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<li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculptural_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculptural_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sculptural style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculptural_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Main section</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constantinian_frieze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantinian_frieze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Constantinian frieze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantinian_frieze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_sides_of_the_archways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_sides_of_the_archways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Inner sides of the archways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_sides_of_the_archways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_modeled_on_or_inspired_by_the_Arch_of_Constantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_modeled_on_or_inspired_by_the_Arch_of_Constantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works modeled on or inspired by the Arch of Constantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_modeled_on_or_inspired_by_the_Arch_of_Constantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_and_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_and_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Articles and chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_and_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arch of Constantine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="قوس قسطنطين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوس قسطنطين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трыумфальная арка Канстанціна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыумфальная арка Канстанціна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Арка на Константин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арка на Константин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolz_Kustentin" title="Bolz Kustentin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bolz Kustentin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Constant%C3%AD" title="Arc de Constantí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arc de Constantí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin%C5%AFv_oblouk" title="Konstantinův oblouk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konstantinův oblouk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinbuen" title="Konstantinbuen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konstantinbuen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinsbogen" title="Konstantinsbogen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konstantinsbogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinuse_triumfikaar" title="Constantinuse triumfikaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Constantinuse triumfikaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%88%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Αψίδα του Κωνσταντίνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αψίδα του Κωνσταντίνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_de_Constantino" title="Arco de Constantino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arco de Constantino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arko_de_Konstanteno" title="Arko de Konstanteno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arko de Konstanteno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinoren_arkua" title="Konstantinoren arkua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konstantinoren arkua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="طاق کنستانتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طاق کنستانتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Constantin" title="Arc de Constantin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arc de Constantin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_de_Constantino" title="Arco de Constantino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arco de Constantino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B0%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B0%9C%EC%84%A0%EB%AC%B8" title="콘스탄티누스 개선문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘스탄티누스 개선문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կոստանդիանոսի հաղթակամար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոստանդիանոսի հաղթակամար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinov_slavoluk" title="Konstantinov slavoluk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konstantinov slavoluk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelengkung_Konstantinus" title="Pelengkung Konstantinus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelengkung Konstantinus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_di_Costantino" title="Arco di Costantino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arco di Costantino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קשת קונסטנטינוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשת קונסטנטינוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcus_Constantini" title="Arcus Constantini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arcus Constantini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_de_Constantino" title="Arco de Constantino – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arco de Constantino" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinus_diadal%C3%ADve" title="Constantinus diadalíve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Constantinus diadalíve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boog_van_Constantijn" title="Boog van Constantijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boog van Constantijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%87%B1%E6%97%8B%E9%96%80" title="コンスタンティヌスの凱旋門 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンスタンティヌスの凱旋門" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinbuen" title="Konstantinbuen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konstantinbuen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uk_Konstantyna_Wielkiego" title="Łuk Konstantyna Wielkiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łuk Konstantyna Wielkiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_de_Constantino" title="Arco de Constantino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arco de Constantino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcul_lui_Constantin" title="Arcul lui Constantin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arcul lui Constantin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Триумфальная арка Константина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Триумфальная арка Константина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arch of Constantine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C5%A1tant%C3%ADnov_obl%C3%BAk" title="Konštantínov oblúk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konštantínov oblúk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinov_slavolok,_Rim" title="Konstantinov slavolok, Rim – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konstantinov slavolok, Rim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Константинов славолук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Константинов славолук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinov_slavoluk" title="Konstantinov slavoluk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konstantinov slavoluk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinuksen_riemukaari" title="Konstantinuksen riemukaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konstantinuksen riemukaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinb%C3%A5gen" title="Konstantinbågen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konstantinbågen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arko_ni_Constantino" title="Arko ni Constantino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arko ni Constantino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_tak%C4%B1" title="Konstantin takı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konstantin takı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арка Костянтина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арка Костянтина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="قسطنطنیہ کا محراب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قسطنطنیہ کا محراب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arch_of_Constantine&params=41_53_23_N_12_29_27_E_type:landmark_region:IT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°29′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.88972°N 12.49083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.88972; 12.49083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman triumphal arch, a landmark of Rome, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Arch of Constantine</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Constantine_(Rome)_-_South_side,_from_Via_triumphalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Arch_of_Constantine_%28Rome%29_-_South_side%2C_from_Via_triumphalis.jpg/270px-Arch_of_Constantine_%28Rome%29_-_South_side%2C_from_Via_triumphalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Arch_of_Constantine_%28Rome%29_-_South_side%2C_from_Via_triumphalis.jpg/405px-Arch_of_Constantine_%28Rome%29_-_South_side%2C_from_Via_triumphalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Arch_of_Constantine_%28Rome%29_-_South_side%2C_from_Via_triumphalis.jpg/540px-Arch_of_Constantine_%28Rome%29_-_South_side%2C_from_Via_triumphalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6272" data-file-height="5292" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Arch of Constantine</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arch of Constantine is located in Rome"><img alt="Arch of Constantine is located in Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/270px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/405px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/540px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/270px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/405px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/540px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.47%;left:58.061%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Arch of Constantine"><img alt="Arch of Constantine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Arch of Constantine</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Augustan Rome</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_33c6a80260e06b5ad2b590b974702fececde3d50"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Arch_of_Constantine&revid=1279046056&groups=_33c6a80260e06b5ad2b590b974702fececde3d50" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Arch_of_Constantine&revid=1279046056&groups=_33c6a80260e06b5ad2b590b974702fececde3d50 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><i><a href="/wiki/Regio_X_Palatium" title="Regio X Palatium">Regio X Palatium</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arch_of_Constantine&params=41_53_23_N_12_29_27_E_type:landmark_region:IT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°29′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.88972°N 12.49083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.88972; 12.49083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">Triumphal arch</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 315</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arch of Constantine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Arco di Costantino</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> dedicated to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. The arch was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> to commemorate Constantine's victory over <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a> in AD 312. Situated between the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>, the arch spans the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_triumphs#The_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman triumphs">Via Triumphalis</a></i>, the route taken by victorious military leaders when they entered the city in a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphal</a> procession.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dedicated in 315, it is the largest Roman triumphal arch, with overall dimensions of 21 m (69 ft) high, 25.9 m (85 ft) wide and 7.4 m (24 ft) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has three bays, the central one being 11.5 m (38 ft) high and 6.5 m (21 ft) wide and the laterals 7.4 m (24 ft) by 3.4 m (11 ft) each. The arch is constructed of brick-faced concrete covered in marble. </p><p>The three-bay design with detached columns was first used for the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> (which stands at the end of the triumph route) and repeated in several other arches now lost. </p><p>Though dedicated to Constantine, much of the sculptural decoration consists of reliefs and statues removed from earlier triumphal monuments dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (98–117), <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (117–138) and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (161–180), with the portrait heads replaced with his own.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arch, which was constructed between 312 and 315, was dedicated by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> to commemorate ten years (<i>a decennia</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine's</a> reign (306–337) and his victory over the then reigning emperor <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> (306–312) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a> on 28 October 312,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as described on its <a href="#Attic">attic</a> inscription,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and officially opened on 25 July 315. Not only did the Roman senate give the arch for Constantine's victory, they also were celebrating <a href="/wiki/Decennalia" title="Decennalia">decennalia</a>: a series of games that happened every decade during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. On these occasions they also said many prayers and renewed both spiritual and mundane vows.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Constantine had actually entered Rome on 29 October 312, amidst great rejoicing, and the Senate then commissioned the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLGDjJK-JeSwCpgPA44_pp.&nbsp;44–47]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLGDjJK-JeSwCpgPA44_pp.&nbsp;44–47]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine then left Rome within two months and did not return until 326.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP21_p.&nbsp;11]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP21_p.&nbsp;11]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Arch_of_Constantine,_Rome.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Arch_of_Constantine%2C_Rome.jpeg/220px-The_Arch_of_Constantine%2C_Rome.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Arch_of_Constantine%2C_Rome.jpeg/330px-The_Arch_of_Constantine%2C_Rome.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Arch_of_Constantine%2C_Rome.jpeg/440px-The_Arch_of_Constantine%2C_Rome.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>The Arch of Constantine, Rome - painted by <a href="/wiki/Herman_van_Swanevelt" title="Herman van Swanevelt">Herman van Swanevelt</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The location, between the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian Hill</a>, spanned the ancient route of <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumphs#The_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman triumphs">Roman triumphs</a> (<i>Via triumphalis</i>) at its origin, where it diverged from the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_sacra" class="mw-redirect" title="Via sacra">Via sacra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanciani1892[httpsarchiveorgdetailspaganandchristi02lancgoogpagen44_p.&nbsp;20]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanciani1892[httpsarchiveorgdetailspaganandchristi02lancgoogpagen44_p.