CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>United States obscenity law - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a112915a-7d4d-450b-8476-1a902d0fc638","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"United_States_obscenity_law","wgTitle":"United States obscenity law","wgCurRevisionId":1275169293,"wgRevisionId":1275169293,"wgArticleId":36260668,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from December 2021","All articles needing additional references","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from November 2019","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019","Obscenity law","Sexuality and society","Censorship in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"United_States_obscenity_law","wgRelevantArticleId":36260668,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7892613","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="United States obscenity law - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-United_States_obscenity_law rootpage-United_States_obscenity_law skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=United+States+obscenity+law" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=United+States+obscenity+law" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=United+States+obscenity+law" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=United+States+obscenity+law" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues_and_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues_and_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Legal issues and definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_issues_and_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal issues and definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_of_obscenity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_obscenity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definition of obscenity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_obscenity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Past standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_court_cases_on_obscenity_and_indecency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_court_cases_on_obscenity_and_indecency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other court cases on obscenity and indecency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_court_cases_on_obscenity_and_indecency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_of_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_of_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Application of test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_of_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obscenity_vs._indecency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obscenity_vs._indecency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Obscenity vs. indecency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obscenity_vs._indecency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non_image-based_obscenity_cases_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non_image-based_obscenity_cases_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Non image-based obscenity cases in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non_image-based_obscenity_cases_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obscene_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obscene_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Obscene texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obscene_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obscene_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obscene_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Obscene devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obscene_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_funding/public_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_funding/public_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Public funding/public places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_funding/public_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_restrictions_on_sexual_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_restrictions_on_sexual_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Additional restrictions on sexual expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_restrictions_on_sexual_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>State laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship_in_schools,_universities,_and_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_in_schools,_universities,_and_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Censorship in schools, universities, and libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship_in_schools,_universities,_and_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Child pornography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship_of_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_of_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Censorship of film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship_of_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession_of_obscene_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession_of_obscene_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Possession of obscene material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession_of_obscene_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States obscenity law</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7892613#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:United_States_obscenity_law" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/United_States_obscenity_law" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/United_States_obscenity_law" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&oldid=1275169293" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=United_States_obscenity_law&id=1275169293&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnited_States_obscenity_law"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnited_States_obscenity_law"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=United_States_obscenity_law&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7892613" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regulates or suppresses obscenity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Social issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Transgender</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophile advocacy groups">Pedophile advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">Prostitution law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Workers' rights</a> · <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/World_Charter_for_Prostitutes%27_Rights" title="World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights">World Charter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Specific offences<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>varies by jurisdiction</i>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery_laws" title="Adultery laws">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">U.S. laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcible_touching" title="Forcible touching">Forcible touching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U.S. law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">Pimping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Public indecency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">U.S. laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sodomy" title="Female sodomy">Female sodomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">UK Section 63 (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Sex offender registration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States" title="Sex offender registries in the United States">Sex offender registries in the United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/64px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template talk:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>United States obscenity law</b> deals with the regulation or suppression of what is considered <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> and therefore not protected speech or expression under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>. In the United States, discussion of obscenity typically relates to defining what <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> is obscene. Issues of obscenity arise at federal and state levels. State laws operate only within the jurisdiction of each state, and state laws on obscenity differ. Federal statutes ban obscenity and <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a> produced with real children (such child pornography is unprotected by the First Amendment even when it is not obscene). Federal law also bans broadcasting (but not cable or satellite transmission) of "indecent" material during specified hours.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc.gov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc.gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most obscenity cases in the United States in the past century have involved images or films, but there have also been prosecutions of textual works as well, a notable one being that of the 18th-century novel <i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a></i>. Because censorship laws enacted to combat obscenity restrict the freedom of expression, crafting a legal definition of obscenity presents a <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> issue. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues_and_definitions">Legal issues and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal issues and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Obscenity" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution § Obscenity</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_States_obscenity_law" title="Special:EditPage/United States obscenity law">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22United+States+obscenity+law%22">"United States obscenity law"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22United+States+obscenity+law%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22United+States+obscenity+law%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22United+States+obscenity+law%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22United+States+obscenity+law%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22United+States+obscenity+law%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg/220px-Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Cover of an undated American edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%289%29.jpg/220px-%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%289%29.jpg/330px-%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%289%29.jpg/440px-%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>The 18th century book <i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a></i> has been subject to obscenity trials at various times (image: plate XI: The bathing party; La baignade).</figcaption></figure> <p>The sale and distribution of obscene materials had been prohibited in most American states since the early 19th century, and by federal law since 1873. Adoption of obscenity laws in the United States at the federal level in 1873 was largely due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Comstock" title="Anthony Comstock">Anthony Comstock</a>, who created and led the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="New York Society for the Suppression of Vice">New York Society for the Suppression of Vice</a>. Comstock's intense efforts led to the passage of an anti-obscenity statute known as the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock Act">Comstock Act</a> which made it a crime to distribute "obscene" material through the post. It also prohibited the use of the mail for distribution of birth control devices and information. Comstock was appointed postal inspector to enforce the new law.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenfeld2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-four states passed similar prohibitions on materials distributed within the states.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law criminalized not only sexually explicit material, but also material dealing with birth control and abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod-Contrada2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-Contrada2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the legislation did not define "obscenity", which was left to the courts to determine on a case-by-case basis. </p><p>In the United States, the suppression or limitation of what is defined as obscenity raises issues of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">the press</a>, both of which are protected by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> has ruled that obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment, but the courts must determine in each case whether the material in question is obscene. Erotic art (including "classic nude forms" such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo%27s_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelangelo's David">Michelangelo's David</a> statue) and less respected commercial <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> are generally not considered obscene. </p><p>The U.S. Supreme Court created the <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_test" title="Miller test">Miller</a></i> test for courts to use to determine whether material is obscene. Because the <i>Miller</i> test uses "community standards", the same item can be legally obscene in one jurisdiction but protected by the First Amendment in another. With the advent of Internet distribution of potentially obscene material, this question of jurisdiction and community standards has created significant controversy in the legal community, because, since material on the internet may be accessible everywhere, the most restrictive community may be able to ban it everywhere. See <i>United States v. Thomas</i>, 74 F.3d 701 (6th Cir. 1996). </p><p>There does not exist a specific listing of material that is obscene apart from court decisions holding material obscene in particular communities. Title 18, chapter 71 of the U.S. Code makes obscene material illegal. </p><p>The Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Obscenity lists several relevant statutes regarding obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-justice.gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_obscenity">Definition of obscenity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition of obscenity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although lower courts in the U.S. had used the <i>Hicklin</i> standard sporadically since 1868, it was not until 1879, when prominent federal judge <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Samuel Blatchford</a> upheld the obscenity conviction of <a href="/wiki/D._M._Bennett" title="D. M. Bennett">D. M. Bennett</a> using the <i><a href="/wiki/Hicklin_test" title="Hicklin test">Hicklin</a></i> test, that the constitutionality of the Comstock Law became firmly established.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Rosen_v._United_States" title="Rosen v. United States">Rosen v. United States</a></i> (1896), the Supreme Court adopted the same obscenity standard as had been articulated in a famous British case, <i>Regina v. Hicklin</i>, [1868] L. R. 3 Q. B. 360. The <a href="/wiki/Hicklin_test" title="Hicklin test"><i>Hicklin</i> test</a> defined material as obscene if it tended "to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1950s, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" title="Roth v. United States">Roth v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_354" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 354">354</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/354/476/">476</a> (1957) that the <i>Hicklin</i> test was inappropriate. Instead, the new <i>Roth</i> test for obscenity was: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1964, in <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i>, the Supreme Court held that a work could be obscene only if it was "utterly without redeeming social importance".