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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_nation-state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_nation-state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Before the nation-state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_nation-state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Specific cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kingdom of the Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irredentism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irredentism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Irredentism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irredentism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clash_of_civilizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clash_of_civilizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Clash of civilizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clash_of_civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nation state</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دولة قومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة قومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_naci%C3%B3n" title="Estáu nación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu nación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Milli dövlət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milli dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="میلی دؤولت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلی دؤولت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="জাতিরাষ্ট্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাতিরাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEn-cho%CC%8Dk_pang-kok" title="Bîn-cho̍k pang-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bîn-cho̍k pang-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нацыянальная дзяржава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянальная дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нацыянальная дзяржава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нацыянальная дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Национална държава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национална държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_naci%C3%B3" title="Estat nació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat nació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_st%C3%A1t" title="Národní stát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenedl-wladwriaeth" title="Cenedl-wladwriaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cenedl-wladwriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalstaat" title="Nationalstaat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationalstaat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusriik" title="Rahvusriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έθνος κράτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έθνος κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_naci%C3%B3n" title="Estado nación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado nación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacio-%C5%9Dtato" title="Nacio-ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacio-ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazio-estatu" title="Nazio-estatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazio-estatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_-_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت - ملت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت - ملت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat-nation" title="État-nation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État-nation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naasjesteat" title="Naasjesteat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Naasjesteat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_naci%C3%B3n" title="Estado nación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado nación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="국민 국가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민 국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राष्ट्र-राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राष्ट्र-राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_dr%C5%BEava" title="Nacionalna država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalna država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_bangsa" title="Negara bangsa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara bangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0r%C3%ADki" title="Þjóðríki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato-nazione" title="Stato-nazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato-nazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D" title="מדינת לאום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינת לאום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsang_estadu" title="Bangsang estadu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bangsang estadu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Ұлттық мемлекет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлттық мемлекет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewleta_yeknetewey%C3%AE" title="Dewleta yekneteweyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dewleta yekneteweyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81la_valsts" title="Nacionāla valsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionāla valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalin%C4%97_valstyb%C4%97" title="Nacionalinė valstybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nacionalinė valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_Naziun" title="Stat Naziun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat Naziun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzet%C3%A1llam" title="Nemzetállam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetállam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakana-firenena" title="Fanjakana-firenena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakana-firenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت-ملت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دولت-ملت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_bangsa" title="Negara bangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara bangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natiestaat" title="Natiestaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natiestaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国民国家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民国家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalstat" title="Nasjonalstat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nasjonalstat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalstat" title="Nasjonalstat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nasjonalstat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_nacion" title="Estat nacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat nacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਕੌਮੀ ਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮੀ ਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_narodowe" title="Państwo narodowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo narodowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado-na%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Estado-nação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado-nação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_na%C8%9Bional" title="Stat național – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat național" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Национальное государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальное государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naition_state" title="Naition state – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Naition state" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti_komb%C3%ABtar" title="Shteti kombëtar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti kombëtar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nation state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="قومي رياست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قومي رياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t" title="Národný štát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Národný štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_dr%C5%BEava" title="Nacionalna država – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nacionalna država" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دەوڵەتی نەتەوەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەتی نەتەوەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Национална држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национална држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_dr%C5%BEava" title="Nacionalna država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalna država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallisvaltio" title="Kansallisvaltio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansallisvaltio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalstat" title="Nationalstat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationalstat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="รัฐชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulus_devlet" title="Ulus devlet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulus devlet" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Political term for a state that is based around a nation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sovereign nation" redirects here. For the use of this term by Native Americans, see <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty in the United States</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2018 Israeli legislation, see <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Nation-State Bill</a>. For the government simulation browser game, see <a href="/wiki/NationStates" title="NationStates">NationStates</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/220px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/330px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/440px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4649" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of "The Ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Treaty of Münster</a>", one of the treaties leading to the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, where the concept of the "nation state" was born</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Seasonal or cultural festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>nation-state</b> is a political unit where the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a more precise concept than "<a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>", since a country does not need to have a predominant national or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> group. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, sometimes used in the sense of a common <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, may include a <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> or <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> who live outside the nation-state; some nations of this sense do not have a state where that ethnicity predominates. In a more general sense, a nation-state is simply a large, politically sovereign country or administrative territory. A nation-state may be contrasted with: </p> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>, a political unit made up of several territories and peoples, typically established through conquest and marked by a dominant center and subordinate peripheries.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational state</a>, where no one ethnic or cultural group dominates (such a state may also be considered a <a href="/wiki/Multicultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicultural">multicultural</a> state depending on the degree of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> of various groups).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>, which is both smaller than a "nation" in the sense of a "large sovereign country" and which may or may not be dominated by all or part of a single "nation" in the sense of a common ethnicity or culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Radan2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radan2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boll2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boll2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elazar1998_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elazar1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>, a league of sovereign states, which might or might not include nation-states.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated state</a>, which may or may not be a nation-state, and which is only partially self-governing within a larger <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> (for example, the state boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> are drawn along ethnic lines, but those of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are not).</li></ul> <p>This article mainly discusses the more specific definition of a nation-state as a typically sovereign country dominated by a particular ethnicity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complexity">Complexity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Complexity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between a nation (in the ethnic sense) and a state can be complex. The presence of a state can encourage <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a>, and a group with a pre-existing ethnic identity can influence the drawing of territorial boundaries or argue for <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a>. This definition of a "nation-state" is not universally accepted. "All attempts to develop terminological consensus around 'nation' failed", concludes academic <a href="/wiki/Valery_Tishkov" title="Valery Tishkov">Valery Tishkov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walker_Connor" title="Walker Connor">Walker Connor</a> discusses the impressions surrounding the characters of "<a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">(sovereign) state</a>", "nation-state", and "<a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>". Connor, who gave the term "<a href="/wiki/Ethnonationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonationalism">ethnonationalism</a>" wide currency, also discusses the tendency to confuse nation and state and the treatment of all states as if nation states.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></div> <p>The origins and early <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of nation-states are disputed. A major theoretical question is: "Which came first, the nation or the nation-state?" Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weber_(professor)" title="Steven Weber (professor)">Steven Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Woodward_(cartographer)" title="David Woodward (cartographer)">David Woodward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Jeremy Black</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have advanced the hypothesis that the nation-state did not arise out of political ingenuity or an unknown undetermined source, nor was it a political invention; rather, it is an inadvertent by-product of 15th-century intellectual discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined with <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cartography#Technological_changes" title="Cartography">advances in map-making technologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was with these intellectual discoveries and technological advances that the nation-state arose. </p><p>For others, the nation existed first, then nationalist movements arose for <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, and the nation-state was created to meet that demand. Some "<a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernization theories</a>" of nationalism see it as a product of government policies to unify and modernize an already existing state. Most theories see the nation-state as a 19th-century European phenomenon facilitated by developments such as state-mandated education, mass <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>. However, historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> also note the early emergence of a relatively unified state and identity in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some date the emergence of nations even earlier. <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hastings" title="Adrian Hastings">Adrian Hastings</a>, for instance, argued that <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Israel">Ancient Israel</a> as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> "gave the world the model of nationhood, and even nation-statehood"; however, after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">fall of Jerusalem</a>, the Jews lost this status for nearly two millennia, while still preserving their national identity until "the more inevitable rise of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>", in modern times, which sought to establish a <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">nation-state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> argues that the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> nation was not the result of <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a>, which would not emerge until the end of the 19th century, but rather the policies implemented by pre-existing French states. Many of these reforms were implemented since the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, at which time only half of the French people spoke some French – with only a quarter of those speaking the version of it found in literature and places of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-hobsbawm1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hobsbawm1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the number of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> speakers in Italy was even lower at the time of <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, similar arguments have been made regarding the modern <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> nation, with both the French and the Italian states promoting the replacement of various regional dialects and languages with <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized dialects</a>. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry_laws" title="Jules Ferry laws">1880s laws on public instruction</a> facilitated the creation of a national identity under this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1848_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/250px-Europe_1848_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/375px-Europe_1848_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/500px-Europe_1848_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> were democratic and liberal, intending to remove the old <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical</a> structures and creating independent nation-states.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some nation-states, such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, came into existence at least partly as a result of political campaigns by <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalists</a> during the 19th century. In both cases, the territory was previously divided among other states, some very small. At first, the sense of common identity was a cultural movement, such as in the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement"><i>Völkisch</i> movement</a> in German-speaking states, which rapidly acquired a political significance. In these cases, the nationalist sentiment and the nationalist movement precede the unification of the German and Italian nation-states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historians Hans Kohn, Liah Greenfeld, Philip White, and others have classified nations such as Germany or Italy, where they believe cultural unification preceded state unification, as <i>ethnic nations</i> or <i>ethnic nationalities</i>. However, "state-driven" national unifications, such as in France, England or China, are more likely to flourish in multiethnic societies, producing a traditional national heritage of <i>civic nations</i>, or <i>territory-based nationalities</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of a nation-state was and is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called the "<a href="/wiki/Westphalian_system" title="Westphalian system">Westphalian system</a>", following the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</a> (1648). The <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a>, which characterized that system, depended for its effectiveness upon clearly defined, centrally controlled, independent entities, whether <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a> or nation states, which recognize each other's sovereignty and territory. The Westphalian system did not create the nation-state, but the nation-state meets the criteria for its component states (by assuming that there is no disputed territory).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Before the Westphalian system, the closest geopolitical system was the "Chanyuan system" established in East Asia in 1005 through the <a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Treaty of Chanyuan</a>, which, like the Westphalian peace treaties, designated national borders between the independent regimes of China's <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and the semi-nomadic <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system was copied and developed in East Asia in the following centuries until the establishment of the pan-Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nation-state received a philosophical underpinning in the era of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, at first as the "natural" expression of the individual peoples (<a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>'s conception of the <i><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">Volk</a></i>, later opposed by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>). The increasing emphasis during the 19th century on the ethnic and racial origins of the nation led to a redefinition of the nation-state in these terms.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a>, which in <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Boulainvilliers" title="Henri de Boulainvilliers">Boulainvilliers</a>'s theories was inherently anti<a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotic</a> and antinationalist, joined itself with <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialist</a> imperialism and "continental <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>", most notably in <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Germanic">pan-Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Slavic">pan-Slavic</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between racism and ethnic nationalism reached its height in the 20th century through <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. The specific combination of "nation" ("people") and "state" expressed in such terms as the <i>völkischer Staat</i> and implemented in laws such as the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg laws">Nuremberg laws</a> made fascist states such as early <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> qualitatively different from non-fascist nation-states. <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">Minorities</a> were not considered part of the people (<i>Volk</i>) and were consequently denied to have an authentic or legitimate role in such a state. In Germany, neither <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> were considered part of the people, and both were specifically targeted for persecution. German <a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">nationality law</a> defined "German" based on German ancestry, excluding <i>all</i> non-Germans from the people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, a nation-state's claim to absolute <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> within its borders has been criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A global political system based on <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international agreements</a> and supra-national blocs characterized the post-war era. Non-state actors, such as international <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a>, are widely seen as eroding the economic and political power of nation-states. </p><p>According to Andreas Wimmer and Yuval Feinstein, nation-states tended to emerge when power shifts allowed nationalists to overthrow existing regimes or absorb existing administrative units.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xue Li and Alexander Hicks links the frequency of nation-state creation to processes of diffusion that emanate from international organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_nation-state">Before the nation-state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Before the nation-state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/300px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/450px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/600px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Dissolution of the multiethnic <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, during the 18th century, the classic non-national states were the <i>multiethnic</i> <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> (and its <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">empire</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> and smaller nations at what would now be called sub-state level. The multi-ethnic empire was a monarchy, usually <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute</a>, ruled by a king, <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population belonged to many ethnic groups, and they spoke many languages. The empire was dominated by one ethnic group, and their language was usually the language of public administration. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> was usually, but not always, from that group. </p><p>This type of state is not specifically European: such empires existed in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Chinese dynasties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, were all multiethnic regimes governed by a ruling ethnic group. In the three examples, their ruling ethnic groups were the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han-Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian people">Mongols</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, immediately after Muhammad died in 632, <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> were established.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caliphates were <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic states</a> under the leadership of a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-khalifate_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khalifate-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a> developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman sultan, <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (1512–1520) reclaimed the title of caliph, which had been in dispute and asserted by a diversity of rulers and "shadow caliphs" in the centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> Caliphate since the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Mongols' sacking of Baghdad</a> and the killing of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">last Abbasid Caliph</a> in Baghdad, Iraq 1258. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a> as an office of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was abolished under <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in 1924 as part of <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">Atatürk's Reforms</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png/330px-Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png/440px-Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="4672" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was a limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">state-like entities</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the smaller European states were not so ethnically diverse but were also <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic</a> states ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">royal house</a>. Their territory could expand by <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">royal intermarriage</a> or merge with another state when the dynasty merged. In some parts of Europe, notably <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, minimal territorial units existed. They were recognized by their neighbours as independent and had their government and laws. Some were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">princes</a> or other hereditary rulers; some were governed by <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a>. Because they were so small, however, they had no separate language or culture: the inhabitants shared the language of the surrounding region. </p><p>In some cases, these states were overthrown by nationalist uprisings in the 19th century. Liberal ideas of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> played a role in German unification, which was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> and the German alliances in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> were decisive in the unification. The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> broke up after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in most of its multinational territory after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. </p><p>A few of the smaller states survived: the independent principalities of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, and the Republic of <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> is a special case. All of the larger <a href="/wiki/Papal_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal State">Papal States</a> save the Vatican itself were occupied and absorbed by Italy by 1870. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> was resolved with the rise of the modern state under the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Lateran_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran treaties">Lateran treaties</a> between <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nation_state" title="Special:EditPage/Nation state">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_border_changes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/260px-Cold_War_border_changes.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/390px-Cold_War_border_changes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/520px-Cold_War_border_changes.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Changes in national boundaries after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">reunification of Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>"Legitimate states that govern effectively and dynamic industrial economies are widely regarded today [2004] as the defining characteristics of a modern nation-state."