjuncția inferioară. Venus se estompează până la magnitudine −3 atunci când este iluminată din spate de Soare.<a href="#cite_note-MallamaSky-120">[118]</a> Planeta este suficient de strălucitoare pentru a fi văzută pe un cer senin de amiază <a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> și este mai ușor vizibilă când Soarele este jos la orizont sau la apus. Nu se îndepărtează niciodată de Soare mai mult de aproximativ 47°.<a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-122">[120]</a> Venus „depășește” Pământul la fiecare 584 de zile în timp ce orbitează Soarele.<a href="#cite_note-fact-2">[2]</a> Pe măsură ce face acest lucru, se schimbă de la „Luceafărul de seară”, vizibil după apusul soarelui, la „Luceafărul de dimineață”, vizibil înainte de răsărit. Deși <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a> atinge o alungire maximă (abaterea de la Soare) de numai 28° și este adesea greu de observat în amurg, Venus este greu de ratat atunci când este în faza cea mai strălucitoare. Alungirea sa maximă semnificativă înseamnă că este vizibilă pe cerul întunecat mult după apusul soarelui. Fiind cel mai strălucitor obiect de pe cer, Venus este adesea interpretată de non-astronomi ca un „<a href="/wiki/Obiect_zbur%C4%83tor_neidentificat" title="Obiect zburător neidentificat">obiect zburător neidentificat</a>”. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faze">Faze</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Faze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Faze">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Phases_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/220px-Phases_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/330px-Phases_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/440px-Phases_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Fazele lui Venus și modificările diametrului observat</figcaption></figure> Pe măsură ce orbitează Soarele, Venus afișează faze precum cele ale Lunii într-o vedere telescopică. Planeta apare ca un disc mic și „plin” atunci când se află în partea opusă Soarelui (la <a href="/wiki/Conjunc%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Conjuncție (astronomie)">conjuncție</a> superioară). Venus prezintă un disc mai mare și o „fază sfert” la alungirile sale maxime de Soare și luminozitatea sa pe cerul nopții este maximă. Planeta prezintă o „semilună” subțire mult mai mare în vederi telescopice pe măsură ce trece de-a lungul părții apropiate dintre Pământ și Soare. Venus afișează cea mai mare dimensiune și „faza nouă” când se află între Pământ și Soare (la <a href="/wiki/Conjunc%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Conjuncție (astronomie)">conjuncție</a> inferioară). Datorită existenței atmosferei, un inel strălucitor de lumină împrăștiată este vizibil în telescoape.<a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tranzit">Tranzit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tranzit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Tranzit">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus" title="Tranzitul lui Venus">Tranzitul lui Venus</a> și <a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus_din_2012" title="Tranzitul lui Venus din 2012">Tranzitul lui Venus din 2012</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hinode_Views_the_2012_Venus_Transit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hinode_Views_the_2012_Venus_Transit.jpg/310px-Hinode_Views_the_2012_Venus_Transit.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hinode_Views_the_2012_Venus_Transit.jpg/465px-Hinode_Views_the_2012_Venus_Transit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hinode_Views_the_2012_Venus_Transit.jpg/620px-Hinode_Views_the_2012_Venus_Transit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus_din_2012" title="Tranzitul lui Venus din 2012">Tranzitul lui Venus din 2012</a> fotografiat de sonda japoneză Hinode</figcaption></figure> Orbita venusiană este ușor înclinată în raport cu orbita Pământului; astfel, când planeta trece între Pământ și Soare, de obicei nu traversează fața Soarelui. <a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus" title="Tranzitul lui Venus">Tranzitul lui Venus</a> apare atunci când <a href="/wiki/Conjunc%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Conjuncție (astronomie)">conjuncția inferioară</a> a planetei coincide cu prezența sa în planul orbitei Pământului. Tranzitul lui Venus apare în cicluri de 243 de ani, modelul actual constând din perechi de tranzite separate de 8 ani, la intervale de aproximativ 105,5 sau 121,5 ani - un model descoperit pentru prima dată în 1639 de astronomul englez <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UCLAN-123">[121]</a> Cea mai recentă pereche de tranzit a fost la <a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus_din_2004" title="Tranzitul lui Venus din 2004">8 iunie 2004</a> și <a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus_din_2012" title="Tranzitul lui Venus din 2012">5–6 iunie 2012</a>. Tranzitul a putut fi urmărit în direct online sau observat local cu echipamentele potrivite.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Perechea de tranzit anterioară a avut loc în decembrie 1874 și decembrie 1882, iar următoarea va avea loc în decembrie 2117 și decembrie 2125.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Cel mai vechi film cunoscut este Passage de Venus din 1874, care arată tranzitul lui Venus din 1874. Din punct de vedere istoric, tranzitele lui Venus au fost importante, pentru că au permis astronomilor să determine dimensiunea <a href="/wiki/Unitate_astronomic%C4%83" title="Unitate astronomică">unității astronomice</a> și, prin urmare, dimensiunea Sistemului Solar, așa cum a făcut <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Horrocks</a> în 1639.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Sosirea exploratorului englez <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> pe coasta de est a Australiei în 1771 a fost o consecință a expediției în <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, întreprinsă în 1768, pentru a observa tranzitul lui Venus.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentagrama_lui_Venus">Pentagrama lui Venus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Pentagrama lui Venus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Pentagrama lui Venus">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_(pentagram).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg/170px-Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg/255px-Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg/340px-Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Pentagrama lui Venus. Pământul este poziționat în centrul diagramei, iar curba reprezintă direcția și distanța lui Venus în funcție de timp.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pentagram%C4%83" title="Pentagramă">Pentagrama</a> lui Venus este modelul pe care Venus îl face așa cum se observă de pe <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conjunc%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Conjuncție (astronomie)">Conjuncțiile inferioare</a> succesive ale lui Venus se repetă foarte aproape de un raport 13:8 (Pământul orbitează de 8 ori la fiecare 13 orbite ale lui Venus), deplasându-se 144° pe conjuncții secvențiale inferioare. Raportul 13:8 este aproximativ. 8/13 este aproximativ 0,61538 în timp ce Venus orbitează Soarele în 0,61519 ani.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apariții_în_timpul_zilei">Apariții în timpul zilei</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Apariții în timpul zilei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Apariții în timpul zilei">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Observații cu ochiul liber despre Venus în timpul zilei există în mai multe anecdote și înregistrări. Astronomul <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Halley">Edmund Halley</a> i-a calculat strălucirea maximă cu ochiului liber în 1716, când mulți londonezi au fost alarmați de apariția sa în timpul zilei. Împăratul francez <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> a fost cândva martor la o apariție de zi a planetei, în timp ce se afla la o recepție din Luxemburg.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> O altă observație istorică a planetei în timpul zilei a avut loc în timpul inaugurării președintelui american <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> la <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, la 4 martie 1865.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Deși vizibilitatea cu ochiul liber a fazelor lui Venus este contestată, există înregistrări ale observațiilor atunci când este în creștere.