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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_funding_for_new_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_funding_for_new_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Government funding for new technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_funding_for_new_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Private funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sociological factors and effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociological_factors_and_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sociological factors and effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociological_factors_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutions_and_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions_and_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Institutions and groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_effects_on_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_effects_on_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Negative effects on the environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_effects_on_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_shaping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_shaping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Construction and shaping</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_and_shaping-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction and shaping subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_shaping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Autonomous technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/17px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/26px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/34px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Technology, society and life</b> or <b>technology and culture</b> refers to the inter-dependency, <a href="/wiki/Co-dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-dependence">co-dependence</a>, co-influence, and <a href="/wiki/Co-production_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-production (society)">co-production</a> of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> upon one another. Evidence for this <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergy</a> has been found since humanity first started using simple tools. The inter-relationship has continued as modern technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> have helped shape society. The first scientific approach to this relationship occurred with the development of <a href="/wiki/Tektology" title="Tektology">tektology</a>, the "science of organization", in early twentieth century <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AD&ST_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AD&ST-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern academia, the interdisciplinary study of the mutual impacts of science, technology, and society, is called <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">science and technology studies</a>. </p><p>The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> discovery of <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">how to control fire</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> increased the available sources of food, and the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a> helped humans to travel in and control their environment. Developments in historic times have lessened physical barriers to <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale, such as the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p><p>Technology has developed advanced <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economies</a>, such as the modern <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">global economy</a>, and has led to the rise of a <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">leisure class</a>. Many technological processes produce by-products known as <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. Innovations influence the <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a> of society and raise new questions in the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">ethics of technology</a>. Examples include the rise of the notion of <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a> in terms of human <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>, and the challenges of <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethics</a>. </p><p>Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a> or worsens it. <a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a>, and similar <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> movements criticize the pervasiveness of technology, arguing that it harms the environment and alienates people. However, proponents of ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">transhumanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">techno-progressivism</a> view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-historical">Pre-historical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The importance of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a>, circa 2.5 million years ago, is considered fundamental in the human development in the <a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">hunting hypothesis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Primatologist, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a>, theorizes that the <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">control of fire by early humans</a> and the associated development of cooking was the spark that radically changed human evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs, and Steel</a></i> suggest that early advances in plant agriculture and husbandry fundamentally shifted the way that collective groups of individuals, and eventually societies, developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_examples_and_effects">Modern examples and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern examples and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technology has taken a large role in society and day-to-day life. When societies know more about the development in a technology, they become able to take advantage of it. When an innovation achieves a certain point after it has been presented and promoted, this technology becomes part of the society. The use of technology in education provides students with technology literacy, information literacy, capacity for life-long learning, and other skills necessary for the 21st century workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Puricelli_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puricelli-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital technology</a> has entered each process and activity made by the <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a>. In fact, it constructed another worldwide <a href="/wiki/Communication_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication system">communication system</a> in addition to its origin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1982 study by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described a technology assessment study by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Future" title="Institute for the Future">Institute for the Future</a>, "peering into the future of an electronic world." The study focused on the emerging videotex industry, formed by the marriage of two older technologies, communications, and computing. It estimated that 40 percent of American households will have two-way videotex service by the end of the century. By comparison, it took television 16 years to penetrate 90 percent of households from the time commercial service was begun. </p><p>Since the creation of <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> achieved an entire better approach to transmit and store <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>. Digital technology became commonly used for downloading music and watching movies at home either by <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> or purchasing it online. Digital music records are not quite the same as traditional recording media. Obviously, because <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital</a> ones are reproducible, portable and free.