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his concurring opinion in the case, Justice <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a> stated that obscenity is "constitutionally limited to hard core pornography.... I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description.... But I know it when I see it...."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts">Memoirs v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1966) (dealing with the banning of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Woman_of_Pleasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure">Fanny Hill</a></i>) the Court applied the <i>Roth-Jacobellis</i> test to determine that though the other aspects of the test were clear, the censor could not prove that <i>Fanny Hill</i> had no redeeming social value.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, the Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i> established the three-pronged <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_test" title="Miller test">Miller</a></i> test to determine what was obscene (and thus not protected) versus what was merely erotic and thus protected by the First Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delivering the opinion of the court, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Burger">Warren Burger</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether "the average person, applying contemporary community standards" would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The <i>Miller</i> test remains the U.S. judicial precedent for determining obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-justice.gov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Supreme Court has clarified that only "the first and second prongs of the <i>Miller test</i>—appeal to prurient interest and patent offensiveness—are issues of fact for the jury to determine applying contemporary community standards". As for the third prong, "[t]he proper inquiry is not whether an ordinary member of any given community would find serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value in allegedly obscene material, but whether a reasonable person would find such value in the material, taken as a whole".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_standards">Past standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Past standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/220px-NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/330px-NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/440px-NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>Symbol of the "<a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="New York Society for the Suppression of Vice">New York Society for the Suppression of Vice</a>", advocating book-burning</figcaption></figure> <p>The following standards were once used by courts to determine obscenity. Each of them has been invalidated, overturned, or superseded by the <i>Miller</i> test. </p> <ul><li><i>Wepplo</i> test (1947): If material has a substantial tendency to deprave or corrupt its readers by inciting <a href="/wiki/Lascivious" class="mw-redirect" title="Lascivious">lascivious</a> thoughts or arousing lustful desires. (People v. Wepplo, 78 Cal. App. 2d Supp. 959, 178 P.2d 853).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hicklin_test" title="Hicklin test">Hicklin</a></i> test (1868): the effect of isolated passages upon the most susceptible persons. (British common law, cited in Regina v. Hicklin, 1868. LR 3 QB 360 — overturned when Michigan tried to outlaw all printed matter that would "corrupt the morals of youth" in <i>Butler v. State of Michigan</i>, 352 U.S. 380 (1957)).</li></ul> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> rules and federal law, radio stations and over-the-air television channels cannot air obscene material at any time and cannot air indecent material between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. "Indecent" material is language or pictures that, in context, describes or depicts, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or <a href="/wiki/Excretory" class="mw-redirect" title="Excretory">excretory</a> organs or activities. </p><p>Many historically important works have been described as obscene or prosecuted under obscenity laws, including the works of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Bruce" title="Lenny Bruce">Lenny Bruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_court_cases_on_obscenity_and_indecency">Other court cases on obscenity and indecency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other court cases on obscenity and indecency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC v. Pacifica">FCC v. Pacifica</a></i> (1978),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> better known as the "<a href="/wiki/Seven_dirty_words" title="Seven dirty words">seven dirty words</a>" case. In the decision, the Court found that only "repetitive and frequent" broadcast of indecent words at a time or place when a minor could hear them could be punished.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/State_v._Henry" title="State v. Henry">State v. Henry</a></i> (1987), the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court" title="Oregon Supreme Court">Oregon Supreme Court</a> ruled that the Oregon state law that criminalized obscenity was an unconstitutional restriction of free speech under the free speech provision of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Constitution">Oregon Constitution</a>, with the ruling making Oregon the "first state in the nation to abolish the offense of obscenity."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its doing so, however, does not affect the federal government's authority to enforce its obscenity statutes.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. ACLU</a></i> (1997), the Supreme Court invalidated several indecency provisions in the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a> applying to the internet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_of_test">Application of test</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Application of test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under U.S. law, the question whether a publication is obscene is determined by the <i>Miller</i> test. Several sections of 18 U.S. Code, Chapter 71, prohibit the transmission of obscenity, and the Supreme Court has ruled that such statutes are constitutional. However, it has ruled unconstitutional restrictions on the personal possession of obscenity. Federal obscenity laws at present apply to the distribution of obscenity in interstate or foreign commerce or through the U.S. mail; intrastate issues are for the most part still governed by state law. "Obscene articles ... are generally prohibited entry" to the United States by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pornography that is not obscene under the <i>Miller</i> test is protected by the First Amendment. One example of it is mere nudity. In <i>Jenkins v. Georgia</i>, 418 U.S. 153 (1974), the Supreme Court found the film <i><a href="/wiki/Carnal_Knowledge_(film)" title="Carnal Knowledge (film)">Carnal Knowledge</a></i> not to be obscene under the constitutional standards announced by <i>Miller</i>. As declared by the trial judge in <i>Jenkins</i>, "The film shows occasional nudity, but nudity alone does not render material obscene under <i>Miller's</i> standards." This principle was upheld in later cases, including <i>Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville</i>, 422 U.S. 205, 206 (1975), in which "a Jacksonville, Fla., ordinance that prohibit[ed] showing films containing nudity by a drive-in theater when the screen was visible from a public street or place". The Supreme Court found the law invalid as an infringement of the First Amendment rights of the movie producer and theater owners. </p><p>A second example of protected pornography is single male-to-female vaginal-only penetration that does not show the ejaculation of semen (sometimes referred to as "soft-core" pornography), where the sexual act and its fulfillment (orgasm) are merely implied to happen rather than explicitly shown. In June 2006, the federal government brought a case against JM Productions of Chatsworth, California in order to classify commercial pornography that specifically shows actual semen being ejaculated as obscene. The four films that were the subject of the case were entitled <i>American Bukkake 13</i>, <i>Gag Factor 15</i>, <i>Gag Factor 18</i> and <i>Filthy Things 6</i>. The case also included charges of distribution of obscene material (a criminal act under 18 USC § 1465 - "Transportation of obscene matters for sale or distribution") against Five Star DVD for the extra-state commercial distribution of the JM Productions films in question. At trial, the Department of Justice decided not to pursue the JM obscenity case any further.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The jury found that Five Star Video LC and Five Star Video Outlet LC were guilty of violating "18 USC 1465 - Transportation of obscene matters for sale or distribution" for having shipped JM Productions' film <i>Gag Factor 18</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the specific content that the jury deemed "obscene" was not stated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obscenity_vs._indecency">Obscenity vs. indecency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Obscenity vs. indecency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Actionable_indecency" title="Actionable indecency">Actionable indecency</a></div> <p>"Indecent" material that is not obscene or child pornography is protected by the First Amendment, except that the government may attempt to keep it away from minors. Examples of indecent material include nudity and <a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Seven_dirty_words" title="Seven dirty words">seven dirty words</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non_image-based_obscenity_cases_in_the_United_States">Non image-based obscenity cases in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non image-based obscenity cases in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obscene_texts">Obscene texts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Obscene texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most of the obscenity cases in the United States in the past century have involved images or films, some have dealt with textual works. The prosecution of texts for being obscene started with <i>Dunlop v. United States</i>, 165 U.S. 486 (1897), which upheld a conviction for mailing and delivering a newspaper called the <i>Chicago Dispatch</i>, which contained "obscene, lewd, lascivious, and indecent materials". Another case was <i>A Book Named "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of Massachusetts</i>, 383 U.S. 413 (1966), which found the book <i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a></i>, by John Cleland c. 1760, to be obscene in a proceeding that put the book itself on trial rather than its publisher. Another was <i>Kaplan v. California</i>, 413 U.S. 115 (1973), in which the court determined that "Obscene material in book form is not entitled to any First Amendment protection merely because it has no pictorial content." </p><p>However, the book was labeled "erotica" in the 1965 case (206 N.E. 2d 403) and there a division between erotica and obscenity was made—not all items with erotic content were automatically obscene. Further, the 1965 <i>John Cleland's 'Memoirs</i> case added a further requirement for the proving of "obscenity"—the work in question had to inspire or exhibit "prurient" (that is, "shameful or morbid") interest. </p><p>In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grove_Press,_Inc._v._Gerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein (page does not exist)">Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein</a></i>, cited <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i> (which was decided the same day) and overruled state court findings of obscenity against <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer_(novel)" title="Tropic of Cancer (novel)">Tropic of Cancer</a></i>. An unauthorized "Medusa" edition of the novel was published in New York City in 1940 by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brussel" title="Jacob Brussel">Jacob Brussel</a>; its title page claimed its place of publication to be Mexico. Brussel was eventually sent to prison for three years for the edition,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a copy of which is in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. </p><p>In 2005, the U.S. Department of Justice formed the <a href="/wiki/Obscenity_Prosecution_Task_Force" title="Obscenity Prosecution Task Force">Obscenity Prosecution Task Force</a> in a push to prosecute obscenity cases.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red Rose Stories (www.red-rose-stories.com, now defunct), a site dedicated to text-only fantasy stories, became one of many sites targeted by the FBI for shutdown.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government alleged that Red Rose Stories contained depictions of child rape. The publisher pleaded guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2021, a 65-year-old Texas man, Thomas Alan Arthur, was sentenced to 40 years in federal prison after being convicted of "five counts of trafficking in obscene text stories about the sexual abuse of children", as well as "three counts of trafficking in obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of a child" (drawings of minors engaged in sexual activity), and "one count of engaging in the business of selling obscene matters involving the sexual abuse of children".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2022, the United States Court of Appeals overturned Arthur's conviction on one of the obscene images counts, but affirmed his convictions on the remaining counts and remanded him for resentencing.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obscene_devices">Obscene devices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Obscene devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many U.S. states have had bans on the sale of <a href="/wiki/Sex_toys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex toys">sex toys</a>, regulating them as obscene devices. For instance, the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Government_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Government of Alabama">Law and Government of Alabama</a> (Ala. Code. § 13A-12-200.1) made it "<i>unlawful to produce, distribute or otherwise sell sexual devices that are marketed primarily for the stimulation of human genital organs</i>." Alabama claimed that these products were obscene, and that there was "<i>no fundamental right to purchase a product to use in pursuit of having an orgasm</i>." The <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> challenged the statute, which was overturned in 2002. A federal judge reinstated the law in 2004. The matter was appealed to the US Supreme Court, which in 2007 refused to hear the case, thereby allowing the lower court decision to be enforced in Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, a federal appeals court upheld Alabama's law prohibiting the sale of sex toys.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Obscenity_Enforcement_Act" title="Anti-Obscenity Enforcement Act">Anti-Obscenity Enforcement Act</a> of 1998, was also upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Supreme Court of Alabama</a> on September 11, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-huffpo2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpo2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But other states have seen their sex toy bans ruled unconstitutional by the courts. In 2008 the <a href="/wiki/5th_U.S._Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals">United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit</a> ruled that a similar Texas statute violated the constitutional right to privacy that was recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That ruling leaves only Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia with bans on the sale of obscene devices.