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nation-states have their characteristics differing from pre-national states. For a start, they have a different attitude to their territory compared to dynastic monarchies: it is semisacred and nontransferable. No nation would swap territory with other states simply, for example, because the king's daughter married. They have a different type of <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a>, in principle, defined only by the national group's settlement area. However, many nation-states also sought natural borders (rivers, mountain ranges). They are constantly changing in population size and power because of the limited restrictions of their borders. </p><p>The most noticeable characteristic is the degree to which nation-states use the state as an instrument of national unity in economic, social and cultural life. </p><p>The nation-state promoted economic unity by abolishing internal <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">tolls</a>. In Germany, that process, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>, preceded formal national unity. Nation states typically have a policy to create and maintain national transportation infrastructure, facilitating trade and travel. In 19th-century Europe, the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> networks was at first largely a matter for <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private</a> railway companies but gradually came under the control of the national governments. The French rail network, with its main lines radiating from Paris to all corners of France, is often seen as a reflection of the centralised French nation-state, which <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_France" title="History of rail transport in France">directed its construction</a>. Nation states continue to build, for instance, specifically national <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> networks. Specifically, transnational infrastructure programmes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Networks" title="Trans-European Networks">Trans-European Networks</a>, are a recent innovation. </p><p>The nation-states typically had a more centralised and uniform <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> than their imperial predecessors: they were smaller, and the population was less diverse. (The internal diversity of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, for instance, was very great.) After the 19th-century triumph of the nation-state in Europe, regional identity was subordinate to national identity in regions such as <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. In many cases, the regional administration was also subordinated to the central (national) government. This process was partially reversed from the 1970s onward, with the introduction of various forms of <a href="/wiki/Regional_autonomy" title="Regional autonomy">regional autonomy</a>, in formerly <a href="/wiki/Centralised_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralised government">centralised</a> states such as <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. </p><p>The most apparent impact of the nation-state, as compared to its non-national predecessors, is creating a uniform national <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> through state policy. The model of the nation-state implies that its population constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, united by a common descent, a common language and many forms of shared culture. When implied unity was absent, the nation-state often tried to create it. It promoted a uniform national language through <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policy</a>. The creation of national systems of compulsory <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> and a relatively uniform <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> in secondary schools was the most effective instrument in the spread of the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a>. The schools also taught national history, often in a <a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">propagandistic and mythologised version</a>, and (especially during conflicts) some nation-states still teach this kind of history.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Language and cultural policy was sometimes hostile, aimed at suppressing non-national elements. Language <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibitions</a> were sometimes used to accelerate the adoption of national languages and the decline of <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a> (see examples: <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarization">Bulgarization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatization" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatization">Croatization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisation">Francisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyarisation">Magyarisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonisation">Polonisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbization" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbization">Serbization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovakisation">Slovakisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>). </p><p>In some cases, these policies triggered bitter conflicts and further ethnic <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a>. But where it worked, the cultural uniformity and homogeneity of the population increased. Conversely, the cultural divergence at the border became sharper: in theory, a uniform French identity extends from the Atlantic coast to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, and on the other bank of the Rhine, a uniform German identity begins. Both sides have divergent <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policy</a> and educational systems to enforce that model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_practice">In practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_1923-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/260px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/390px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/520px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_(1914%E2%80%93present)" title="List of national border changes (1914–present)">territorial changes in Europe</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (as of 1923)</figcaption></figure> <p>The notion of a unifying "national identity" also extends to countries that host multiple ethnic or language groups, such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> is constitutionally a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> and has four official languages. Still, it also has a "Swiss" national identity, a national history and a classic national hero, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Tell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Tell">Wilhelm Tell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Innumerable conflicts have arisen where political boundaries did not correspond with ethnic or cultural boundaries. </p><p>After World War II in the <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> era, nationalism was appealed to for uniting <a href="/wiki/South_Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="South Slav">South Slav</a> peoples. Later in the 20th century, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, leaders appealed to ancient ethnic feuds or tensions that ignited conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, eventually breaking up the long collaboration of peoples. Ethnic cleansing was carried out in the Balkans, destroying the formerly <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a> and producing the civil wars in <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> in 1992–95, resulting in mass population displacements and segregation that radically altered what was once a highly diverse and intermixed ethnic makeup of the region. These conflicts were mainly about creating a new political framework of states, each of which would be ethnically and politically homogeneous. Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks insisted they were ethnically distinct, although many communities had a long history of intermarriage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is a classic example of a state that is not a nation-state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The state was formed by <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> in 1830, whose neutrality and integrity was protected by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London 1839">Treaty of London 1839</a>; thus, it served as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> after the Napoleonic Wars between the European powers <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (after 1871 the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when the Germans breached its neutrality. Currently, Belgium is divided between the <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/French-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking">French-speaking</a> population in the south, and the German-speaking population in the east. The <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> population in the north speaks Dutch, the <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon</a> population in the south speaks either <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> or, in the east of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège Province</a>, German. The Brussels population speaks French or Dutch. </p><p>The Flemish identity is also cultural, and there is a strong separatist movement espoused by the political parties, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">New Flemish Alliance</a>. The Francophone <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon</a> identity of Belgium is linguistically distinct and <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalist</a>. There is also unitary <a href="/wiki/Belgian_nationalism" title="Belgian nationalism">Belgian nationalism</a>, several versions of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</a> ideal, and a <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_community_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking community of Belgium">German-speaking community of Belgium</a> annexed from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1920 and re-annexed by Germany in 1940–1944. However, these ideologies are all very marginal and politically insignificant during elections. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png/300px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png/450px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png/600px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of mainland China and Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> covers a large geographic area and uses the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a>" or Chinese nationality, in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a>. Still, it also officially recognizes the majority <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> ethnic group which accounts for over 90% of the population, and no fewer than 55 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic national minorities</a>. </p><p>According to Philip G. Roeder, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> is an example of a Soviet-era "segment-state" (<a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a>), where the "nation-state project of the segment-state trumped the nation-state project of prior statehood. In Moldova, despite strong agitation from university faculty and students for reunification with <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, the nation-state project forged within the Moldavian SSR trumped the project for a return to the interwar nation-state project of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Roeder2007_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roeder2007-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_linguistic_and_ethnic_identity_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova">Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova</a> for further details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_cases">Specific cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Specific cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nation_state" title="Talk:Nation state">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> in 1948. Its "<a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws</a>" describe it as both a Jewish and a democratic state. The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People</a> (2018) explicitly specifies the nature of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, 75.7% of Israel's population are Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a>, who make up 20.4% of the population, are the largest ethnic minority in Israel. Israel also has very small communities of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also some non-Jewish spouses of Israeli Jews. However, these communities are very small, and usually number only in the hundreds or thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kingdom of the Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> presents an unusual example in which one kingdom represents four distinct countries. The four countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">provinces in continental Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">special municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> <p>Each is expressly designated as a <i>land</i> in <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Dutch law</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span> and the Austrian <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesländer</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">landen</i></span> is consistently translated as "countries" by the Dutch government.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMN_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newstatus_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newstatus-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberian_Kingdoms_in_1400.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Iberian_Kingdoms_in_1400.svg/220px-Iberian_Kingdoms_in_1400.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Iberian_Kingdoms_in_1400.svg/330px-Iberian_Kingdoms_in_1400.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Iberian_Kingdoms_in_1400.svg/440px-Iberian_Kingdoms_in_1400.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Iberian Kingdoms in 1400</figcaption></figure> <p>While historical monarchies often brought together different kingdoms/territories/ethnic groups under the same crown, in modern nation states political elites seek a uniformity of the population, leading to state nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the Christian territories of the future <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, neighboring <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, there was an early perception of ethnicity, faith and shared territory in the Middle Ages (13th–14th centuries), as documented by the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Muntaner" title="Chronicle of Muntaner">Chronicle of Muntaner</a> in the proposal of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)">Castilian king</a> to the other Christian kings of the peninsula: "...<i>if these four Kings of Spain whom he named, who are of one flesh and blood, held together, little need they fear all the other powers of the world.</i>..".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the dynastic union of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> in the 15th century, the Spanish Monarchy ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and the kings had to swear by the <a href="/wiki/Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws">Laws</a> of each territory before the respective <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliaments</a>. Forming the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, at this time the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Hispanic Monarchy</a> had its maximum territorial expansion. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, rooted in the political position of the <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares">Count-Duke of Olivares</a> and the absolutism of <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a>, the assimilation of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilian Crown</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Decrees of Nueva Planta</a> was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state. As in other contemporary European states, political union was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state, in this case not on a uniform <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> basis, but through the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group, in this case the Castilians, over those of other ethnic groups, who became <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">national minorities</a> to be assimilated.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan-speaking territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>) and other national minorities, as <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a>, have been a historical constant.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Recopilació_d'accions_genocides_con_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recopilació_d'accions_genocides_con-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-galeusca2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galeusca2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a,_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg/300px-Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg/450px-Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg/600px-Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>School map of Spain from 1850. On it, the State is divided into four parts: – "Fully constitutional Spain", which includes Castile and the Galician-speaking territories. – "Annexed or assimilated Spain": the territories of the Crown of Aragon, the more significant part of which, except Aragon proper, are Catalan-speaking-, "Foral Spain", which includes Basque-speaking territories, – and "Colonial Spain", with the last overseas colonial territories.</figcaption></figure> <p>The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed."<sup id="cite_ref-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish."<sup id="cite_ref-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0222_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still in force,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been, and still are, the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the State. </p><p>Although official Spanish history describes a "natural" decline of the Catalan language and increasing replacement by Spanish between the 16th and 19th centuries, especially among the upper classes, a survey of language usage in 1807, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, indicates that except in the royal courts, Spanish is absent from everyday life. It is indicated that Catalan "is taught in schools, printed and spoken, not only among the lower class, but also among people of first quality, also in social gatherings, as in visits and congresses", indicating that it is spoken everywhere "except in the royal courts". He also indicates that Catalan is also spoken "in the Kingdom of Valencia, in the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Sardinia, Corsica and much of Sicily, in the Vall of Aran and Cerdaña".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The nationalization process accelerated in the 19th century, in parallel to the origin of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a>, the social, political and ideological movement that tried to shape a Spanish national identity based on the Castilian model, in conflict with the other historical nations of the State. Politicians of the time were aware that despite the aggressive policies pursued up to that time, the uniform and monocultural "Spanish nation" did not exist, as indicated in 1835 by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Antonio Alcalá Galiano">Antonio Alcalà Galiano</a>, when in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortes_del_Estatuto_Real&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortes del Estatuto Real (page does not exist)">Cortes del Estatuto Real</a> he defended the effort </p><blockquote><p>"To make the Spanish nation a nation that neither is nor has been until now."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In 1906, the Catalanist party <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Solidarity_(1906)" title="Catalan Solidarity (1906)">Solidaritat Catalana</a> was founded to try to mitigate the economically and culturally oppressive treatment of Spain towards the Catalans. One of the responses of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a> came from the military state with statements such as that of the publication <a href="/wiki/La_Correspondencia_Militar" title="La Correspondencia Militar">La Correspondencia militar</a>: "The Catalan problem is not solved, well, by freedom, but by restriction; not by palliatives and pacts, but by iron and fire". Another came from important Spanish intellectuals, such as <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Baroja" title="Pío Baroja">Pio Baroja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Blasco_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Vicente Blasco Ibáñez">Blasco Ibáñez</a>, calling the Catalans "<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>", considered a serious insult at that time when <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">racism</a> was gaining strength.<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building the nation (as in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, it was the state that created the nation, and not the opposite process) is an ideal that the Spanish elites constantly reiterated, and, one hundred years later than Alcalá Galiano, for example, we can also find it in the mouth of the fascist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Pemart%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Pemartín (page does not exist)">José Pemartín</a>, who admired the German and Italian modeling policies:<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"There is an intimate and decisive dualism, both in Italian fascism and in German National Socialism. On the one hand, the Hegelian doctrine of the absolutism of the state is felt. The State originates in the Nation, educates and shapes the mentality of the individual; is, in Mussolini's words, the soul of the soul»</p></blockquote><p> And will be found again two hundred years later, from the socialist <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p> The modern history of Spain is an unfortunate history that meant that we did not consolidate a modern State. Independenceists think that the nation makes the State. I think the opposite. The State makes the nation. A strong State, which imposes its language, culture, education.</p></blockquote><p> The turn of the 20th century, and the first half of that century, have seen the most ethnic violence, coinciding with a racism that even came to identify states with races; in the case of Spain, with a supposed Spanish race sublimated in Castilian, of which national minorities were degenerate forms, and the first of those that needed to be exterminated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were even public proposals for the repression of whole Catalonia, and even the extermination of Catalans, such as that of Juan Pujol, Head of Press and Propaganda of the Junta de Defensa Nacional during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, in <i>La Voz de España</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that of <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Queipo_de_Llano" title="Gonzalo Queipo de Llano">Queipo de Llano</a>, in a radio address<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1936, among others. </p><p>The influence of Spanish nationalism could be found in a pogrom in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Argentina)" title="Tragic Week (Argentina)">Tragic Week</a>, in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was called to attack Jews and <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a> indiscriminately, possibly because the influence of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a>, which at the time described Catalans as a Semitic ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Also, one can find discourses on the alienation of <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan speakers</a>, such as, for example, an article entitled «Cataluña bilingüe», by <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pidal" title="Ramón Menéndez Pidal">Menéndez Pidal</a>, in which he defends the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanones_decree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanones decree (page does not exist)">Romanones decree</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>, published in <a href="/wiki/El_Imparcial_(1867%E2%80%931933)" title="El Imparcial (1867–1933)">El Imparcial</a>, on 15 December 1902:<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>«… There they will see that the Courts of the Catalan-Aragonese Confederation never had Catalan as their official language; that the kings of Aragon, even those of the Catalan dynasty, used Catalan only in Catalonia, and used Spanish not only in the Cortes of Aragon, but also in foreign relations, the same with Castile or Navarre as with the infidel kings of Granada , from Africa or Asia, because even in the most important days of Catalonia, Spanish prevailed as the language of the Aragonese kingdom and Catalan was reserved for the peculiar affairs of the Catalan county..."</p></blockquote><p>or the article "Los Catalanes. A las Cortes Constituyentes », appeared in several newspapers, among others: <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dia_de_Alicante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Dia de Alicante (page does not exist)">El Dia de Alicante</a>, June 23, 1931, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Porvenir_Castellano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Porvenir Castellano (page does not exist)">El Porvenir Castellano</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Noticiero_de_Soria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Noticiero de Soria (page does not exist)">El Noticiero de Soria</a>, July 2, 1931, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraldo_de_Almeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraldo de Almeria (page does not exist)">Heraldo de Almeria</a> on June 4, 1931, sent by the "Pro-Justice Committee", with a post office box in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_72-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"The Catalanists have recently declared that they are not Spanish, nor do they want to be, nor can they be. They have also been saying for a long time that they are an oppressed, enslaved, exploited people. It is imperative to do them justice... That they return to Phenicia or that they go wherever they want to admit them. When the Catalan tribes saw Spain and settled in the Spanish territory that is now occupied by the provinces of Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona, how little they imagined that the case of the captivity of the tribes of Israel in Egypt would be repeated there! !... Let us respect his most holy will. They are eternally inadaptable... Their cowardice and selfishness leaves them no room for fraternity... So, we propose to the Constituent Cortes the expulsion of the Catalanists... You are free! The Republic opens wide the doors of Spain, your prison. go away Get out of here. Go back to Phenicia, or go wherever you want, how big is the world."</p></blockquote><p>The main scapegoat of Spanish nationalism is the non-Spanish languages, which over the last three hundred years have been tried to be replaced by Spanish with hundreds of laws and regulations,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also with acts of great violence, such as during the civil war. For example, the statements of Queipo de Llano can be found in the article entitled "Against Catalonia, the Israel of the Modern World", published in the <a href="/wiki/Diario_Palentino" title="Diario Palentino">Diario Palentino</a> on November 26, 1936, where it is dropped that in <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> Catalans are considered a race of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, because they use the same procedures that the <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a> perform in all the nations of the Globe. And considering the Catalans as Hebrews and considering his <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitism</a> "Our struggle is not a civil war, but a war for Western civilization against the Jewish world," it is not surprising that Queipo de Llano expressed his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catalanism">anti-Catalan</a> intentions: "When the war is over, Pompeu Fabra and his works will be dragged along the Ramblas"<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_72-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (it was not talk to talk, the house of <a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra" title="Pompeu Fabra">Pompeu Fabra</a>, the standardizer of Catalan language, was raided and his huge personal library burned in the middle of the street. Pompeu Fabra was able to escape into exile).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> aggression towards the Catalan language is pointed out by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a> in "The Spanish Holocaust",<sup id="cite_ref-Holo2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holo2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given that during the civil war it practically led to an ethnic conflict:</p><blockquote><p>"In the days following the occupation of Lleida (…), the republican prisoners identified as Catalans were executed without trial. Anyone who heard them speak Catalan was very likely to be arrested. The arbitrary brutality of the anti-Catalan repression reached such a point that Franco himself had to issue an order ordering that mistakes that could later be regretted be avoided ". "There are examples of the murder of peasants for no other apparent reason than that of speaking Catalan"</p></blockquote><p>After a possible attempt at <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Recopilació_d'accions_genocides_con_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recopilació_d'accions_genocides_con-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0222_72-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitical</a> imposition of Spanish during the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Franco dictatorship</a>, to the point of being considered an attempt at <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>, democracy consolidated an apparent asymmetric regime of <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> of sorts, wherein the Spanish government has employed a system of laws that favored Spanish over Catalan,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which becomes the weaker of the two languages, and therefore, in the absence of other states where it is spoken, is doomed to extinction in the medium or short term. In the same vein, its use in the Spanish Congress is prevented,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is prevented from achieving official status Europe, unlike less spoken languages such as <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other institutional areas, such as justice, <a href="/wiki/Plataforma_per_la_Llengua" title="Plataforma per la Llengua">Plataforma per la Llengua</a> has denounced <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catalanism">Catalanophobia</a>. The association <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soberania_i_Just%C3%ADcia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soberania i Justícia (page does not exist)">Soberania i Justícia</a> have also denounced it in an act in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. It also takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_secessionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic secessionism">linguistic secessionism</a>, originally advocated by the Spanish extreme right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-dbalears.cat_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbalears.cat-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2005, <a href="/wiki/%C3%92mnium_Cultural" title="Òmnium Cultural">Omnium Cultural</a> organized a meeting of Catalan and Madrid intellectuals in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Círculo de Bellas Artes">Círculo de bellas artes</a> in Madrid to show support for ongoing reform of Catalan Statute of Autonomy, which sought to resolve territorial tensions, and among other things better protect the Catalan language. On the Catalan side, a flight was made with one hundred representatives of the cultural, civic, intellectual, artistic and sporting world of Catalonia, but on the Spanish side, except <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Carrillo" title="Santiago Carrillo">Santiago Carrillo</a>, a politician from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a>, did not attend any more.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent failure of the statutory reform with respect to its objectives opened the door to the growth of Catalan sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from language discrimination by public officials,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. in the hospitals,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prohibition until September 2023 (47 years after Franco's death) of using the Catalan language in state institutions such as Court,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite being the former <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, with three Catalan-speaking territories, one of the co-founders of the current Spanish state, is nothing more than the continuation of the foreignization of Catalan-speaking people from the first third of the 20th century, in full swing of state racism and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. It also can be pointed the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_secessionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic secessionism">linguistic secessionism</a>, originally advocated by the Spanish far right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-dbalears.cat_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbalears.cat-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By fragmenting Catalan language into as many languages as territories, it becomes inoperative, economically suffocated, and becomes a political toy in the hands of territorial politicians. </p><p>Susceptible to be classified as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">ethnic democracy</a>, the Spanish State currently only recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> as a national minority, excluding <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a> (and, of course, Valencians and Balearic), <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a>. However, it is evident to any external observer that there are social diversities within the Spanish State that qualify as manifestations of national minorities, such as, for example, the existence of the main three linguistic minorities in their ancestral territories.