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the globe many schools have implemented <a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">educational technology</a> in primary schools, universities and colleges. According to the statistics, in the early beginnings of 1990s the use of Internet in schools was, on average, 2–3%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Continuously, by the end of 1990s the <a href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">evolution of technology</a> increases rapidly and reaches to 60%, and by the year of 2008 nearly 100% of schools use Internet on educational form. According to ISTE researchers, technological improvements can lead to numerous achievements in classrooms. E-learning system, collaboration of students on project based learning, and technological skills for future results in motivation of students.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although these previous examples only show a few of the positive aspects of technology in society, there are negative side effects as well.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this virtual realm, social media platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Facebook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> have altered the way <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Generation Y culture</a> is understanding the world and thus how they view themselves. In recent years, there has been more research on the development of social media depression in users of sites like these. "Facebook Depression" is when users are so affected by their friends' posts and lives that their own jealousy depletes their sense of self-worth. They compare themselves to the posts made by their peers and feel unworthy or monotonous because they feel like their lives are not nearly as exciting as the lives of others.<sup id="cite_ref-Puricelli_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puricelli-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technology has a serious effect on youth's health. The overuse of technology is said to be associated with sleep deprivation which is linked to obesity and poor academic performance in the lives of adolescents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics_and_technological_development">Economics and technological development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economics and technological development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doel_Kerncentrale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Doel_Kerncentrale.JPG/220px-Doel_Kerncentrale.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Doel_Kerncentrale.JPG/330px-Doel_Kerncentrale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Doel_Kerncentrale.JPG/440px-Doel_Kerncentrale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Nuclear reactor, <a href="/wiki/Doel" title="Doel">Doel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In ancient history, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> began when spontaneous exchange of goods and services was replaced over time by deliberate trade structures. Makers of arrowheads, for example, might have realized they could do better by concentrating on making arrowheads and barter for other needs. Regardless of goods and services bartered, some amount of technology was involved—if no more than in the making of shell and bead jewelry. Even the shaman's potions and sacred objects can be said to have involved some technology. So, from the very beginnings, technology can be said to have spurred the development of more elaborate economies. Technology is seen as primary source in economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technology advancement and economic growth are related to each other. The level of technology is important to determine the economic growth. It is the technological process which keeps the economy moving. </p><p>In the modern world, superior technologies, resources, geography, and history give rise to robust economies; and in a well-functioning, robust economy, economic excess naturally flows into greater use of technology. Moreover, because technology is such an inseparable part of human society, especially in its economic aspects, funding sources for (new) technological endeavors are virtually illimitable. However, while in the beginning, technological investment involved little more than the time, efforts, and skills of one or a few men, today, such investment may involve the collective labor and skills of many millions. </p><p>Most recently, because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the proportion of firms employing advanced digital technology in their operations expanded dramatically. It was found that firms that adopted technology were better prepared to deal with the pandemic's disruptions. Adaptation strategies in the form of remote working, 3D printing, and the use of big data analytics and AI to plan activities to adapt to the pandemic were able to ensure positive job growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:344_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:344-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consequently, the sources of funding for large technological efforts have dramatically narrowed, since few have ready access to the collective labor of a whole society, or even a large part. It is conventional to divide up funding sources into governmental (involving whole, or nearly whole, social <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">enterprises</a>) and private (involving more limited, but generally more sharply focused) business or individual enterprises. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_funding_for_new_technology">Government funding for new technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government funding for new technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government is a major contributor to the development of new technology in many ways. In the United States alone, many government agencies specifically invest billions of dollars in new technology. </p><p>In 1980, the UK government invested just over six million pounds in a four-year program, later extended to six years, called the <a href="/wiki/Microelectronics_Education_Programme" title="Microelectronics Education Programme">Microelectronics Education Programme</a> (MEP), which was intended to give every school in Britain at least one computer, software, training materials, and extensive teacher training. Similar programs have been instituted by governments around the world. </p><p>Technology has frequently been driven by the military, with many modern applications developed for the military before they were adapted for civilian use. However, this has always been a two-way flow, with industry often developing and adopting a technology only later adopted by the military. </p><p>Entire government agencies are specifically dedicated to research, such as America's <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_government_scientific_research_institutes" title="List of UK government scientific research institutes">scientific research institutes</a>, America's <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Innovation_Research" title="Small Business Innovation Research">Small Business Innovative Research</a> effort. Many other government agencies dedicate a major portion of their budget to research and development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_funding">Private funding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Private funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a> is one of the smallest areas of investments made by corporations toward new and innovative technology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many foundations and other nonprofit organizations contribute to the development of technology. In the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, about two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industry, and 98 percent