&nbsp;20]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This route was that taken by the emperors when they entered the city in triumph. This route started at the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>, led through the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, and around the Palatine Hill; immediately after the Arch of Constantine, the procession would turn left at the <a href="/wiki/Meta_Sudans" title="Meta Sudans">Meta Sudans</a> and march along the <i>Via sacra</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Romanum">Forum Romanum</a> and on to the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, passing through both the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arches of Titus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>. </p><p>During the Middle Ages, the Arch of Constantine was incorporated into one of the family strongholds of ancient Rome, as shown in the painting by <a href="/wiki/Herman_van_Swanevelt" title="Herman van Swanevelt">Herman van Swanevelt</a>, here. Works of restoration were first carried out in the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsner2000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsner2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last excavations have taken place in the late 1990s, just before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Jubilee" title="Great Jubilee">Great Jubilee</a> of 2000. The arch served as the finish line for the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics">marathon athletic</a> event for the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a>. </p><p>The arch was damaged after sustaining a direct hit from a lightning strike on 3 September 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_arch_datation_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Constantine_arch_datation_en.svg/220px-Constantine_arch_datation_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Constantine_arch_datation_en.svg/330px-Constantine_arch_datation_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Constantine_arch_datation_en.svg/440px-Constantine_arch_datation_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Dates of incorporated decorative material</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been much controversy over the origins of the arch, with some scholars claiming that it should no longer be referred to as Constantine's arch, but is in fact an earlier work from the time of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, reworked during Constantine's reign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at least the lower part.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory holds that it was erected, or at least started, by <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one scholar believed it was as early as the time of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (81–96).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrothingham1912_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrothingham1912-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maxentius's reputation in Rome was influenced by his contributions to public building. By the time of his accession in 306 Rome was becoming increasingly irrelevant to the governance of the empire, most emperors choosing to live elsewhere and focusing on defending the fragile boundaries, where they frequently founded new cities. </p><p>These factors contributed to Maxentius' ability to seize power. In contrast to his predecessors, Maxentius concentrated on restoring the capital; his epithet was <i>conservator urbis suae</i> (preserver of his city). Thus, Constantine was perceived as the deposer of one of the city's greatest benefactors, and needed to acquire legitimacy. Much controversy has surrounded the patronage of the public works of this period. Issuing a <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a>, Constantine set out to systematically erase the memory of Maxentius. Consequently, there remains considerable uncertainty regarding the patronage of early fourth century public buildings, including the Arch of Constantine, which may originally have been an Arch of Maxentius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomeConstantine%27sArch03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South side, from Via triumphalis. Colosseum to right"><img alt="South side, from Via triumphalis. Colosseum to right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RomeConstantine%27sArch03.jpg/160px-RomeConstantine%27sArch03.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RomeConstantine%27sArch03.jpg/240px-RomeConstantine%27sArch03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RomeConstantine%27sArch03.jpg/320px-RomeConstantine%27sArch03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South side, from <i>Via triumphalis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> to right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archofconstantine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North side, from the Colosseum"><img alt="North side, from the Colosseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Archofconstantine.jpg/160px-Archofconstantine.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Archofconstantine.jpg/240px-Archofconstantine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Archofconstantine.jpg/320px-Archofconstantine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North side, from the Colosseum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luk_Konstantyna_strona_zachodnia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="West side"><img alt="West side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Luk_Konstantyna_strona_zachodnia.JPG/127px-Luk_Konstantyna_strona_zachodnia.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Luk_Konstantyna_strona_zachodnia.JPG/191px-Luk_Konstantyna_strona_zachodnia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Luk_Konstantyna_strona_zachodnia.JPG/255px-Luk_Konstantyna_strona_zachodnia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West side</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculptural_style">Sculptural style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sculptural style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomeConstantine%27sArch04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/RomeConstantine%27sArch04.jpg/170px-RomeConstantine%27sArch04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/RomeConstantine%27sArch04.jpg/255px-RomeConstantine%27sArch04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/RomeConstantine%27sArch04.jpg/340px-RomeConstantine%27sArch04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Relief panels, round reliefs and frieze over left (west) arch, from south</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomeConstantine%27sArch02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RomeConstantine%27sArch02.jpg/220px-RomeConstantine%27sArch02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RomeConstantine%27sArch02.jpg/330px-RomeConstantine%27sArch02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RomeConstantine%27sArch02.jpg/440px-RomeConstantine%27sArch02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Round reliefs and frieze over right (east) arch, from south</figcaption></figure> <p>Constantine's Arch is an important example, frequently cited in surveys of <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>, of the stylistic changes of the 4th century, and the "collapse of the classical Greek canon of forms during the late Roman period",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a sign the city was in decline, and would soon be eclipsed by Constantine's founding of a new capital at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 324.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contrast between the styles of the re-used Imperial reliefs of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and those newly made for the arch is dramatic and, according to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kitzinger" title="Ernst Kitzinger">Ernst Kitzinger</a>, "violent",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that where the head of an earlier emperor was replaced by that of Constantine the artist was still able to achieve a "soft, delicate rendering of the face of Constantine" that was "a far cry from the dominant style of the workshop".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;29_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;29-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains the most impressive surviving civic monument from Rome in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, but is also one of the most controversial with regards to its origins and meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Kitzinger compares a <a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">roundel</a> of Hadrian lion-hunting, which is "still rooted firmly in the tradition of late <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>", and there is "an illusion of open, airy space in which figures move freely and with relaxed self-assurance" with the later <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> where the figures are "pressed, trapped, as it were, between two imaginary planes and so tightly packed within the frame as to lack all freedom of movement in any direction", with "gestures that are "jerky, overemphatic and uncoordinated with the rest of the body".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 4th century reliefs, the figures are disposed geometrically in a pattern that "makes sense only in relation to the spectator", in the <i>largesse</i> scene (below) centred on the emperor who looks directly out to the viewer. Kitzinger continues: </p><blockquote><p>Gone too is the classical canon of proportions. Heads are disproportionately large, trunks square, legs stubby ... Differences in the physical size of figures drastically underline differences of rank and importance which the second-century artist had indicated by subtle compositional means within a seemingly casual grouping. Gone, finally are elaboration of detail and differentiation of surface texture. Faces are cut rather than modeled, hair takes the form of a cap with some superficial <a href="/wiki/Stippling" title="Stippling">stippling</a>, drapery folds are summarily indicated by deeply drilled lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;8_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The commission was clearly highly important, if hurried, and the work must be considered as reflecting the best available craftsmanship in Rome at the time; the same workshop was probably responsible for a number of surviving <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;8_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of how to account for what may seem a decline in both style and execution has generated a vast amount of discussion. Factors introduced into the discussion include: a breakdown of the transmission in artistic skills due to the political and economic disruption of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;8–9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;8–9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>influence from Eastern and other pre-classical regional styles from around the Empire (a view promoted by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Strzygowski" title="Josef Strzygowski">Josef Strzygowski</a> (1862–1941), and now mostly discounted),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;9–12_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;9–12-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the emergence into high-status public art of a simpler "popular" or "Italic" style that had been used by the less wealthy throughout the reign of Greek models, an active ideological turning against what classical styles had come to represent, and a deliberate preference for seeing the world simply and exploiting the expressive possibilities of a simpler style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;10–18_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;10–18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sculptors of Constantine's time were more interested in symbolism: both symbolism for religion as well as symbolism for history.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One factor that cannot be responsible, as the date and origin of the Venice <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Four_Tetrarchs" title="Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs">Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs</a> show, is the rise of Christianity to official support, as the changes predated that.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;5–6,_9,_19_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;5–6,_9,_19-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stylistic references to the earlier arches of Titus and Septimius Severus, together with the incorporation of <i>spolia</i> from the times of other earlier emperors may be considered a deliberate tribute to Roman history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA13_p.&nbsp;13]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA13_p.&nbsp;13]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arch is heavily decorated with parts of older monuments, which assume a new meaning in the context of the Constantinian building. As it celebrates the victory of Constantine, the new "historic" friezes illustrating his campaign in Italy convey the central meaning: the praise of the emperor, both in battle and in his civilian duties. The other imagery supports this purpose: decoration taken from the "golden times" of the Empire under the 2nd century emperors whose reliefs were re-used places Constantine next to these "good emperors", and the content of the pieces evokes images of the victorious and pious ruler. </p><p>Another explanation given for the re-use is the short time between the start of construction (late 312 at the earliest) and the dedication (summer 315), so the architects used existing artwork to make up for the lack of time to create new art. It could be that so many old parts were used because the builders themselves did not <i>feel</i> the artists of their time could do better than what had already been done by different people.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As yet another possible reason, it has often been suggested that the Romans of the 4th century truly did lack the artistic skill to produce acceptable artwork, and were aware of it, and therefore plundered the ancient buildings to adorn their contemporary monuments. This interpretation has become less prominent in more recent times, as the art of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> has been appreciated in its own right. It is possible that a combination of those explanations is correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;8–15_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;8–15-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attic">Attic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Special:EditPage/Arch of Constantine">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:610px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KonstantinsbogenAttika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South attic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/KonstantinsbogenAttika.jpg/600px-KonstantinsbogenAttika.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/KonstantinsbogenAttika.jpg/900px-KonstantinsbogenAttika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/KonstantinsbogenAttika.jpg/1200px-KonstantinsbogenAttika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4516" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KonstantinsbogenAttika.jpg" title="File:KonstantinsbogenAttika.jpg"> </a></div>South attic</div></div></div> <p>On the top of each column, large sculptures representing <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> can be seen, which date from Trajan. Above the central archway is the inscription, forming the most prominent portion of the <a href="/wiki/Attic_(architecture)" title="Attic (architecture)">attic</a> and is identical on both sides of the arch. Flanking the inscription on both sides are four pairs of relief panels above the minor archways, eight in total. These were taken from an unknown monument erected in honour of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>. On the north side, from left to right, the panels depict the emperor's return to Rome after the campaign (<i><a href="/wiki/Adventus_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventus (art)">adventus</a></i>), the emperor leaving the city and saluted by a personification of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a>, the emperor distributing money among the people (<i><a href="/wiki/Largitio" class="mw-redirect" title="Largitio">largitio</a></i>), and the emperor interrogating a German prisoner. On the south side, from left to right, are depicted a captured enemy chieftain led before the emperor, a similar scene with other prisoners (illustrated below), the emperor speaking to the troops (<i><a href="/wiki/Adlocutio" title="Adlocutio">adlocutio</a></i>), and the emperor sacrificing a pig, sheep and bull (<i><a href="/wiki/Suovetaurilia" title="Suovetaurilia">suovetaurilia</a></i>). Together with three panels now in the Capitoline Museum, the reliefs were probably taken from a triumphal monument commemorating <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcus Aurelius' war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> from 169–175, which ended with Marcus Aurelius' triumphant return in 176. On the <i>largitio</i> panel, the figure of Marcus Aurelius' son <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> has been eradicated following the latter's <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i>. </p><p>From the same time period the two large (3 m high) panels decorating the attic on the east and west sides of the arch show scenes from <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a>. Together with the two reliefs on the inside of the central archway, these came from a large frieze celebrating the Dacian victory. The original place of this frieze was either the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum of Trajan">Forum of Trajan</a>, or the barracks of the emperor's horse guard on the <a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelius</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942" /><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constarch_d4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of relief panel, south side, right panel of left arch"><img alt="Detail of relief panel, south side, right panel of left arch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Constarch_d4.jpg/160px-Constarch_d4.