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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hot air oven</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horno_de_aire_caliente" title="Horno de aire caliente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horno de aire caliente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="کوره هوا داغ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوره هوا داغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oven_udara_panas" title="Oven udara panas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oven udara panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forno_Pasteur" title="Forno Pasteur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forno Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterylizator_powietrzny" title="Sterylizator powietrzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sterylizator powietrzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorijska_pe%C4%87" title="Laboratorijska peć – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Laboratorijska peć" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorijska_pe%C4%87" title="Laboratorijska peć – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laboratorijska peć" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6kaappi" title="Lämpökaappi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpökaappi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electrical device which uses dry heat to sterilize substances</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the consumer device to heat food, see <a href="/wiki/Convection_oven" title="Convection oven">Convection oven</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hot_air_oven" title="Special:EditPage/Hot air oven">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hot+air+oven%22">"Hot air oven"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hot+air+oven%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hot+air+oven%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hot+air+oven%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hot+air+oven%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hot+air+oven%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_air_oven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hot_air_oven.jpg/336px-Hot_air_oven.jpg" decoding="async" width="336" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hot_air_oven.jpg/504px-Hot_air_oven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hot_air_oven.jpg/672px-Hot_air_oven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Hot air oven</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hot air ovens</b> are <a href="/wiki/Electrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical">electrical</a> devices which use <a href="/wiki/Dry_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry heat">dry heat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilize</a>. They were originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur_University" title="Louis Pasteur University">Louis Pasteur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Paniker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paniker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are essentially the same as <a href="/wiki/Fan_oven" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan oven">fan ovens</a> used for cooking food. Generally, they use a <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a> to control the temperature. Their double walled insulation keeps the heat in and conserves <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, the inner layer being a poor conductor and outer layer being metallic. There is also an air filled space in between to aid <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a>. An air circulating fan helps in uniform distribution of the heat. These are fitted with the adjustable wire mesh plated trays or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> trays and may have an on/off rocker switch, as well as indicators and controls for temperature and holding time. The capacities of these ovens vary. Power supply needs vary from country to country, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">frequency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>) used. Temperature sensitive tapes or biological indicators using <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_spores" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial spores">bacterial spores</a> can be used as controls, to test for the <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a> of the device during use. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_air_oven&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They do not require water and there is not much pressure build up within the oven, unlike an <a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">autoclave</a>, making them safer to work with. This also makes them more suitable to be used in a <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> environment. They are much smaller than autoclaves but can still be as effective. They can be more rapid than an autoclave and higher temperatures can be reached compared to other means. As they use <a href="/wiki/Dry_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry heat">dry heat</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Moist_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Moist heat">moist heat</a>, some pathogens like <a href="/wiki/Prions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prions">prions</a>, may not be killed by them every time, based on the principle of thermal inactivation by oxidation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_air_oven&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A complete cycle involves heating the oven to the required temperature, maintaining that temperature for the proper time interval for that temperature, turning the machine off and cooling the articles in the closed oven till they reach room temperature. The standard settings for a hot air oven are: </p> <ul><li>1.5 to 2 hours at 160 °C (320 °F)</li> <li>6 to 12 minutes at 190 °C (374 °F)</li></ul> <p>....plus the time required to preheat the chamber before beginning the sterilization cycle. If the door is opened before time, heat escapes and the process becomes incomplete. Thus the cycle must be properly repeated all over. </p><p>These are widely used to <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilize</a> articles that can withstand high temperatures and not get burnt, like glassware and powders. Linen gets burnt and surgical sharps lose their sharpness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_air_oven&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Paniker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paniker_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnanthanarayanPaniker2006" class="citation book cs1">Ananthanarayan, R; Paniker, C. J. (2006). <i>Textbook of Microbiology</i> (7th ed.). India: Orient Blackswan. pp. 2, 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8125028086" title="Special:BookSources/978-8125028086"><bdi>978-8125028086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Microbiology&rft.place=India&rft.pages=2%2C+25-26&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8125028086&rft.aulast=Ananthanarayan&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Paniker%2C+C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+oven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Textbook of Microbiology</i> by Prof. C P Baveja, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7855-266-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7855-266-3">81-7855-266-3</a></li> <li><i>Textbook of Microbiology</i> by Ananthanarayan and