and 10 percent, respectively, by <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and government. But in poorer countries such as <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> the industry contribution is significantly less. The U.S. government spends more than other countries on military research and development, although the proportion has fallen from about 30 percent in the 1980s to less than 10 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2009 founding of <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> allows individuals to receive funding via <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a> for many technology related products including both new physical creations as well as documentaries, films, and web-series that focus on <a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">technology management</a>. This circumvents the corporate or government oversight most inventors and artists struggle against but leaves the accountability of the project completely with the individual receiving the funds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_economic_considerations">Other economic considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other economic considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a>, sometimes called "intermediate" technology, more of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">an economics concern</a>, refers to compromises between central and expensive technologies of <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed nations</a> and those that <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a> find most effective to deploy given an excess of labour and scarcity of cash.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_technology" title="Persuasive technology">Persuasion technology</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, definitions or assumptions of progress or <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">growth</a> are often related to one or more assumptions about technology's economic influence. Challenging prevailing assumptions about technology and its usefulness has led to alternative ideas like <a href="/wiki/Uneconomic_growth" title="Uneconomic growth">uneconomic growth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">measuring well-being</a>. These, and economics itself, can often be described as technologies, specifically, as persuasion technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_(business)" title="Diffusion (business)">Technological diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_life_cycle" title="Technology life cycle">Technology life cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_science">Relation to science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relation to science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and technology can be complex.  Science may drive technological development, by generating demand for new instruments to address a scientific question, or by illustrating technical possibilities previously unconsidered.  An environment of encouraged science will also produce scientists and engineers, and technical schools, which encourages innovation and entrepreneurship that are capable of taking advantage of the existing science.  In fact, it is recognized that "innovators, like scientists, do require access to technical information and ideas" and "must know enough to recognize useful knowledge when they see it."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Science spillover also contributes to greater technological diffusion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Having a strong policy contributing to basic science allows a country to have access to a strong a knowledge base that will allow them to be "ready to exploit unforeseen developments in technology,"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when needed in times of crisis. </p><p>For most of human history, technological improvements were arrived at by chance, trial and error, or spontaneous inspiration.  Stokes referred to these innovators as <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'improvers of technology'…who knew no science and would not have been helped by it if they had."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  This idea is supported by Diamond who further indicated that these individuals are "more likely to achieve a breakthrough if [they do] not hold the currently dominant theory in too high regard."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a> directed towards immediate technical application is a relatively recent occurrence, arising with the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and becoming commonplace in the 20th century.  In addition, there are examples of economies that do not emphasize science research that have been shown to be technological leaders despite this.  For example, the United States relied on the scientific output of Europe in the early 20th century, though it was regarded as a leader in innovation. Another example is the technological advancement of Japan in the latter part of the same century, which emphasized more applied science (directly applicable to technology).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the link between science and technology has need for more clarity, what is known is that a society without sufficient building blocks to encourage this link are critical.  A nation without emphasis on science is likely to eventually stagnate technologically and risk losing competitive advantage.  The most critical areas for focus by policymakers are discouraging too many protections on job security, leading to less mobility of the workforce,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encouraging the reliable availability of sufficient low-cost capital for investment in R&D, by favorable economic and tax policies,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supporting higher education in the sciences to produce scientists and engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociological_factors_and_effects">Sociological factors and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sociological factors and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Social construction of technology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Values">Values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The implementation of technology influences the <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)#Personal_and_cultural_values" title="Value (ethics)">values</a> of a society by changing expectations and realities. The implementation of technology is also influenced by values. There are (at least) three major, interrelated values that inform, and are informed by, technological innovations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">Mechanistic world view</a>: Viewing the universe as a collection of parts (like a machine), that can be individually analyzed and understood.<sup id="cite_ref-McGinn_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGinn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a form of <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionism</a> that is rare nowadays. However, the "neo-mechanistic world view" holds that nothing in the universe cannot be understood by the human intellect. Also, while all things are greater than the sum of their parts (e.g., even if we consider nothing more than the information involved in their combination), in principle, even this excess must eventually be understood by human intelligence. That is, no <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vital</a> principle or essence is involved.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficiency_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficiency (economics)">Efficiency</a>: A value, originally applied only to machines, but now applied to all aspects of society, so that each element is expected to attain a higher and higher percentage of its maximal possible performance, output, or ability.