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Constarch_d4.jpg/240px-Constarch_d4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Constarch_d4.jpg/320px-Constarch_d4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of relief panel, south side, right panel of left arch</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_section">Main section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Main section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general layout of the main façade is identical on both sides of the arch, consisting of four columns on bases, dividing the structure into a central arch and two lateral arches, the latter being surmounted by two round <a href="/wiki/Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliefs">reliefs</a> over a horizontal <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a>. The four columns are of <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a> made of Numidian yellow marble (<i><a href="/wiki/Giallo_antico" title="Giallo antico">giallo antico</a></i>), one of which has been transferred into the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano">Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano</a> and was replaced by a white marble column. The columns stand on bases (<a href="/wiki/Plinths" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinths">plinths</a> or socles), decorated on three sides. The reliefs on the front show <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)"><i>Victoria</i></a>, either inscribing a shield or holding palm branches, while those to the side show captured barbarians alone or with Roman soldiers. Though Constantinian, they are modelled on those of the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a> (and the destroyed <i><a href="/wiki/Arcus_novus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcus novus">Arcus novus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and may be considered as a "standard" item.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA21_p.&nbsp;21]_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA21_p.&nbsp;21]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942" /><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KonstantinsbogenS%C3%A4ulenrelief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of north plinth on second column from east (see gallery), viewed from east, with Victoria (left), prisoners (right)"><img alt="Detail of north plinth on second column from east (see gallery), viewed from east, with Victoria (left), prisoners (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/KonstantinsbogenS%C3%A4ulenrelief.jpg/129px-KonstantinsbogenS%C3%A4ulenrelief.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/KonstantinsbogenS%C3%A4ulenrelief.jpg/194px-KonstantinsbogenS%C3%A4ulenrelief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/KonstantinsbogenS%C3%A4ulenrelief.jpg/258px-KonstantinsbogenS%C3%A4ulenrelief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of north plinth on second column from east (<i>see gallery</i>), viewed from east, with <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)"><i>Victoria</i></a> (left), prisoners (right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_di_costantino,_plinti_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of western plinths (see detail of left plinth in side bar)"><img alt="Detail of western plinths (see detail of left plinth in side bar)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_04.JPG/160px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_04.JPG/240px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_04.JPG/320px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of western plinths (<i>see detail of left plinth in side bar</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Round reliefs above right lateral archway, from south, over friezes"><img alt="Round reliefs above right lateral archway, from south, over friezes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG/160px-Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG/240px-Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG/320px-Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Round reliefs above right lateral archway, from south, over friezes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Arch_Roman_Trophy_IMG_6576.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plinths of columns on north side, looking west (see detail to right)"><img alt="Plinths of columns on north side, looking west (see detail to right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constantine_Arch_Roman_Trophy_IMG_6576.jpg/160px-Constantine_Arch_Roman_Trophy_IMG_6576.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constantine_Arch_Roman_Trophy_IMG_6576.jpg/240px-Constantine_Arch_Roman_Trophy_IMG_6576.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constantine_Arch_Roman_Trophy_IMG_6576.jpg/320px-Constantine_Arch_Roman_Trophy_IMG_6576.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3928" data-file-height="2408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plinths of columns on north side, looking west (<i>see detail to right</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_di_costantino,_plinti_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Plinths, north side looking east"><img alt="Plinths, north side looking east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_13.JPG/160px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_13.JPG/240px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_13.JPG/320px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_plinti_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plinths, north side looking east</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>The pairs of round reliefs above each lateral archway date to the times of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. They display scenes of hunting and sacrificing: (north side, left to right) hunt of a boar, sacrifice to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, hunt of a lion, sacrifice to <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>. On the south side, the left pair show the departure for the hunt (see below) and sacrifice to <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a>, while those on the right (illustrated on the right) show the hunt of a bear and sacrifice to <a href="/wiki/Diana_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana (goddess)">Diana</a>. The head of the emperor (originally Hadrian) has been reworked in all medallions: on the north side, into Constantine in the hunting scenes and into <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constantius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantius I">Constantius I</a> in the sacrifice scenes; on the south side, vice versa. The reliefs, <i>c.</i> 2 m in diameter, were framed in <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>; this framing is only extant on the right side of the northern façade. Similar medallions, of Constantinian origin, are located on the small sides of the arch; the eastern side shows the Sun rising, on the western side, the Moon. Both are on chariots. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spandrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Spandrels">spandrels</a> of the main archway are decorated with reliefs depicting <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">victory</a> figures with trophies (illustrated below), those of the smaller archways show river gods. Column bases and spandrel reliefs are from the time of Constantine. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942" /><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constarch_d2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spandrel over main arch"><img alt="Spandrel over main arch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Constarch_d2.jpg/160px-Constarch_d2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Constarch_d2.jpg/240px-Constarch_d2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Constarch_d2.jpg/320px-Constarch_d2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spandrel over main arch</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constantinian_frieze">Constantinian frieze</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constantinian frieze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Constantine_-_detail_3_(4293299626).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arch_of_Constantine_-_detail_3_%284293299626%29.jpg/220px-Arch_of_Constantine_-_detail_3_%284293299626%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arch_of_Constantine_-_detail_3_%284293299626%29.jpg/330px-Arch_of_Constantine_-_detail_3_%284293299626%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arch_of_Constantine_-_detail_3_%284293299626%29.jpg/440px-Arch_of_Constantine_-_detail_3_%284293299626%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Obsidio (detail)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FriezeNorth5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/FriezeNorth5.jpg/220px-FriezeNorth5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/FriezeNorth5.jpg/330px-FriezeNorth5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/FriezeNorth5.jpg/440px-FriezeNorth5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Liberalitas (detail)</figcaption></figure> <p>The horizontal frieze below the round reliefs are the main parts from the time of Constantine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> running around the monument, one strip above each lateral archway and including the west and east sides of the arch. These "historical" reliefs depict scenes from the Italian campaign of Constantine against Maxentius which was the reason for the construction of the monument. The frieze starts at the western side with the Departure from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Profectio" title="Profectio">Profectio</a>). It continues on the southern, face, with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(312)" title="Battle of Verona (312)">Siege of Verona</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obsidio" class="extiw" title="wikt:obsidio">Obsidio</a>) on the left (South west), an event which was of great importance to the war in Northern Italy. On the right (South east) is depicted the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proelium" class="extiw" title="wikt:proelium">Proelium</a>) with Constantine's army victorious and the enemy drowning in the river <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eastern side, Constantine and his army enter Rome (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ingressus" class="extiw" title="wikt:ingressus">Ingressus</a>); the artist seems to have avoided using imagery of the triumph, as Constantine probably did not want to be shown triumphant over the Eternal City. On the northern face, looking towards the city, are two strips with the emperor's actions after taking possession of Rome. On the left (North east) is Constantine speaking to the citizens on the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Romanum">Forum Romanum</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oratio" class="extiw" title="wikt:oratio">Oratio</a>), while to the right (North west) is the final panel with Constantine distributing money to the people (<a href="/wiki/Liberalitas" title="Liberalitas">Liberalitas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandinelliTorelli1992_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandinelliTorelli1992-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFollo_et_al2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFollo_et_al2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942" /><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaArcoCostantinoFregioCostantinianoLatoW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West: Profectio"><img alt="West: Profectio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RomaArcoCostantinoFregioCostantinianoLatoW.jpg/160px-RomaArcoCostantinoFregioCostantinianoLatoW.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RomaArcoCostantinoFregioCostantinianoLatoW.jpg/240px-RomaArcoCostantinoFregioCostantinianoLatoW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RomaArcoCostantinoFregioCostantinianoLatoW.jpg/320px-RomaArcoCostantinoFregioCostantinianoLatoW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West: Profectio</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_di_costantino,_fregio_costantiniano_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South west: Obsidio"><img alt="South west: Obsidio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_01.jpg/160px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_01.jpg/240px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_01.jpg/320px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South west: Obsidio</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_di_costantino,_fregio_costantiniano_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South east: Proelium"><img alt="South east: Proelium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_02.jpg/160px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_02.jpg/240px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_02.jpg/320px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South east: Proelium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Constantine_East_Frieze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East: Ingressus"><img alt="East: Ingressus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Arch_of_Constantine_East_Frieze.jpg/160px-Arch_of_Constantine_East_Frieze.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Arch_of_Constantine_East_Frieze.jpg/240px-Arch_of_Constantine_East_Frieze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Arch_of_Constantine_East_Frieze.jpg/320px-Arch_of_Constantine_East_Frieze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East: Ingressus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Constantine_forum_frieze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North east: Oratio"><img alt="North east: Oratio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arch_of_Constantine_forum_frieze.jpg/160px-Arch_of_Constantine_forum_frieze.