Panikar, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-2808-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-2808-0">81-250-2808-0</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_air_oven&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14274/css/14274_146.htm">http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14274/css/14274_146.htm</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laboratory_equipment" title="Template:Laboratory equipment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laboratory_equipment" title="Template talk:Laboratory equipment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laboratory_equipment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laboratory equipment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laboratory_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laboratory#Laboratory_equipment" title="Laboratory">Laboratory equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Heaters</li><li>Dryers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_burner" title="Alcohol burner">Alcohol burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccator" title="Desiccator">Desiccator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_mantle" title="Heating mantle">Heating mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_plate" title="Hot plate">Hot plate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lab oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">Kiln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meker%E2%80%93Fisher_burner" title="Meker–Fisher burner">Meker–Fisher burner</a></li> <li>Striker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teclu_burner" title="Teclu burner">Teclu burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_water_bath" title="Laboratory water bath">Water bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_dry_box" title="Vacuum dry box">Vacuum dry box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Mixers</li><li>Shakers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemostat" title="Chemostat">Chemostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogenizer" title="Homogenizer">Homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_whistle" title="Liquid whistle">Liquid whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stirrer" title="Magnetic stirrer">Magnetic stirrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_(laboratory)" title="Shaker (laboratory)">Shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonication" title="Sonication">Sonicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_mixer" title="Static mixer">Static mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_rod" title="Glass rod">Stirring rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_mixer" title="Vortex mixer">Vortex mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_bottle" title="Wash bottle">Wash bottle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Stands</li><li><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a> <br /></li><li>Holders</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beaker clamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamp_holder" title="Clamp holder">Clamp holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(laboratory)" title="Tripod (laboratory)">Tripod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burette_clamp" title="Burette clamp">Burette clamp</a></li> <li>Extension clamp</li> <li>Flask clamp</li> <li>Funnel support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_ring_(laboratory)" title="Iron ring (laboratory)">Iron ring</a></li> <li>Pinch clamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_stand" title="Retort stand">Retort stand</a></li> <li>Screw clamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_tube_holder" title="Test tube holder">Test tube holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_tube_rack" title="Test tube rack">Test tube rack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_gauze" title="Wire gauze">Wire gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_drying_rack" title="Laboratory drying rack">Lab drying rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Containers <br /></li><li>Storage</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_storage_dewar" title="Cryogenic storage dewar">Cryogenic storage dewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">Incubator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow_cabinet" title="Laminar flow cabinet">Laminar flow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microplate" title="Microplate">Microtiter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picotiter_plate" title="Picotiter plate">Picotiter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li>Weighing boat</li> <li>Weighing dish</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirator_(pump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (pump)">Aspirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">Autoclave</a></li> <li>Balance brush</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_borer" title="Cork borer">Cork borer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">Crucible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filter paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forceps" title="Forceps">Forceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_centrifuge" title="Laboratory centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeclay_triangle" title="Pipeclay triangle">Pipeclay triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splint_(laboratory_equipment)" title="Splint (laboratory equipment)">Splint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rubber_stopper" title="Laboratory rubber stopper">Stopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoopula" title="Scoopula">Scoopula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatula" title="Spatula">Spatula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_tube_brush" title="Test tube brush">Test tube brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_brush" title="Wire brush">Wire brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_needle" title="Inoculation needle">Inoculation needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_loop" title="Inoculation loop">Inoculation loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Glassware" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">Glassware</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean%E2%80%93Stark_apparatus" title="Dean–Stark apparatus">Dean–Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soxhlet_extractor" title="Soxhlet extractor">Soxhlet extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipp%27s_apparatus" title="Kipp's apparatus">Kipp's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_round_(bottle)" title="Boston round (bottle)">Boston round</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(laboratory)" title="Condenser (laboratory)">Condensers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_finger" title="Cold finger">Cold finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebig_condenser" title="Liebig condenser">Liebig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaporating_dish" title="Evaporating dish">Evaporating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_dish" title="Syracuse dish">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_glass" title="Watch glass">Watch glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_flask" title="Laboratory flask">Flasks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_flask" title="Büchner flask">Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">Vacuum (Dewar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlenmeyer_flask" title="Erlenmeyer flask">Erlenmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernbach_flask" title="Fernbach