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The researcher used a descriptive qualitative research as design method because it was comparable to collect the data from students’ perception and gave" /> <title>(PDF) Online Learning Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: Secondary School Students’ Perceptions Toward Challenges and Needed Materials | Ivan Nurseha - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/97937184/Online_Learning_Amidst_COVID_19_Pandemic_Secondary_School_Students_Perceptions_Toward_Challenges_and_Needed_Materials" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9a8e9ca111ca412c76c8fd2767868304f6fa3970'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732769305000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732769305000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"AbstractThis research focused on students’ perception toward challenges and needed materials. The researcher used a descriptive qualitative research as design method because it was comparable to collect the data from students’ perception and gave interview to collect the data. The data was collected from the secondary school students of MA Mambaus Sholihin Suci Manyar Gresik which have been learned using online learning. The sample had been 10 students chosen through purposive sampling which snowball sampling approach. The students selected to be a representative sample of the population have met the criteria specified by researcher. The findings of the research showed that mostly the students gave good perception about online learning. They were improving their learning and got a new experience of the new media applied by teacher in online learning. On the other hand, some students gave perception that online learning has obstacles that bad network, the quality of mobile phone of t...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ivan Nurseha"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-03-04","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2021-07-16","headline":"Online Learning Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: Secondary School Students’ Perceptions Toward Challenges and Needed Materials","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Graduate Program, University of Islam Malang"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/97937184/Online_Learning_Amidst_COVID_19_Pandemic_Secondary_School_Students_Perceptions_Toward_Challenges_and_Needed_Materials","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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research focused on students’ perception toward challenges and needed materials. The researcher used a descriptive qualitative research as design method because it was comparable to collect the data from students’ perception and gave interview to collect the data. The data was collected from the secondary school students of MA Mambaus Sholihin Suci Manyar Gresik which have been learned using online learning. The sample had been 10 students chosen through purposive sampling which snowball sampling approach. The students selected to be a representative sample of the population have met the criteria specified by researcher. The findings of the research showed that mostly the students gave good perception about online learning. They were improving their learning and got a new experience of the new media applied by teacher in online learning. On the other hand, some students gave perception that online learning has obstacles that bad network, the quality of mobile phone of t...","publisher":"Graduate Program, University of Islam Malang","publication_date":"2021,7,16"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Online Learning Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: Secondary School Students’ Perceptions Toward Challenges and Needed Materials","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [125137791]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":99425022,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Online Learning Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: Secondary School Students’ Perceptions Toward Challenges and Needed Materials”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/99425022/mini_magick20230305-1-1xmyhxf.png?1677983977" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Online Learning Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: Secondary School Students’ Perceptions Toward Challenges and Needed Materials</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125137791" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IvanNurseha"><img alt="Profile image of Ivan Nurseha" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Ivan Nurseha</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2021</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 97937184; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=97937184"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AbstractThis research focused on students’ perception toward challenges and needed materials. The researcher used a descriptive qualitative research as design method because it was comparable to collect the data from students’ perception and gave interview to collect the data. The data was collected from the secondary school students of MA Mambaus Sholihin Suci Manyar Gresik which have been learned using online learning. The sample had been 10 students chosen through purposive sampling which snowball sampling approach. The students selected to be a representative sample of the population have met the criteria specified by researcher. The findings of the research showed that mostly the students gave good perception about online learning. They were improving their learning and got a new experience of the new media applied by teacher in online learning. On the other hand, some students gave perception that online learning has obstacles that bad network, the quality of mobile phone of t...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":99425022,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/97937184/Online_Learning_Amidst_COVID_19_Pandemic_Secondary_School_Students_Perceptions_Toward_Challenges_and_Needed_Materials"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":99425022,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/97937184/Online_Learning_Amidst_COVID_19_Pandemic_Secondary_School_Students_Perceptions_Toward_Challenges_and_Needed_Materials"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="99425022" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/97937184/Online_Learning_Amidst_COVID_19_Pandemic_Secondary_School_Students_Perceptions_Toward_Challenges_and_Needed_Materials" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="98483483" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98483483/Students_Perception_of_Online_Learning_During_Covid_19_An_Evidence_from_University_of_Muhammadiyah_Banda_Aceh_Indonesia">Students’ Perception of Online Learning During Covid-19: An Evidence from University of Muhammadiyah Banda Aceh, Indonesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22279457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/safurasiti">siti safura</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The pandemic of Coronavirus has influenced all levels of education in the whole world. 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Learning by using online learning platforms during the pandemic becomes the newest thing for students. Thus, this research study aimed to (a) investigate students’ perceptions of the use of online learning platforms for learning during the pandemic and (b) reveal students’ attitudes toward learning by using online learning platform during the pandemic. The data were collected by interviewing 8 students of English department in one of state universities in West Nusa Tenggara. Besides, observation and document studies were conducted to support findings from the interview data. The research employed a qualitative research method. In general, the present study has yielded disadvantages and the advantages of employing online learning platform during the pandemic time. The study also reveals students’ learning attitudes toward use of online learning platforms during the pandemic. The resu...