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arch_of_Constantine_forum_frieze.jpg/240px-Arch_of_Constantine_forum_frieze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arch_of_Constantine_forum_frieze.jpg/320px-Arch_of_Constantine_forum_frieze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North east: Oratio</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_di_costantino,_fregio_costantiniano_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North west: Liberalitas"><img alt="North west: Liberalitas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_04.jpg/160px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_04.jpg/240px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_04.jpg/320px-Arco_di_costantino%2C_fregio_costantiniano_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2219" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North west: Liberalitas</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_sides_of_the_archways">Inner sides of the archways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inner sides of the archways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the central archway, there is one large panel of Trajan's Dacian War on each wall. Inside the lateral archways are eight portraits busts (two on each wall), destroyed to such an extent that it is no longer possible to identify them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main inscription on the <a href="#Attic">attic</a> would originally have been of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> letters. It can still be read easily; only the recesses in which the letters sat, and their attachment holes, remain. It reads thus, identically on both sides (with abbreviations completed in parentheses): </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><span class="nocaps" style="text-transform:lowercase;">IMP(eratori) · CAES(ari) · FL(avio) · CONSTANTINO · MAXIMO · P(io) · F(elici) · AVGVSTO · S(enatus) · P(opulus) · Q(ue) · R(omanus) · QVOD · INSTINCTV · DIVINITATIS · MENTIS · MAGNITVDINE · CVM · EXERCITV · SVO · TAM · DE · TYRANNO · QVAM · DE · OMNI · EIVS · FACTIONE · VNO · TEMPORE · IVSTIS · REMPVBLICAM · VLTVS · EST · ARMIS · ARCVM · TRIVMPHIS · INSIGNEM · DICAVIT</span></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd>To the Emperor Caesar Flavius Constantinus, the greatest, pious, and blessed Augustus: because he, inspired by the divine, and by the greatness of his mind, has delivered the state from the tyrant and all of his followers at the same time, with his army and just force of arms, The Senate and Roman People have dedicated this arch, decorated with triumphs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The words <i>instinctu divinitatis</i> ("inspired by the divine") have been greatly commented on. They are usually read as sign of Constantine's shifting religious affiliation:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian tradition, most notably <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, relate the story of a vision of God to Constantine during the campaign, and that he was <a href="/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces" title="In hoc signo vinces">victorious in the sign of the cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">at the Milvian Bridge</a>. The official documents (esp. coins) still prominently display the <a href="/wiki/Sun_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun god">Sun god</a> until 324, while Constantine started to support the Christian church from 312 on. In this situation, the vague wording of the inscription can be seen as the attempt to please all possible readers, being deliberately ambiguous, and acceptable to both pagans and Christians. As was customary, the vanquished enemy is not mentioned by name, but only referred to as "the tyrant", drawing on the notion of the rightful killing of a tyrannical ruler; together with the image of the "<a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just war</a>", it serves as justification of Constantine's civil war against <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>. </p><p>Two short inscriptions on the inside of the central archway transport a similar message: Constantine came not as conqueror, but freed Rome from occupation: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps"><span class="nocaps" style="text-transform:lowercase;">LIBERATORI VRBIS</span></span> (liberator of the city) — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps"><span class="nocaps" style="text-transform:lowercase;">FUNDATORI QVIETIS</span></span> (founder of peace)</dd></dl> <p>Over each of the small archways, inscriptions read: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps"><span class="nocaps" style="text-transform:lowercase;">VOTIS X — VOTIS XX</span></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps"><span class="nocaps" style="text-transform:lowercase;">SIC X — SIC XX</span></span></dd></dl> <p>They give a hint on the date of the arch: "Solemn vows for the 10th anniversary – for the 20th anniversary" and "as for the 10th, so for the 20th anniversary". Both refer to Constantine's <i>decennalia</i>, i.e. the 10th anniversary of his reign (counted from 306), which he celebrated in Rome in the summer of 315. It can be assumed that the arch honouring his victory was inaugurated during his stay in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_modeled_on_or_inspired_by_the_Arch_of_Constantine">Works modeled on or inspired by the Arch of Constantine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works modeled on or inspired by the Arch of Constantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate_(Potsdam)" title="Brandenburg Gate (Potsdam)">Brandenburg Gate</a> (1770) – <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Prussia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel" title="Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel">Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel</a> (1806) – Paris</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Bucharest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arc de Triomphe du Bucharest (page does not exist)">Arc de Triomphe du Bucharest</a> (1922) – Bucharest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a> (1828) – London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_du_Cinquantenaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade du Cinquantenaire">Arcade du Cinquantenaire</a> (1905) – Brussels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Washington Union Station</a> (1908) – Washington, D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>, east façade (1936) – New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_University" title="Bond University">Bond University</a> (1989) – <a href="/wiki/City_of_Gold_Coast" title="City of Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a>, Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedleston_Hall" title="Kedleston Hall">Kedleston Hall</a> – Derbyshire, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint-Denis">Church of Saint-Denis</a>, façade – Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Triumph_(Pyongyang)" title="Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)">Arch of triumph</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, North Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitzhanger_Manor" title="Pitzhanger Manor">Pitzhanger Manor</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a>, London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegestor" title="Siegestor">Siegestor</a> – Munich</li></ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:610px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arch of Constantine, viewed from the Colosseum looking south west to Palatine Hill"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/600px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/900px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/1200px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5876" data-file-height="2263" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" title="File:Триумфальная арка Константина.jpg"> </a></div>Arch of Constantine, viewed from the Colosseum looking south west to <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Arch of Dolabella</a> – Ancient Roman arch, a landmark of Rome, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Aqua Alexandrina</a> – Roman aqueduct, a landmark of Rome, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_triumphal_arches" title="List of Roman triumphal arches">List of Roman triumphal arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">List of ancient monuments in Rome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By the "Senate and people" (<a href="/wiki/S.P.Q.R." class="mw-redirect" title="S.P.Q.R.">S.P.Q.R.</a>) according to the inscription, though the Emperor may have "suggested". See also: A. L. Frothingham. "Who Built the Arch of Constantine? III." The Attic, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 1. (Jan.–Mar., 1915), pp. 1–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantine chose to date his accession to power from the time of his acclamation by the troops at York in England on 25 July 306. Thus he chose to celebrate his <i>decennalia</i> in the year July 315 to July 316 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA20_p.&nbsp;20]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA20_p.&nbsp;20]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deane<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeane1921p.&nbsp;91_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeane1921p.&nbsp;91-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comments that Gradara<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGradara1918_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGradara1918-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published an excerpt from the diary of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bracci" title="Pietro Bracci">Pietro Bracci</a> in 1732, in which Bracci states that he carved new heads for seven of the Dacian slaves surmounting the columns and a completely new statue for the eighth (right of centre, south side). He also made new heads for the emperors and other figures on the reliefs between the slaves</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For which, see Conforto,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConforto2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforto2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, for the contrary view that the whole arch was constructed in the 4th century, see Pensabene & Panella <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPensabenePanella2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPensabenePanella2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The controversy extends to a number of other public buildings attributed to Constantine, as hinted at by <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> in <i>De Caesaribus</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Arcus novus</i>, was erected by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> <i>ca.</i> 314 on the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_lata" class="mw-redirect" title="Via lata">Via lata</a></i>, one of three triumphal arches on that road, and was destroyed ca. 1491 during reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via_Lata" title="Santa Maria in Via Lata">Santa Maria in Via Lata</a>. The remains, including the plinths are now in the <a href="/wiki/Boboli_Gardens" title="Boboli Gardens">Boboli Gardens</a>, in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA21_p.&nbsp;21]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA21_p.&nbsp;21]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2011). <i>A History of Western Architecture: Fifth Edition</i>. London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture%3A+Fifth+Edition.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSande2012" class="citation book cs1">Sande, Siri (2012). "The Arch of Constantine - Who Saw What?". In Birk, Stine; Poulsen, Birte (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1109724820"><i>Patrons and viewers in late antiquity</i></a>. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-417-5"><bdi>978-87-7124-417-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1109724820">1109724820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arch+of+Constantine+-+Who+Saw+What%3F&rft.btitle=Patrons+and+viewers+in+late+antiquity&rft.place=Aarhus&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Aarhus+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1109724820&rft.isbn=978-87-7124-417-5&rft.aulast=Sande&rft.aufirst=Siri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1109724820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA20_p.&nbsp;20]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA20_p.&nbsp;20]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerris2013">Ferris 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihGoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">p. 20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP7_p.&nbsp;7]_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerris2013">Ferris 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihGoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP7">p. 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAicher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt6m9g5G8Z1YCpgPA184_p.&nbsp;184]_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAicher2004">Aicher 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6m9g5G8Z1YC&pg=PA184">p. 184</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2010" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Paul (2010). <i>Constantine: Roman Emperor, Christian Victor</i>. New York: The Overlook Press. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%3A+Roman+Emperor%2C+Christian+Victor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLGDjJK-JeSwCpgPA44_pp.&nbsp;44–47]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLGDjJK-JeSwCpgPA44_pp.&nbsp;44–47]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes1981">Barnes 1981</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGDjJK-JeSwC&pg=PA44">pp. 44–47</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP21_p.&nbsp;11]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPP21_p.&nbsp;11]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerris2013">Ferris 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihGoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21">p. 11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanciani1892[httpsarchiveorgdetailspaganandchristi02lancgoogpagen44_p.&nbsp;20]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanciani1892[httpsarchiveorgdetailspaganandchristi02lancgoogpagen44_p.&nbsp;20]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanciani1892">Lanciani 1892</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paganandchristi02lancgoog/page/n44">p. 20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlowe2010_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarlowe2010">Marlowe 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsner2000-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsner2000_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsner2000">Elsner 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeane1921p.&nbsp;91-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeane1921p.&nbsp;91_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeane1921">Deane 1921</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGradara1918-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGradara1918_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGradara1918">Gradara 1918</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/italy-storm-damage-constantine-arch-174c1a045767b14c933d845a7ac62dff">"A lightning strike damages Rome's ancient Constantine Arch"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. 2024-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=A+lightning+strike+damages+Rome%27s+ancient+Constantine+Arch&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fitaly-storm-damage-constantine-arch-174c1a045767b14c933d845a7ac62dff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforto2001-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConforto2001_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConforto2001">Conforto 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPensabenePanella2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPensabenePanella2001_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPensabenePanella2001">Pensabene & Panella 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrothingham1912-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrothingham1912_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrothingham1912">Frothingham 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;7_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;29-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;29_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;8-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;8_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977p.&nbsp;8_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;8–9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;8–9_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;9–12-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;9–12_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>, pp. 9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;10–18-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;10–18_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>, pp. 10–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2011). <i>A History Of Western Architecture</i>. London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Western+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;5–6,_9,_19-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;5–6,_9,_19_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>, pp. 5–6, 9, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA13_p.&nbsp;13]-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA13_p.&nbsp;13]_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerris2013">Ferris 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihGoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">p. 13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;8–15-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitzinger1977pp.&nbsp;8–15_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>, pp. 8–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA21_p.&nbsp;21]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA21_p.&nbsp;21]_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidihGoAwAAQBAJpgPA21_p.&nbsp;21]_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerris2013">Ferris 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihGoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">p. 21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandinelliTorelli1992-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandinelliTorelli1992_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandinelliTorelli1992">Bandinelli & Torelli 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFollo_et_al2015-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFollo_et_al2015_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFollo_et_al2015">Follo et al 2015</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAicher2004" class="citation book cs1">Aicher, Peter J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6m9g5G8Z1YC"><i>Rome alive : a source-guide to the ancient city</i></a>. Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865164734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865164734"><bdi>978-0865164734</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+alive+%3A+a+source-guide+to+the+ancient+city&rft.place=Wauconda%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0865164734&rft.aulast=Aicher&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6m9g5G8Z1YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandinelliTorelli1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_Bianchi_Bandinelli" title="Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli">Bandinelli, Ranuccio Bianchi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mario_Torelli" title="Mario Torelli">Torelli, Mario</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bL-fAAAAMAAJ"><i>L'arte dell'antichità classica. Volume 2: Etruria-Roma</i></a> (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Torino: Utet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8877501950" title="Special:BookSources/978-8877501950"><bdi>978-8877501950</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27arte+dell%27antichit%C3%A0+classica.+Volume+2%3A+Etruria-Roma&rft.place=Torino&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Utet&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8877501950&rft.aulast=Bandinelli&rft.aufirst=Ranuccio+Bianchi&rft.au=Torelli%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbL-fAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Barnes, Timothy D.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGDjJK-JeSwC"><i>Constantine and Eusebius</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1"><bdi>978-0-674-16531-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+Eusebius&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-674-16531-1&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGDjJK-JeSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConforto2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Conforto, Maria Letizia (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPpJAQAAIAAJ"><i>Adriano e Costantino: le due fasi dell'arco nella valle del Colosseo</i></a> (in Italian). Milan: Electa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8843578399" title="Special:BookSources/978-8843578399"><bdi>978-8843578399</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adriano+e+Costantino%3A+le+due+fasi+dell%27arco+nella+valle+del+Colosseo&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Electa&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8843578399&rft.aulast=Conforto&rft.aufirst=Maria+Letizia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPpJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeane1921" class="citation journal cs1">Deane, Sidney N, ed. (January–March 1921). "Archaeological News July December 1920". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/497891">497891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Archaeological+News+July+December+1920&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1921-01%2F1921-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F497891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsner2000" class="citation journal cs1">Elsner, Jaś (2000). "From the culture of spolia to the cult of relics: the Arch of Constantine and the genesis of late antique forms". <i>Papers of the British School at Rome</i>. <b>68</b>: <span class="nowrap">149–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068246200003901">10.1017/S0068246200003901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192088697">192088697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+British+School+at+Rome&rft.atitle=From+the+culture+of+spolia+to+the+cult+of+relics%3A+the+Arch+of+Constantine+and+the+genesis+of+late+antique+forms&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068246200003901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192088697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elsner&rft.aufirst=Ja%C5%9B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerris2013" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, Iain (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihGoAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Arch of Constantine: Inspired by the Divine</i></a>. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445635446" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445635446"><bdi>978-1445635446</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arch+of+Constantine%3A+Inspired+by+the+Divine&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1445635446&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihGoAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFollo_et_al2015" class="citation web cs1">Follo, Valentina; Harris, Beth; Zucker, Steven (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/late-empire/v/arch-of-constantine-315-c-e">"Arch of Constantine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>Art of the Ancient Mediterranean: Roman</i>. Khan Academy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+of+the+Ancient+Mediterranean%3A+Roman&rft.atitle=Arch+of+Constantine&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Follo&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft.au=Harris%2C+Beth&rft.au=Zucker%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fancient-art-civilizations%2Froman%2Flate-empire%2Fv%2Farch-of-constantine-315-c-e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrothingham1912" class="citation journal cs1">Frothingham, A. L. (July 1912). "Who Built the Arch of Constantine? Its History from Domitian to Constantine". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">368–</span>386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F497194">10.2307/497194</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/497194">497194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193057848">193057848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Who+Built+the+Arch+of+Constantine%3F+Its+History+from+Domitian+to+Constantine&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E386&rft.date=1912-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193057848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F497194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F497194&rft.aulast=Frothingham&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGradara1918" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gradara, C (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/bcom1918/0169">"Restauri settecenteschi fatti all'Arco di Costantino"</a>. <i>Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Communale di Roma</i> (in Italian). <b>46</b>: <span class="nowrap">161–</span>164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bullettino+della+Commissione+Archeologica+Communale+di+Roma&rft.atitle=Restauri+settecenteschi+fatti+all%27Arco+di+Costantino&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Gradara&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fdiglit%2Fbcom1918%2F0169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitzinger1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kitzinger" title="Ernst Kitzinger">Kitzinger, Ernst</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgfqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Byzantine art in the making: Main lines of stylistic development in mediterranean art, 3rd–7th century</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674089556" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674089556"><bdi>978-0674089556</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+art+in+the+making%3A+Main+lines+of+stylistic+development+in+mediterranean+art%2C+3rd%E2%80%937th+century.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0674089556&rft.aulast=Kitzinger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgfqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3049920">Review: Art Bulletin 1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPensabenePanella2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pensabene, Patrizio; <a href="/wiki/Clementina_Panella" title="Clementina Panella">Panella, Clementina</a>, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6yCW95z69IC"><i>Arco di Costantino: tra archeologia e archeometria</i></a> (in Italian). Rome: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8882650360" title="Special:BookSources/978-8882650360"><bdi>978-8882650360</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arco+di+Costantino%3A+tra+archeologia+e+archeometria&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=%22L%27Erma%22+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8882650360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh6yCW95z69IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bonamente, Giorgio (ed.) 1992. Costantino il Grande dall'Antichità all'Umanesimo; Atti del 2. colloquio sul Cristianesimo nel mondo antico, Università di Macerata, 18-20 dicembre 1990</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwaldNoreña2010" class="citation book cs1">Ewald, Björn C.; Noreña, Carlos F., eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tXzO4b2Z-44C"><i>The emperor and Rome : space, representation, and ritual</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521519533" title="Special:BookSources/9780521519533"><bdi>9780521519533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emperor+and+Rome+%3A+space%2C+representation%2C+and+ritual&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521519533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtXzO4b2Z-44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrothingham2012" class="citation book cs1">Frothingham, Arthur Lincoln (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8FZLwEACAAJ"><i>Who Built the Arch of Constantine?: Its History from Domitian to Constantine</i></a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477633144" title="Special:BookSources/9781477633144"><bdi>9781477633144</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Built+the+Arch+of+Constantine%3F%3A+Its+History+from+Domitian+to+Constantine&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781477633144&rft.aulast=Frothingham&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx8FZLwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanciani1892" class="citation book cs1">Lanciani, Rodolfo Amedeo (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paganandchristi02lancgoog"><i>Pagan and Christian Rome</i></a>. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+and+Christian+Rome&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Lanciani&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo+Amedeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaganandchristi02lancgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLenski2012" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel, ed. (2012) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uszZkiLH61QC"><i>The Cambridge companion to the Age of Constantine</i></a> (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107013407" title="Special:BookSources/9781107013407"><bdi>9781107013407</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+the+Age+of+Constantine&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107013407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuszZkiLH61QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFL'OrangeGerkan1939" class="citation book cs1">L'Orange, Hans Peter; Gerkan, Armin von (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2iZ2mZLZyMYC"><i>Der spätantike Bildschmuck des Konstantinsbogens</i></a>. Berlin: de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110022490" title="Special:BookSources/9783110022490"><bdi>9783110022490</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+sp%C3%A4tantike+Bildschmuck+des+Konstantinsbogens&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=9783110022490&rft.aulast=L%27Orange&rft.aufirst=Hans+Peter&rft.au=Gerkan%2C+Armin+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2iZ2mZLZyMYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Middleton" title="John Henry Middleton">Middleton, John Henry</a> (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/remainsofancient00midd"><i>The remains of ancient Rome</i></a>. London: Adam and Charles Black<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+remains+of+ancient+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fremainsofancient00midd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1992" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Lawrence (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtopographical0000rich"><i>A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome</i></a></span>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801843006" title="Special:BookSources/9780801843006"><bdi>9780801843006</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Topographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780801843006&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtopographical0000rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyberg1967" class="citation book cs1">Ryberg, Inez Scott (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05rpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Panel Reliefs of Marcus Aurelius</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Monographs on archaeology and the fine arts, 14. <a href="/wiki/ASIN" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN">ASIN</a>: B0006BQ1JW)</span>. NY: Archaeological Institute of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panel+Reliefs+of+Marcus+Aurelius&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Archaeological+Institute+of+America&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ryberg&rft.aufirst=Inez+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05rpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb06150.0001.001">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Varner, Eric R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IpPhTqnDJkC"><i>Monumenta Graeca et Romana. damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4"><bdi>90-04-13577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monumenta+Graeca+et+Romana.+damnatio+memoriae+and+Roman+imperial+portraiture&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13577-4&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5IpPhTqnDJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_chapters">Articles and chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Articles and chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBieber1911" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bieber, Margarete (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mitteilungendesk26kaisrich#page/214/mode/2up">"Die Medaillons am Konstantinsbogen"</a>. <i>Mitteilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Roemische Abtheilung</i> (in German): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>237<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+des+Kaiserlich+Deutschen+Archaeologischen+Instituts%2C+Roemische+Abtheilung&rft.atitle=Die+Medaillons+am+Konstantinsbogen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bieber&rft.aufirst=Margarete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmitteilungendesk26kaisrich%23page%2F214%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1906" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, H. Stuart (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/papersofbritishs03brit#page/228/mode/2up">"Notes on Roman historical sculptures: II The Relief-Medallions of the Arch of Constantine"</a>. <i>Papers of the British School at Rome</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">229–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068246200005006">10.1017/S0068246200005006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191433014">191433014</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+British+School+at+Rome&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Roman+historical+sculptures%3A+II+The+Relief-Medallions+of+the+Arch+of+Constantine&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068246200005006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191433014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=H.