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumina_cenușie">Lumina cenușie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lumina cenușie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Lumina cenușie">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Un mister de lungă durată al observațiilor lui Venus este așa-numita lumină cenușie - o iluminare aparentă slabă a laturii sale întunecate, văzută atunci când planeta este în faza semilună. Prima observație a luminii cenușii a fost făcută în 1643, dar existența iluminării nu a fost niciodată confirmată în mod fiabil. Observatorii au speculat că poate rezulta din activitatea electrică din atmosfera venusiană, dar acest lucru poate fi o iluzie optică, rezultând din efectul fiziologic al observării unui obiect luminos, în formă de semilună.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Philips-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studii">Studii</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Studii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Studii">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observații_timpurii">Observații timpurii</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Observații timpurii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Observații timpurii">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/240px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/360px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/480px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2623" /></a><figcaption>Steaua cu opt colțuri era un simbol comun al lui Ishtar. Aici este prezentată alături de discul solar al fratelui ei <a href="/wiki/Utu" title="Utu">Utu</a> și semiluna tatălui ei <a href="/wiki/Nanna" title="Nanna">Sin</a>, pe o piatră de hotar a regelui Meli-Shipak II, datând din secolul al XII-lea î.Hr.</figcaption></figure> Fiind una dintre cele mai strălucitoare obiecte de pe cer, planeta este cunoscută din cele mai vechi timpuri și a avut un impact semnificativ asupra culturii. Deoarece mișcările lui Venus par a fi discontinue (dispare datorită apropierii de Soare, timp de mai multe zile la rând, apoi reapare la celălalt orizont), unele culturi nu au recunoscut Venus ca entitate unică;<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-134">[132]</a> au presupus că este vorba de două stele separate pe fiecare orizont: steaua de dimineață și de seară.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-134">[132]</a> Cu toate acestea, un sigiliu cilindru din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perioada_Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perioada Jemdet Nasr — pagină inexistentă">perioada Jemdet Nasr</a> și <a href="/wiki/T%C4%83bli%C8%9Ba_lui_Venus_a_lui_Ammisaduqa" title="Tăblița lui Venus a lui Ammisaduqa">tăblița lui Venus din Ammisaduqa</a> din <a href="/wiki/Prima_Dinastie_Babilonian%C4%83" title="Prima Dinastie Babiloniană">prima dinastie babiloniană</a> indică faptul că vechii sumerieni știau deja că steaua de dimineață și cea de seară erau același obiect ceresc.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooley-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> În perioada vechiului Babilon, planeta Venus era cunoscută sub numele de Ninsi'anna, iar mai târziu sub numele de Dilbat.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Numele „Ninsi'anna” se traduce prin „doamnă divină, iluminarea cerului”, care se referă la Venus drept cea mai strălucitoare „stea”. Ortografiile anterioare ale numelui au fost scrise cu semnul <a href="/wiki/Scriere_cuneiform%C4%83" title="Scriere cuneiformă">cuneiform</a> si4 (= SU, însemnând „a fi roșu”), iar semnificația originală a fi putut fi „doamnă divină a roșeții cerului”, cu referire la culoarea cerului dimineața și seara.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Chinezii se refereau la Venus de dimineață drept „Marele Alb” (Tài-bái, 太白) sau „Deschizătorul Luminozității” (Qǐ-míng, 啟明) și la Venus de seară drept „Cel Minunat din Vest” (Cháng-gēng, 長庚).<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Grecii antici au crezut inițial că aparițiile de seară și de dimineață ale lui Venus reprezentau două obiecte diferite: Phosphorus, steaua de dimineață și Hesperus, steaua de seară. În cele din urmă au ajuns să recunoască faptul că ambele obiecte erau aceeași planetă, <a href="/wiki/Pliniu_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliniu cel Bătrân">Pliniu cel Bătrân</a> creditându-l pentru această realizare pe <a href="/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora">Pitagora</a> în secolul al VI-lea î.Hr.,<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> în timp ce <a href="/wiki/Diogene_Laer%C8%9Biu" title="Diogene Laerțiu">Diogene Laerțiu</a> a susținut că probabil <a href="/wiki/Parmenide" title="Parmenide">Parmenide</a> a fost responsabil pentru această descoperire.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Deși au recunoscut Venus ca un singur obiect, vechii romani au continuat să desemneze aspectul de dimineață al lui Venus ca Lucifer (din latinescul portatore di luce) iar aspectul de seară ca Vesper (traducere în latină a grecescului Hesperos). În secolul al II-lea, în tratatul său astronomic <a href="/wiki/Almagest" class="mw-redirect" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeu" title="Ptolemeu">Ptolemeu</a> a teoretizat că atât Mercur cât și Venus sunt situate între Soare și Pământ. Astronomul persan <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> din secolul al XI-lea a susținut că a observat <a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus" title="Tranzitul lui Venus">tranzitul lui Venus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-142">[140]</a> pe care astronomii ulteriori l-au interpretat ca o confirmare a teoriei lui Ptolemeu.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> În secolul al XII-lea, astronomul andaluz Ibn Bajjah a observat „două planete ca niște pete negre pe fața Soarelui”; acestea au fost considerate tranzitele lui Venus și Mercur de către astronomul din secolul al XIII-lea, Maragha, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, deși acest lucru nu poate fi adevărat deoarece nu au existat tranzite ale lui Venus în timpul vieții lui Ibn Bajjah.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[n 2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Phases-of-Venus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/220px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/330px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/440px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Descoperirea lui <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> că Venus prezenta faze (deși rămânând lângă Soare pe cerul Pământului) a dovedit că orbitează Soarele și nu Pământul</figcaption></figure> Când fizicianul italian <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> a observat planeta pentru prima dată la începutul secolului al XVII-lea, a descoperit că prezenta faze precum Luna, variind de la semilună până la plin și invers. Când Venus este cel mai îndepărtat de Soare pe cer, acesta prezintă o fază pe jumătate luminată, iar când este cel mai aproape de Soare pe cer, se prezintă ca semilună sau fază plină. Acest lucru ar putea fi posibil numai dacă Venus orbita <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soarele</a> și aceasta a fost printre primele observații care au contrazis în mod clar <a href="/wiki/Modelul_geocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Modelul geocentric">modelul geocentric</a> al lui <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeu" title="Ptolemeu">Ptolemeu</a> conform căruia sistemul solar era concentric și centrat pe Pământ.<a href="#cite_note-palmieri-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fegley-149">[146]</a> Tranzitul lui Venus din 1639 a fost prezis cu exactitate de către astronomul englez <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks</a> și observat de către el la 4 decembrie 1639 (24 noiembrie sub calendarul iulian utilizat la acel moment).<a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-150">[147]</a> Atmosfera lui Venus a fost descoperită în 1761 de către savantul rus <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Lomonosov" title="Mihail Lomonosov">Mihail Lomonosov</a><a href="#cite_note-Marov2004-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> și observată în 1790 de astronomul german <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schr%C3%B6ter" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Schröter">Johann Schröter</a>. Schröter a descoperit că atunci când planeta era o semilună subțire, colțurile se extindeau cu peste 180 °. El a presupus corect că acest lucru se datorează difuziei optice a luminii solare într-o atmosferă densă. Mai târziu, astronomul american Chester Smith Lyman a observat un inel complet în jurul părții întunecate a planetei când se afla la o conjuncție inferioară, oferind dovezi suplimentare pentru o atmosferă.