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The objective of this research was to examine the spatial and temporal vegetation changes and explore their" /> <title>(PDF) Growing Season Vegetation Dynamics Based on NDVI and the Driving Forces in Nepal during 1982-2015 | Giri Kattel - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/67999776/Growing_Season_Vegetation_Dynamics_Based_on_NDVI_and_the_Driving_Forces_in_Nepal_during_1982_2015" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'fdfcd03ea2af2a60c31d1f7e544fe08547bcb5a1'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732726941000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732726941000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Monitoring and attributing growing season vegetation dynamics have become crucial for maintaining the structure and function of the ecosystem. The objective of this research was to examine the spatial and temporal vegetation changes and explore their driving forces during growing season in Nepal. It also explored the variation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in different altitudes at each 100m interval. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NDVI, monthly temperature, precipitation and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 90m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used. The linear regression model, Sen’s slope, Mann Kendall test and Pearson correlation between NDVI and climate, i.e., temperature and precipitation were computed. The driving forces were identified based on threshold segmentation method. Our results showed positive intensity of vegetation change. The NDVI has significantly increased at the rate of 0.001yr-1, 0.0005yr-1 and 0.002yr-1 ...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Giri Kattel"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-01-13","dateModified":"2023-12-09","datePublished":"2020-01-01","headline":"Growing Season Vegetation Dynamics Based on NDVI and the Driving Forces in Nepal during 1982-2015","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Environmental Science"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Nepal Journals Online (JOL)"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/67999776/Growing_Season_Vegetation_Dynamics_Based_on_NDVI_and_the_Driving_Forces_in_Nepal_during_1982_2015","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"unimelb"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F67999776%2FGrowing_Season_Vegetation_Dynamics_Based_on_NDVI_and_the_Driving_Forces_in_Nepal_during_1982_2015%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F67999776%2FGrowing_Season_Vegetation_Dynamics_Based_on_NDVI_and_the_Driving_Forces_in_Nepal_during_1982_2015%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":78636131,"identifier":"Attachment_78636131","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":67999776,"created_at":"2022-01-13T13:00:30.806-08:00","from_world_paper_id":191633120,"updated_at":"2022-01-13T13:22:37.690-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Monitoring and attributing growing season vegetation dynamics have become crucial for maintaining the structure and function of the ecosystem. The objective of this research was to examine the spatial and temporal vegetation changes and explore their driving forces during growing season in Nepal. It also explored the variation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in different altitudes at each 100m interval. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NDVI, monthly temperature, precipitation and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 90m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used. The linear regression model, Sen’s slope, Mann Kendall test and Pearson correlation between NDVI and climate, i.e., temperature and precipitation were computed. The driving forces were identified based on threshold segmentation method. Our results showed positive intensity of vegetation change. The NDVI has significantly increased at the rate of 0.001yr-1, 0.0005yr-1 and 0.002yr-1 ...","publication_date":"2020,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Growing Season Vegetation Dynamics Based on NDVI and the Driving Forces in Nepal during 1982-2015","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [344166]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":78636131,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Growing Season Vegetation Dynamics Based on NDVI and the Driving Forces in Nepal during 1982-2015”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/78636131/mini_magick20220113-25978-q369rp.png?1642107675" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Growing Season Vegetation Dynamics Based on NDVI and the Driving Forces in Nepal during 1982-2015</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="344166" href="https://unimelb.academia.edu/GiriKattel"><img alt="Profile image of Giri Kattel" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/344166/156446/355754/s65_giri.kattel.jpg" />Giri Kattel</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Monitoring and attributing growing season vegetation dynamics have become crucial for maintaining the structure and function of the ecosystem. The objective of this research was to examine the spatial and temporal vegetation changes and explore their driving forces during growing season in Nepal. It also explored the variation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in different altitudes at each 100m interval. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NDVI, monthly temperature, precipitation and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 90m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used. The linear regression model, Sen’s slope, Mann Kendall test and Pearson correlation between NDVI and climate, i.e., temperature and precipitation were computed. The driving forces were identified based on threshold segmentation method. Our results showed positive intensity of vegetation change. The NDVI has significantly increased at the rate of 0.001yr-1, 0.0005yr-1 and 0.002yr-1 ...