</li> <li>Social <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>: The belief that there is such a thing as social progress, and that, in the main, it is beneficent. Before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and the subsequent explosion of technology, almost all societies believed in a <a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclical theory">cyclical theory</a> of social movement and, indeed, of all history and the universe. This was, obviously, based on the cyclicity of the seasons, and an agricultural economy's and society's strong ties to that cyclicity. Since much of the world is closer to their agricultural roots, they are still much more amenable to cyclicity than progress in history. This may be seen, for example, in Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar's modern social cycles theory.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a more westernized version of social cyclicity, see <i>Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069</i> (Paperback) by Neil Howe and William Strauss; Harper Perennial; Reprint edition (September 30, 1992); <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-11912-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-11912-3">0-688-11912-3</a>, and subsequent books by these authors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Institutions_and_groups">Institutions and groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Institutions and groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technology often enables organizational and bureaucratic group structures that otherwise and heretofore were simply not possible. Examples of this might include: </p> <ul><li>The rise of very large organizations: e.g., governments, the military, health and social welfare institutions, supranational corporations.</li> <li>The commercialization of leisure: sports events, products, etc. (McGinn)</li> <li>The almost instantaneous dispersal of information (especially news) and entertainment around the world.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technology enables greater knowledge of international issues, values, and cultures. Due mostly to mass transportation and mass media, the world seems to be a much smaller place, due to the following:<sup id="cite_ref-ubiquity_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ubiquity-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Globalization of ideas</li> <li>Embeddedness of values</li> <li>Population growth and control</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment#Technology_impacts" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment § Technology impacts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heavy_Traffic,_Heavy_Haze_-_another_day_in_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heavy_Traffic%2C_Heavy_Haze_-_another_day_in_China.jpg/220px-Heavy_Traffic%2C_Heavy_Haze_-_another_day_in_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heavy_Traffic%2C_Heavy_Haze_-_another_day_in_China.jpg/330px-Heavy_Traffic%2C_Heavy_Haze_-_another_day_in_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heavy_Traffic%2C_Heavy_Haze_-_another_day_in_China.jpg/440px-Heavy_Traffic%2C_Heavy_Haze_-_another_day_in_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Smog caused by the invention, construction, dissemination and use of car-technology and -infrastructure alongside possibly less than suboptimal product- and <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">industrial production</a>-designs</figcaption></figure> <p>Technology can provide understanding of and appreciation for the world around us, enable <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> and improve environmental conditions but also degrade the environment and facilitate unsustainability. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a> may conclude that certain technologies' environmental detriments and other risks to outweigh their benefits, especially if or once substitutive technologies have been or can be invented, leading to directed technological phase-outs such as the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">nuclear fission power phase-out</a>. </p><p>Most modern technological processes produce unwanted byproducts in addition to the desired products, which are known as <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. While material waste is often re-used in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_processes" title="Industrial processes">industrial processes</a>, many processes lead to a release into the environment with negative environmental side effects, such as pollution and lack of sustainability. </p> <dl><dt>Development and technologies' implications</dt></dl> <p>Some technologies are designed specifically with the environment in mind, but most are designed first for financial or economic effects such as the free market's <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of a specific technology is often not only dependent on how it is used – e.g. its usage context – but also predetermined by the technology's design or characteristics, as in the theory of "<a href="/wiki/The_medium_is_the_message" title="The medium is the message">the medium is the message</a>" which relates to media-technologies in specific. In many cases, such predetermined or built-in implications may vary depending on factors of contextual contemporary conditions such as human biology, <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">international relations</a> and socioeconomics. However, many technologies may be harmful to the environment only when used in specific contexts or for specific purposes that not necessarily result from the nature of the technology. </p> <dl><dt>Values</dt></dl> <p>Historically, from the perspective of economic agent-centered responsibility, an increased, as of 2021 commonly theoretic and informal, value of healthy environments and more efficient productive processes may be the result of an increase in the <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> of society. Once people are able to provide for their <a href="/wiki/Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">basic needs</a>, they can – and are often facilitated to – not only afford more environmentally destructive products and services, but could often also be able to put an – e.g. individual <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>-motivated – effort into valuing less tangible goods such as clean air and water if product-, alternatives-, consequences- and services-information are adequate. </p><p>From the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">systems science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>, economies (systems) have economic actors and sectors make decisions based upon a range of system-internal factors with structures – or sometimes forms of leveraging existing structures – that lead to other outcomes being the result of other architectures – or systems-level configurations of the existing designs – which are considered to be possible in the sense that such could be modeled, tested, priorly <a href="/wiki/Impact_assessment" title="Impact assessment">assessed</a>, developed and studied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_effects_on_the_environment">Negative effects on the environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Negative effects on the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle. The more obvious effects include the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources (such as petroleum, coal, ores), and the added <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">pollution of air</a>, water, and land. The more subtle effects may include long-term effects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">natural habitat destruction</a>, coastal wetland loss.) </p> <dl><dt>Pollution and energy requirements</dt></dl> <p>Each wave of technology creates a set of waste previously unknown by humans: <a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">toxic waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">electronic waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Space waste">space waste</a>. </p><p>Electronic waste creates direct environmental impacts through the production and maintaining the infrastructure necessary for using technology and indirect impacts by breaking barriers for global interaction through the use of information and communications technology.