flask">Fernbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleaker" title="Fleaker">Fleaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_flask" title="Florence flask">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">Retort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-bottom_flask" title="Round-bottom flask">Round-bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlenk_flask" title="Schlenk flask">Schlenk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flask" title="Volumetric flask">Volumetric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropping_funnel" title="Dropping funnel">Dropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatory_funnel" title="Separatory funnel">Separatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measuring devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burette" title="Burette">Burette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_measure" title="Conical measure">Conical measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvette" title="Cuvette">Cuvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_dropper" title="Eye dropper">Eye dropper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudiometer" title="Eudiometer">Eudiometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_cylinder" title="Graduated cylinder">Graduated cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_viscometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostwald viscometer">Ostwald viscometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipette" title="Pipette">Pipette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass_tube" title="Glass tube">Tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drying_tube" title="Drying tube">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cragie_tube" title="Cragie tube">Cragie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMR_tube" title="NMR tube">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_tube" title="Test tube">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiele_tube" title="Thiele tube">Thiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle_tube" title="Thistle tube">Thistle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(glassware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker (glassware)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_jar" title="Bell jar">Bell jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_syringe" title="Gas syringe">Gas syringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analytical_chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoAnalyzer" title="AutoAnalyzer">AutoAnalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHN_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="CHN analyzer">CHN analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimeter_(chemistry)" title="Colorimeter (chemistry)">Colorimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma" title="Inductively coupled plasma">Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatograph (GC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">Liquid chromatograph (LC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometer (MS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH_meter" title="PH meter">pH meter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">Microscopy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope (SEM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Transmission electron microscope (TEM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimeter" title="Calorimeter">Calorimeter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_scanning_calorimetry" title="Differential scanning calorimetry">differential scanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting-point_apparatus" title="Melting-point apparatus">Melting-point apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">Thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogravimetric_analysis" title="Thermogravimetric analysis">Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_balance" title="Analytical balance">Analytical balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony counter">Colony counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_plater" title="Spiral plater">Spiral plater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_reader" title="Plate reader">Plate reader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electronics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Bench power supply">Bench power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_source" title="Current source">Current source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_source" title="Voltage source">Voltage source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_generator" title="Function generator">Function generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvanostat" title="Galvanostat">Galvanostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_generator" title="Pulse generator">Pulse generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentiostat" title="Potentiostat">Potentiostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammeter" title="Ammeter">Ammeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_analyzer" title="Logic analyzer">Logic analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">Multimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_analyzer_(electrical)" title="Network analyzer (electrical)">Network analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">Oscilloscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">Spectrum analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-domain_reflectometer" title="Time-domain reflectometer">Time-domain reflectometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_tester" title="Transistor tester">Transistor tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">Voltmeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering_iron" title="Soldering iron">Soldering iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweezers" title="Tweezers">Tweezers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_stripper" title="Wire stripper">Wire stripper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_clip" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator clip">Alligator clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_probe" title="Test probe">Test probe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Safety</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective<br />equipment (PPE)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_coat" title="White coat">Lab coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_shield" title="Face shield">Face shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apron" title="Apron">Rubber apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Safety shower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eye and hand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">Acid-resistant gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Eyewash station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glovebox" title="Glovebox">Glove box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">Medical gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">Nitrile gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">Safety glasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">Safety goggles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosafety_cabinet" title="Biosafety cabinet">Biosafety cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_cabinet" title="Safety cabinet">Safety cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_cabinet" title="Solvent cabinet">Solvent cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Instruments_used_in_medical_laboratories" title="Instruments used in medical laboratories">Instruments used in medical laboratories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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