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":78636131,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/67999776/Growing_Season_Vegetation_Dynamics_Based_on_NDVI_and_the_Driving_Forces_in_Nepal_during_1982_2015"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":78636131,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/67999776/Growing_Season_Vegetation_Dynamics_Based_on_NDVI_and_the_Driving_Forces_in_Nepal_during_1982_2015"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="78636131" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/67999776/Growing_Season_Vegetation_Dynamics_Based_on_NDVI_and_the_Driving_Forces_in_Nepal_during_1982_2015" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="67204231" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67204231/Modeling_of_Satellite_Data_to_Identify_the_Seasonal_Patterns_and_Trends_of_Vegetation_Index_in_Kathmandu_Valley_Nepal_from_2000_to_2015">Modeling of Satellite Data to Identify the Seasonal Patterns and Trends of Vegetation Index in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal from 2000 to 2015</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="157589370" href="https://psu.academia.edu/AUERANANTASUN">ATTACHAI UERANANTASUN</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) data were analysed to identify the seasonal patterns and the time series trends of vegetation in Kathmandu. The data were managed in three steps: reordering, removal of unreliable values and validating. A cubic spline function was used to examine annual seasonal patterns that revealed regular seasonal peaks (day 225 to 280) and troughs (day 50 to 81) of vegetation and start of greening from April and of browning from November. Linear regression models were fitted to seasonally adjusted NDVI, which statistically showed 40.70% of the grid cells had a significant increase and 24.71% of it had decreasing trends. To adjust for autocorrelation, generalized estimating equations (GEE) were fitted to the data for whole area that showed, the overall vegetation has been significantly declining at a rate of -0.005 C and -0.006 C per decade for 2000-2004 and 2010-2015 respectively. The recent period of decline is alarming for a growing city like Kat...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Modeling of Satellite Data to Identify the Seasonal Patterns and Trends of Vegetation Index in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal from 2000 to 2015","attachmentId":78109277,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67204231/Modeling_of_Satellite_Data_to_Identify_the_Seasonal_Patterns_and_Trends_of_Vegetation_Index_in_Kathmandu_Valley_Nepal_from_2000_to_2015","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67204231/Modeling_of_Satellite_Data_to_Identify_the_Seasonal_Patterns_and_Trends_of_Vegetation_Index_in_Kathmandu_Valley_Nepal_from_2000_to_2015"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="88606487" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88606487/Mapping_and_Attributing_Normalized_Difference_Vegetation_Index_Trends_for_Nepal">Mapping and Attributing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Trends for Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44220851" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NirKrakauer">Nir Krakauer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Global change is affecting vegetation cover and processes through multiple pathways. Long time series of surface land surface properties derived from satellite remote sensing offer a unique abilities to observe these changes, particularly in areas with complex topography and limited research infrastructure. Here, we focus on Nepal, a biodiversity hotspot where vegetation productivity is limited by moisture availability (dominated by a summer monsoon) at lower elevations and by temperature at high elevations. We analyze normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 1981 to 2015 semimonthly, at 8 km spatial resolution. We use a random forest (RF) of regression trees to generate a statistical model of NDVI as a function of elevation, land use, CO2 level, temperature, and precipitation. We find that NDVI has increased over the studied period, particularly at low and middle elevations and during fall (post-monsoon). We infer from the fitted RF model that the NDVI linear trend is pri...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mapping and Attributing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Trends for Nepal","attachmentId":92548468,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88606487/Mapping_and_Attributing_Normalized_Difference_Vegetation_Index_Trends_for_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88606487/Mapping_and_Attributing_Normalized_Difference_Vegetation_Index_Trends_for_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="95824694" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95824694/Trend_and_Time_Series_Analysis_of_Vegetation_Dynamics_Using_Satellite_Data_A_Case_Study_of_Uttarakhand_India">Trend and Time Series Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics Using Satellite Data: A Case Study of Uttarakhand, India</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="236648218" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GovindPVerma">Govind P.Verma</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this work, aim is to collect time series data for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) band using google earth engine (GEE) and MOD13A1 V6.1 product for the region of Uttarakhand, Uttarakhand districts and Himachal Pradesh. Thereafter investigation and comprehension of the viability of using MODIS NDVI satellite data time series to identify trends and give a forecast model. Time series data was collected using Google Earth Engine for NDVI indices for the period of the year 2010 to 2022. Trend analysis and time series analysis were performed for collected data. NDVI time series data set is collected using GEE for Uttarakhand state, its districts and Himachal Pradesh State. The Mann- Kendell (MK) method is used to find trend analysis of above regions. NDVI time series data is divided into train and test dataset. Five forecasting models are used to forecast NDVI time series dataset i.e., Long short-term memory (LSTM), Bidirectional Long short-term memory (BiLSTM), Support v...