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain usages of information technology and infrastructure maintenance consume energy <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions#By_sector" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">that contributes global warming</a>. This includes software-designs such as international <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocurrencies">cryptocurrencies</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/s41467-021-22256-3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41467-021-22256-3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most hardware powered by nonrenewable sources. </p><p>One of the main problems is the lack of societal <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> processes – such as the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> – that lead to sufficient implementation of existing as well as potential efficient ways to remove, recycle and prevent these pollutants on a large scale expediently. </p><p>Digital technologies, however, are important in achieving the <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">green transition</a> and specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">SDGs</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a>'s environmental targets. Emerging digital technologies, if correctly applied, have the potential to play a critical role in addressing environmental issues. A few examples are: smart city mobility, <a href="/wiki/Precision_agriculture" title="Precision agriculture">precision agriculture</a>, sustainable supply chains, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a>, and catastrophe prediction.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_shaping">Construction and shaping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Construction and shaping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice">Choice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Society also controls technology through the choices it makes. These choices not only include consumer demands; they also include: </p> <ul><li>the channels of distribution, how do products go from raw materials to consumption to disposal;</li> <li>the cultural beliefs regarding style, freedom of choice, consumerism, materialism, etc.;</li> <li>the economic values we place on the environment, individual wealth, government control, capitalism, etc.</li></ul> <p>According to Williams and Edge,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the construction and shaping of technology includes the concept of choice (and not necessarily conscious choice). Choice is inherent in both the design of individual artifacts and systems, and in the making of those artifacts and systems. </p><p>The idea here is that a single technology may not emerge from the unfolding of a predetermined logic or a single determinant, technology could be a garden of forking paths, with different paths potentially leading to different technological outcomes. This is a position that has been developed in detail by <a href="/wiki/Judy_Wajcman" title="Judy Wajcman">Judy Wajcman</a>. Therefore, choices could have differing implications for society and for particular social groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_technology">Autonomous technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Autonomous technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In one line of thought, technology develops autonomously, in other words, technology seems to feed on itself, moving forward with a force irresistible by humans. To these individuals, technology is "inherently dynamic and self-augmenting."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a> is one proponent of the irresistibleness of technology to humans. He espouses the idea that humanity cannot resist the temptation of expanding our knowledge and our technological abilities. However, he does not believe that this seeming autonomy of technology is inherent. But the perceived autonomy is because humans do not adequately consider the responsibility that is inherent in technological processes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Winner" title="Langdon Winner">Langdon Winner</a> critiques the idea that <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Richta" title="Radovan Richta">technological evolution</a> is essentially beyond the control of individuals or society in his book Autonomous Technology. He argues instead that the apparent autonomy of technology is a result of "technological somnambulism," the tendency of people to uncritically and unreflectively embrace and utilize new technologies without regard for their broader social and political effects. </p><p>In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cooley_(engineer)" title="Mike Cooley (engineer)">Mike Cooley</a> published a critique of the automation and computerisation of engineering work under the title "Architect or Bee? The human/technology relationship". The title alludes to a comparison made by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, on the issue of the creative achievements of human imaginative power.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Cooley ""Scientific and technological developments have invariably proved to be double-edged. They produced the beauty of Venice and the hideousness of Chernobyl; the caring therapies of Rontgen's X-rays and the destruction of Hiroshima,"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals rely on governmental assistance to control the side effects and negative consequences of technology. </p> <ul><li>Supposed independence of government. An assumption commonly made about the government is that their governance role is neutral or independent. However, some argue that governing is a political process, so government will be influenced by political winds of influence. In addition, because government provides much of the funding for technological research and development, it has a vested interest in certain outcomes. Other point out that the world's biggest ecological disasters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl" title="Chernobyl">Chernobyl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Karachay" title="Lake Karachay">Lake Karachay</a> have been caused by government projects, which are not accountable to consumers.</li> <li>Liability. One means for controlling technology is to place responsibility for the harm with the agent causing the harm. Government can allow more or less legal liability to fall to the organizations or individuals responsible for damages.</li> <li>Legislation. A source of controversy is the role of industry versus that of government in maintaining a clean environment. While it is generally agreed that industry needs to be held responsible when pollution harms other people, there is disagreement over whether this should be prevented by legislation or civil courts, and whether ecological systems as such should be protected from harm by governments.