+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpapersofbritishs03brit%23page%2F228%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Mark Wilson (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opus.bath.ac.uk/12849/">"Genesis and Mimesis: The Design of the Arch of Constantine in Rome"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>59</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">50–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F991562">10.2307/991562</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/991562">991562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Genesis+and+Mimesis%3A+The+Design+of+the+Arch+of+Constantine+in+Rome&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F991562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F991562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mark+Wilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopus.bath.ac.uk%2F12849%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoeppel1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Koeppel" title="Gerhard Koeppel">Koeppel, Gerhard</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588/bjb.1986.0.83339">"Die historischen Reliefs der römischen Kaiserzeit IV: Stadtrömische Denkmäler unbekannter Bauzugehörigkeit aus hadrianischer bis konstantinischer Zeit"</a>. <i>Bonner Jahrbücher</i>. <b>186</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fbjb.1986.0.83339">10.11588/bjb.1986.0.83339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bonner+Jahrb%C3%BCcher&rft.atitle=Die+historischen+Reliefs+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserzeit+IV%3A+Stadtr%C3%B6mische+Denkm%C3%A4ler+unbekannter+Bauzugeh%C3%B6rigkeit+aus+hadrianischer+bis+konstantinischer+Zeit&rft.volume=186&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fbjb.1986.0.83339&rft.aulast=Koeppel&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11588%2Fbjb.1986.0.83339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoeppel1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Koeppel" title="Gerhard Koeppel">Koeppel, Gerhard</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588/bjb.1990.0.58688">"Die historischen Reliefs der römischen Kaiserzeit VII. Der Bogen des Septimius Severus, die Decennalienbasis und der Konstantinsbogen"</a>. <i>Bonner Jahrbücher</i>. <b>190</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fbjb.1990.0.58688">10.11588/bjb.1990.0.58688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bonner+Jahrb%C3%BCcher&rft.atitle=Die+historischen+Reliefs+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserzeit+VII.+Der+Bogen+des+Septimius+Severus%2C+die+Decennalienbasis+und+der+Konstantinsbogen&rft.volume=190&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fbjb.1990.0.58688&rft.aulast=Koeppel&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11588%2Fbjb.1990.0.58688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarlowe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Marlowe, Elizabeth (June 2006). "Framing the Sun: The Arch of Constantine and the Roman Cityscape". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>88</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.2006.10786288">10.1080/00043079.2006.10786288</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25067243">25067243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191508817">191508817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Framing+the+Sun%3A+The+Arch+of+Constantine+and+the+Roman+Cityscape&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191508817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25067243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043079.2006.10786288&rft.aulast=Marlowe&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124192300/http://www.colgate.edu/portaldata/imagegallerywww/fab2bcd8-33c3-4d30-a266-ead051c8383b/ImageGallery/FramingtheSun.pdf">Full text available on line</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarlowe2010" class="citation book cs1">Marlowe, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Liberator Urbis Suae: Constantine and the Ghost of Maxentius</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberator+Urbis+Suae%3A+Constantine+and+the+Ghost+of+Maxentius&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Marlowe&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Constantine" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="#CITEREFEwaldNoreña2010">Ewald & Noreña (2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colgate.edu/portaldata/imagegallerywww/fab2bcd8-33c3-4d30-a266-ead051c8383b/ImageGallery/LiberatorUrbisSuae.pdf">pp. 199–219</a>)</li> <li>Patrizio Pensabene (1992). Il reimpiego nell'età costantiniana a Roma, in Bonamente, Giorgio 1992 Pt. 2 p. 749-768</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Constantine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031012134/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/OR1960v1.pdf">1960 Summer Olympics official report.</a> Volume 1. p. 80.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527211502/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/OR1960v2pt1.pdf">1960 Summer Olympics official report.</a> Volume 2, Part 1. p. 118.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128221550/http://rome101.com/Topics/ArchConstantine/">The Arch of Constantine</a>, a detailed article "for scholars and enthusiasts"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/Arch_of_Constantine/inscriptions.html">Inscriptions illustrated and discussed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=41.889683,12.490404&spn=0.003604,0.006809&t=k&hl=en">Google Maps satellite image</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609172436/http://www.romainteractive.com/eng/guided_tours/arch_of_constantine.html">Guided tour of the Arch of Constantine on Roma Interactive</a></li> <li>High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/ancient-and-early-christian-sites-rome/arch-constantine">Arch of Constantine | Art Atlas</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" class="extiw" title="commons:Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">Obelisk of Montecitorio</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Landmarks of Rome</b><br />Arch of Constantine </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Drusus" title="Arch of Drusus">Arch of Drusus</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Rome677" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Rome677" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Landmarks of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Walls and gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Ardeatina" title="Porta Ardeatina">Ardeatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Asinaria" title="Porta Asinaria">Asinaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Latina" title="Porta Latina">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore" title="Porta Maggiore">Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Metronia" title="Porta Metronia">Metronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Nomentana" title="Porta Nomentana">Nomentana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Pia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pinciana" title="Porta Pinciana">Pinciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_del_Popolo" title="Porta del Popolo">Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Portese" title="Porta Portese">Portese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pancrazio" title="Porta San Pancrazio">San Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo" title="Porta San Paolo">San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Giovanni_(Rome)" title="Porta San Giovanni (Rome)">San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Sebastiano" title="Porta San Sebastiano">San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Settimiana" title="Porta Settimiana">Settimiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Tiburtina" title="Porta Tiburtina">Tiburtina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Cavalleggeri" title="Porta Cavalleggeri">Cavalleggeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pertusa" title="Porta Pertusa">Pertusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Santo_Spirito" title="Porta Santo Spirito">Santo Spirito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janiculum_walls" title="Janiculum walls">Janiculum Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Terreus" title="Murus Terreus">Terreus Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Romuli Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Caelimontana" title="Porta Caelimontana">Caelimontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Capena" title="Porta Capena">Capena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Collina" title="Porta Collina">Collina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Esquilina" title="Porta Esquilina">Esquilina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Fontinalis" title="Porta Fontinalis">Fontinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Viminale" title="Porta Viminale">Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Naevia" title="Porta Naevia">Naevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Querquetulana" title="Porta Querquetulana">Querquetulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Trigemina" title="Porta Trigemina">Trigemina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">obelisks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Obelisk" title="Flaminio Obelisk">Flaminian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Obelisk" title="Elephant and Obelisk">Obelisk of Minerveo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">Obelisk of Montecitorio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Ancient Roman<br />landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Triumphal arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arch of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Arch of Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Drusus" title="Arch of Drusus">Arch of Drusus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Arch of Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Janus" title="Arch of Janus">Arch of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcus_Novus" title="Arcus Novus">Arcus Novus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Aqueducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Appia" title="Aqua Appia">Aqua Appia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Aqua Alexandrina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Vetus" title="Aqua Anio Vetus">Aqua Anio Vetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Tepula" title="Aqua Tepula">Aqua Tepula</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Sewers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Circi_Maximi" title="Cloaca Circi Maximi">Cloaca Circi Maximi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Public baths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Nero" title="Baths of Nero">Baths of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">Baths of Trajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Temple of Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hadrian" title="Temple of Hadrian">Temple of Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor" title="Temple of Hercules Victor">Temple of Hercules Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Forum_Holitorium)" title="Temple of Janus (Forum Holitorium)">Temple of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Tonans" title="Temple of Jupiter Tonans">Temple of Jupiter Tonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Minerva_Medica_(nymphaeum)" title="Temple of Minerva Medica (nymphaeum)">Temple of Minerva Medica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Portunus" title="Temple of Portunus">Temple of Portunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Largo_di_Torre_Argentina" title="Largo di Torre Argentina">Largo di Torre Argentina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Fora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_fora" title="Imperial fora">Imperial fora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Nerva" title="Forum of Nerva">Forum of Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Forum of Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Boarium" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Holitorium" title="Forum Holitorium">Forum Holitorium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Argentaria" title="Basilica Argentaria">Basilica Argentaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Basilica of Junius Bassus">Basilica of Junius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Ulpia" title="Basilica Ulpia">Basilica Ulpia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portico_Dii_Consentes" title="Portico Dii Consentes">Portico Dii Consentes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Maxentius" title="Circus of Maxentius">Circus of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Sallust" title="Gardens of Sallust">Gardens of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Palaces and <i>villae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Augustana" title="Domus Augustana">Domus Augustana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Flavian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Domitian" title="Palace of Domitian">Palace of Domitian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Gordiani" title="Villa Gordiani">Villa Gordiani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Livia" title="Villa of Livia">Villa of Livia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Insula_dell%27Ara_Coeli" title="Insula dell'Ara Coeli">Insula dell'Ara Coeli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Quintilii" title="Villa of the Quintilii">Villa of the Quintilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_dei_Sette_Bassi" title="Villa dei Sette Bassi">Villa of the <i>sette bassi</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Column monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_Pius" title="Column of Antoninus Pius">Column of Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Columns_Monument" title="Five-Columns Monument">Five-Columns Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Aemilia" title="Porticus Aemilia">Porticus Aemilia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casal_Rotondo" title="Casal Rotondo">Casal Rotondo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Domitilla">Catacombs of Domitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Sebastiano" title="Catacombs of San Sebastiano">Catacombs of San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbarium_of_Pomponius_Hylas" title="Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas">Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maxentius" title="Mausoleum of Maxentius">Mausoleum of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Cestius" title="Pyramid of Cestius">Pyramid of Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eurysaces_the_Baker" title="Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker">Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hilarus_Fuscus" title="Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus">Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Haterii" title="Tomb of the Haterii">Tomb of the Haterii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Scipios" title="Tomb of the Scipios">Tomb of the Scipios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_Via_Latina" title="Tombs of Via Latina">Tombs of Via Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Priscilla" title="Tomb of Priscilla">Tomb of Priscilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_Randanini" title="Vigna Randanini">Vigna Randanini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Pons Cestius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Roman Catholic<br />basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">S. Lorenzo fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">S. Agnese fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agostino,_Rome" title="Sant'Agostino, Rome">S. Agostino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anastasia_al_Palatino" title="Sant'Anastasia al Palatino">S. Anastasia al Palatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_delle_Fratte" title="Sant'Andrea delle Fratte">S. Andrea delle Fratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle" title="Sant'Andrea della Valle">S. Andrea della Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_da_Padova_in_Via_Merulana" title="Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana">S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare, Rome">S. Apollinare alle Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Ss. Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Balbina" title="Santa Balbina">S. Balbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolomeo_all%27Isola" title="San Bartolomeo all'Isola">S. Bartolomeo all'Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Bonifacio_ed_Alessio" title="Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio">Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Camillo_de_Lellis" title="San Camillo de Lellis">S. Camillo de Lellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_e_Carlo_al_Corso" title="Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso">S. Carlo al Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">S. Cecilia in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Celso_e_Giuliano" title="Santi Celso e Giuliano">Ss. Celso e Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">S. Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome" title="Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome">Ss. Cosma e Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crisogono,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Crisogono, Rome">S. Crisogono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Via_Flaminia" title="Santa Croce in Via Flaminia">S. Croce in Via Flaminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">S. Croce in Gerusalemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eugenio" title="Sant'Eugenio">S. Eugenio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eustachio" title="Sant'Eustachio">S. Eustachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Francesca_Romana" title="Santa Francesca Romana">S. Francesca Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Porta_Latina" title="San Giovanni a Porta Latina"> S. Giovanni a Porta Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_al_Celio" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio">Ss. Giovanni e Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Damaso" title="San Lorenzo in Damaso">S. Lorenzo in Damaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina" title="San Lorenzo in Lucina">S. Lorenzo in Lucina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Ausiliatrice,_Rome" title="Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome">S. Maria Ausiliatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Evangelista_al_Campidoglio,_Rome" title="San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio, Rome">S. Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">S. Maria degli Angeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dei_Miracoli_and_Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto" title="Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto">S. Maria dei Miracoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto,_Rome" title="Santa Maria in Montesanto, Rome">S. Maria in Montesanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin" title="Santa Maria in Cosmedin">S. Maria in Cosmedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">S. Maria in Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">S. Maria in Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">S. Maria del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">S. Maria sopra Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">S. Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via" title="Santa Maria in Via">S. Maria in Via</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via_Lata" title="Santa Maria in Via Lata">S. Maria in Via Lata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">S. Maria della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">S. Martino ai Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo" title="Santi Nereo e Achilleo">Ss. Nereo e Achilleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere" title="San Nicola in Carcere">S. Nicola in Carcere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pancrazio" title="San Pancrazio">S. Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">S. Pietro in Vincoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">S. Prassede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">S. Pudenziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Ss. Quattro Coronati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Rome" title="San Saba, Rome">S. Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">S. Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Maria" title="Sacro Cuore di Maria">Sacro Cuore di Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Cristo_Re" title="Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re">Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Ges%C3%B9_a_Castro_Pretorio" title="Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio">Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_fuori_le_mura" title="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">S. Sebastiano fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Silvestro_in_Capite" title="San Silvestro in Capite">S. Silvestro in Capite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sisto_Vecchio" title="San Sisto Vecchio">S. Sisto Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia_a_Via_Boccea" title="Santa Sofia a Via Boccea">S. Sofia a Via Boccea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">S. Stefano Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_Rome" title="Santa Teresa, Rome">S. Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vitale,_Rome" title="San Vitale, Rome">S. Vitale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Other churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">List of churches in Rome</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Castles and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arx_(Roman)" title="Arx (Roman)">Arx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_dei_Cavalieri_di_Rodi" title="Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi">Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Internationalis_Paulus_VI" title="Domus Internationalis Paulus VI">Domus Internationalis Paulus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Aragona_Gonzaga" title="Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga">Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini_ai_Giubbonari" title="Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari">Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Borghese" title="Palazzo Borghese">Palazzo Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigi_Palace" title="Chigi Palace">Palazzo Chigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Consulta" title="Palazzo della Consulta">Palazzo della Consulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Fusconi-Pighini" title="Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini">Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Giustiniani,_Rome" title="Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome">Palazzo Giustinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Rome" title="Palace of Justice, Rome">Palazzo di Giustizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Colonne" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne">Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mattei" title="Palazzo Mattei">Palazzo Mattei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Palazzo del Quirinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pamphilj" title="Palazzo Pamphilj">Palazzo Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Poli" title="Palazzo Poli">Palazzo Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corsini,_Rome" title="Palazzo Corsini, Rome">Palazzo Riario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ruspoli" title="Palazzo Ruspoli">Palazzo Ruspoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spada" title="Palazzo Spada">Palazzo Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Valentini" title="Palazzo Valentini">Palazzo Valentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vidoni-Caffarelli" title="Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli">Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Viminale" title="Palazzo del Viminale">Palazzo del Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Wedekind" title="Palazzo Wedekind">Palazzo Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Zuccari,_Rome" title="Palazzo Zuccari, Rome">Palazzo Zuccari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Api" title="Fontana delle Api">Api</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Felice" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Felice">Acqua Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Paola" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Paola">Acqua Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babuino" title="Babuino">Babuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Barcaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Facchino" title="Il Facchino">Il Facchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marforio" title="Marforio">Marforio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Moro" title="Fontana del Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasone" title="Nasone">Nasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Navicella,_Rome" title="Fontana della Navicella, Rome">Navicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Rome" title="Fountain of Neptune, Rome">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Nettuno,_Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Fontana del Nettuno, Piazza del Popolo">Nettuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pantheon" title="Fontana del Pantheon">del Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pianto" title="Fontana del Pianto">Pianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Fontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli">di Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Colonna" title="Fontana di Piazza Colonna">di Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontane_di_Piazza_Farnese" title="Fontane di Piazza Farnese">di Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Piazza_dei_Quiriti" title="Fontana della Piazza dei Quiriti">della Piazza dei Quiriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Nicosia" title="Fontana di Piazza Nicosia">di Piazza Nicosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_in_Piazza_Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Fountain in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere">in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontanone_di_Ponte_Sisto" title="Fontanone di Ponte Sisto">di Ponte Sisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi">Quattro Fiumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_Fontane" title="Quattro Fontane">Quattro Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Tartarughe" title="Fontana delle Tartarughe">Tartarughe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Tritons" title="Fountain of the Tritons">Tritons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Tritone,_Rome" title="Fontana del Tritone, Rome">Tritone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Altare della Patria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Verano" title="Campo Verano">Campo Verano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Capocci" title="Torre dei Capocci">Capocci Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Rome" title="Column of the Immaculate Conception, Rome">Column of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Conti" title="Torre dei Conti">Conti Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_di_Santo_Spirito_in_Sassia" title="Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia">Hospital of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_delle_Milizie" title="Torre delle Milizie">Milizie Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Sisto Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piazzas_in_Rome" title="Category:Piazzas in Rome">Squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Rome" title="List of streets in Rome">streets</a><br />and public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori" title="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Colonna" title="Piazza Colonna">Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Piazza d'Aracoeli">Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Minerva" title="Piazza della Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Rome" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Rome">Piazza della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Farnese" title="Piazza Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">Piazza San Pietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna" title="Piazza di Spagna">Piazza di Spagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Venezia" title="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Coronari" title="Via dei Coronari">Via dei Coronari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_del_Corso" title="Via del Corso">Via del Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali">Via dei Fori Imperiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Veneto" title="Via Veneto">Via Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Rome" title="List of parks and gardens in Rome">Parks, gardens</a><br />and zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioparco_di_Roma" title="Bioparco di Roma">Bioparco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Ada" title="Villa Ada">Villa Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Torlonia_(Rome)" title="Villa Torlonia (Rome)">Villa Torlonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_degli_Acquedotti" title="Parco degli Acquedotti">Parco degli Acquedotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Rome" title="List of museums in Rome">Museums and<br />art galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boncompagni_Ludovisi_Decorative_Art_Museum" title="Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum">Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe" title="Casa di Goethe">Casa di Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Comunale_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Rome" title="Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, Rome">Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Doria_Pamphilj" title="Galleria Doria Pamphilj">Galleria Doria Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico_House_Museum" title="Giorgio de Chirico House Museum">Giorgio de Chirico House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Spada" title="Galleria Spada">Galleria Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Rome" title="Jewish Museum of Rome">Jewish Museum of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXXI" title="MAXXI">MAXXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Archeologico_Ostiense" title="Museo Archeologico Ostiense">Museo Archeologico Ostiense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Barracco_di_Scultura_Antica" title="Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica">Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Zoologia" title="Museo Civico di Zoologia">Museo Civico di Zoologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_anime_del_Purgatorio" title="Museo delle anime del Purgatorio">Museo delle anime del Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_Mura" title="Museo delle Mura">Museo delle Mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma" title="Museo di Roma">Museo di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma_in_Trastevere" title="Museo di Roma in Trastevere">Museo di Roma in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_nazionale_del_Palazzo_di_Venezia" title="Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia">Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">Museo Nazionale Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Storico_Nazionale_dell%27Arte_Sanitaria" title="Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria">Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Rome" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome">Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roman_Civilization" title="Museum of Roman Civilization">Museum of Roman Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis" title="Museum of the Ara Pacis">Museum of the Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Liberation_of_Rome" title="Museum of the Liberation of Rome">Museum of the Liberation of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Esposizioni" title="Palazzo delle Esposizioni">Palazzo delle Esposizioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigorini_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography" title="Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography">Pigorini National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo_Railway_Museum" title="Porta San Paolo Railway Museum">Porta San Paolo Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia_Musical_Instruments_Museum" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum">Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venanzo_Crocetti_Museum" title="Venanzo Crocetti Museum">Venanzo Crocetti Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocca_della_Verit%C3%A0" title="Bocca della Verità">La Bocca della Verità</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Battle_sarcophagus" title="Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus">Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portonaccio_sarcophagus" title="Portonaccio sarcophagus">Portonaccio sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velletri_Sarcophagus" title="Velletri Sarcophagus">Velletri Sarcophagus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Hills35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminal_Hill" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Metropolitan City<br />of Rome Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way_Regional_Park" title="Appian Way Regional Park">Appian Way Regional Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capo_di_Bove" title="Capo di Bove">Capo di Bove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Orsini-Odescalchi" title="Castello Orsini-Odescalchi">Castello