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trend and Time Series Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics Using Satellite Data: A Case Study of Uttarakhand, India","attachmentId":97898527,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95824694/Trend_and_Time_Series_Analysis_of_Vegetation_Dynamics_Using_Satellite_Data_A_Case_Study_of_Uttarakhand_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95824694/Trend_and_Time_Series_Analysis_of_Vegetation_Dynamics_Using_Satellite_Data_A_Case_Study_of_Uttarakhand_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="64015713" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64015713/Interannual_Variation_of_NDVI_Precipitation_and_Temperature_during_the_Growing_Season_in_Langtang_National_Park_Central_Himalaya_Nepal">Interannual Variation of NDVI, Precipitation and Temperature during the Growing Season in Langtang National Park, Central Himalaya, Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="166697007" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RegmiRanjana">Ranjana Regmi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="322068125" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BinodBaniya7">Binod Baniya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Vegetation is an essential component of terrestrial ecosystem, and its responses to the climate change has been recognized as a key indicator for monitoring global climate. This study analyses the temporal and spatial changes of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the Langtang National Park (LNP), Nepal, during 2000 - 2018, using the MODIS 16-day NDVI product, and the ERA-5 precipitation and temperature reanalyzes. Regression models were applied to estimate temporal trends in NDVI, and Pearson correlations between NDVI and climatic variables (i.e., temperature and precipitation) were employed to assess vegetation responses to climate change. Average annual NDVI increased significantly (0.002yr-1, p = 0.001), and the average growing season (AGS: April-October) NDVI also increased significantly (overall, 0.0023yr-1) including in spring (April-May, 0.003yr-1) and autumn (September-October, 0.002yr-1). During summer (June-August), NDVI increased by 0.002yr-1 (p &gt; 0.05). ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Interannual Variation of NDVI, Precipitation and Temperature during the Growing Season in Langtang National Park, Central Himalaya, Nepal","attachmentId":76248829,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64015713/Interannual_Variation_of_NDVI_Precipitation_and_Temperature_during_the_Growing_Season_in_Langtang_National_Park_Central_Himalaya_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64015713/Interannual_Variation_of_NDVI_Precipitation_and_Temperature_during_the_Growing_Season_in_Langtang_National_Park_Central_Himalaya_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="35610185" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35610185/Long_Term_Trend_of_Vegetation_in_Bundelkhand_Region_India_An_Assessment_Through_SPOT_VGT_NDVI_Datasets">Long-Term Trend of Vegetation in Bundelkhand Region (India): An Assessment Through SPOT-VGT NDVI Datasets</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="706685" href="https://bhu-in.academia.edu/ArnabKundu">Arnab Kundu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Climate Change, Extreme Events and Disaster Risk Reduction, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Vegetation cover is an important natural resource of the terrestrial ecosystem, and it has significant role in preserving the ecological balance in an area. Analyzing the dynamic pattern of vegetation cover and its trend can be a key to explain any unusual condition of the environment. Bundelkhand, located at the central part of India, has experienced recurrent drought events in last decade, and considering the devastating effects of drought in that region, the present study aims to explore the long-term trend of vegetation using geo-spatial technology. The remote sensing-based SPOT-VGT NDVI data were used to identify the changes in vegetation with time. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has proven to be a very powerful indicator of global vegetation productivity. In this study, we used linear regression model for evaluating the long-term trend of vegetation considering NDVI as dependable and time as independent variable. Our results showed that there is a varying pattern of vegetation trend and its response to rainfall.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Long-Term Trend of Vegetation in Bundelkhand Region (India): An Assessment Through SPOT-VGT NDVI Datasets","attachmentId":55477932,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35610185/Long_Term_Trend_of_Vegetation_in_Bundelkhand_Region_India_An_Assessment_Through_SPOT_VGT_NDVI_Datasets","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35610185/Long_Term_Trend_of_Vegetation_in_Bundelkhand_Region_India_An_Assessment_Through_SPOT_VGT_NDVI_Datasets"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="113019999" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113019999/Dynamic_Changes_of_NDVI_in_the_Growing_Season_of_the_Tibetan_Plateau_During_the_Past_17_Years_and_Its_Response_to_Climate_Change">Dynamic Changes of NDVI in the Growing Season of the Tibetan Plateau During the Past 17 Years and Its Response to Climate Change</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9237864" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZhouXiaobing">Xiaobing Zhou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The fragile alpine vegetation in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is very sensitive to environmental changes, making TP one of the hotspots for studying the response of vegetation to climate change. Existing studies lack detailed description of the response of vegetation to different climatic factors using the method of multiple nested time series analysis and the method of grey correlation analysis. In this paper, based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of TP in the growing season calculated from the MOD09A1 data product of Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the method of multiple nested time series analysis is adopted to study the variation trends of NDVI in recent 17 years, and the lag time of NDVI to climate change is analyzed using the method of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). Finally, the characteristics of temporal and spatial differences of NDVI to different climate factors are summarized. The results indicate that: (1) the spatial distribution...