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> Atmosfera a complicat eforturile pentru a determina o perioadă de rotație a planetei și observatori precum astronomul italian <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Cassini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a> și Schröter au estimat incorect perioadele la aproximativ 24 h.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> și-a dat seama că planeta era acoperită de un strat gros de nori și că, prin urmare, perioada de rotație nu putea fi determinată cu certitudine. Astfel a rămas o enigmă, chiar dacă în secolul al XVIII-lea mulți astronomi au crezut că Venus avea o perioadă de rotație de 24 de ore, presupunând că observațiile lui Cassini erau corecte.<a href="#cite_note-trans2004-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cercetare_de_la_sol">Cercetare de la sol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cercetare de la sol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Cercetare de la sol">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Vedere telescopică modernă a lui Venus de pe suprafața Pământului.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a></figcaption></figure> Nu a existat nici un progres semnificativ în cercetarea lui Venus până în secolul al XX-lea. Atmosfera densă nu oferă nici un indiciu despre suprafața sa iar discul său este omogen în lumina vizibilă. Doar utilizarea spectroscopiei, a radarului și a observațiilor <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolete</a> a făcut posibilă observarea detaliilor. În 1920, astronomul american Frank Elmore Ross a observat Venus în ultraviolet și a descoperit că acest lucru permite detalii care sunt absente în lumina vizibilă și în <a href="/wiki/Infraro%C8%99u" title="Infraroșu">infraroșu</a>. El a sugerat că acest lucru se datorează unei atmosfere inferioare foarte dense cu <a href="/wiki/Cirrus" title="Cirrus">nori cirrus</a> înalți deasupra ei.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Observațiile spectroscopice din anii 1900 au oferit primele indicii despre rotația venusiană. <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Slipher" title="Vesto Slipher">Vesto Slipher</a> a încercat să măsoare deplasarea Doppler a luminii de la Venus, dar a constatat că nu a putut detecta nici o rotație. El a presupus că planeta se rotește mult mai lent decât se credea anterior.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Observațiile ulterioare din anii 1950 au arătat că se rotește în mișcare retrogradă. Observațiile radar ale lui Venus au fost efectuate pentru prima dată în anii 1960 și au furnizat primele măsurători ale perioadei de rotație, care s-au apropiat de valoarea modernă.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> Observațiile radar din anii 1970 au dezvăluit pentru prima dată detalii ale suprafeței venusiene. Pulsuri de unde radio au fost transmise către planetă folosind radiotelescopul de 300 m de la <a href="/wiki/Observatorul_Arecibo" title="Observatorul Arecibo">Observatorul Arecibo</a>, iar ecourile au scos la iveală două regiuni foarte reflectorizante, denumite regiunile Alpha și Beta. Observațiile au relevat și o regiune luminoasă sugerând un munte, care a fost numit Muntele Maxwell.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explorare">Explorare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Explorare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Explorare">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primele_misiuni">Primele misiuni</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Primele misiuni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Primele misiuni">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mariner_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/220px-Mariner_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/330px-Mariner_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/440px-Mariner_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Mariner 2 lansat în 1962, concept artistic</figcaption></figure> Prima navă spațială care a fost trimisă către Venus a fost sonda sovietică Venera 1, lansată la 12 februarie 1961 ca parte a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programul_Venera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programul Venera — pagină inexistentă">programului Venera</a>. Trebuia să ajungă la Venus pe o traiectorie de coliziune, dar contactul cu ea s-a pierdut la 7 zile de la decolare, la o distanță de 2 milioane de kilometri de Pământ. Se estimează că a trecut de Venus la o distanță de 100.000 km la mijlocul lui mai 1961.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_1-161">[158]</a> Prima misiune de succes către Venus (precum și prima misiune interplanetară de succes din lume) a fost misiunea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 2 — pagină inexistentă">Mariner 2</a> a Statelor Unite, care a trecut la 14 decembrie 1962 la 34.833 km deasupra suprafeței lui Venus și a adunat date despre atmosfera planetei.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Examinându-i suprafața cu radiometru cu microunde, Mariner 2 a descoperit că, deși norii care acoperă Venus sunt reci, temperatura la suprafață este de cel puțin 425 °C. Această măsurătoare a spulberat orice speranță de a găsi <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață">viață</a> pe suprafața lui Venus. Cercetările efectuate de sondă au făcut posibilă și determinarea mai precisă a masei lui Venus; sonda nu a detectat nici un câmp magnetic,<a href="#cite_note-Smith_et_al.-164">[161]</a> nici o centură de radiații în jurul planetei similară cu cea a Pământului. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intrarea_în_atmosferă">Intrarea în atmosferă</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Intrarea în atmosferă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Intrarea în atmosferă">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Sonda spațială sovietică Venera 3 a ajuns la suprafața lui Venus la 1 martie 1966. A fost primul obiect creat de <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">om</a> care a intrat în atmosfera unei alte <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">planete</a> și a ajuns la suprafața acesteia. Sistemul de comunicații a eșuat însă și sonda nu a returnat nici o dată spre Pământ.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> O altă sondă a fost Venera 4, care a intrat în atmosferă la 18 octombrie 1967 și a făcut o serie de măsurători. Sonda a arătat că temperatura suprafeței era mai fierbinte decât calculase Mariner 2, fiind aproape 500 °C, a determinat că atmosfera era 95% dioxid de carbon (CO2) și a descoperit că atmosfera lui Venus era considerabil mai densă decât anticipaseră creatorii sondei.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_2-166">[163]</a> O altă navă spațială a sosit pe Venus o zi mai târziu, la 19 octombrie 1967. Era nava spațială <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 5 — pagină inexistentă">Mariner 5</a> care a trecut la mai puțin de 4.000 km de suprafață. Mariner 5 a fost construită ca o sondă de rezervă pentru misiunea Mariner 4 de a studia <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Marte" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Marte">Marte</a>. Deoarece misiunea Mariner 4 a avut succes, nava spațială de rezervă a fost reconstruită și trimisă spre Venus. Datele comune Venera 4–Mariner 5 au fost analizate de o echipă științifică combinată sovietico-americană într-o serie de colocvii pe parcursul anului următor,<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> într-un exemplu timpuriu de cooperare spațială.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> Având în vedere datele culese în misiunile anterioare, URSS a trimis navele spațiale Venera 5 și Venera 6 la cinci zile distanță, în ianuarie 1969. Au ajuns la Venus la o zi distanță, în luna mai a aceluiași an. Aveau o structură întărită pentru a rezista la o presiune de 25 de bari și parașute mai mici pentru a permite o coborâre mai rapidă. Deoarece modelele atmosferice ale lui Venus trimise spre Pământ presupuneau o presiune la suprafață de 75-100 bari, nu era de așteptat să ajungă la suprafață. După ce au făcut o serie de măsurători timp de aproximativ 50 de minute, ambele au fost zdrobite la o altitudine de aproximativ 20 km și au căzut pe suprafața lui Venus pe partea întunecată. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Studii_de_atmosferă_și_suprafață">Studii de atmosferă și suprafață</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Studii de atmosferă și suprafață" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Studii de atmosferă și suprafață">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Foto_de_Venera_9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/500px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/750px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/1000px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Venera 9 a returnat prima imagine de pe suprafața unei alte planete în 1975.