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alabama is the only state with a law specifically prohibiting the sale of sex toys.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obscenity law has been criticized in the following areas:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The U.S. Supreme Court has had difficulty defining the term. In <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i>, the court bases its definition to two hypothetical entities, "contemporary community standards" and "reasonable persons".</li> <li>Legislatures have had similar problems defining the term.</li> <li>The <i>Miller</i> test denies defendants due process of law because they cannot know whether the material they distribute or possess is obscene until after the jury returns its verdict.</li> <li>The first two prongs of the <i>Miller</i> test — that material appeal to the prurient interest and be patently offensive — require the impossible. They "require the audience to be turned on and grossed out at the same time".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arguments have been made that the term "obscenity" is not defined in case law with sufficient specificity to satisfy the <a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">vagueness doctrine</a>, which states that people must clearly be informed as to prohibited behavior.</li> <li>Critics have argued that no actual injury occurs when a mere preference is violated, so obscenity crimes are victimless.</li> <li>Critics have argued that, given its unusual and problematic history, unclear meaning, and the poor reasoning offered by the majorities in <i>Roth</i> and <i>Miller</i> to explain or justify the doctrine, the Supreme Court was simply wrong on the issue and the doctrine should be wholly discarded.</li> <li>Obscenity law can be used to target specific groups. For example, in the 1930s, 90 percent of those charged with obscenity were Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_funding/public_places"><span id="Public_funding.2Fpublic_places"></span>Public funding/public places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Public funding/public places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress passed a law in 1990 that required such organizations such as the National Endowment of the Arts (NEA) and <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Artists%27_Organizations" title="National Association of Artists' Organizations">National Association of Artists' Organizations</a> (NAAO) to abide by general decency standards for the "diverse beliefs and values of the American public" in order to receive grant money.<sup id="cite_ref-fepproject.org_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fepproject.org-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley</i> (1998), the Supreme Court upheld the law, finding that the speech restrictions were constitutional because they were conditions on funding rather than a direct regulation of speech. </p><p>Artists who create sexually explicit art sometimes face complaints that their work is inappropriate for children or constitutes sexual harassment. Such artworks have been removed and "no nudity" policies have been put in place.<sup id="cite_ref-feppproject.org_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feppproject.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When these actions are challenged in court as violations of freedom of speech, the venues are often looked at to see if they are a "designated public forum." If they are, then public officials have violated the First Amendment rights of the individuals. If a court finds that the venue is not a designated public forum, then government officials have the right to exclude or censor the work.<sup id="cite_ref-feppproject.org_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feppproject.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_restrictions_on_sexual_expression">Additional restrictions on sexual expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Additional restrictions on sexual expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lili_St-Cyr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lili_St-Cyr.jpg/220px-Lili_St-Cyr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lili_St-Cyr.jpg/330px-Lili_St-Cyr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lili_St-Cyr.jpg/440px-Lili_St-Cyr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Lili St. Cyr, born Marie Van Schaack, with pasties</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i>Miller</i> decision the use of the words "contemporary community standards" typically means that the law evolves along with social mores and norms. This has been shown throughout the expansion of the pornography industry along with commercial pornography by people such as amateurs and publishers of personal websites on the World Wide Web. Indirect government control such as restrictive zoning of adult video stores and nude dancing were put in place because general obscenity convictions were harder to come by, but First Amendment case law allows reasonable <a href="/wiki/Time,_place,_and_manner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time, place, and manner">time, place, and manner</a> restrictions. Similarly a set of rules was put in place in Indiana to control erotic dancing, where legal, so that all dancers must either wear "pasties" or "g-strings" as shown in the 1991 case of <i>Barnes v. Glen Theatre.</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_laws">State laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: State laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>State laws as well as federal law attempt to regulate pornography. Between 1995 and 2002, almost half of the states were considering bills to control internet pornography, and more than a quarter of states enacted such laws.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the federal courts, as in <i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Hudnut" title="American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut">American Bookseller's Association v. Hudnut</a></i>, have struck down anti-pornography laws as violating the First Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship_in_schools,_universities,_and_libraries"><span id="Censorship_in_schools.2C_universities.2C_and_libraries"></span>Censorship in schools, universities, and libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Censorship in schools, universities, and libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schools, universities, and libraries receive government funds for many purposes, and some of these funds go to censorship of obscenity in these institutions. There are a few different ways in which this is done. One way is by not carrying pornographic or what the government deems obscene material in these places; another is for these places to purchase software that filters the internet activity on campus. An example is the federal <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Internet_Protection_Act" title="Children's Internet Protection Act">Children's Internet Protection Act</a> (CIPA). This mandates that all schools and libraries receiving federal aid for internet connections install a "technology protection measure" (filter) on all computers, whether used by children or adults. There are some states that have passed laws mandating censorship in schools, universities, and libraries even if they are not receiving government aid that would fund censorship in these institutions. These include Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Twenty more states were considering such legislation in 2001–2002.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_pornography">Child pornography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Child pornography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child pornography laws in the United States">Child pornography laws in the United States</a></div> <p><b>Child pornography</b> refers to images or films (also known as <b>child abuse images</b><sup id="cite_ref-Wortley_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortley-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanderson_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akdeniz11_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akdeniz11-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and in some cases outside of the United States, writings<sup id="cite_ref-Akdeniz11_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akdeniz11-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depicting sexually explicit activities involving a <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">child</a>; as such, child pornography is a record of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-finkelhor1994_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkelhor1994-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hobbs_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hobbs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheldon20_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheldon20-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klain_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klain-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wortley17_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortley17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts that are recorded in the production of child pornography,<sup id="cite_ref-finkelhor1994_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkelhor1994-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hobbs_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hobbs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheldon20_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheldon20-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klain_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klain-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wortley17_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortley17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheldon9_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheldon9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO1999_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO1999-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several professors of psychology state that memories of the abuse are maintained as long as visual records exist, are accessed, and are "exploited perversely."<sup id="cite_ref-Wortley17_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortley17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheldon9_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheldon9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Ferber" title="New York v. Ferber">New York v. Ferber</a></i>, 458 U.S. 747 (1982), the U.S. Supreme Court held that child pornography does not have to be found legally obscene to be prohibited. In <i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Free_Speech_Coalition" title="Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition">Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition</a></i>, 535 U.S. 234 (2002), the Supreme Court held that child pornography that is produced without using an actual minor (computer-generated images, for example) is protected by the First Amendment if not found to be obscene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship_of_film">Censorship of film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Censorship of film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Film censorship in the United States">Film censorship in the United States</a> was recognized as constitutional without limits by the 1915 U.S. Supreme Court decision <i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Film_Corp._v._Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio" title="Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio">Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio</a></i>. This was overturned by the 1952 decision <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Burstyn,_Inc._v._Wilson" title="Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson">Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson</a></i>, denying First Amendment protection only to "obscene" films. The 1965 U.S. Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Freedman_v._Maryland" title="Freedman v. Maryland">Freedman v. Maryland</a></i> ruled that <a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">prior restraint</a> of film exhibition without a court order was unconstitutional, leading to the end of most state and local film censorship boards. Current laws that can be enforced after the fact are limited by the definition of "obscene" in the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i>. </p><p>The voluntary <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">Motion Picture Association film rating system</a> was adopted in 1968, functioning mostly to prevent children of various ages from seeing certain films at participating theaters. This has sometimes led to self-censorship of certain sexual content among participating filmmakers wishing to avoid an <a href="/wiki/X_rating" title="X rating">X</a>, R, or PG-13 rating that would restrict the size of the potential audience. </p><p>The most notable films given an "X" rating were <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_in_Miss_Jones" title="The Devil in Miss Jones">The Devil in Miss Jones</a></i> (1973). These films show explicit, non-simulated, penetrative sex that was presented as part of a reasonable plot with respectable production values. Some state authorities issued injunctions against such films to protect "local community standards"; in New York the print of <i>Deep Throat</i> was seized mid-run, and the film's exhibitors were found guilty of promoting obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-filmreference.com_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmreference.com-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/This_Film_Is_Not_Yet_Rated" title="This Film Is Not Yet Rated">This Film Is Not Yet Rated</a></i> is a 2006 film that discusses disparities the filmmaker sees in ratings and feedback: between Hollywood and <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent films</a>, between homosexual and heterosexual sexual situations, between male and female sexual depictions, and between violence and sexual content. The filmmaker found that films that portrayed gay sex (even if implied), African American sex, or female pleasure as opposed to male pleasure were censored more than those that portrayed heterosexual sex and male pleasure involving white people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possession_of_obscene_material">Possession of obscene material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Possession of obscene material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, the Supreme Court held in <i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></i> that state laws making mere private possession of obscene material a crime are invalid,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least in the absence of an intention to sell, expose, or circulate the material. Subsequently, however, the Supreme Court rejected the claim that under <i>Stanley</i> there is a constitutional right to provide obscene material for private use<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to acquire it for private use.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court also held that there is no constitutional right to private possession of child pornography.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/32px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/48px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/64px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Censorship in the United States">Censorship in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure_in_the_United_States" title="Indecent exposure in the United States">Indecent exposure in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_pornography_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Legality of pornography in the United States">Legality of pornography in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Obscenity_Enforcement_Act" title="Anti-Obscenity Enforcement Act">Anti-Obscenity Enforcement Act</a> (Alabama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_obscenity_statute" title="Texas obscenity statute">Texas obscenity statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Hate speech in the United States">Hate speech in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fcc.gov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fcc.gov_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/obscene-indecent-and-profane-broadcasts">"Obscene, Indecent and Profane Broadcasts"</a>. <i>Federal Communications Commission</i>. 