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dynamic Changes of NDVI in the Growing Season of the Tibetan Plateau During the Past 17 Years and Its Response to Climate Change","attachmentId":110092770,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113019999/Dynamic_Changes_of_NDVI_in_the_Growing_Season_of_the_Tibetan_Plateau_During_the_Past_17_Years_and_Its_Response_to_Climate_Change","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113019999/Dynamic_Changes_of_NDVI_in_the_Growing_Season_of_the_Tibetan_Plateau_During_the_Past_17_Years_and_Its_Response_to_Climate_Change"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="109346549" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109346549/Long_term_trend_analysis_of_vegetation_dynamics_over_Rajasthan_using_satellite_derived_enhanced_vegetation_index">Long term trend analysis of vegetation dynamics over Rajasthan using satellite derived enhanced vegetation index</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11954383" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmritaDaripa">Amrita Daripa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Agrometeorology, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Long term trend analysis of vegetation dynamics over Rajasthan using satellite derived enhanced vegetation index","attachmentId":107499851,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109346549/Long_term_trend_analysis_of_vegetation_dynamics_over_Rajasthan_using_satellite_derived_enhanced_vegetation_index","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109346549/Long_term_trend_analysis_of_vegetation_dynamics_over_Rajasthan_using_satellite_derived_enhanced_vegetation_index"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="75046904" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75046904/Temporal_annual_and_seasonal_NDVI_variation_of_Sagarmatha_national_park_Nepal_and_its_relationship_with_precipitation_and_soil_moisture">Temporal annual and seasonal NDVI variation of Sagarmatha national park, Nepal and its relationship with precipitation and soil moisture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="166697007" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RegmiRanjana">Ranjana Regmi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Temporal annual and seasonal NDVI variation of Sagarmatha national park, Nepal and its relationship with precipitation and soil moisture","attachmentId":82974552,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75046904/Temporal_annual_and_seasonal_NDVI_variation_of_Sagarmatha_national_park_Nepal_and_its_relationship_with_precipitation_and_soil_moisture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75046904/Temporal_annual_and_seasonal_NDVI_variation_of_Sagarmatha_national_park_Nepal_and_its_relationship_with_precipitation_and_soil_moisture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="1256589" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1256589/Time_series_analysis_of_NDVI_from_AVHRR_data_over_the_Hindu_Kush_Himalayan_region_for_the_period_1982_2006">Time-series analysis of NDVI from AVHRR data over the Hindu Kush–Himalayan region for the period 1982–2006 </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="249488" href="https://nichols.academia.edu/PrajjwalPanday">Prajjwal Panday</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Hindu Kush–Himalayan (HKH) region with its surrounding mountains in central Asia is a region that has been warming at an alarming rate and is sensitive to climate change due to its heterogeneous terrain and high altitude. In a region where research is limited due to the paucity of field-based biophysical observations, analysis of remotely sensed data such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can provide invaluable information on spatio-temporal patterns in linkages among land use, climate and vegetative phenological cycles, and trends in vegetative cover. In this study, NDVI data with 8 km spatial resolution for each 15 day composite period from 1982 to 2006 were analysed using a seasonal trend analysis technique, where the first step determines the annual mean and seasonal NDVI patterns across the HKH region. The second step analyses the non-parametric trends in magnitude and timing of the annual mean and seasonal NDVI cycle. The seasonal vegetation cycles were compared for the first and last ten years of the time series and were also analysed across areas undergoing significant change. Results indicated an overall greening trend in NDVI magnitude in most areas, particularly over open shrubland, grassland and cropland. Trends in the annual seasonal timing of NDVI indicated an earlier green-up for most parts of this region. Results also confirmed deforestation trends observed in a few states in northeastern India and Myanmar (Shan state) within the HKH region.