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a></figcaption></figure> Sonda Venera 7 a fost trimisă pentru a colecta date de pe suprafața planetei. În acest scop, a fost realizată din module ranforsate ce puteau rezista la o presiune de 180 bari. Capsula aterizatorului a fost pre-răcită înainte de a intra în atmosferă și echipată cu o parașută special acoperită, permițând o coborâre rapidă de 35 de minute. Sonda a intrat în atmosferă la 15 decembrie 1970. După câteva minute de coborâre, parașuta a început să cedeze, rezultând o coborâre mai rapidă decât era planificată.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntress_JrMarov2011236–240-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1994211–215-171">[168]</a> Parașuta a eșuat în cele din urmă complet, iar sonda a intrat într-o perioadă de cădere liberă.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntress_JrMarov2011236–240-170">[167]</a> Drept urmare, sonda a lovit suprafața lui Venus cu aproximativ 16,5 m/s și a fost avariată.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1994211–215-171">[168]</a> Cu toate acestea, a trimis un semnal slab, transmițând date de temperatură timp de 23 de minute, prima telemetrie de la suprafața altei planete.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> O altă sondă, Venera 8, a trimis date timp de 50 de minute, iar Venera 9 și Venera 10 au furnizat primele imagini ale suprafeței lui Venus. Sondele au arătat două peisaje complet diferite. Venera 9 a aterizat pe o pantă de 20 de grade punctată cu pietre de 30–40 cm. Venera 10 s-a așezat pe plăci de bazalt acoperite cu material degradat.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_1-161">[158]</a> Între timp, Statele Unite au trimis nava spațială <a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a>, care a folosit asistența gravitațională a lui Venus în zborul său către <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a>. Acesta a fost prima dată când s-a folosit asistența gravitațională interplanetară, o tehnică care va fi folosită de sondele ulterioare, în special <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> și <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">2</a>. La 5 februarie 1974, Mariner 10 a zburat la 5.790 km de Venus și a făcut peste 4.000 de fotografii. Fotografiile, deși sunt cele mai bune obținute până acum, practic nu conțin detalii în lumină vizibilă. Cu toate acestea, în ultraviolete au dezvăluit multe detalii necunoscute anterior ale atmosferei sale.<a href="#cite_note-M10-173">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg/220px-Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg/330px-Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg/440px-Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Pioneer Venus 1 orbitează în jurul lui Venus, concept artistic</figcaption></figure> Un alt proiect american, Pioneer Venus, a inclus două misiuni separate.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> Primul a fost orbitatorul Pioneer Venus 1, care a fost pus pe o orbită eliptică în jurul lui Venus la 4 decembrie 1978 și a rămas acolo timp de mai bine de treisprezece ani, făcând hărți radar ale suprafeței și studiind atmosfera.<a href="#cite_note-pioneer_venus-175">[172]</a> A doua a fost sonda Pioneer Venus 2, care a livrat patru sonde mai mici care au intrat în atmosferă la 9 decembrie 1978 și au colectat date despre compoziția sa chimică, vântul și fluxurile de căldură.<a href="#cite_note-pioneer_venus-175">[172]</a> În următorii patru ani, URSS a mai trimis patru sonde către Venus. Venera 11 și Venera 12 au detectat furtuni în atmosfera lui Venus.<a href="#cite_note-V11_12-176">[173]</a> Venera 13 și Venera 14 au aterizat pe suprafața sa la 1 și 5 martie 1982 și au făcut primele fotografii color ale suprafeței sale. Toate cele patru sonde aveau parașute care se deschideau doar la o altitudine de 50 km pentru a încetini în atmosfera inferioară densă. Sondele Venera 13 și Venera 14 au examinat probe de sol folosind radiații cu raze X și un spectrometru și au efectuat teste pentru a măsura compresibilitatea solului.<a href="#cite_note-V11_12-176">[173]</a> Ultimele sonde ale programului Venera au fost sondele Venera 15 și Venera 16. Au fost plasatei pe orbita lui Venus în octombrie 1983 și au cartografiat suprafața acesteia folosind un radar cu deschidere sintetică.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> În 1985, Uniunea Sovietică a continuat cercetările asupra lui Venus ca parte a programului Vega. Trecerea <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Halley" title="Cometa Halley">cometei Halley</a> prin sistemul solar interior a oferit ocazia de a crea o misiune pentru a studia ambele obiecte. În drum spre cometa Halley, navele spațiale Vega 1 și Vega 2 au lansat sonde echipate cu baloane pentru a menține dispozitivele de măsurare în atmosfera superioară. La 11 și 15 iunie 1985, aterizatoarele ambelor sonde au aterizat pe suprafața planetei, în timp ce baloanele au plutit la o altitudine de aproximativ 53 km și ambele au transmis date timp de aproximativ 46 de ore înainte ca bateriile să se epuizeze. Datele colectate au relevat vânturi verticale mult mai intense decât se aștepta anterior.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hărți_radar">Hărți radar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Hărți radar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Hărți radar">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_Topo_0_East,_772-,663,-109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Venus_Topo_0_East%2C_772-%2C663%2C-109.jpg/200px-Venus_Topo_0_East%2C_772-%2C663%2C-109.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Venus_Topo_0_East%2C_772-%2C663%2C-109.jpg/300px-Venus_Topo_0_East%2C_772-%2C663%2C-109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Venus_Topo_0_East%2C_772-%2C663%2C-109.jpg/400px-Venus_Topo_0_East%2C_772-%2C663%2C-109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4064" data-file-height="4064" /></a><figcaption>Harta radar a suprafeței lui Venus realizată de nava spațială <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Magellan (sondă spațială)">Magellan</a></figcaption></figure> Sonda americană <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Magellan (sondă spațială)">Magellan</a> a început la 4 mai 1989 o misiune cu sarcina de a realiza hărți ale suprafeței cu ajutorul radarului.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> În mai bine de patru ani de muncă, a obținut imagini de înaltă rezoluție, cu mult superioare oricăror hărți anterioare și comparabile cu imaginile altor planete în lumină vizibilă. Măsurătorile lui Magellan au realizat hărți radar cu peste 98% din Venus<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> și documentează 95% din câmpul gravitațional al lui Venus. În 1994, Magellan a fost trimis intenționat în atmosfera lui Venus și distrus pentru a determina densitatea acesteia.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Venus a fost observată și de navele spațiale <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Galileo (sondă spațială)">Galileo</a> și <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> în timpul zborului lor spre planetele exterioare ale Sistemul Solar, dar dincolo de aceste observații, după finalizarea misiunii Magellan, explorarea spațiului Venus a fost suspendată pentru mai bine de zece ani.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Observarea_atmosferei">Observarea atmosferei</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Observarea atmosferei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Observarea atmosferei">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Nava spațială <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a>, proiectată și construită de <a href="/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_European%C4%83" title="Agenția Spațială Europeană">Agenția Spațială Europeană</a>, a fost lansată de racheta rusă Soyuz-FG/Fregat la 9 noiembrie 2005. La 11 aprilie 2006, a intrat pe o orbită circumpolară în jurul lui Venus.<a href="#cite_note-Esa_venus_express-184">[181]</a> Sonda a efectuat studii detaliate despre nori și atmosferă și proprietățile suprafeței sale, în special temperatura. Sarcinile ei au inclus și cartografierea distribuției plasmei în jurul planetei. Misiunea, planificată inițial pentru 500 de zile pământești, sau aproximativ doi ani venusieni,<a href="#cite_note-Esa_venus_express-184">[181]</a> a fost prelungită până la începutul anului 2015.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Unul dintre primele rezultate a fost descoperirea unui vârtej atmosferic puternic existent peste polul sudic al planetei.<a href="#cite_note-Esa_venus_express-184">[181]</a> Sonda a oferit, de asemenea, dovezi ale activității vulcanice recente pe Venus, constatând existența unor fluxuri de lavă estimate a fi vechi de cel mult 2,5 milioane de ani.