11 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=Obscene%2C+Indecent+and+Profane+Broadcasts&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fconsumers%2Fguides%2Fobscene-indecent-and-profane-broadcasts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenfeld2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenfeld2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Rosenfeld2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael J. Rosenfeld (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dpSlkT2loyUC&pg=PA28"><i>The age of independence: interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02497-7"><bdi>978-0-674-02497-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+independence%3A+interracial+unions%2C+same-sex+unions%2C+and+the+changing+American+family&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02497-7&rft.au=Michael+J.+Rosenfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdpSlkT2loyUC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevles2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kevles" title="Daniel Kevles">Kevles, Daniel J.</a> (July 22, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E0DB173BF931A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=print">"The Secret History of Birth Control"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Secret+History+of+Birth+Control&rft.date=2001-07-22&rft.aulast=Kevles&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9A06E0DB173BF931A15754C0A9679C8B63%26sec%3D%26pagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axelrod-Contrada2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod-Contrada2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Axelrod-Contrada2006" class="citation book cs1">Joan Axelrod-Contrada (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCBedGMyadkC&pg=PA20"><i>Reno v. ACLU: Internet censorship</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2144-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2144-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-2144-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reno+v.+ACLU%3A+Internet+censorship&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2144-3&rft.au=Joan+Axelrod-Contrada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCBedGMyadkC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-justice.gov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-justice.gov_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-justice.gov_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity">"Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Obscenity"</a>. <i>www.justice.gov</i>. 2015-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.gov&rft.atitle=Citizen%27s+Guide+to+U.S.+Federal+Law+on+Obscenity&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fcriminal-ceos%2Fcitizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanice_Ruth_Wood2008" class="citation book cs1">Janice Ruth Wood (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhBuSVSP6qEC&pg=PA44"><i>The struggle for free speech in the United States, 1872–1915: Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and anti-Comstock operations</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96246-9"><bdi>978-0-415-96246-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+free+speech+in+the+United+States%2C+1872%E2%80%931915%3A+Edward+Bliss+Foote%2C+Edward+Bond+Foote%2C+and+anti-Comstock+operations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96246-9&rft.au=Janice+Ruth+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhBuSVSP6qEC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rosen</i>, at 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Roth</i>, at 489</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">378 U.S. 187, 191 (1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">378 U.S. 184, 197 (1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts">Memoirs v. Massachusetts</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_383" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 383">383</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/383/413/">413</a> (1966)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmus2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rasmus, Ryen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1602&context=wmborj">"The Auto-Authentication of the Page: Purely Written Speech and the Doctrine of Obscenity"</a>. <i>William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal</i>. <b>20</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary+Bill+of+Rights+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Auto-Authentication+of+the+Page%3A+Purely+Written+Speech+and+the+Doctrine+of+Obscenity&rft.volume=20&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rasmus&rft.aufirst=Ryen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.wm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1602%26context%3Dwmborj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity">"Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Obscenity"</a>. 26 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizen%27s+Guide+to+U.S.+Federal+Law+on+Obscenity&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fcriminal-ceos%2Fcitizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miller v. California</i>, 413 U.S. 15, 24 (1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pope v. Illinois</i>, 481 U.S. 497, 500-501 (1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=438&invol=726">"FCC v. Pacifica"</a>. <i>FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions</i>. Findlaw<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FindLaw%27s+United+States+Supreme+Court+case+and+opinions.&rft.atitle=FCC+v.+Pacifica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3Dus%26vol%3D438%26invol%3D726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson,_David1998" class="citation web cs1">Hudson, David (1998-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104093910/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=9446">"Wisconsin high court could strike down obscenity law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_Center" title="First Amendment Center">First Amendment Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=9446">the original</a> on 2009-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wisconsin+high+court+could+strike+down+obscenity+law&rft.pub=First+Amendment+Center&rft.date=1998-10-28&rft.au=Hudson%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstamendmentcenter.org%2Fnews.aspx%3Fid%3D9446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019100720/http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/sample_declaration_form.xml">"U.S. Customs and Border Protection Form 6059B, January 2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/sample_declaration_form.xml">the original</a> on 2012-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Customs+and+Border+Protection+Form+6059B%2C+January+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Fxp%2Fcgov%2Ftravel%2Fvacation%2Fsample_declaration_form.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXBIZ" class="citation web cs1">XBIZ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xbiz.com/news/85242/us-dismisses-all-obscenity-charges-against-jm-productions">"U.S. Dismisses All Obscenity Charges Against JM Productions"</a>. <i>XBIZ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XBIZ&rft.atitle=U.S.+Dismisses+All+Obscenity+Charges+Against+JM+Productions&rft.au=XBIZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xbiz.com%2Fnews%2F85242%2Fus-dismisses-all-obscenity-charges-against-jm-productions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAVN" class="citation web cs1">AVN, Mark Kernes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avn.com/business/articles/legal/phoenix-jury-finds-jm-s-i-gag-factor-18-i-obscene-28422.html">"Phoenix Jury Finds JM's Gag Factor 18 Obscene"</a>. <i>AVN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AVN&rft.atitle=Phoenix+Jury+Finds+JM%27s+Gag+Factor+18+Obscene&rft.aulast=AVN&rft.aufirst=Mark+Kernes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favn.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticles%2Flegal%2Fphoenix-jury-finds-jm-s-i-gag-factor-18-i-obscene-28422.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123162402/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/madison/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/FirstReport.Indecency.Levi_.final_.pdf">Levi, Lili, <i>The FCC's Regulation of Indecency</i></a>, First Reports, A First Amendment Center Publication, vol. 7. no. 1, April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mikita_Brottman" title="Mikita Brottman">Brottman, Mikita</a> (2004) <i>Funny Peculiar: Gershon Legman and the psychopathology of humor</i>. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Abramson" title="Larry Abramson">Abramson, Larry</a> (September 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4865348">"Federal Government Renews Effort to Curb Porn"</a>. <i>Morning Edition</i>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morning+Edition&rft.atitle=Federal+Government+Renews+Effort+to+Curb+Porn&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4865348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellman2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barton_Gellman" title="Barton Gellman">Gellman, Barton</a> (September 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/19/AR2005091901570.html">"Recruits Sought for Porn Squad"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Recruits+Sought+for+Porn+Squad&rft.date=2005-09-20&rft.aulast=Gellman&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F09%2F19%2FAR2005091901570.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xbiz.com/news/10680">"Red Rose Stories Closed by FBI"</a>. <i>XBiz</i>. October 7, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XBiz&rft.atitle=Red+Rose+Stories+Closed+by+FBI&rft.date=2005-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xbiz.com%2Fnews%2F10680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2008" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Paula Reed (2008-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125070621/https://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm">"Woman pleads guilty to obscenity for child-sex story site"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm">the original</a> on 2011-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Woman+pleads+guilty+to+obscenity+for+child-sex+story+site&rft.date=2008-08-07&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Paula+Reed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F08220%2F902556-100.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-sentenced-40-years-prison-running-child-obscenity-website">"Texas Man Sentenced to 40 Years in Prison for Running Child Obscenity Website"</a>. <i>Office of Public Affairs, United States Department of Justice</i>. 2021-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Public+Affairs%2C+United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Texas+Man+Sentenced+to+40+Years+in+Prison+for+Running+Child+Obscenity+Website&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2Ftexas-man-sentenced-40-years-prison-running-child-obscenity-website&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>USA v. Arthur</i></cite> (5th Cir. 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/21/21-50607-CR0.pdf">Text</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls2007" class="citation news cs1">Rawls, Phillip (October 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-10-01-2390404063_x.htm">"Court leaves Ala. sex toy ban intact"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Court+leaves+Ala.+sex+toy+ban+intact&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2007-10-01-2390404063_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, Phillip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisone.com/news/ap/ap100207c.html">Court leaves Ala. sex toy ban intact</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102004046/http://www.lexisone.com/news/ap/ap100207c.html">Archived</a> 2015-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, USA Today, Oct 1, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huffpo2011-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huffpo2011_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/alabamas-bad-vibrations_b_300491.html">"Alabama's Bad Vibrations"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. 17 Nov 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Alabama%27s+Bad+Vibrations&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjacob-m-appel%2Falabamas-bad-vibrations_b_300491.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandyba2008" class="citation news cs1">Kandyba, Slav (November 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xbiz.com/news/101202">"Texas AG Drops Adult Toy Case Appeal"</a>. <i>XBiz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XBiz&rft.atitle=Texas+AG+Drops+Adult+Toy+Case+Appeal&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft.aulast=Kandyba&rft.aufirst=Slav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xbiz.com%2Fnews%2F101202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamalin2008" class="citation news cs1">Samalin, Zach (February 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newser.com/story/19013/court-lifts-ban-on-sex-toys-in-texas.html">"Court Lifts Ban on Sex Toys in Texas"</a>. <i>Newser</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newser&rft.atitle=Court+Lifts+Ban+on+Sex+Toys+in+Texas&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft.aulast=Samalin&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newser.com%2Fstory%2F19013%2Fcourt-lifts-ban-on-sex-toys-in-texas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://codes.findlaw.com/al/title-13a-criminal-code/al-code-sect-13a-12-200-2.html">"Alabama Code Title 13A. Criminal Code § 13A-12-200.2"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=Alabama+Code+Title+13A.+Criminal+Code+%C2%A7+13A-12-200.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcodes.findlaw.com%2Fal%2Ftitle-13a-criminal-code%2Fal-code-sect-13a-12-200-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuston2004" class="citation journal cs1">Huston, William (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218210623/http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf">"Under Color of Law, Obscenity vs. the First Amendment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nexus Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (75) (published 2005): 82. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nexus+Journal&rft.atitle=Under+Color+of+Law%2C+Obscenity+vs.+the+First+Amendment&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=75&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Huston&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexusjournal.org%2F2005obscenity%2F75-82.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sullivan_(lawyer)" title="Kathleen Sullivan (lawyer)">Sullivan, Kathleen</a> (September 28, 1992). "The First Amendment Wars", <i>The New Republic</i>, vol. 207, no. 14, pp. 35-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKline2017" class="citation news cs1">Kline, Jesse (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecjn.ca/perspectives/opinions/jewish-groups-gone-far-trying-silence-opponents/">"Have some Jewish groups gone too far by trying to silence the opposition?"