</li></ul> <p>Recently, the <a href="/wiki/Social_shaping_of_technology" title="Social shaping of technology">social shaping of technology</a> has had new influence in the fields of <a href="/wiki/E-Science" title="E-Science">e-science</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-social_science" title="E-social science">e-social science</a> in the United Kingdom, which has made centers focusing on the social shaping of <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">science and technology</a> a central part of their funding programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/43px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/57px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_technology" title="Anthropology of technology">Anthropology of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_elections" title="Artificial intelligence and elections">Artificial intelligence and elections</a> – Use and impact of AI on political elections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">High technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology" title="History of science and technology">History of science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_culture" title="Information culture">Information culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lucas_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lucas Plan">The Lucas Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower#Possible_factors" title="Superpower">Technological superpowers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Technopoly:_the_Surrender_of_Culture_to_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology">Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">Theories of technology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AD&ST-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AD&ST_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGare2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gare, Arran (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248981084">"Aleksandr Bogdanov and Systems Theory"</a>. <i>Democracy & Nature</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10855660020020230">10.1080/10855660020020230</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.3%2F751">1959.3/751</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+%26+Nature&rft.atitle=Aleksandr+Bogdanov+and+Systems+Theory&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.3%2F751&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10855660020020230&rft.aulast=Gare&rft.aufirst=Arran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F248981084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Catching_Fire:_How_Cooking_Made_Us_Human" title="Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human">Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puricelli-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puricelli_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puricelli_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPuricelli2011">Puricelli 2011</a>, p. 4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFRückriem2009">Rückriem 2009</a>, p. 88)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKatz2010">Katz 2010</a>, p. 185)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynden2011" class="citation web cs1">Lynden, Burke (12 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejambar.com/generation-y-heavily-dependent-on-technology-promotes-laziness/">"Generation Y Heavily Dependent On Technology, Promotes Laziness"</a>. <i>The Jambar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jambar&rft.atitle=Generation+Y+Heavily+Dependent+On+Technology%2C+Promotes+Laziness&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft.aulast=Lynden&rft.aufirst=Burke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejambar.com%2Fgeneration-y-heavily-dependent-on-technology-promotes-laziness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saudi med J. 2016 pages 436–439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a>, Artemy Malkov, and Daria Khaltourina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35443515/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodynamics_Compact_Macromodels_of_the_World_System_Growth._Moscow_KomKniga_2006"><i>Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth</i></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-484-00414-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-484-00414-4">5-484-00414-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:344-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:344_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBank2022" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (2022-05-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/digitalisation-in-europe-2021-2022"><i>Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5233-7"><bdi>978-92-861-5233-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digitalisation+in+Europe+2021-2022%3A+Evidence+from+the+EIB+Investment+Survey&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5233-7&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fdigitalisation-in-europe-2021-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vli6iyjgcqxh?ctx=vl8zi7xkljtm">"Digital transformation: importance, benefits and EU policy - EU monitor"</a>. <i>www.eumonitor.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5233-7"><bdi>978-92-861-5233-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digitalisation+in+Europe+2021-2022%3A+Evidence+from+the+EIB+Investment+Survey&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5233-7&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fdigitalisation-in-europe-2021-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/articles/the-potential-of-digital-business-models-in-the-new-energy-economy">"The potential of digital business models in the new energy economy – Analysis"</a>. <i>IEA</i>. 7 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=The+potential+of+digital+business+models+in+the+new+energy+economy+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2022-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-potential-of-digital-business-models-in-the-new-energy-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWilliamsEdge1996">Williams & Edge 1996</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFMcGinn1991">McGinn 1991</a>, p. 73)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf Karl Marx, <i><a href="/wiki/Capital,_Volume_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital, Volume I">Capital, Volume I</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/expert-stresses-designs-which-are-orientated-towards-people-1.82744">"Expert stresses designs which are orientated towards people"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Expert+stresses+designs+which+are+orientated+towards+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fexpert-stresses-designs-which-are-orientated-towards-people-1.82744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatz2010" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Mark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_p_Q6TUrQoC"><i>Capturing Sound: How Technology Has Changed Music</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520261051" title="Special:BookSources/9780520261051"><bdi>9780520261051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capturing+Sound%3A+How+Technology+Has+Changed+Music&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780520261051&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_p_Q6TUrQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn1991" class="citation book cs1">McGinn, Robert E. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog00mcgi"><i>Science, Technology, and Society</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-794736-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-794736-4"><bdi>0-13-794736-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Society&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-13-794736-4&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencetechnolog00mcgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuricelli2011" class="citation web cs1">Puricelli, F (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103173937/http://repository.library.cofc.edu/bitstream/handle/11249/225/7329.pdf?sequence=1">"<i>Early Twentieth Century Transportation Technology and the Creation of Modern American Culture </i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.library.cofc.edu/bitstream/handle/11249/225/7329.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Twentieth+Century+Transportation+Technology+and+the+Creation+of+Modern+American+Culture+&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Puricelli&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.cofc.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11249%2F225%2F7329.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRückriem2009" class="citation book cs1">Rückriem, F (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyY5EusnjBcC&pg=PA88"><i>Digital technology and mediation: A challenge to activity theory. </i>Learning and expanding with activity theory'<i><span></span></i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521760751" title="Special:BookSources/9780521760751"><bdi>9780521760751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+technology+and+mediation%3A+A+challenge+to+activity+theory.