<a href="#cite_note-Esa_venus_express-184">[181]</a> Sonda <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a>, trimisă de <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, în timpul zborului către Mercur a făcut două treceri pe lângă Venus în octombrie 2006 și iunie 2007, timp în care a observat planeta.<a href="#cite_note-MESSENGER-186">[183]</a> În mod similar, sonda <a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> a Agenției Spațiale Europene, în drum spre Mercur a făcut un survol al lui Venus în octombrie 2020 și august 2021.<a href="#cite_note-FACTS-187">[184]</a> Sonda destinată direct studiului lui Venus este sonda Akatsuki, creată de <a href="/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_Japonez%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenția Spațială Japoneză">Agenția Spațială Japoneză</a> (JAXA), care a fost lansată la 20 mai 2010. Din cauza unei defecțiuni a motorului, intrarea pe orbită în decembrie 2010 nu a avut succes,<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> dar contactul cu sonda nu s-a pierdut și după cinci ani de orbită în jurul <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soarelui</a>, la 7 decembrie 2015, Akatsuki a intrat pe orbita planetei Venus.<a href="#cite_note-Akatsuki-Successful-Orbit-Gizmag-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akatsuki-Sucessful-Orbit-SpaceFlightNow-190">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misiuni_viitoare">Misiuni viitoare</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Misiuni viitoare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Misiuni viitoare">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_Rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg/220px-Venus_Rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg/330px-Venus_Rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg/440px-Venus_Rover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Concept artistic al unu rover venusian</figcaption></figure> În iunie 2021, NASA a anunțat două potențiale misiuni pe Venus ca parte a <a href="/wiki/Programul_Discovery" title="Programul Discovery">programului Discovery</a>. Sonda DAVINCI+ urmează să fie o sondă atmosferică care va analiza în detaliu compoziția atmosferei planetei și va fotografia suprafața. Orbitatorul VERITAS va observa planeta și va realiza hărți radar noi și detaliate, concentrându-se în special pe zonele de activitate potențială. Se preconizează că sondele vor călători spre Venus în 2028–2030.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> În aceeași lună, <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> a anunțat că va trimite un orbitator EnVision pe Venus la începutul anilor 2030 cu o misiune cuprinzătoare de a studia atmosfera, a observa suprafața și a studia geologia.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> La 6 octombrie 2021, Emiratele Arabe Unite și-au anunțat intenția de a trimite o sondă către Venus în 2028. Sonda va face observații ale planetei în timp și o va folosi pentru <a href="/wiki/Asisten%C8%9B%C4%83_gravita%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Asistență gravitațională">asistență gravitațională</a> pentru a o propulsa către <a href="/wiki/Centura_de_asteroizi" title="Centura de asteroizi">centura de asteroizi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UAE_Venus-193">[190]</a> Agenția rusă <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> intenționează să trimită sonda Venera-D, care urmează să observe planeta de pe orbită și să lanseze un <a href="/wiki/Lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lander">lander</a> capabil să supraviețuiască mai mult timp la suprafață. Momentul acestei misiuni a fost amânat de multe ori, ultimul termen fiind noiembrie 2029.<a href="#cite_note-rsw-2021update-194">[191]</a> Alte propuneri pentru misiuni viitoare includ desfășurarea de rovere, aeroboți (sonde cu baloane) și vehicule aeriene fără pilot.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Note">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the right-hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Misstated as "Ganiki Chasma" in the press release and scientific publication.<a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2015-48">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Several claims of transit observations made by medieval Islamic astronomers have been shown to be sunspots.<a href="#cite_note-VaqueroVázquez2009-145">[143]</a> Avicenna did not record the date of his observation. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2015-09-10">10 septembrie 2015</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Lightning+on+Venus+inferred+from+whistler-mode+waves+in+the+ionosphere&rft.volume=450&rft.issue=7170&rft.pages=661-662&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18046401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05930&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.450..661R&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+T.+L.&rft.au=Delva%2C+M.&rft.au=Magnes%2C+W.&rft.au=Strangeway%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Wei%2C+H.+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faten.igpp.ucla.edu%2Fpersonnel%2Frussell%2Fpapers%2Flightning_venus_whistler-mode_waves.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hand, Eric (noiembrie 2007). „European mission reports from Venus”. Nature (450): 633–660. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2007.297">10.1038/news.2007.297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=European+mission+reports+from+Venus&rft.issue=450&rft.pages=633-660&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2007.297&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Staff (<time datetime="2007-11-28">28 noiembrie 2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7117303.stm">„Venus offers Earth climate clues”</a>. BBC News. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-11-29">29 noiembrie 2007</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Venus+offers+Earth+climate+clues&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7117303.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esaozone-91"><a href="#cite_ref-esaozone_91-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMU3N9U7TG_Life_0.html">„ESA finds that Venus has an ozone layer too”</a>. European Space Agency. <time datetime="2011-10-06">6 octombrie 2011</time>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2013-01-31">31 ianuarie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+A+Planet+Behaves+Like+A+Comet&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FWhen_a_planet_behaves_like_a_comet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space-20130130-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Space-20130130_93-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Kramer, Miriam (<time datetime="2013-01-30">30 ianuarie 2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/19537-venus-comet-atmosphere.html">„Venus Can Have 'Comet-Like' Atmosphere”</a>. Space.com. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-01-31">31 ianuarie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Venus+Can+Have+%27Comet-Like%27+Atmosphere&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F19537-venus-comet-atmosphere.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fukuhara, Tetsuya; Futaguchi, Masahiko; Hashimoto, George L.; et al. (<time datetime="2017-01-16">16 ianuarie 2017</time>). „Large stationary gravity wave in the atmosphere of Venus”. Nature Geoscience. 10 (2): 85–88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatGe..10...85F">2017NatGe..10...85F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2873">10.1038/ngeo2873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Large+stationary+gravity+wave+in+the+atmosphere+of+Venus&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-88&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo2873&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatGe..10...85F&rft.aulast=Fukuhara&rft.aufirst=Tetsuya&rft.au=Futaguchi%2C+Masahiko&rft.au=Hashimoto%2C+George+L.&rft.au=Horinouchi%2C+Takeshi&rft.au=Imamura%2C+Takeshi&rft.au=Iwagaimi%2C+Naomoto&rft.au=Kouyama%2C+Toru&rft.au=Murakami%2C+Shin-ya&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+Masato&rft.au=Ogohara%2C+Kazunori&rft.au=Sato%2C+Mitsuteru&rft.au=Sato%2C+Takao+M.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Makoto&rft.au=Taguchi%2C+Makoto&rft.au=Takagi%2C+Seiko&rft.au=Ueno%2C+Munetaka&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Shigeto&rft.au=Yamada%2C+Manabu&rft.au=Yamazaki%2C+Atsushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Rincon, Paul (<time datetime="2017-01-16">16 ianuarie 2017</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38638067">„Venus wave may be Solar System's biggest”</a>. BBC News. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-01-17">17 ianuarie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Venus+wave+may+be+Solar+System%27s+biggest&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-38638067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Chang, Kenneth (<time datetime="2017-01-16">16 ianuarie 2017</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/science/venus-wave-akatsuki.html?_r=0">„Venus Smiled, With a Mysterious Wave Across Its Atmosphere”</a>. The New York Times. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-01-17">17 ianuarie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Venus+Smiled%2C+With+a+Mysterious+Wave+Across+Its+Atmosphere&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F01%2F16%2Fscience%2Fvenus-wave-akatsuki.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HITRAN-97"><a href="#cite_ref-HITRAN_97-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hitran/">„The HITRAN Database”</a>. Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-08-08">8 august 2012</time>. <q>HITRAN is a compilation of spectroscopic parameters that a variety of computer codes use to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in the atmosphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+HITRAN+Database&rft.pub=Atomic+and+Molecular+Physics+Division%2C+Harvard-Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2Fhitran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Harford, Tim (<time datetime="2019-01-11">11 ianuarie 2019</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0001y9p">„BBC Radio 4 – More or Less, Sugar, Outdoors Play and Planets”</a>. BBC. <q>Oliver Hawkins, more or less alumnus and statistical legend, wrote some code for us, which calculated which planet was closest to the Earth on each day for the past 50 years, and then sent the results to David A. Rothery, professor of planetary geosciences at the Open University.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Radio+4+%E2%80%93+More+or+Less%2C+Sugar%2C+Outdoors+Play+and+Planets&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.aulast=Harford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm0001y9p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809051650/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Solex-Venus.txt">„Venus Close Approaches to Earth as predicted by Solex 11”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Solex-Venus.txt">original</a> la <time datetime="2012-08-09">9 august 2012</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-03-19">19 martie 2009</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venus+Close+Approaches+to+Earth+as+predicted+by+Solex+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FSolex-Venus.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> Numbers generated by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918233453/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">Solex</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venus-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Venus_100-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Squyres, Steven W. (<time datetime="2016">2016</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/625665/Venus">„Venus”</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-01-07">7 ianuarie 2016</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Venus&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Squyres&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F625665%2FVenus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IERS-101"><a href="#cite_ref-IERS_101-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPetitLuzum" class="citation">Petit, Gérard; Luzum, Brian (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/TechnicalNotes/tn36.html">IERS Conventions (2010)</a>, IERS, p. 19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IERS+Conventions+%282010%29&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=IERS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iers.org%2FIERS%2FEN%2FPublications%2FTechnicalNotes%2Ftn36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stellar-102"><a href="#cite_ref-stellar_102-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIERS" class="citation">IERS, Useful Constants, IERS</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Useful+Constants&rft.pub=IERS&rft.au=IERS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CASTOR-103"><a href="#cite_ref-CASTOR_103-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEarl" class="citation">Earl, Michael A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castor2.ca/16_Calc/03_Rotation/index.html">Rotation Speed</a>, Canadian Astronomy, Satellite Tracking and Optical Research (CASTOR)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rotation+Speed&rft.pub=Canadian+Astronomy%2C+Satellite+Tracking+and+Optical+Research+%28CASTOR%29&rft.aulast=Earl&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castor2.ca%2F16_Calc%2F03_Rotation%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Viteza ecuatorială a Pământului este dată de surse de încredere atât la aproximativ 1.674,4 km/h cât și la 1.669,8 km/h. Cel mai simplu mod de a determina cifra corectă este de a înmulți raza Pământului de 6.378.137 m (WGS84) și viteza unghiulară a Pământului, 7,2921150 × 10−5 rad/s,<a href="#cite_note-IERS-101">[99]</a> producând 465.1011 m/s = 1674.364 km/h. Cifra incorectă de 1.669,8 km/h se obține divizând circumferința ecuatorială a Pământului la 24 de ore. Dar viteza corectă trebuie să fie în raport cu spațiul inerțial, deci trebuie folosită ziua stelară de 7004861640989036910♠86164.098903691 s/3600 = 7001239344720000000♠23.934472 h (23 h 56 m 4.0989 s).<a href="#cite_note-stellar-102">[100]</a> Astfel 2π(6378.137 km)/23.934472 h = 1674,364 km/h.<a href="#cite_note-CASTOR-103">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bakich, Michael E. (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PE99nOKjbXAC&lpg=PA50&pg=PA50">„Rotational velocity (equatorial)”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeplaneta00baki/page/50">The Cambridge Planetary Handbook</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeplaneta00baki/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-521-63280-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-521-63280-5">978-0-521-63280-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rotational+velocity+%28equatorial%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Planetary+Handbook&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63280-5&rft.aulast=Bakich&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPE99nOKjbXAC%26lpg%3DPA50%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slowing_spin-106"><a href="#cite_ref-slowing_spin_106-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Could_Venus_be_shifting_gear">„Could Venus Be Shifting Gear?”</a>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2021-10-07">7 octombrie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnet.com&rft.atitle=Daring+mission+to+Venus+and+the+asteroid+belt+announced+by+the+UAE&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fdaring-new-mission-to-venus-and-the-asteroid-belt-announced-by-the-uae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsw-2021update-194"><a href="#cite_ref-rsw-2021update_194-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Zak, Anatoly (<time datetime="2021-03-05">5 martie 2021</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera-d-2021.html">„New promise for the Venera-D project”</a>. RussianSpaceWeb. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-07">7 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb&rft.atitle=New+promise+for+the+Venera-D+project&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Fvenera-d-2021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720022756/http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/Citations.aspx?id=1568">„The NASA Glenn Research Center Technical Report Server - Citations”</a>, Gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/citations.aspx?id=1568, arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/Citations.aspx?id=1568">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-07-20">20 iulie 2011</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2011-05-12">12 mai 2011</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gltrs.grc.nasa.gov%2Fcitations.aspx%3Fid%3D1568&rft.atitle=The+NASA+Glenn+Research+Center+Technical+Report+Server+-+Citations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgltrs.grc.nasa.gov%2FCitations.aspx%3Fid%3D1568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și">Vezi și</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus" title="Tranzitul lui Venus">Tranzitul lui Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_craterelor_de_pe_Venus" title="Lista craterelor de pe Venus">Lista craterelor de pe Venus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe">Legături externe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa; color:var(--color-base, #000);"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin:auto;text-align:center;">Puteți găsi mai multe