Orsini-Odescalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnese" title="Villa Farnese">Villa Farnese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rome" title="Culture of Rome">Events and traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome Film Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Enclave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_Forum185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_Forum" title="Template:Roman Forum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_Forum" title="Template talk:Roman Forum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_Forum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman Forum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_Forum185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Temple of Divus Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concord" title="Temple of Concord">Temple of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Temple of Castor and Pollux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lacus_Juturnae" title="Lacus Juturnae">Lacus Juturnae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Roman_Forum)" title="Temple of Janus (Roman Forum)">Temple of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Stator_(8th_century_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)">Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Romulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Romulus">Temple of Romulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Saturn" title="Altar of Saturn">Altar of Saturn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Venus_Cloacina" title="Shrine of Venus Cloacina">Shrine of Venus Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_and_Roma" title="Temple of Venus and Roma">Temple of Venus and Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vespasian_and_Titus" title="Temple of Vespasian and Titus">Temple of Vespasian and Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portico_Dii_Consentes" title="Portico Dii Consentes">Portico Dii Consentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basilicas" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilicas">Basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Aemilia" title="Basilica Aemilia">Basilica Aemilia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basilica_Fulvia" title="Basilica Fulvia">Basilica Fulvia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basilica_Sempronia" title="Basilica Sempronia">Basilica Sempronia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Opimia" title="Basilica Opimia">Basilica Opimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Porcia" title="Basilica Porcia">Basilica Porcia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus,_Rome" title="Arch of Augustus, Rome">Arch of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Tiberius" title="Arch of Tiberius">Arch of Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arch of Constantine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Columns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columna_Maenia" title="Columna Maenia">Columna Maenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Columns_Monument" title="Five-Columns Monument">Five-Columns Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milliarium_Aureum" title="Milliarium Aureum">Milliarium Aureum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicus_Jugarius" title="Vicus Jugarius">Vicus Jugarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicus_Tuscus" title="Vicus Tuscus">Vicus Tuscus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_Ruminalis" title="Ficus Ruminalis">Ficus Ruminalis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Cornelia" title="Curia Cornelia">Curia Cornelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">Curia Hostilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemonian_stairs" title="Gemonian stairs">Gemonian stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graecostasis" title="Graecostasis">Graecostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacus_Curtius" title="Lacus Curtius">Lacus Curtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_Niger" title="Lapis Niger">Lapis Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamertine_Prison" title="Mamertine Prison">Mamertine Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutei_of_Trajan" title="Plutei of Trajan">Plutei of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puteal_Scribonianum" title="Puteal Scribonianum">Puteal Scribonianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regia" title="Regia">Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilicus_urbis_Romae" title="Umbilicus urbis Romae">Umbilicus urbis Romae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velian_Hill" title="Velian Hill">Velian Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanal" title="Vulcanal">Vulcanal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_of_the_Roman_Forum" title="List of monuments of the Roman Forum">List of monuments of the Roman Forum</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Venues_of_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_(Rome)133" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Summer_Olympic_venues" title="Template:1960 Summer Olympic venues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1960_Summer_Olympic_venues" title="Template talk:1960 Summer Olympic venues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1960_Summer_Olympic_venues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1960 Summer Olympic venues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Venues_of_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_(Rome)133" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Venues_of_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Venues of the 1960 Summer Olympics">Venues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acqua_Santa_Golf_Club_Course" title="Acqua Santa Golf Club Course">Acqua Santa Golf Club Course</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arch of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Tre_Fontane" title="Campo Tre Fontane">Campo Tre Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesano_Infantry_School_Range" title="Cesano Infantry School Range">Cesano Infantry School Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Artemio_Franchi" title="Stadio Artemio Franchi">Florence Communal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico_Carlo_Zecchini" title="Stadio Olimpico Carlo Zecchini">Grosseto Communal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples" title="Gulf of Naples">Gulf of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Tommaso_Fattori" title="Stadio Tommaso Fattori">L'Aquila Communal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Albano" title="Lake Albano">Lake Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazio_Pigeon_Shooting_Stand" title="Lazio Pigeon Shooting Stand">Lazio Pigeon Shooting Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Armando_Picchi" title="Stadio Armando Picchi">Livorno Ardenza Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_San_Paolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadio San Paolo">Naples Saint Paul's Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Velodrome,_Rome" title="Olympic Velodrome, Rome">Olympic Velodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Congressi" title="Palazzo dei Congressi">Palazzo dei Congressi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PalaLottomatica" title="PalaLottomatica">Palazzo dello Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzetto_dello_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzetto dello sport">Palazzetto dello sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passo_Corese" title="Passo Corese">Passo Corese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Adriatico_%E2%80%93_Giovanni_Cornacchia" title="Stadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia">Pescara Adriatic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Piazza di Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscina_delle_Rose" title="Piscina delle Rose">Piscina delle Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_di_Papa" title="Rocca di Papa">Pratoni del Vivaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Raccordo_Anulare" title="Grande Raccordo Anulare">Raccordo Anulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_dei_Marmi" title="Stadio dei Marmi">Stadio dei Marmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Flaminio" title="Stadio Flaminio">Stadio Flaminio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico" title="Stadio Olimpico">Stadio Olimpico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico_del_Nuoto" title="Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto">Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_Shooting_Range" title="Umberto I Shooting Range">Umberto I Shooting Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Via Appia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Cassia" title="Via Cassia">Via Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Via Cristoforo Colombo">Via Cristoforo Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_di_Grottarossa" title="Via di Grottarossa">Via di Grottarossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Olympic_venues_in_athletics118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_venues_athletics" title="Template:Olympic venues athletics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_venues_athletics" title="Template talk:Olympic venues athletics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_venues_athletics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic venues athletics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Olympic_venues_in_athletics118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_athletics" title="List of Olympic venues in athletics">Olympic venues in athletics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon (city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium" title="Panathenaic Stadium">Panathenaic Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Athletics_pictogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/75px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/100px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>: <a href="/wiki/Racing_Levallois_92" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing Levallois 92">Croix-Catelan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Field_(St._Louis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Field (St. Louis)">Francis Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/White_City_Stadium" title="White City Stadium">White City Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Olympic_Stadium" title="Stockholm Olympic Stadium">Stockholm Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olympisch_Stadion_(Antwerp)" title="Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp)">Olympisch Stadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stade_Yves-du-Manoir" title="Stade Yves-du-Manoir">Stade Yves-du-Manoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Amsterdam)" title="Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum" title="Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum">Olympic Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Drive_(Los_Angeles,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverside Drive (Los Angeles, California)">Riverside Drive at Griffith Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/AVUS" title="AVUS">Avus Motor Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Stadium (Berlin)">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)" title="Wembley Stadium (1923)">Empire Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Olympic_Stadium" title="Helsinki Olympic Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics">1960</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arch of Constantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grande_Raccordo_Anulare" title="Grande Raccordo Anulare">Raccordo Anulare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico" title="Stadio Olimpico">Stadio Olimpico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Via Appia Antica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Via Cristoforo Colombo">Via Cristoforo Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB,_Tokyo" title="Fuchū, Tokyo">Fuchu City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setagaya,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Setagaya, Tokyo">Karasuyama-machi</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_(Tokyo,_1958)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Stadium (Tokyo, 1958)">National Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shibuya, Tokyo">Sasazuka-machi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinjuku, Tokyo">Shinjuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Universitario" title="Estadio Olímpico Universitario">Estadio Olímpico Universitario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo" title="Zócalo">Zócalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Munich)" title="Olympiastadion (Munich)">Olympiastadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Botanical_Garden" title="Montreal Botanical Garden">Montreal Botanical Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)" title="Olympic Stadium (Montreal)">Olympic Stadium</a>, Streets of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium" title="Luzhniki Stadium">Grand Arena</a>, Streets of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum" title="Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum">Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_College" title="Santa Monica College">Santa Monica College</a>, Streets of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, Streets of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Olympic_Stadium" title="Seoul Olympic Stadium">Seoul Olympic Stadium</a>, Streets of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Estadi_Ol%C3%ADmpic_Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys">Estadi Olímpic de Monjuïc</a>, Marathon course, <a href="/wiki/Matar%C3%B3" title="Mataró">Mataró</a>, Walking course</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>: Marathon course, <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Stadium" title="Centennial Olympic Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a>, Walking course</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>: Marathon course, <a href="/wiki/North_Sydney" title="North Sydney">North Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadium_Australia" title="Stadium Australia">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon (city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Athens)" title="Olympic Stadium (Athens)">Olympic Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium" title="Panathenaic Stadium">Panathenaic Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Stadium at Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadium" title="Beijing National Stadium">Beijing National Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Green" title="Olympic Green">Olympic Green Promenade</a> Walking course, Streets of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> Marathon course</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/2012_Olympic_Marathon_Course" title="2012 Olympic Marathon Course">Marathon Course</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Stadium" title="London Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Nilton_Santos" title="Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos">Estádio Olímpico João Havelange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontal_(Rio_de_Janeiro)" title="Pontal (Rio de Janeiro)">Pontal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambadrome_Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Sapuca%C3%AD" title="Sambadrome Marquês de Sapucaí">Sambódromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Stadium" title="Japan National Stadium">Japan National Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odori_Park" title="Odori Park">Odori Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028</a>: <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum" title="Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum">Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMO_Stadium" title="BMO Stadium">BMO Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Park" title="Grand Park">Grand Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032</a>: <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Sport_and_Athletics_Centre" title="Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre">Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Headland,_Queensland" title="Alexandra Headland, Queensland">Alexandra Headland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5786#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1035273&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007537189105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20003215">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/874299107">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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