</a>. <i>The Canadian Jewish News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=Have+some+Jewish+groups+gone+too+far+by+trying+to+silence+the+opposition%3F&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecjn.ca%2Fperspectives%2Fopinions%2Fjewish-groups-gone-far-trying-silence-opponents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fepproject.org-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fepproject.org_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210125732/http://www.fepproject.org/">"The Free Expression Policy Project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fepproject.org/">the original</a> on 2010-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free+Expression+Policy+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fepproject.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feppproject.org-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feppproject.org_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feppproject.org_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Cho,_Kim_Commerato,_&_Marjorie_Heins2003" class="citation web cs1">Christina Cho, Kim Commerato, & <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Heins" title="Marjorie Heins">Marjorie Heins</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307222716/http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/artsfunding.pdf">"Free Expression in Arts and Funding: A Public Policy Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Expression_Policy_Project" title="Free Expression Policy Project">Free Expression Policy Project</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/artsfunding.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Expression+Policy+Project&rft.atitle=Free+Expression+in+Arts+and+Funding%3A+A+Public+Policy+Report&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Christina+Cho%2C+Kim+Commerato%2C+%26+Marjorie+Heins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fepproject.org%2Fpolicyreports%2Fartsfunding.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/501/560/">"Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560 (1991)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Barnes+v.+Glen+Theatre%2C+Inc.%2C+501+U.S.+560+%281991%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F501%2F560%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="state-laws" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717160855/http://internetlaw.uslegal.com/pornography/state-laws/">"State Laws"</a>. <i>USLegal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internetlaw.uslegal.com/pornography/state-laws/">the original</a> on 17 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>State laws on Internet pornography have evolved rapidly. Prior to the rise in popularity of the Internet, most states already had laws on the books regulating age limits for purchasing pornography as well as statutes criminalizing child pornography. Many legislatures saw a need for legislation to respond to the vicissitudes of new technology. Between 1995 and 2002, nearly two dozen states considered bills that would control in some fashion access to Internet pornography. More than a dozen states enacted them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USLegal&rft.atitle=State+Laws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternetlaw.uslegal.com%2Fpornography%2Fstate-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">771 F.2d 323 (7th Cir. 1985), affirmed, 475 U.S. 1001 (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/issues/privacy-technology">"Privacy & Technology"</a>. <i>American Civil Liberties Union</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.atitle=Privacy+%26+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fissues%2Fprivacy-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wortley-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wortley_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortleyStephen_Smallbone2006" class="citation book cs1">Wortley, Richard; Stephen Smallbone (2006). <i>Situational Prevention Of Child Sexual Abuse, Volume 19 of Crime prevention studies</i>. Criminal Justice Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881798-61-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881798-61-3"><bdi>978-1-881798-61-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situational+Prevention+Of+Child+Sexual+Abuse%2C+Volume+19+of+Crime+prevention+studies&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Criminal+Justice+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-881798-61-3&rft.aulast=Wortley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Stephen+Smallbone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanderson-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanderson_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson2004" class="citation book cs1">Sanderson, Christiane (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seductionofchild0000sand"><i>The seduction of children: empowering parents and teachers to protect children from child sexual abuse</i></a></span>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seductionofchild0000sand/page/133">133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84310-248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84310-248-9"><bdi>978-1-84310-248-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+seduction+of+children%3A+empowering+parents+and+teachers+to+protect+children+from+child+sexual+abuse&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84310-248-9&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseductionofchild0000sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akdeniz11-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akdeniz11_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akdeniz11_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkdeniz2008" class="citation book cs1">Akdeniz, Yaman (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internetchildpor00akde_982"><i>Internet child pornography and the law: national and international responses</i></a></span>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internetchildpor00akde_982/page/n29">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2297-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2297-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-2297-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+child+pornography+and+the+law%3A+national+and+international+responses&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-2297-0&rft.aulast=Akdeniz&rft.aufirst=Yaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternetchildpor00akde_982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/cc/cc.163.1.html">"Definition of 'Child Pornography'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Criminal Code of Canada, Section 163.1</i>. Electronic Frontier Canada. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Code+of+Canada%2C+Section+163.1&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%27Child+Pornography%27&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efc.ca%2Fpages%2Flaw%2Fcc%2Fcc.163.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sharpe-not-guilty-of-possessing-written-child-pornography-1.339142">"Sharpe Not Guilty of Possessing Written Child Pornography"</a>. CBC News. March 26, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sharpe+Not+Guilty+of+Possessing+Written+Child+Pornography&rft.date=2002-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fsharpe-not-guilty-of-possessing-written-child-pornography-1.339142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finkelhor1994-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finkelhor1994_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finkelhor1994_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelhor1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Finkelhor" title="David Finkelhor">Finkelhor, David</a> (30 November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eric.ed.gov:80/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ497143&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ497143">"Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse"</a>. <i>Future of Children</i>. <b>4 n2</b> (Sum-Fall 1994): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7804768">7804768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+of+Children&rft.atitle=Current+Information+on+the+Scope+and+Nature+of+Child+Sexual+Abuse.&rft.volume=4+n2&rft.issue=Sum-Fall+1994&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1993-11-30&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7804768&rft.aulast=Finkelhor&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%3A80%2FERICWebPortal%2Fcustom%2Fportlets%2FrecordDetails%2Fdetailmini.jsp%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_%26ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0%3DEJ497143%26ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0%3Dno%26accno%3DEJ497143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hobbs-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hobbs_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hobbs_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbsHelga_G._I._HanksJane_M._Wynne1999" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, Christopher James; Helga G. I. Hanks; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Wynne" title="Jane Wynne">Jane M. Wynne</a> (1999). <i>Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook</i>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-05896-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-05896-7"><bdi>978-0-443-05896-7</bdi></a>. <q>Child pornography is part of the violent continuum of child sexual abuse</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Abuse+and+Neglect%3A+A+Clinician%27s+Handbook&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-443-05896-7&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+James&rft.au=Helga+G.+I.+Hanks&rft.au=Jane+M.+Wynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_Milner2007" class="citation book cs1">Claire Milner, Ian O'Donnel. (2007). <i>Child Pornography: Crime, computers and society</i>. Willan Publishing. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84392-357-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84392-357-2"><bdi>978-1-84392-357-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Pornography%3A+Crime%2C+computers+and+society&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Willan+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84392-357-2&rft.aulast=Claire+Milner&rft.aufirst=Ian+O%27Donnel.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheldon20-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sheldon20_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheldon20_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldonDennis_Howitt2007" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, Kerry; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Howitt" title="Dennis Howitt">Dennis Howitt</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi"><i>Sex Offenders and the Internet</i></a></span>. John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi/page/n32">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02800-1"><bdi>978-0-470-02800-1</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Child pornography is not pornography in any real sense; simply the evidence recorded on film or video tape - of serious sexual assaults on young children' (Tate, 1992, p. 203) ... 'Every piece of child pornography, therefore, is a record of the sexual use/abuse of the children involved.' Kelly and Scott (1993, p. 116) ... ' ... the record of the systematic rape, abuse, and torture of children on film and photograph, and other electronic means.' Edwards(2000, p. 1)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Offenders+and+the+Internet&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02800-1&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft.au=Dennis+Howitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexoffendersinte00howi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klain-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klain_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klain_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlainHeather_J._DaviesMolly_A._Hicks2001" class="citation book cs1">Klain, Eva J.; Heather J. Davies; Molly A. Hicks (2001). <i>Child Pornography: The Criminal-justice-system Response</i>. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. <q>Because the children depicted in child pornography are often shown while engaged in sexual activity with adults or other children,they are first and foremost victims of child sexual abuse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Pornography%3A+The+Criminal-justice-system+Response&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Missing+%26+Exploited+Children&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Klain&rft.aufirst=Eva+J.&rft.au=Heather+J.+Davies&rft.au=Molly+A.+Hicks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wortley17-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wortley17_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wortley17_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wortley17_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortleyStephen_Smallbone" class="citation journal cs1">Wortley, Richard; Stephen Smallbone. "Child Pornography on the Internet". <i>Problem-Oriented Guides for Police</i>. <b>41</b>: 17. <q>The children portrayed in child pornography are first victimized when their abuse is perpetrated and recorded. They are further victimized each time that record is accessed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problem-Oriented+Guides+for+Police&rft.atitle=Child+Pornography+on+the+Internet&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=17&rft.aulast=Wortley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Stephen+Smallbone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheldon9-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sheldon9_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheldon9_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldonDennis_Howitt2007" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, Kerry; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Howitt" title="Dennis Howitt">Dennis Howitt</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi"><i>Sex Offenders and the Internet</i></a></span>. John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi/page/n21">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02800-1"><bdi>978-0-470-02800-1</bdi></a>. <q>... supplying the material to meet this demand results in the further abuse of children Pictures, films and videos function as a permanent record of the original sexual abuse. Consequently, memories of the trauma and abuse are maintained as long as the record exists. Victims filmed and photographed many years ago will nevertheless be aware throughout their lifetimes that their childhood victimization continues to be exploited perversely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Offenders+and+the+Internet&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02800-1&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft.au=Dennis+Howitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexoffendersinte00howi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO1999-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO1999_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnes_Fournier_de_Saint_Maur1999" class="citation web cs1">Agnes Fournier de Saint Maur (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001147/114734eo.pdf">"Sexual Abuse of Children on the Internet: A New Challenge for INTERPOL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Expert Meeting on Sexual Abuse of Children, Child Pornography and Paedophilia on the Internet: an international challenge</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expert+Meeting+on+Sexual+Abuse+of+Children%2C+Child+Pornography+and+Paedophilia+on+the+Internet%3A+an+international+challenge&rft.atitle=Sexual+Abuse+of+Children+on+the+Internet%3A+A+New+Challenge+for+INTERPOL&rft.date=1999-01&rft.au=Agnes+Fournier+de+Saint+Maur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0011%2F001147%2F114734eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmreference.com-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filmreference.com_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Academy-Awards-Crime-Films/Censorship-SEX-AND-VIOLENCE.html">"Sex and violence - Censorship - actor, film, movie, show, cinema, scene"</a>. <i>www.filmreference.