informații despre Venus prin căutarea în proiectele similare ale Wikipediei, grupate sub denumirea generică de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sister_projects" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Sister projects">„proiecte surori”</a>: </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a> </td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Venus">Definiții și traduceri</a> în Wikționar </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Venus">Imagini și media</a> la Commons </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Venus">Citate</a> la Wikicitat </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Venus">Texte sursă</a> la Wikisursă </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Venus">Manuale</a> la Wikimanuale </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Venus">Resurse de studiu</a> la Wikiversitate </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus">Venus profile</a> pe site-ul NASA's Solar System Exploration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/venuspage.html">Misiuni spre Venus</a> și <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/thumbnail_pages/venus_thumbnails.html">Imagini</a> la National Space Science Data Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venus.htm">Explorare sovietică a planetei Venus</a> și <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm">Imagini</a> la Mentallandscape.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015045714/http://www.strykfoto.org/venera.htm">Imagini din misiunile Venera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html">Venus page</a> la The Nine Planets</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html">Tranzitul lui Venus</a> la NASA.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geody.com/?world=venus">Geody Venus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/pentagram-of-venus">Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the pentagram that the orbit of Venus traces when Earth is held fixed at the centre of the coordinate system</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Sistemul_solar" title="Format:Sistemul solar">v</a> • <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Sistemul_solar" title="Discuție Format:Sistemul solar">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Sistemul_solar&action=edit">m</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul solar</a> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Solar_System_Template_Final.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_b58697f1be6c2d94" /><map name="ImageMap_b58697f1be6c2d94"><area href="/wiki/Soare" shape="circle" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="Soarele" title="Soarele" /><area href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercur" title="Mercur" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" shape="circle" coords="203,8,4" alt="Luna" title="Luna" /><area href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" shape="circle" coords="194,18,8" alt="Pământ" title="Pământ" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" shape="circle" coords="239,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Marte" title="Sateliții lui Marte" /><area href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Marte" title="Marte" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,8" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Centura_de_asteroizi" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="Centura de asteroizi" title="Centura de asteroizi" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,18,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,5,6" alt="Sateliții lui Jupiter" title="Sateliții lui Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,10" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Sateliții lui Saturn" title="Sateliții lui Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,9" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Sateliții lui Uranus" title="Sateliții lui Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" shape="circle" coords="471,10,3" alt="Sateliții lui Neptun" title="Sateliții lui Neptun" /><area href="/wiki/Neptun_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptun" title="Neptun" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Pluton" shape="circle" coords="508,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Pluton" title="Sateliții lui Pluton" /><area href="/wiki/Pluton" shape="circle" coords="504,18,8" alt="Pluton" title="Pluton" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="539,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Haumea" title="Sateliții lui Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="535,18,8" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="564,18,8" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" shape="rect" coords="492,0,573,35" alt="Centura Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Eris" shape="circle" coords="601,14,3" alt="Sateliții lui Eris" title="Sateliții lui Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="597,18,8" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Discul_%C3%AEmpr%C4%83%C8%99tiat" shape="rect" coords="574,0,610,35" alt="Discul împrăștiat" title="Discul împrăștiat" /><area href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Oort" shape="rect" coords="611,0,635,35" alt="Norul lui Oort" title="Norul lui Oort" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">Stea</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soarele</a> · (<a href="/wiki/Heliosfer%C4%83" title="Heliosferă">Heliosferă</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">Planete</a> (și <a href="/wiki/Satelit_natural" title="Satelit natural">sateliți</a>)</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venus</a> · <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lună">Luna</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" title="Marte (planetă)">Marte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Marte">sateliți</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Jupiter" title="Inelele lui Jupiter">inele</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Saturn">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Saturn" title="Inelele lui Saturn">inele</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Uranus">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Uranus" title="Inelele lui Uranus">inele</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Neptun_(planet%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptun (planetă)">Neptun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Neptun">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Neptun" title="Inelele lui Neptun">inele</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">Planete pitice</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Ceres (planetă pitică)">Ceres</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_lui_Pluto" title="Sateliții lui Pluto">sateliți</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Haumea (planetă pitică)">Haumea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Haumea" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Haumea">sateliți</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Makemake (planetă pitică)">Makemake</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Eris (planetă pitică)">Eris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(satelit)" title="Dysnomia (satelit)">satelit</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Probabil planete pitice</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">satelit</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Sedna" title="Sedna">Sedna</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanth">satelit</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/(225088)_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="(225088) Gonggong">Gonggong</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiangliu — pagină inexistentă">satelit</a>) · <a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">2002 MS4</a>  · <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> (<a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia#Satelit" title="120347 Salacia">satelit</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Obiecte mici</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_minor%C4%83" title="Planetă minoră">Planete minore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_planetelor_minore" title="Lista planetelor minore">listă</a>)</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroizi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_asteroizi_notabili" title="Listă de asteroizi notabili">listă</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid_(asteroid)" title="Vulcanoid (asteroid)">Vulcanoizi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Centura_de_asteroizi" title="Centura de asteroizi">Centura de asteroizi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Troian_(asteroid)" title="Troian (asteroid)">Troieni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(planet%C4%83_minor%C4%83)" title="Centaur (planetă minoră)">Centauri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloizi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroizi</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Obiect_transneptunian" title="Obiect transneptunian">Obiecte transneptuniene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper">Centura Kuiper</a> · <a href="/wiki/Discul_%C3%AEmpr%C4%83%C8%99tiat" title="Discul împrăștiat">Discul împrăștiat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Obiect_deta%C8%99at" title="Obiect detașat">Obiecte detașate</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoizi</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Hills" title="Norul lui Hills">Norul lui Hills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Oort" title="Norul lui Oort">Norul lui Oort</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Comet%C4%83" title="Cometă">Comete</a></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/C/1956_R1_(Arend-Roland)" title="C/1956 R1 (Arend-Roland)">C/1956 R1 (Arend-Roland)</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2 (SWAN)</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2012_S1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 S1">C/2012 S1 (ISON)</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1" title="C/2013 A1">C/2013 A1</a>  · <a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">Crommelin</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Elenin" title="Cometa Elenin">Elenin</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Encke" title="Cometa Encke">Encke</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp">Hale-Bopp</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Halley" title="Cometa Halley">Halley</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Hyakutake" title="Cometa Hyakutake">Hyakutake</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Kohoutek" title="Cometa Kohoutek">Kohoutek</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Lexell" title="Cometa Lexell">Lexell</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_McNaught" title="Cometa McNaught">McNaught</a>  · <a href="/wiki/67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko" title="67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko">67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko</a>  · <a href="/wiki/130P/McNaught-Hughes" title="130P/McNaught-Hughes">130P/McNaught-Hughes</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Shoemaker-Levy_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoemaker-Levy 9">Shoemaker-Levy 9</a>  · <a href="/wiki/109P/Swift-Tuttle" title="109P/Swift-Tuttle">Swift-Tuttle</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_West" title="Cometa West">West</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Altele</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83_de_Lun%C4%83" title="Eclipsă de Lună">Eclipsă de Lună</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83_de_Soare" title="Eclipsă de Soare">Eclipsă de Soare</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geneza_%C8%99i_evolu%C8%9Bia_Sistemului_Solar" title="Geneza și evoluția Sistemului Solar">Geneză și evoluție</a> · <a href="/wiki/Descoperirea_%C8%99i_explorarea_sistemului_solar" title="Descoperirea și explorarea sistemului solar">Descoperire și explorare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cronologia_explor%C4%83rii_sistemului_solar" title="Cronologia explorării sistemului solar">Cronologia explorării</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Lista_planetelor_sistemului_solar" title="Lista planetelor sistemului solar">Lista planetelor</a> · <a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_sateli%C8%9Bi_naturali" title="Listă de sateliți naturali">Lista sateliților naturali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tranzit_astronomic" title="Tranzit astronomic">Tranzit astronomic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProject"><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><a href="/wiki/Proiect:Astronomie" title="Proiect:Astronomie">Proiect</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sistemul_solar" title="Portal:Sistemul solar">Portal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Venus" title="Format:Venus"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style="text-align: center;;;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Venus — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style="text-align: center;;;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Venus&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style="text-align: center;;;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venus" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Caracteristici fizice</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosfera lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Atmosferă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravita%C8%9Bia_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitația lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Câmp gravitațional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2mpul_magnetic_al_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Câmpul magnetic al lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Câmp magnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structura_intern%C4%83_a_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structura internă a lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Structură internă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografie_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topografie lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Topografie</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus-real_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus"><img alt="Venus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/120px-Venus-real_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/180px-Venus-real_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/240px-Venus-real_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Orbită</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus" title="Tranzitul lui Venus">Tranzit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_tranziturilor_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista tranziturilor lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Listă de tranzituri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Suprafață</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lista_craterelor_de_pe_Venus" title="Lista craterelor de pe Venus">Cratere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_vulcanilor_de_pe_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista vulcanilor de pe Venus — pagină inexistentă">Vulcani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polul_Nord_al_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polul Nord al lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Polul Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polul_Sud_al_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polul Sud al lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Polul Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Științifice</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologia_lui_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geologia lui Venus — pagină inexistentă">Geologie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Explorare</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_obiecte_artificiale_pe_Venus" title="Listă de obiecte artificiale pe Venus">Obiecte artificiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonizarea_planetei_Venus" title="Colonizarea planetei Venus">Colonizare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Subiecte adiacente</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(zei%C8%9B%C4%83)" title="Venus (zeiță)">Venus în mitologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_dubl%C4%83" title="Planetă dublă">Planetă dublă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">Planetă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul solar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zi_venusian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zi venusiană — pagină inexistentă">Zi venusiană</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Symbol_question.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/24px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/32px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Categorie:Venus" title="Categorie:Venus">Categorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Venus" title="Portal:Venus">Portal Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Sistemul Solar">Portal Sistemul Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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