+Learning+and+expanding+with+activity+theory&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521760751&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCckriem&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpyY5EusnjBcC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsEdge1996" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Robin; Edge, David (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060917083937/http://www.rcss.ed.ac.uk/technology/SSTRP.html">"What is the Social Shaping of Technology? (The Introduction to paper "The Social Shaping of Technology".)"</a>. <i>Research Policy 25</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcss.ed.ac.uk/technology/SSTRP.html">the original</a> on September 17, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Policy+25&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Social+Shaping+of+Technology%3F+%28The+Introduction+to+paper+%22The+Social+Shaping+of+Technology%22.%29&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Edge%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcss.ed.ac.uk%2Ftechnology%2FSSTRP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_society&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdas1989" class="citation book cs1">Adas, Michael (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machinesasmeasur0000adas"><i>Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance</i></a></span>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2303-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2303-1"><bdi>0-8014-2303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machines+as+the+Measure+of+Men%3A+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Ideologies+of+Western+Dominance&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8014-2303-1&rft.aulast=Adas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmachinesasmeasur0000adas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bereano, P. (1977). <i>Technology as a Social and Political Phenomenon</i>. Wiley & Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471068756" title="Special:BookSources/0471068756">0471068756</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastells2009" class="citation book cs1">Castells, Manuel (2009). <i>The Rise of the Network Society</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK.: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405196864" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405196864"><bdi>978-1405196864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Network+Society&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1405196864&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCochraneBateman2010" class="citation web cs1">Cochrane, T; Bateman, R (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315035731/http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet26/cochrane.html">"Smartphones give you wings: Pedagogical affordances of mobile Web 2.0"</a>. <i>Australasian Journal of Educational Technology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet26/cochrane.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Educational+Technology&rft.atitle=Smartphones+give+you+wings%3A+Pedagogical+affordances+of+mobile+Web+2.0.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Bateman%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascilite.org.au%2Fajet%2Fajet26%2Fcochrane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dickson, D. (1977). <i>Politics of Alternative Technology</i>. Universe Publisher, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876639171" title="Special:BookSources/0876639171">0876639171</a>.</li> <li>Easton, T. (2011). <i>Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Science, Technology, and Society</i>. McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0078050278" title="Special:BookSources/0078050278">0078050278</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2008" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Jan L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vmInVZOTLH8C"><i>Technology and Society</i></a>. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449673918" title="Special:BookSources/9781449673918"><bdi>9781449673918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+and+Society&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781449673918&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Jan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvmInVZOTLH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> preview)</li> <li>Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtechnologyandsociety.org"><i>Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment</i></a>, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865717044" title="Special:BookSources/0865717044">0865717044</a>, 464 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a>, Artemy Malkov, and Daria Khaltourina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32757085/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodynamics._Models_of_the_World_System_Development._Moscow_KomKniga_URSS_2006"><i>Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth</i></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-484-00414-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-484-00414-4">5-484-00414-4</a> ]</li> <li>MacKenzie, D., and J. Wajcman. (1999). <i>The Social Shaping of Technology</i>. McGraw Hill Education, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0335199135" title="Special:BookSources/0335199135">0335199135</a>.</li> <li>Mesthene, E.G. (1970). <i>Technological Change: Its Impact on Man and Society</i>. Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674872355" title="Special:BookSources/0674872355">0674872355</a>.</li> <li>Mumford, L. (2010). <i>Technics and Civilization</i>. University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226550273" title="Special:BookSources/0226550273">0226550273</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoble1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">Noble, David F.</a> (1984), <i>Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation</i>, New York, New York, US: Knopf, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51262-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51262-4"><bdi>978-0-394-51262-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83048867">83048867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forces+of+Production%3A+A+Social+History+of+Industrial+Automation&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+US&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83048867&rft.isbn=978-0-394-51262-4&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Postman, N. (1993). <i>Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology</i>. Vintage, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679745408" title="Special:BookSources/0679745408">0679745408</a>.</li> <li>Sclove, R.E. (1995). <i>Democracy and Technology</i>. The Guilford Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/089862861X" title="Special:BookSources/089862861X">089862861X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Senor" title="Dan Senor">Dan Senor</a> and Saul Singer, <i>Start-up Nation: The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle,</i> Hachette Book Group, New York, (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-54146-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-54146-X">0-446-54146-X</a></li> <li>Shaw, Jeffrey M. (2014). <i>Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1625640581" title="Special:BookSources/978-1625640581">978-1625640581</a>.</li> <li>Sicilia, David B.; Wittner, David G. <i>Strands of Modernization: The Circulation of Technology and Business Practices in East Asia, 1850–1920</i> (University of Toronto Press, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57666">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmil1994" class="citation book cs1">Smil, Vaclav (1994). <i>Energy in World History</i>. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1901-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-1901-3"><bdi>0-8133-1901-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+in+World+History&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8133-1901-3&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span> Cited at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/Technology/Technology.html">Technology Chronology</a> (accessed September 11, 2005).