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Students’ Perceptions of and Attitudes the Use of Online Learning Platform for Learning in the Pandemic Time","attachmentId":80589620,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71092706/Students_Perceptions_of_and_Attitudes_the_Use_of_Online_Learning_Platform_for_Learning_in_the_Pandemic_Time","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71092706/Students_Perceptions_of_and_Attitudes_the_Use_of_Online_Learning_Platform_for_Learning_in_the_Pandemic_Time"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="98188528" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98188528/Problems_of_Online_Learning_according_to_Students_during_the_Covid_19_Pandemic">Problems of Online Learning according to Students during the Covid-19 Pandemic</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="77155725" href="https://umimakassar.academia.edu/UmarMansyur">Umar Mansyur</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study aims at describing the types of problems experienced by students while participating in online learning, online learning media that students prefer, and evaluation of the implementation of online learning according to students at the Indonesian Muslim University during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a survey method. The research sample is the students of the Faculty of Letters. The data collection technique used in this study is Google form questionnaire and analyzed by using quantitative descriptive statistics. The results show that the types of problems experienced by students while participating in online learning are generally caused by two factors, namely internal factors: unable to focus on attending lectures, problem on internet network, lack of cost to buy internet quota, and external factors: class schedules change frequently, the use of less effective learning media, redundant assignments. Online learning media that are generally preferred by students ar...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Problems of Online Learning according to Students during the Covid-19 Pandemic","attachmentId":99608077,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98188528/Problems_of_Online_Learning_according_to_Students_during_the_Covid_19_Pandemic","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98188528/Problems_of_Online_Learning_according_to_Students_during_the_Covid_19_Pandemic"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="97536770" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97536770/Difficulties_in_Online_Learning_During_COVID_19_Pandemic_Perceptions_of_Efl_Students_of_Uin_Alauddin_Makassar">Difficulties in Online Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceptions of Efl Students of Uin Alauddin Makassar</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60257178" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndiKaharuddin1">Andi Kaharuddin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Islam and Science</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Preventing the COVID-19 spreading and transmitting widely, the educational institution has forced to make transition from conventional learning to online learning. The adaptation of online learning has presented many difficulties. Students in online learning faced difficulties that they might never encountered before in a traditional teaching and learning environment. This research investigated the difficulties in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic according to students’ perception. The method of this research is qualitative and the instruments used were questionnaire and interview involving ten participants from the fifth semester students at EED of UIN Alauddin Makassar. The findings show that all the participants had difficulties during online learning and those difficulties affected their learning performance. There are nine areas of online learning difficulties; (1) difficulty to focus due to distractions, (2) problem with internet connectivity, (3) difficult to under...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Difficulties in Online Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceptions of Efl Students of Uin Alauddin Makassar","attachmentId":99131240,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97536770/Difficulties_in_Online_Learning_During_COVID_19_Pandemic_Perceptions_of_Efl_Students_of_Uin_Alauddin_Makassar","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97536770/Difficulties_in_Online_Learning_During_COVID_19_Pandemic_Perceptions_of_Efl_Students_of_Uin_Alauddin_Makassar"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="108842841" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108842841/Students_Perception_of_Online_Education_during_Covid_19_A_study_on_the_Students_of_University_of_Dhaka">Students' Perception of Online Education during Covid-19: A study on the Students of University of Dhaka</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="865673" href="https://worc.academia.edu/IffatNaomee">Iffat Naomee</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Teacher’s World: Journal of Education and Research, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Due to the global pandemic, there has been an emergency shift in higher education of Bangladesh from face-to-face to fully online mode. This quick and somewhat unplanned change in the mode of teaching-learning has created a lot of challenges for both the teachers and the students. It is evident that the students, especially the public university students are mostly suffering because of this change. This qualitative study thus focuses on the perceptions of the students of University of Dhaka about this new way of teaching and learning and its effects on their lives. The finding reveals that most of the challenges are regarding infrastructural conditions, economic condition, mental wellbeing and teacher-student relationship. This study also explores possible solutions for these challenges and ways to incorporate online or blended education strategies in the higher education system of Bangladesh.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Students' Perception of Online Education during Covid-19: A study on the Students of University of Dhaka","attachmentId":107127209,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108842841/Students_Perception_of_Online_Education_during_Covid_19_A_study_on_the_Students_of_University_of_Dhaka","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108842841/Students_Perception_of_Online_Education_during_Covid_19_A_study_on_the_Students_of_University_of_Dhaka"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="62925361" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62925361/Undergraduate_Students_Views_on_the_Use_of_Online_Learning_Platform_during_COVID_19_Pandemic">Undergraduate Students’ Views on the Use of Online Learning Platform during COVID-19 Pandemic</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="104865169" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuludOktaviani2">Lulud Oktaviani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Technology-based online learning platforms have supported and helped Indonesian students to succeed the online learning education amid the novel coronavirus. They are allowed to access learning materials, learning activities, and learning practice for free. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the students’ paradigms on how effective is online learning platforms for their learning process. A qualitative method in form of a case study design was applied to this present study which had a hundred and eighty-five undergraduate students as the subjects. A questionnaire consisting of twenty-five statements was distributed to them through Google Forms. A follow-up interview via WhatsApp video calls was also conducted with the forty students who were chosen randomly to strengthen the findings. The results of this study show that most students agreed that the online learning platform might provide some beneficial effects for them. They mentioned that online activities through this pla...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Undergraduate Students’ Views on the Use of Online Learning Platform during COVID-19 Pandemic","attachmentId":75531665,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62925361/Undergraduate_Students_Views_on_the_Use_of_Online_Learning_Platform_during_COVID_19_Pandemic","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62925361/Undergraduate_Students_Views_on_the_Use_of_Online_Learning_Platform_during_COVID_19_Pandemic"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":99425022,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":99425022,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_99425022" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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