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Time-series analysis of NDVI from AVHRR data over the Hindu Kush–Himalayan region for the period 1982–2006 ","attachmentId":20674709,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1256589/Time_series_analysis_of_NDVI_from_AVHRR_data_over_the_Hindu_Kush_Himalayan_region_for_the_period_1982_2006","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1256589/Time_series_analysis_of_NDVI_from_AVHRR_data_over_the_Hindu_Kush_Himalayan_region_for_the_period_1982_2006"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="112182548" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112182548/Exploring_the_Spatio_Temporal_Patterns_of_Normalised_Difference_Vegetation_Index_NDVI_in_Varanasi_An_Analysis_of_Vegetation_Dynamics">Exploring the Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in Varanasi: An Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15653974" href="https://jamiamilliaislamia.academia.edu/MdSafikulIslam">Md. Safikul Islam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Exploring the Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in Varanasi: An Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics","attachmentId":109491576,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112182548/Exploring_the_Spatio_Temporal_Patterns_of_Normalised_Difference_Vegetation_Index_NDVI_in_Varanasi_An_Analysis_of_Vegetation_Dynamics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112182548/Exploring_the_Spatio_Temporal_Patterns_of_Normalised_Difference_Vegetation_Index_NDVI_in_Varanasi_An_Analysis_of_Vegetation_Dynamics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78636131,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78636131,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_78636131" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="85323508" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85323508/Assessing_seasonal_trends_and_variability_of_vegetation_growth_from_NDVI3g_MODIS_NDVI_and_EVI_over_South_Asia">Assessing seasonal trends and variability of vegetation growth from NDVI3g, MODIS NDVI and EVI over South Asia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="216406841" href="https://iihs.academia.edu/MrinalSingha">Mrinal Singha</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Remote Sensing Letters, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing seasonal trends and variability of vegetation growth from NDVI3g, MODIS NDVI and EVI over South Asia","attachmentId":90054875,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85323508/Assessing_seasonal_trends_and_variability_of_vegetation_growth_from_NDVI3g_MODIS_NDVI_and_EVI_over_South_Asia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85323508/Assessing_seasonal_trends_and_variability_of_vegetation_growth_from_NDVI3g_MODIS_NDVI_and_EVI_over_South_Asia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="86046187" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86046187/Pattern_of_NDVI_based_vegetation_greening_along_an_altitudinal_gradient_in_the_eastern_Himalayas_and_its_response_to_global_warming">Pattern of NDVI-based vegetation greening along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and its response to global warming</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12902060" href="https://utk.academia.edu/YingkuiLi">Yingkui Li</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pattern of NDVI-based vegetation greening along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and its response to global warming","attachmentId":90584943,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86046187/Pattern_of_NDVI_based_vegetation_greening_along_an_altitudinal_gradient_in_the_eastern_Himalayas_and_its_response_to_global_warming","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86046187/Pattern_of_NDVI_based_vegetation_greening_along_an_altitudinal_gradient_in_the_eastern_Himalayas_and_its_response_to_global_warming"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="90158103" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90158103/NDVI_Based_Long_Term_Vegetation_Dynamics_and_Its_Response_to_Climatic_Change_in_the_Mongolian_Plateau">NDVI-Based Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics and Its Response to Climatic Change in the Mongolian Plateau</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="107276324" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmarjargalSanjjav">Amarjargal Sanjjav</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Remote Sensing, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"NDVI-Based Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics and Its Response to Climatic Change in the Mongolian Plateau","attachmentId":93798315,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90158103/NDVI_Based_Long_Term_Vegetation_Dynamics_and_Its_Response_to_Climatic_Change_in_the_Mongolian_Plateau","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90158103/NDVI_Based_Long_Term_Vegetation_Dynamics_and_Its_Response_to_Climatic_Change_in_the_Mongolian_Plateau"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="12891844" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12891844/Assessment_of_vegetation_dynamics_and_their_response_to_variations_in_precipitation_and_temperature_in_the_Tibetan_Plateau">Assessment of vegetation dynamics and their response to variations in precipitation and temperature in the Tibetan Plateau</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32035599" href="https://utwente.academia.edu/MhdSuhybSalama">Mhd. Suhyb Salama</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Climatic Change, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessment of vegetation dynamics and their response to variations in precipitation and temperature in the Tibetan Plateau","attachmentId":45863552,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12891844/Assessment_of_vegetation_dynamics_and_their_response_to_variations_in_precipitation_and_temperature_in_the_Tibetan_Plateau","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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data-author-id="241455867" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TAPASKARMAKER">TAPAS KARMAKER</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effect of Temperature and Precipitation on the Vegetation Dynamics of High and Moderate Altitude Natural Forests in India","attachmentId":92798266,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88903492/Effect_of_Temperature_and_Precipitation_on_the_Vegetation_Dynamics_of_High_and_Moderate_Altitude_Natural_Forests_in_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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