</li> <li>Volti, Rudi (2017). <i>society and technological change</i>. New York: Worth. p. 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781319058258" title="Special:BookSources/9781319058258">9781319058258</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinston2003" class="citation book cs1">Winston, Morton (2003). "Children of invention". In Morton Winston; Ralph Edelbach (eds.). <i>Society, Ethics, and Technology</i> (2nd ed.). Belmont, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Thomson/Wadsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson/Wadsworth">Thomson/Wadsworth</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-58540-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-58540-X"><bdi>0-534-58540-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Children+of+invention&rft.btitle=Society%2C+Ethics%2C+and+Technology&rft.place=Belmont%2C+Calif.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thomson%2FWadsworth&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-534-58540-X&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.aufirst=Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+and+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ruckenstein, Minna (2023). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feel_of_Algorithms" title="The Feel of Algorithms">The Feel of Algorithms</a></i> (University of California Press).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology" title="History of science and technology">and technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" 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href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Sociology of knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">Sociology of the history of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnology" title="Sociotechnology">Sociotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_programme" title="Strong programme">Strong programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary-work" title="Boundary-work">Boundary-work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_hermeneutic" title="Double hermeneutic">Double hermeneutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logology_(science)" title="Logology (science)">Logology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapping_controversies" title="Mapping controversies">Mapping controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a> <ul><li><a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_controversy" title="Scientific controversy">controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_dissent" title="Scientific dissent">dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_enterprise" title="Scientific enterprise">enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">priority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientocracy" title="Scientocracy">Scientocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_team_science" title="Science of team science">Team science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Women in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">STEM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-production_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-production (society)">Co-production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">Design studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_adopter" title="Early adopter">Early adopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_studies" title="Engineering studies">Engineering studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hype_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_model_of_innovation" title="Linear model of innovation">linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">user</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging" title="Leapfrogging">Leapfrogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_process_theory" title="Normalization process theory">Normalization process theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_salient" title="Reverse salient">Reverse salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skunkworks_project" title="Skunkworks project">Skunkworks project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_change" title="Technical change">Technical change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li>Technological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">transitions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Technology <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" title="Criticism of technology">criticism of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_dynamics" title="Technology dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">theories of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">transfer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Women in engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">Evidence-based policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_10" title="Factor 10">Factor 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_science" title="Funding of science">Funding of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politicization_of_science" title="Politicization of science">Politicization of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_science" title="Regulation of science">Regulation of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_policy" title="History of science policy">history of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_science_policy" title="Science of science policy">science of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_management_(governance)" title="Transition management (governance)">Transition management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Category:Science and technology studies">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies_associations" title="Category:Science and technology studies associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies_journals" title="Category:Science and technology studies journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies_scholars" title="Category:Science and technology studies scholars">Scholars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sociology898" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eedde9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology2" title="Template:Sociology2"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology2" title="Template talk:Sociology2"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology2" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology2"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sociology898" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#eedde9;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_sociology_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of basic sociology topics">General aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Social research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Sociological theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological practice">Sociological practice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfields of sociology">Related fields<br />and subfields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_sociology" title="Comparative sociology">Comparative sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">Industrial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sociology_of12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%">Sociology of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of medicine">medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of sports">sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_small_groups" title="Sociology of small groups">small groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnology" title="Sociotechnology">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Major theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Key themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social 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