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.filmreference.com&rft.atitle=Sex+and+violence+-+Censorship+-+actor%2C+film%2C+movie%2C+show%2C+cinema%2C+scene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmreference.com%2Fencyclopedia%2FAcademy-Awards-Crime-Films%2FCensorship-SEX-AND-VIOLENCE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/394/557.html">"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=FindLaw%27s+United+States+Supreme+Court+case+and+opinions.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.findlaw.com%2Fus-supreme-court%2F394%2F557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reidel" title="United States v. Reidel">United States v. Reidel</a></i>, 402 U.S. 351 (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._12_200-ft._Reels_of_Film" title="United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film">United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film</a></i>, 413 U.S. 123 (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" title="Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a></i>, 495 U.S. 103 (1990).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton,_Jill2008" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, Jill (2008). "Runaway Grand Jury: Activists Attempt to Redefine Obscenity Law in Kansas". <i><a href="/wiki/UMKC_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="UMKC Law Review">UMKC Law Review</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1422672">1422672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UMKC+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Runaway+Grand+Jury%3A+Activists+Attempt+to+Redefine+Obscenity+Law+in+Kansas&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1422672%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Barton%2C+Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+obscenity+law" class="Z3988"></span> - Written on June 19, 2009; posted June 22 that year</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_of_the_United_States288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Law of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Law of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_of_the_United_States288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill (United States Congress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scales of justice"><img alt="Scales of justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Scale_of_justice.svg/40px-Scale_of_justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Scale_of_justice.svg/60px-Scale_of_justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Scale_of_justice.svg/80px-Scale_of_justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="206" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States" title="List of courts of the United States">Courts of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bankruptcy_court" title="United States bankruptcy court">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims" title="United States Court of Federal Claims">Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade">International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Tax_Court" title="United States Tax Court">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">State courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">State supreme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_School_Admission_Test" title="Law School Admission Test">Law School Admission Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States" title="Bar examination in the United States">US bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">Admission to the bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">Reading law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_administrative_law" title="United States administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">Antitrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child custody laws in the United States">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child sexual abuse laws in the United States">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure_in_the_United_States" title="Civil procedure in the United States">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Conflict of laws in the United States">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law_in_the_United_States" title="Property law in the United States">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_corporate_law" title="United States corporate law">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_of_the_United_States" title="Criminal law of the United States">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_criminal_procedure" title="United States criminal procedure">Procedure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_law" title="United States energy law">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_juvenile_justice_system" title="American juvenile justice system">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_United_States" title="Martial law in the United States">Martial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Privacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="State privacy laws of the United States">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_privacy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Financial privacy laws in the United States">Financial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_aspects_of_race_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial aspects of race in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_tort_law" title="United States tort law">Tort</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_defamation_law" title="United States defamation law">Defamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_trademark_law" title="United States trademark law">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_trust_law" title="United States trust law">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law_in_the_United_States" title="Water law in the United States">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_groundwater_law" title="United States groundwater law">Groundwater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Supreme_Court_Freedom_of_Speech_Clause_case_law927" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US1stAmendment_Freedom_of_Speech_Clause_Supreme_Court_case_law" title="Template:US1stAmendment Freedom of Speech Clause Supreme Court case law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:US1stAmendment_Freedom_of_Speech_Clause_Supreme_Court_case_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:US1stAmendment Freedom of Speech Clause Supreme Court case law (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US1stAmendment_Freedom_of_Speech_Clause_Supreme_Court_case_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US1stAmendment Freedom of Speech Clause Supreme Court case law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Supreme_Court_Freedom_of_Speech_Clause_case_law927" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of Speech Clause</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions" title="United States free speech exceptions">Unprotected speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clear_and_present_danger" title="Clear and present danger">Clear and<br />present danger</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Imminent_lawless_action" title="Imminent lawless action">imminent<br />lawless action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._United_States" title="Schenck v. United States">Schenck v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Debs_v._United_States" title="Debs v. United States">Debs v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abrams_v._United_States" title="Abrams v. United States">Abrams v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York" title="Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitney_v._California" title="Whitney v. California">Whitney v. California</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas" title="Fiske v. Kansas">Fiske v. Kansas</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.</a></i> (1955; 1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._Floyd" title="Bond v. Floyd">Bond v. Floyd</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio" title="Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hess_v._Indiana" title="Hess v. Indiana">Hess v. Indiana</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_defamation_law" title="United States defamation law">Defamation</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/False_statements_of_fact" class="mw-redirect" title="False statements of fact">false speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez" title="United States v. Alvarez">United States v. Alvarez</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_List_v._Driehaus" title="Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus">Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">Fighting words</a> and<br />the <a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">heckler's veto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantwell_v._Connecticut" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaplinsky_v._New_Hampshire" title="Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire">Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminiello_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Terminiello v. City of Chicago">Terminiello v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feiner_v._New_York" title="Feiner v. New York">Feiner v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Gregory v. City of Chicago">Gregory v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America_v._Village_of_Skokie" title="National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie">Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snyder_v._Phelps" title="Snyder v. Phelps">Snyder v. Phelps</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/True_threat" title="True threat">True threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elonis_v._United_States" title="Elonis v. United States">Elonis v. United States</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Counterman_v._Colorado" title="Counterman v. Colorado">Counterman v. Colorado</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obscenity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosen_v._United_States" title="Rosen v. United States">Rosen v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" title="Roth v. United States">Roth v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_Inc._v._Olesen" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen">One, Inc. v. Olesen</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._California" title="Smith v. California">Smith v. California</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_v._Search_Warrant" title="Marcus v. Search Warrant">Marcus v. Search Warrant</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manual_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Day" title="Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day">Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantity_of_Books_v._Kansas" title="Quantity of Books v. Kansas">Quantity of Books v. Kansas</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginzburg_v._United_States" title="Ginzburg v. United States">Ginzburg v. United States</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts">Memoirs v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redrup_v._New_York" title="Redrup v. New York">Redrup v. New York</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginsberg_v._New_York" title="Ginsberg v. New York">Ginsberg v. New York</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Thirty-seven_Photographs" title="United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs">United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kois_v._Wisconsin" title="Kois v. Wisconsin">Kois v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Adult_Theatre_I_v._Slaton" title="Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton">Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._12_200-ft._Reels_of_Film" title="United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film">United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_v._Georgia" title="Jenkins v. Georgia">Jenkins v. Georgia</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erznoznik_v._City_of_Jacksonville" title="Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville">Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_v._American_Mini_Theatres,_Inc." title="Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.">Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Freeman" title="People v. Freeman">People v. Freeman</a></i> (Cal. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video,_Inc." title="United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.">United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. ACLU</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Playboy_Entertainment_Group,_Inc." title="United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.">United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Alameda_Books,_Inc." title="City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.">City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union">Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._American_Library_Ass%27n" title="United States v. American Library Ass'n">United States v. American Library Ass'n</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Williams_(2008)" title="United States v. Williams (2008)">United States v. Williams</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2009)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2009)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stevens" title="United States v. Stevens">United States v. Stevens</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association" title="Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association">Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2012)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Coalition_v._Paxton" title="Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton">Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech integral<br />to criminal conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Ferber" title="New York v. Ferber">New York v. Ferber</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" title="Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Free_Speech_Coalition" title="Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition">Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hansen" title="United States v. Hansen">United States v. Hansen</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">Strict scrutiny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holder_v._Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project">Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overbreadth_doctrine" title="Overbreadth doctrine">Overbreadth</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">Vagueness doctrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Goguen" title="Smith v. Goguen">Smith v. Goguen</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Airport_Commissioners_of_Los_Angeles_v._Jews_for_Jesus,_Inc." title="Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.">Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_speech" title="Symbolic speech">Symbolic speech</a><br />versus conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stromberg_v._California" title="Stromberg v. California">Stromberg v. California</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._O%27Brien" title="United States v. O'Brien">United States v. O'Brien</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spence_v._Washington" title="Spence v. Washington">Spence v. Washington</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_v._Stanglin" title="Dallas v. Stanglin">Dallas v. Stanglin</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Johnson" title="Texas v. Johnson">Texas v. Johnson</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Eichman" title="United States v. Eichman">United States v. Eichman</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnes_v._Glen_Theatre,_Inc." title="Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.">Barnes v. Glen Theatre</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Erie_v._Pap%27s_A._M." title="City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.">City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-based<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boos_v._Barry" title="Boos v. Barry">Boos v. Barry</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster,_Inc._v._Crime_Victims_Board" title="Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board">Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Town_of_Gilbert" title="Reed v. Town of Gilbert">Reed v. Town of Gilbert</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Austin_v._Reagan_National_Advertising_of_Austin,_LLC" title="City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC">City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-neutral<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneider_v._New_Jersey" title="Schneider v. New Jersey">Schneider v. New Jersey</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Albertini" title="United States v. Albertini">United States v. Albertini</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renton_v._Playtime_Theatres,_Inc." title="Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.">Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcara_v._Cloud_Books,_Inc." title="Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.">Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ladue_v._Gilleo" title="City of Ladue v. Gilleo">City of Ladue v. Gilleo</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Packingham_v._North_Carolina" title="Packingham v. North Carolina">Packingham v. North Carolina</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TikTok_v._Garland" title="TikTok v. Garland">TikTok v. Garland</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /><a href="/wiki/Forum_(legal)" title="Forum (legal)">public forum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Massachusetts" title="Davis v. Massachusetts">Davis v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hague_v._Committee_for_Industrial_Organization" title="Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization">Hague v. CIO</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornhill_v._Alabama" title="Thornhill v. Alabama">Thornhill v. Alabama</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._City_of_Struthers" title="Martin v. City of Struthers">Martin v. City of Struthers</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niemotko_v._Maryland" title="Niemotko v. Maryland">Niemotko v. Maryland</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Louisiana" title="Brown v. Louisiana">Brown v. Louisiana</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adderley_v._Florida" title="Adderley v. Florida">Adderley v. Florida</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carroll_v._Town_of_Princess_Anne" title="Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne">Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coates_v._City_of_Cincinnati" title="Coates v. City of Cincinnati">Coates v. City of Cincinnati</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_a_Better_Austin_v._Keefe" title="Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe">Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frisby_v._Schultz" title="Frisby v. Schultz">Frisby v. Schultz</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ward_v._Rock_Against_Racism" title="Ward v. Rock Against Racism">Ward v. Rock Against Racism</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burson_v._Freeman" title="Burson v. Freeman">Burson v. Freeman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madsen_v._Women%27s_Health_Center,_Inc." title="Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.">Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._Pro-Choice_Network_of_Western_New_York" title="Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York">Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v._Colorado" title="Hill v. Colorado">Hill v. Colorado</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCullen_v._Coakley" title="McCullen v. Coakley">McCullen v. Coakley</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designated<br />public forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Widmar_v._Vincent" title="Widmar v. Vincent">Widmar v. Vincent</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonpublic<br />forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_Education_Association_v._Perry_Local_Educators%27_Association" title="Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association">Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_v._NAACP_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund">Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Educational_Television_Commission_v._Forbes" title="Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes">Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compelled_speech" title="Compelled speech">Compelled speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald_Publishing_Co._v._Tornillo" title="Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo">Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wooley_v._Maynard" title="Wooley v. Maynard">Wooley v. Maynard</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_v._Forum_for_Academic_%26_Institutional_Rights,_Inc." title="Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.">Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Family_and_Life_Advocates_v._Becerra" title="National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra">National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/303_Creative_LLC_v._Elenis" title="303 Creative LLC v. Elenis">303 Creative LLC v. Elenis</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moody_v._NetChoice,_LLC" title="Moody v. NetChoice, LLC">Moody v. NetChoice, LLC</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compelled subsidy<br />of others' speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Ass%27n_of_Machinists_v._Street" title="International Ass'n of Machinists v. Street">International Ass'n of Machinists v. Street</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abood_v._Detroit_Board_of_Education" title="Abood v. Detroit Board of Education">Abood v. Detroit Board of Education</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Board_for_Community_Colleges_v._Knight" title="Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight">Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America_v._Beck" title="Communications Workers of America v. Beck">Communications Workers of America v. Beck</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keller_v._State_Bar_of_California" title="Keller v. State Bar of California">Keller v. State Bar of California</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehnert_v._Ferris_Faculty_Ass%27n" title="Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n">Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin_System_v._Southworth" title="Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth">Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davenport_v._Washington_Education_Ass%27n" title="Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n">Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locke_v._Karass" title="Locke v. Karass">Locke v. Karass</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knox_v._Service_Employees_International_Union,_Local_1000" title="Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000">Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Quinn" title="Harris v. Quinn">Harris v. Quinn</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrichs_v._California_Teachers_Association" title="Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association">Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janus_v._AFSCME" title="Janus v. AFSCME">Janus v. AFSCME</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government grants<br />and subsidies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Regan_v._Taxation_with_Representation_of_Washington" title="Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington">Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rust_v._Sullivan" title="Rust v. Sullivan">Rust v. Sullivan</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_v._Finley" title="National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley">National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Services_Corp._v._Velazquez" title="Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez">Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2013)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2013)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2020)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2020)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_speech" title="Government speech">Government speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walker_v._Texas_Division,_Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans">Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Community_College_System_v._Wilson" title="Houston Community College System v. Wilson">Houston Community College System v. Wilson</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurtleff_v._City_of_Boston" title="Shurtleff v. City of Boston">Shurtleff v. City of Boston</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_oath" title="Loyalty oath">Loyalty oaths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Communications_Ass%27n_v._Douds" title="American Communications Ass'n v. Douds">American Communications Ass'n v. Douds</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speiser_v._Randall" title="Speiser v. Randall">Speiser v. Randall</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indiana_v._Whitcomb" title="Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb">Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb</a></i> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in schools in the United States">School speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.</a></i> (1969, <a href="/wiki/Substantial_disruption" title="Substantial disruption">substantial disruption</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Healy_v._James" title="Healy v. James">Healy v. James</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Island_Trees_School_District_v._Pico" title="Island Trees School District v. Pico">Island Trees School District v. Pico</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bethel_School_District_v._Fraser" title="Bethel School District v. Fraser">Bethel School District v. Fraser</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_School_District_v._Kuhlmeier" title="Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier">Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Ass%27n" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morse_v._Frederick" title="Morse v. Frederick">Morse v. Frederick</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_Area_School_District_v._B.L." title="Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.">Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pickering_v._Board_of_Education" title="Pickering v. Board of Education">Pickering v. Board of Education</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Sindermann" title="Perry v. Sindermann">Perry v. Sindermann</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnett_v._Kennedy" title="Arnett v. Kennedy">Arnett v. Kennedy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elrod_v._Burns" title="Elrod v. Burns">Elrod v. Burns</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Givhan_v._Western_Line_Consolidated_School_District" title="Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District">Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connick_v._Myers" title="Connick v. Myers">Connick v. Myers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rankin_v._McPherson" title="Rankin v. McPherson">Rankin v. McPherson</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutan_v._Republican_Party_of_Illinois" title="Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois">Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waters_v._Churchill" title="Waters v. Churchill">Waters v. Churchill</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._National_Treasury_Employees_Union" title="United States v. National Treasury Employees Union">United States v. National Treasury Employees Union</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Ass%27n" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcetti_v._Ceballos" title="Garcetti v. Ceballos">Garcetti v. Ceballos</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lane_v._Franks" title="Lane v. Franks">Lane v. Franks</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heffernan_v._City_of_Paterson" title="Heffernan v. City of Paterson">Heffernan v. City of Paterson</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act</a> and<br />similar laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Curtis" title="Ex parte Curtis">Ex parte Curtis</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Public_Workers_v._Mitchell" title="United Public Workers v. Mitchell">United Public Workers v. Mitchell</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission_v._National_Ass%27n_of_Letter_Carriers" title="United States Civil Service Commission v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers">U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadrick_v._Oklahoma" title="Broadrick v. Oklahoma">Broadrick v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensing and<br />restriction of speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Film_Corp._v._Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio" title="Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio">Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._New_Hampshire" title="Cox v. New Hampshire">Cox v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunz_v._New_York" title="Kunz v. New York">Kunz v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Burstyn,_Inc._v._Wilson" title="Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson">Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Books,_Inc._v._Brown" title="Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown">Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedman_v._Maryland" title="Freedman v. Maryland">Freedman v. Maryland</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forsyth_County_v._Nationalist_Movement" title="Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement">Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_speech" title="Commercial speech">Commercial speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Valentine_v._Chrestensen" title="Valentine v. Chrestensen">Valentine v. Chrestensen</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rowan_v._United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="Rowan v. United States Post Office Department">Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press_Co._v._Pittsburgh_Commission_on_Human_Relations" title="Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations">Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfarb_v._Virginia_State_Bar" title="Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar">Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_v._Virginia" title="Bigelow v. Virginia">Bigelow v. Virginia</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Pharmacy_Board_v._Virginia_Citizens_Consumer_Council" title="Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council">Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linmark_Associates,_Inc._v._Township_of_Willingboro" title="Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Township of Willingboro">Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carey_v._Population_Services_International" title="Carey v. Population Services International">Carey v. Population Services International</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._State_Bar_of_Arizona" title="Bates v. State Bar of Arizona">Bates v. State Bar of Arizona</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Primus" title="In re Primus">In re Primus</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ohralik_v._Ohio_State_Bar_Assn." title="Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn.">Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn.</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedman_v._Rogers" title="Friedman v. Rogers">Friedman v. Rogers</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Edison_Co._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission">Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Hudson_Gas_%26_Electric_Corp._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission">Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zauderer_v._Office_of_Disciplinary_Counsel_of_Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio">Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Posadas_de_Puerto_Rico_Associates_v._Tourism_Co._of_Puerto_Rico" title="Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico">Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee" title="San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee">San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cincinnati_v._Discovery_Network,_Inc." title="City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc.">City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc.</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebron_v._National_Railroad_Passenger_Corp." title="Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.">Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Bar_v._Went_For_It,_Inc." title="Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.">Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/44_Liquormart,_Inc._v._Rhode_Island" title="44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island">44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lorillard_Tobacco_Co._v._Reilly" title="Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly">Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorrell_v._IMS_Health_Inc." title="Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.">Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expressions_Hair_Design_v._Schneiderman" title="Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman">Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a><br />and political speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Boston_v._Bellotti" title="First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti">First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Against_Rent_Control_v._City_of_Berkeley" title="Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley">Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._National_Conservative_PAC" title="FEC v. National Conservative PAC">FEC v. National Conservative PAC</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Massachusetts_Citizens_for_Life" title="FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life">FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austin_v._Michigan_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce">Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee_v._FEC" title="Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC">Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Shrink_Missouri_Government_PAC" title="Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC">Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota_v._White" title="Republican Party of Minnesota v. White">Republican Party of Minnesota v. White</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McConnell_v._FEC" title="McConnell v. FEC">McConnell v. FEC</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randall_v._Sorrell" title="Randall v. Sorrell">Randall v. Sorrell</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc." title="FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.">FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._FEC" title="Davis v. FEC">Davis v. FEC</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Commission_on_Ethics_v._Carrigan" title="Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan">Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Free_Enterprise_Club%27s_Freedom_Club_PAC_v._Bennett" title="Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett">Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tradition_Partnership,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock">American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCutcheon_v._FEC" title="McCutcheon v. FEC">McCutcheon v. FEC</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Hebdon" title="Thompson v. Hebdon">Thompson v. Hebdon</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Ted_Cruz_for_Senate" title="FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate">FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anonymous speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._City_of_Little_Rock" title="Bates v. City of Little Rock">Bates v. City of Little Rock</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talley_v._California" title="Talley v. California">Talley v. California</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Socialist_Workers_%2774_Campaign_Committee" title="Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee">Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McIntyre_v._Ohio_Elections_Commission" title="McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission">McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama" title="Marsh v. Alabama">Marsh v. Alabama</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Corp._v._Tanner" title="Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner">Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Access_Corp._v._Halleck" title="Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck">Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lindke_v._Freed" title="Lindke v. Freed">Lindke v. Freed</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retaliatory_arrest_and_prosecution" title="Retaliatory arrest and prosecution">Official retaliation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartman_v._Moore" title="Hartman v. Moore">Hartman v. Moore</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Moss" title="Wood v. Moss">Wood v. Moss</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)" title="Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018)">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nieves_v._Bartlett" title="Nieves v. Bartlett">Nieves v. Bartlett</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Boule" title="Egbert v. Boule">Egbert v. Boule</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Trevino" title="Gonzalez v. Trevino">Gonzalez v. Trevino</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America_v._Vullo" title="National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo">National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boycotts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Claiborne_Hardware_Co." title="NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.">NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.</a></i> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._North_Carolina_Prisoners%27_Labor_Union" title="Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union">Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Safley" title="Turner v. Safley">Turner v. Safley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaw_v._Murphy" title="Shaw v. Murphy">Shaw v. Murphy</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beard_v._Banks" title="Beard v. Banks">Beard v. Banks</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Supreme_Court_Freedom_of_the_Press_Clause_case_law588" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US1stAmendment_Freedom_of_the_Press_Clause_Supreme_Court_case_law" title="Template:US1stAmendment Freedom of the Press Clause Supreme Court case law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US1stAmendment_Freedom_of_the_Press_Clause_Supreme_Court_case_law" title="Template talk:US1stAmendment Freedom of the Press Clause Supreme Court case law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US1stAmendment_Freedom_of_the_Press_Clause_Supreme_Court_case_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US1stAmendment Freedom of the Press Clause Supreme Court case law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Supreme_Court_Freedom_of_the_Press_Clause_case_law588" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the Press Clause</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraints</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Censorship in the United States">censorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patterson_v._Colorado" title="Patterson v. Colorado">Patterson v. Colorado</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota" title="Near v. Minnesota">Near v. Minnesota</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovell_v._City_of_Griffin" title="Lovell v. City of Griffin">Lovell v. City of Griffin</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_v._Texas" title="Tucker v. Texas">Tucker v. Texas</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hannegan_v._Esquire,_Inc." title="Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.">Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheppard_v._Maxwell" title="Sheppard v. Maxwell">Sheppard v. Maxwell</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States" title="New York Times Co. v. United States">New York Times Co. v. United States</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Press_Ass%27n_v._Stuart" title="Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart">Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Communications,_Inc._v._Virginia" title="Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia">Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tory_v._Cochran" title="Tory v. Cochran">Tory v. Cochran</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Hill" title="Time, Inc. v. Hill">Time, Inc. v. Hill</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_Broadcasting_Corp._v._Cohn" title="Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn">Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Star_v._B._J._F." title="Florida Star v. B. J. F.">Florida Star v. B. J. F.</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reporter%27s_privilege" title="Reporter's privilege">Privileges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Branzburg_v._Hayes" title="Branzburg v. Hayes">Branzburg v. Hayes</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houchins_v._KQED,_Inc." title="Houchins v. KQED, Inc.">Houchins v. KQED, Inc.</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._Cowles_Media_Co." title="Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.">Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxation and<br />antitrust laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grosjean_v._American_Press_Co." title="Grosjean v. American Press Co.">Grosjean v. American Press Co.</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_v._United_States" title="Associated Press v. United States">Associated Press v. United States</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Star_Tribune_Co._v._Commissioner" title="Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner">Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_defamation_law" title="United States defamation law">Defamation</a><br />and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">obscenity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beauharnais_v._Illinois" title="Beauharnais v. Illinois">Beauharnais v. Illinois</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._California" title="Smith v. California">Smith v. California</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Co._v._Butts" title="Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts">Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_Cooperative_Publishing_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Bresler" title="Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler">Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gertz_v._Robert_Welch,_Inc." title="Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Firestone" title="Time, Inc. v. Firestone">Time, Inc. v. Firestone</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bose_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_United_States,_Inc." title="Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.">Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet,_Inc._v._Greenmoss_Builders,_Inc." title="Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.">Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Smith" title="McDonald v. Smith">McDonald v. Smith</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harte-Hanks_Communications,_Inc._v._Connaughton" title="Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton">Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milkovich_v._Lorain_Journal_Co." title="Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.">Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="Broadcasting in the United States">Broadcast media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Broadcasting_Co._v._FCC" title="Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC">Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald_Publishing_Co._v._Tornillo" title="Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo">Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation" title="FCC v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica Foundation</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CBS,_Inc._v._FCC" title="CBS, Inc. v. FCC">CBS, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1994–1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartnicki_v._Vopper" title="Bartnicki v. Vopper">Bartnicki v. Vopper</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyrighted materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co." title="Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.">Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7892613#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008108557">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007561725005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&oldid=1275169293">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&oldid=1275169293</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Obscenity_law" title="Category:Obscenity law">Obscenity law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_and_society" title="Category:Sexuality and society">Sexuality and society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Censorship in the United States">Censorship in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2021">Articles needing additional references from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 13:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States obscenity law</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-kjz5s","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.822","walltime":"1.018","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4189,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":244680,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3881,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":212384,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 801.112 1 -total"," 42.18% 337.903 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.06% 160.667 21 Template:Cite_web"," 12.78% 102.375 1 Template:Sex_and_the_Law"," 12.38% 99.178 1 Template:Sidebar"," 8.53% 68.321 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 8.34% 66.850 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.33% 66.713 6 Template:Navbox"," 7.97% 63.835 1 Template:Ambox"," 6.07% 48.652 11 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.469","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7872217,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-smf9c","timestamp":"20250215195507","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"United States obscenity law","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_obscenity_law","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7892613","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7892613","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-06-27T07:11:07Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T13:29:32Z","headline":"specialty of law in a country"}</script> </body> </html>