<sup id="cite_ref-:042_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:042-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nation state is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Nation state is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.53%;left:75.758%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/34px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/51px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/69px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.191%;left:51.042%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/34px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/51px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/68px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="599" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.5%;left:30.303%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Northern Ireland"><img alt="Northern Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NI_shield.svg/32px-NI_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NI_shield.svg/47px-NI_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NI_shield.svg/63px-NI_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="291" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.799%;left:53.889%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg/33px-Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg/50px-Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg/66px-Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="508" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg" title="File:United Kingdom adm location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is an unusual example of a nation state due to its "countries within a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>". The United Kingdom is formed by the union of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, but it is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> formed initially by the merger of two independent kingdoms, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> (which already included Wales) and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> (1707) that set out the agreed terms has ensured the continuation of distinct features of each state, including separate <a href="/wiki/Law_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Law in the United Kingdom">legal systems</a> and separate <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">national churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> described the United Kingdom as "countries within a country".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> and others describe the United Kingdom as a "nation state",<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others, including a then Prime Minister, describe it as a "<a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational state</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term <a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> is used to describe the four national teams that represent the four nations of the United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some refer to it as a "Union State".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minorities">Minorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nation_state" title="Special:EditPage/Nation state">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most obvious deviation from the ideal of "one nation, one state" is the presence of minorities, especially <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a>, which are clearly not members of the majority nation. An ethnic nationalist definition of a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> is necessarily exclusive: ethnic nations typically do not have open membership. In most cases, there is a clear idea that surrounding nations are different, and that includes members of those nations who live on the "wrong side" of the border. Historical examples of groups who have been specifically singled out as <i>outsiders</i> are the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in Europe. </p><p>Negative responses to minorities within the nation state have ranged from <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> enforced by the state, to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">expulsion</a>, persecution, violence, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">extermination</a>. The assimilation policies are usually enforced by the state, but violence against minorities is not always state-initiated: it can occur in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mob_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob violence">mob violence</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>. Nation states are responsible for some of the worst historical examples of violence against minorities not considered part of the nation. </p><p>However, many nation states accept specific minorities as being part of the nation, and the term <i>national minority</i> is often used in this sense. The <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> in Germany are an example: for centuries they have lived in German-speaking states, surrounded by a much larger ethnic German population, and they have no other historical territory. They are now generally considered to be part of the German nation and are accepted as such by the Federal Republic of Germany, which constitutionally guarantees their cultural rights. Of the thousands of ethnic and cultural minorities in nation states across the world, only a few have this level of acceptance and protection. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> is an official policy in some states, establishing the ideal of coexisting existence among multiple and separate ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups. Other states prefer the <a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">interculturalism</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>" approach) alternative to multiculturalism, citing <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">problems</a> with latter as promoting <a href="/wiki/Self-segregation" title="Self-segregation">self-segregation</a> tendencies among minority groups, challenging national cohesion, polarizing society in groups that can't relate to one another, generating problems in regard to minorities and immigrants' fluency in the national language of use and integration with the rest of society (generating hate and persecution against them from the "otherness" they would generate in such a case according to its adherents), without minorities having to give up certain parts of their culture before being absorbed into a now changed majority culture by their contribution. Many nations have laws protecting <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a>. </p><p>When national boundaries that do not match ethnic boundaries are drawn, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, ethnic tension, massacres and even <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, sometimes has occurred historically (see <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irredentism">Irredentism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Irredentism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nation_state" title="Special:EditPage/Nation state">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazi_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nazi_Germany.svg/220px-Nazi_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nazi_Germany.svg/330px-Nazi_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nazi_Germany.svg/440px-Nazi_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>The Greater German Reich under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>In principle, the border of a nation state would extend far enough to include all the members of the nation, and all of the national <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homeland</a>. Again, in practice, some of them always live on the 'wrong side' of the border. Part of the national homeland may be there too, and it may be governed by the 'wrong' nation. The response to the non-inclusion of territory and population may take the form of <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a>: demands to annex <i>unredeemed</i> territory and incorporate it into the nation state. </p><p>Irredentist claims are usually based on the fact that an identifiable part of the national group lives across the border. However, they can include claims to territory where no members of that nation live at present, because they lived there in the past, the national language is spoken in that region, the national culture has influenced it, geographical unity with the existing territory, or a wide variety of other reasons. Past grievances are usually involved and can cause <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a>. </p><p>It is sometimes difficult to distinguish irredentism from <a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">pan-nationalism</a>, since both claim that all members of an ethnic and cultural nation belong in one specific state. Pan-nationalism is less likely to specify the nation ethnically. For instance, variants of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> have different ideas about what constituted <a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland_and_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland">Greater Germany</a>, including the confusing term <i>Grossdeutschland</i>, which, in fact, implied the inclusion of huge <a href="/wiki/Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav">Slavic</a> minorities from the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. </p><p>Typically, irredentist demands are at first made by members of non-state nationalist movements. When they are adopted by a state, they typically result in tensions, and actual attempts at annexation are always considered a <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i>, a cause for <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>. In many cases, such claims result in long-term hostile relations between neighbouring states. Irredentist movements typically circulate maps of the claimed national territory, the <i>greater</i> nation state. That territory, which is often much larger than the existing state, plays a central role in their propaganda. </p><p>Irredentism should not be confused with claims to overseas colonies, which are not generally considered part of the national homeland. Some French overseas colonies would be an exception: <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">French rule in Algeria</a> unsuccessfully treated the colony as a <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Département in France">département</a></i> of France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been speculated by both proponents of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writers that the concept of a nation state may disappear with the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such ideas are sometimes expressed around concepts of a <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>. Another possibility is a <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a> and move into communal anarchy or zero world government, in which nation states no longer exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clash_of_civilizations">Clash of civilizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Clash of civilizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory of the <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Clash of civilizations">clash of civilizations</a> lies in direct contrast to <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> theories about an ever more connected world that no longer requires nation states. According to <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>, people's cultural and religious <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identities</a> will be the primary source of conflict in the post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> world. </p><p>The theory was originally formulated in a 1992 lecture<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, which was then developed in a 1993 <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> article titled "The Clash of Civilizations?",<sup id="cite_ref-FAarticle_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAarticle-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>'s 1992 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i>. Huntington later expanded his <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> in a 1996 book <i>The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order</i>. </p><p>Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and capitalist <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economics had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama, in <i>The End of History and the Last Man</i>, argued that the world had reached a <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegelian</a> "end of history". </p><p>Huntington believed that while the age of <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> had ended, the world had reverted only to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. </p><p>As an extension, he posits that the concept of different <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a>, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. </p><p>In the 1993 <i>Foreign Affairs</i> article, Huntington writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.<sup id="cite_ref-FAarticle_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAarticle-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Joireman" title="Sandra Joireman">Sandra Joireman</a> suggests that Huntington may be characterised as a neo-<a href="/wiki/Primordialism" title="Primordialism">primordialist</a>, as, while he sees people as having strong ties to their ethnicity, he does not believe that these ties have always existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Joireman_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joireman-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist historiography</a></div> <p>Historians often look to the past to find the origins of a particular nation state. Indeed, they often put so much emphasis on the importance of the nation state in modern times, that they distort the history of earlier periods in order to emphasize the question of origins. Lansing and English argue that much of the medieval history of Europe was structured to follow the historical winners—especially the nation states that emerged around Paris and London. Important developments that did not directly lead to a nation state get neglected, they argue: </p> <dl><dd>one effect of this approach has been to privilege historical winners, aspects of medieval Europe that became important in later centuries, above all the nation state.... Arguably the liveliest cultural innovation in the 13th century was the Mediterranean, centered on <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>'s polyglot court and administration in Palermo...Sicily and the Italian South in later centuries suffered a long slide into overtaxed poverty and marginality. Textbook narratives, therefore, focus not on medieval Palermo, with its Muslim and Jewish bureaucracies and Arabic-speaking monarch, but on the historical winners, Paris and London.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State nationalism">State nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_nation" title="Titular nation">Titular nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Dutch Empire of the time was a monarchy in all but name, ruled (mostly) by a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCederman1997" class="citation book cs1">Cederman, Lars-Erik (1997). <i>Emergent Actors in World Politics: How States and Nations Develop and Dissolve</i>. Vol. 39. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1416488">10.2307/j.ctv1416488</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02148-5"><bdi>978-0-691-02148-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1416488">j.ctv1416488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140438685">140438685</a>. <q>When the state and the nation coincide territorially and demographically, the resulting unit is a nation-state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergent+Actors+in+World+Politics%3A+How+States+and+Nations+Develop+and+Dissolve&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1416488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140438685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1416488%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02148-5&rft.aulast=Cederman&rft.aufirst=Lars-Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker1992" class="citation book cs1">Brubaker, Rogers (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PXP7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25299-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25299-8"><bdi>978-0-674-25299-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>A state is a nation-state in this minimal sense insofar as it claims (and is understood) to be a nation's state: the state 'of' and 'for' a particular, distinctive, bounded nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Nationhood+in+France+and+Germany&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-25299-8&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPXP7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHechter2000" class="citation book cs1">Hechter, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3jnCwAAQBAJ"><i>Containing Nationalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829742-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829742-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829742-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Containing+Nationalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829742-0&rft.aulast=Hechter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3jnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellner2008" class="citation book cs1">Gellner, Ernest (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPHpUSUAsF0C"><i>Nations and Nationalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7500-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-7500-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7500-9&rft.aulast=Gellner&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPHpUSUAsF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radan2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radan2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Radan2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Radan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-e5ciqlbvcwC&pg=PA14"><i>The break-up of Yugoslavia and international law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25352-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25352-9"><bdi>978-0-415-25352-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2010</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+break-up+of+Yugoslavia+and+international+law&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25352-9&rft.au=Peter+Radan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-e5ciqlbvcwC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boll2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boll2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Michael_Boll2007" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Michael Boll (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr6Y45439A0C&pg=PA67"><i>Multiple nationality and international law</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14838-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14838-3"><bdi>978-90-04-14838-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2010</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+and+civil+society%3A+the+constitutional+matrix+of+modern+democracy&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-311-3&rft.au=Daniel+Judah+Elazar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEiOpZbl0eXIC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTishkov2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tishkov, Valery (2000). 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"A Theory Of The Origin Of The State". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>169</b> (3947): 733–738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Sci...169..733C">1970Sci...169..733C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733">10.1126/science.169.3947.733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17820299">17820299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11536431">11536431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Theory+Of+The+Origin+Of+The+State&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=3947&rft.pages=733-738&rft.date=1970-08-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11536431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17820299&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Sci...169..733C&rft.aulast=Carneiro&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Foucault Lectures at the Collège de France Security, Territory, Population 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Direct Georeferencing : A New Standard in Photogrammetry for High Accuracy Mapping Volume XXXIX, pp. 5–9, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>International Archives of the Photogrammetry On Borders: From Ancient to Postmodern Times</i>. 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Summer 2011. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=1992">the original</a></span> on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=How+Maps+Made+the+World&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsonquarterly.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FAID%3D1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Branch, Jordan Nathaniel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tt0p94m"><i>Mapping the Sovereign State: Cartographic Technology, Political Authority, and Systemic Change</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span> – via eScholarship. <q>Abstract: How did modern territorial states come to replace earlier forms of organization, defined by a wide variety of territorial and non-territorial forms of authority? Answering this question can help to explain both where our international political system came from and where it might be going.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mapping+the+Sovereign+State%3A+Cartographic+Technology%2C+Political+Authority%2C+and+Systemic+Change&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Jordan+Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F2tt0p94m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2004" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Howard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kw5vLbYq-4C&q=early+emergence+of+a+relatively+unified+state,+and+a+sense+of+common+identity,+in+Portugal+and+the+Dutch+Republic.&pg=PA344"><i>Understanding the Global Economy</i></a>. Peace Education Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748961-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748961-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9748961-0-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Global+Economy&rft.pub=Peace+Education+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9748961-0-6&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Kw5vLbYq-4C%26q%3Dearly%2Bemergence%2Bof%2Ba%2Brelatively%2Bunified%2Bstate%2C%2Band%2Ba%2Bsense%2Bof%2Bcommon%2Bidentity%2C%2Bin%2BPortugal%2Band%2Bthe%2BDutch%2BRepublic.%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1997" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Adrian (1997). <i>The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59391-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59391-3"><bdi>0-521-59391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Nationhood%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Religion+and+Nationalism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-59391-3&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hobsbawm1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hobsbawm1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm, Eric</a> (1992). <i>Nations and nationalism since 1780</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521439612" title="Special:BookSources/0521439612"><bdi>0521439612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+nationalism+since+1780&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0521439612&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trinitycollegelawreview.org/french-language-law-the-attempted-ruination-of-frances-linguistic-diversity/">"French language law: The attempted ruination of France's linguistic diversity"</a>. <i>Trinity College Law Review (TCLR) | <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></i>. 4 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinity+College+Law+Review+%28TCLR%29+%7C+Trinity+College+Dublin&rft.atitle=French+language+law%3A+The+attempted+ruination+of+France%27s+linguistic+diversity.&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrinitycollegelawreview.org%2Ffrench-language-law-the-attempted-ruination-of-frances-linguistic-diversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kohn" title="Hans Kohn">Kohn, Hans</a> (1965) [1955]. <i>Nationalism: Its Meaning & History</i> (Reprint ed.). Krieger Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0898744798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0898744798"><bdi>978-0898744798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%3A+Its+Meaning+%26+History&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Krieger+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0898744798&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfeld1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liah_Greenfeld" title="Liah Greenfeld">Greenfeld, Liah</a> (1992). <i>Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674603196" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674603196"><bdi>978-0674603196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%3A+Five+Roads+to+Modernity&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0674603196&rft.aulast=Greenfeld&rft.aufirst=Liah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_L._White" title="Philip L. White">White, Philip L.</a> (2006). "Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State". In <a href="/wiki/A._G._Hopkins" title="A. G. Hopkins">Hopkins, A. G.</a> (ed.). <i>Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 257–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403987938" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403987938"><bdi>978-1403987938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Globalization+and+the+Mythology+of+the+Nation+State&rft.btitle=Global+History%3A+Interactions+Between+the+Universal+and+the+Local&rft.pages=257-284&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1403987938&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yuan Julian (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37471839">"Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese History</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 313–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2018.7">10.1017/jch.2018.7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2059-1632">2059-1632</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133980555">133980555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+History&rft.atitle=Frontier%2C+Fortification%2C+and+Forestation%3A+Defensive+Woodland+on+the+Song%E2%80%93Liao+Border+in+the+Long+Eleventh+Century&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-334&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133980555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2059-1632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2018.7&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yuan+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37471839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakhomov2022" class="citation book cs1">Pakhomov, Oleg (2022). <i>Political Culture of East Asia – a civilization of total power</i>. [S.l.]: Springer-Verlag, Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-0778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-0778-4"><bdi>978-981-19-0778-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1304248303">1304248303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+of+East+Asia+%E2%80%93+a+civilization+of+total+power&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1304248303&rft.isbn=978-981-19-0778-4&rft.aulast=Pakhomov&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt, Hannah</a> (1951). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Totalitarianism&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTourlamain2014" class="citation book cs1">Tourlamain, Guy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJsWzgEACAAJ"><i>Völkisch Writers and National Socialism: A Study of Right-Wing Political Culture in Germany, 1890–1960</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-958-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-958-5"><bdi>978-3-03911-958-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%B6lkisch+Writers+and+National+Socialism%3A+A+Study+of+Right-Wing+Political+Culture+in+Germany%2C+1890%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-958-5&rft.aulast=Tourlamain&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJsWzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimmerFeinstein2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wimmer, Andreas; Feinstein, Yuval (2010). "The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Review" title="American Sociological Review">American Sociological Review</a></i>. <b>75</b> (5): 764–790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122410382639">10.1177/0003122410382639</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10075481">10075481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Nation-State+across+the+World%2C+1816+to+2001&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=764-790&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10075481%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122410382639&rft.aulast=Wimmer&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Feinstein%2C+Yuval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiHicks2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Xue; Hicks, Alexander (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122416641371">"World Polity Matters: Another Look at the Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Review" title="American Sociological Review">American Sociological Review</a></i>. <b>81</b> (3): 596–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122416641371">10.1177/0003122416641371</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147753503">147753503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=World+Polity+Matters%3A+Another+Look+at+the+Rise+of+the+Nation-State+across+the+World%2C+1816+to+2001&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=596-607&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147753503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122416641371&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xue&rft.au=Hicks%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0003122416641371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm, Eric</a> (1992) [1990]. "II: The popular protonationalism". <i>Nations and Nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, reality</i> (French ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Gallimard. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2"><bdi>0-521-43961-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II%3A+The+popular+protonationalism&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism+since+1780%3A+programme%2C+myth%2C+reality&rft.pages=80-81&rft.edition=French&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+Gallimard&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-43961-2&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span> According to Hobsbawm, the main source for this subject is Ferdinand Brunot (ed.), Histoire de la langue française, Paris, 1927–1943, 13 volumes, in particular volume IX. He also refers to Michel de Certeau, Dominique Julia, Judith Revel, Une politique de la langue: la Révolution française et les patois: l'enquête de l'abbé Grégoire, Paris, 1975. For the problem of the transformation of a minority official language into a widespread national language during and after the French Revolution, see Renée Balibar, L'Institution du français: essai sur le co-linguisme des Carolingiens à la République, Paris, 1985 (also Le co-linguisme, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1994, but out of print) ("The Institution of the French language: essay on colinguism from the Carolingian to the Republic. Finally, Hobsbawm refers to Renée Balibar and Dominique Laporte, Le Français national: politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution, Paris, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigosian2004" class="citation book cs1">Nigosian, Solomon A. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo"><i>Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11074-9"><bdi>978-0-253-11074-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Its+History%2C+Teaching%2C+and+Practices&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11074-9&rft.aulast=Nigosian&rft.aufirst=Solomon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamitshistoryt0000nigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khalifate-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khalifate_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadiShahin2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wadad_Kadi" title="Wadad Kadi">Kadi, Wadad</a>; Shahin, Aram A. (2013). "Caliph, caliphate". <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i>: 81–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.atitle=Caliph%2C+caliphate&rft.pages=81-86&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kadi&rft.aufirst=Wadad&rft.au=Shahin%2C+Aram+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-RasheedKerstenShterin2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Madawi_al-Rasheed" title="Madawi al-Rasheed">Al-Rasheed, Madawi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carool_Kersten" title="Carool Kersten">Kersten, Carool</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marat_Shterin" title="Marat Shterin">Shterin, Marat</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932795-9"><bdi>978-0-19-932795-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+the+Caliphate%3A+Historical+Memory+and+Contemporary+Contexts&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932795-9&rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Madawi&rft.au=Kersten%2C+Carool&rft.au=Shterin%2C+Marat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEAMqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohli2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atul_Kohli" title="Atul Kohli">Kohli, Atul</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_r7wLD--VoC&pg=PA1"><i>State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54525-9"><bdi>978-0-521-54525-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Directed+Development%3A+Political+Power+and+Industrialization+in+the+Global+Periphery&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54525-9&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Atul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_r7wLD--VoC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers Recommendation Rec(2001)15 on history teaching in 21st-century Europe (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 31 October 2001 at the 771st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004025938/http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/thema01.htm#4">"History Interpretation as a Cause of Conflicts in Europe"</a>. UNITED for Intercultural Action. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/thema01.htm#4">the original</a> on 4 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Interpretation+as+a+Cause+of+Conflicts+in+Europe&rft.pub=UNITED+for+Intercultural+Action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.united.non-profit.nl%2Fpages%2Fthema01.htm%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawmRanger1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm, Eric</a>; <a href="/wiki/Terence_Ranger" title="Terence Ranger">Ranger, Terence</a> (1992). <i>The Invention of Tradition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43773-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43773-3"><bdi>0-521-43773-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-43773-3&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Ranger%2C+Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelman1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Billie_Melman" title="Billie Melman">Melman, Billie</a> (1991). "Claiming the Nation's Past: The Invention of an Anglo-Saxon Tradition". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a></i>. <b>26</b> (3/4): 575–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949102600312">10.1177/002200949102600312</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260661">260661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162362628">162362628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Claiming+the+Nation%27s+Past%3A+The+Invention+of+an+Anglo-Saxon+Tradition&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=575-595&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162362628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260661%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949102600312&rft.aulast=Melman&rft.aufirst=Billie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Christopher (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/23033/2/Nation-building_and_curriculum_reform_in_Hong_Kong_and_Taiwan.pdf">"Robert Stone Nation-Building and Curriculum Reform in Hong Kong and Taiwan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="China Quarterly">China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>160</b>: 977–991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0305741000001405">10.1017/s0305741000001405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155033800">155033800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Robert+Stone+Nation-Building+and+Curriculum+Reform+in+Hong+Kong+and+Taiwan&rft.volume=160&rft.pages=977-991&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0305741000001405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155033800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F23033%2F2%2FNation-building_and_curriculum_reform_in_Hong_Kong_and_Taiwan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiklin2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riklin, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013204126/http://www.federalism.ch/files/documents/Nation.pdf">"Worin unterscheidet sich die schweizerische "Nation" von der Französischen bzw. Deutschen "Nation"?"</a> [How does the Swiss "nation" differ from the French or German "nation"?] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federalism.ch/files/documents/Nation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worin+unterscheidet+sich+die+schweizerische+%22Nation%22+von+der+Franz%C3%B6sischen+bzw.+Deutschen+%22Nation%22%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Riklin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalism.ch%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FNation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1983. The map shows the distribution of ethnolinguistic groups according to the historical majority of ethnic groups by region. Note this is different from the current distribution due to age-long internal migration and assimilation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roeder2007-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roeder2007_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder2007" class="citation book cs1">Roeder, Philip G. (2007). <i>Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13467-3"><bdi>978-0-691-13467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Nation-States+Come+From%3A+Institutional+Change+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13467-3&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWootliff2018" class="citation news cs1">Wootliff, Raoul (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/final-text-of-jewish-nation-state-bill-set-to-become-law//">"Final text of Jewish nation-state law, approved by the Knesset early on July 19"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Final+text+of+Jewish+nation-state+law%2C+approved+by+the+Knesset+early+on+July+19&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Wootliff&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Ffinal-text-of-jewish-nation-state-bill-set-to-become-law%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/7/19/israel-passes-controversial-jewish-nation-state-law">"Israel passes controversial 'Jewish nation-state' law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 19 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Israel+passes+controversial+%27Jewish+nation-state%27+law&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F7%2F19%2Fisrael-passes-controversial-jewish-nation-state-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3877574,00.html">"Israel at 62: Population of 7,587,000"</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i>. Ynet.co.il. 20 June 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cossetània. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788490341339" title="Special:BookSources/9788490341339"><bdi>9788490341339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=En+cristiano%21+Policia+i+Gu%C3%A0rdia+Civil+contra+la+llengua+catalana&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Cosset%C3%A0nia&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788490341339&rft.aulast=Bea+Segu%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=Ignaci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galeusca2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-galeusca2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719071429/http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788">"Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català"</a> [The link to the Galeusca Manifest in article 3 denounces the asymmetry between Spanish and the other languages of the Estat Espanyol, including Catalan.] (in Catalan). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788">the original</a> on 19 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enlla%C3%A7+al+Manifest+Galeusca+on+en+l%27article+3+es+denuncia+l%27asimetria+entre+el+castell%C3%A0+i+les+altres+lleng%C3%BCes+de+l%27Estat+Espanyol%2C+inclosa+el+catal%C3%A0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escriptors.cat%2Fpagina.php%3Fid_text%3D1788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadatz2020" class="citation web cs1">Radatz, Hans-Ingo (8 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344608600">"Spain in the 19th century: Spanish Nation Building and Catalonia's attempt at becoming an Iberian Prussia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spain+in+the+19th+century%3A+Spanish+Nation+Building+and+Catalonia%27s+attempt+at+becoming+an+Iberian+Prussia&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.aulast=Radatz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F344608600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Cierva1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de la Cierva, Ricardo (1981). <i>Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones</i> [<i>General history of Spain: Arrival and heyday of the Bourbons</i>] (in Catalan). Planeta. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8485753003" title="Special:BookSources/8485753003"><bdi>8485753003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+Llegada+y+apogeo+de+los+Borbones&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Planeta&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=8485753003&rft.aulast=de+la+Cierva&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobrequés_Callicó2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sobrequés Callicó, Jaume (2021). <i>Repressió borbònica i resistència identitària a la Catalunya del segle XVIII</i> [<i>Bourbon repression and identity resistance to Catalonia in the 18th century</i>] (in Catalan). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_of_the_Generalitat_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Justice of the Generalitat de Catalunya">Department of Justice of the Generalitat de Catalunya</a>. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-18601-20-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-18601-20-0"><bdi>978-84-18601-20-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Repressi%C3%B3+borb%C3%B2nica+i+resist%C3%A8ncia+identit%C3%A0ria+a+la+Catalunya+del+segle+XVIII&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice+of+the+Generalitat+de+Catalunya&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-84-18601-20-0&rft.aulast=Sobrequ%C3%A9s+Callic%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Jaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrer_Gironès1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrer Gironès, Francesc (1985). <i>La persecució política de la llengua catalana</i> [<i>The political persecution of the Catalan language</i>] (in Catalan) (62 ed.). Edicions 62. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8429723632" title="Special:BookSources/978-8429723632"><bdi>978-8429723632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+persecuci%C3%B3+pol%C3%ADtica+de+la+llengua+catalana&rft.pages=320&rft.edition=62&rft.pub=Edicions+62&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-8429723632&rft.aulast=Ferrer+Giron%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Francesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenet1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benet, Josep (1995). <i>L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya</i> [<i>The Francoist attempt of cultural genocide against Catalonia</i>] (in Catalan). Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7826-620-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-7826-620-8"><bdi>84-7826-620-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27intent+franquista+de+genocidi+cultural+contra+Catalunya&rft.pub=Publicacions+de+l%27Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=84-7826-620-8&rft.aulast=Benet&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0222-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_72-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_72-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_72-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_72-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_72-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlaudó_Avila2021" class="citation book cs1">Llaudó Avila, Eduard (2021). <i>Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània</i> [<i>Political racism and supremacism in contemporary Spain</i>] (7th ed.). Manresa: Parcir. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788418849107" title="Special:BookSources/9788418849107"><bdi>9788418849107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racisme+i+supremacisme+pol%C3%ADtics+a+l%27Espanya+contempor%C3%A0nia&rft.place=Manresa&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Parcir&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9788418849107&rft.aulast=Llaud%C3%B3+Avila&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf">"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana"</a> [Legislative novelties in linguistic matters approved in 2018 that affect the Catalan-speaking territories] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Catalan). Plataforma per la llengua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2018+que+afecten+els+territoris+de+parla+catalana&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Fnovetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Novetats_legislatives_en_mat%C3%A8ria_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic-2019-ok.pdf">"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana"</a> [Legislative novelties in linguistic matters approved in 2019 that affect the Catalan-speaking territories] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Catalan). Plataforma per la llengua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2019+que+afecten+els+territoris+de+parla+catalana&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Farxius%2Fambits-treball%2FDrets%2520Ling%25C3%25BC%25C3%25ADstics%2FNovetats_legislatives_en_mat%25C3%25A8ria_ling%25C3%25BC%25C3%25ADstic-2019-ok.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf">"Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols"</a> [Linguistic behavior before the Spanish police stations] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Catalan). Plataforma per la llengua. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comportament+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic+davant+dels+cossos+policials+espanyols&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Flinguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_Cabrera" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreno Cabrera, Juan Carlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cicac.cat/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Espanyolisme_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_Juan-Carlos-Moreno.pdf">"L'espanyolisme lingüístic i la llengua comuna"</a> [Linguistic Spanishism and the common language] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>VIII Jornada sobre l'Ús del Català a la Justícia</i> (in Catalan). Ponència del Consell de l'advocacia de Catalunya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=L%27espanyolisme+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic+i+la+llengua+comuna&rft.btitle=VIII+Jornada+sobre+l%27%C3%9As+del+Catal%C3%A0+a+la+Just%C3%ADcia&rft.pub=Pon%C3%A8ncia+del+Consell+de+l%27advocacia+de+Catalunya&rft.aulast=Moreno+Cabrera&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicac.cat%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2FEspanyolisme_ling%25C3%25BC%25C3%25ADstic_Juan-Carlos-Moreno.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerle2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Merle, René (2010). <i>Visions de "l'idiome natal" à travers l'enquête impériale sur les patois 1807–1812</i> [<i>Visions of the "native idiom" through the imperial survey of patois 1807–1812</i>] (in French). Perpinyà: Editorial Trabucaire. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2849741078" title="Special:BookSources/978-2849741078"><bdi>978-2849741078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+de+%22l%27idiome+natal%22+%C3%A0+travers+l%27enqu%C3%AAte+imp%C3%A9riale+sur+les+patois+1807%E2%80%931812&rft.place=Perpiny%C3%A0&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Editorial+Trabucaire&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2849741078&rft.aulast=Merle&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontana1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fontana, Josep (1998). <i>La fi de l'antic règim i la industrialització. Vol. V Història de Catalunya</i> [<i>The end of the old regime and industrialization. Flight. V History of Catalonia</i>] (in Catalan). Barcelona: Edicions 62. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788429744408" title="Special:BookSources/9788429744408"><bdi>9788429744408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fi+de+l%27antic+r%C3%A8gim+i+la+industrialitzaci%C3%B3.+Vol.+V+Hist%C3%B2ria+de+Catalunya&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Edicions+62&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788429744408&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe2019" class="citation web cs1">Joe, Brew (26 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/joethebrew/status/1100466583208632320">"Video of the Conference of Josep Borrell at the Geneva Press Club, 27th February, 2019"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+of+the+Conference+of+Josep+Borrell+at+the+Geneva+Press+Club%2C+27th+February%2C+2019&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.aulast=Joe&rft.aufirst=Brew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fjoethebrew%2Fstatus%2F1100466583208632320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPujol1936" class="citation news cs1">Pujol, Juan (December 1936). <i>La Voz de España</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Voz+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=1936-12&rft.aulast=Pujol&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polo, Xavier. <i>Todos los catalanes son una mierda</i>. Proa, 2009. ISBN 9788484375739.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roglan, Joaquim. <i>14 d'abril: la Catalunya republicana (1931–1939)</i>. Cossetània edicions, 2006. ISBN 9788497912037.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyBellDonahueMadigan2005" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Richard S.; Bell, Dean Phillip; Donahue, William Collins; Madigan, Kevin, eds. (2005). <i>Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution</i>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia+of+prejudice+and+persecution&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccma.cat/tv3/alacarta/sense-ficcio/fabra-diccionari-dun-home-sense-biografia/video/5845287/">"Fabra, diccionari d'un home sense biografia"</a> [Fabra, dictionary of a man without biography]. <i>TV3 - Sense ficció</i> (in Catalan). TV3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV3+-+Sense+ficci%C3%B3&rft.atitle=Fabra%2C+diccionari+d%27un+home+sense+biografia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccma.cat%2Ftv3%2Falacarta%2Fsense-ficcio%2Ffabra-diccionari-dun-home-sense-biografia%2Fvideo%2F5845287%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holo2-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holo2_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2012" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2012). <i>The Spanish Holocaust</i>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. 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Plataforma per la llengua. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2014+que+afecten+Catalunya&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Finfornovetatslegislosc28022015_def_1434621426.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats-legislatives-2015_182_11_2160.pdf">"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2015 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana"</a> [Legislative innovations in linguistic matters approved in 2015 that affect Catalan-speaking territories] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Catalan). Plataforma per la llengua. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2015+que+afecten+els+territoris+de+parla+catalana&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Fnovetats-legislatives-2015_182_11_2160.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-de-novetats-legislatives-2016_1493294622.pdf">"Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2016"</a> [Report on legislative developments in linguistic matters approved in 2016] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Catalan). Plataforma per la llengua. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+sobre+les+novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2016&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Freport-de-novetats-legislatives-2016_1493294622.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-sobre-les-novetats-legislatives-en-materia-linguistica-aprovades-el-2017_1528193285.pdf">"Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Plataforma per la llengua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+sobre+les+novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2017&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Freport-sobre-les-novetats-legislatives-en-materia-linguistica-aprovades-el-2017_1528193285.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/informediscriminacioadministracions_1496058084.pdf">"Informe discriminacions lingüístiques 2016"</a> [Linguistic discrimination report 2016] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Catalan). Plataforma per la llengua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informe+discriminacions+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstiques+2016&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Finformediscriminacioadministracions_1496058084.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223190423/https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit">"El Congrés a Bosch i Jordà: el català hi "està prohibit"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [The Congress in Bosch and Jordà: Catalan is "forbidden" The Congress in Bosch and Jordà: Catalan is "forbidden"] (in Catalan). Naciódigital. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit">the original</a> on 23 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Congr%C3%A9s+a+Bosch+i+Jord%C3%A0%3A+el+catal%C3%A0+hi+%22est%C3%A0+prohibit%22&rft.pub=Naci%C3%B3digital&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naciodigital.cat%2Fnoticia%2F53649%2Fcongres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2020/11/18/345765/video-presidenta-del-congres-diputats-meritxell-batet-prohibeix-parlar-catala-albert-botran-cup-talla-microfon.html">"La presidenta del Congrés de Diputats, Meritxell Batet, prohibeix parlar en català a Albert Botran (CUP) i li talla el micròfon"</a>. 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Vilaweb. 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22En+espanyol%2C+perqu%C3%A8+no+t%27entenc%22%3A+obligada+a+parlar+en+castell%C3%A0+mentre+visitava+un+familiar+a+l%27hospital&rft.pub=Vilaweb&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vilaweb.cat%2Fnoticies%2Fdiscriminacio-linguistica-hospital-vila-joiosa-plataforma-llengua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/batet-botran-catala-congres-espanyol-llengua-castellana/">"Batet talla la paraula a Botran perquè parlava en català: "La llengua castellana és la de tots"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Batet cuts the word to Botran because he spoke in Catalan: "The Castilian language is that of all"] (in Catalan). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Toponnymic+Guidelines&rft.pub=UK+Government&rft.au=The+Permanent+Committee+on+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F326664%2FUK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823">"Countries within a country, number10.gov.uk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">National Archives</a>. 10 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823">the original</a> on 9 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+within+a+country%2C+number10.gov.uk&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=2003-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2FPage823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110907093405/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/glossary/glossary-u.html">"ONS Glossary of economic terms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/about/glossary/economic_terms.asp">the original</a> on 7 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ONS+Glossary+of+economic+terms&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fabout%2Fglossary%2Feconomic_terms.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddens2006" class="citation book cs1">Giddens, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd"><i>Sociology</i></a>. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3379-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3379-4"><bdi>978-0-7456-3379-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3379-4&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsociology0005gidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogwood" class="citation web cs1">Hogwood, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecpr.eu/Events/PaperDetails.aspx?PaperID=5567&EventID=45">"Regulatory Reform in a Multinational State: The Emergence of Multilevel Regulation in the United Kingdom"</a>. <i>European Consortium for Political Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Consortium+for+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Regulatory+Reform+in+a+Multinational+State%3A+The+Emergence+of+Multilevel+Regulation+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.aulast=Hogwood&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecpr.eu%2FEvents%2FPaperDetails.aspx%3FPaperID%3D5567%26EventID%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Gordon (25 March 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html">"Gordon Brown: We must defend the Union"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Gordon+Brown%3A+We+must+defend+the+Union&rft.date=2008-03-25&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2F3556535%2FGordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/6374/7/DfES_Diversity_&_Citizenship_Redacted.pdf">"Diversity and Citizenship Curriculum Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department for Education and Skills<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diversity+and+Citizenship+Curriculum+Review&rft.pub=Department+for+Education+and+Skills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdera.ioe.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F6374%2F7%2FDfES_Diversity_%26_Citizenship_Redacted.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnay2010" class="citation news cs1">Magnay, Jacquelin (26 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/7768436/London-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html">"London 2012: Hugh Robertson puts Home Nations football team on agenda"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/7768436/London-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=London+2012%3A+Hugh+Robertson+puts+Home+Nations+football+team+on+agenda&rft.date=2010-05-26&rft.aulast=Magnay&rft.aufirst=Jacquelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Folympics%2Flondon-2012%2F7768436%2FLondon-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndependent_Worker's_Union_of_Great_Britain2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Worker%27s_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Worker's Union of Great Britain">Independent Worker's Union of Great Britain</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/independent-workers-union-great-britain.pdf">"Written Intervention for the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Written+Intervention+for+the+Independent+Workers+Union+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Independent+Worker%27s+Union+of+Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.uk%2Fdocs%2Findependent-workers-union-great-britain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2006" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2006). "The United Kingdom as a Union State". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofunion00mcle/page/1"><i>State of the Union</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0199258201.003.0001">10.1093/0199258201.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199258208" title="Special:BookSources/9780199258208"><bdi>9780199258208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+Kingdom+as+a+Union+State&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Union&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0199258201.003.0001&rft.isbn=9780199258208&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=McMillan%2C+Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstateofunion00mcle%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629170348/http://www.aei.org/issue/29196">"U.S. Trade Policy — Economics"</a>. AEI. 15 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/issue/29196">the original</a> on 29 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Trade+Policy+%E2%80%94+Economics&rft.pub=AEI&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fissue%2F29196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAarticle-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAarticle_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAarticle_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official copy (free preview): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629022856/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html">"The Clash of Civilizations?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. Summer 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F19930601faessay5188%2Fsamuel-p-huntington%2Fthe-clash-of-civilizations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joireman-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joireman_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Fullerton_Joireman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Joireman" title="Sandra Joireman">Sandra Fullerton Joireman</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFT4HYDUlh0C&q=Samuel%20Huntington%20primordialist&pg=PA30"><i>Nationalism and Political Identity</i></a>. London: Continuum. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6591-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6591-9"><bdi>0-8264-6591-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Political+Identity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8264-6591-9&rft.au=Sandra+Fullerton+Joireman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFT4HYDUlh0C%26q%3DSamuel%2520Huntington%2520primordialist%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Lansing_and_Edward_D._English2012" class="citation book cs1">Carol Lansing and Edward D. English, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Re-1YpI9ObsC&pg=PA1964"><i>A Companion to the Medieval World</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118499467" title="Special:BookSources/9781118499467"><bdi>9781118499467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Medieval+World&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781118499467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRe-1YpI9ObsC%26pg%3DPA1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Anderson, Benedict</a>. 1991. <i><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-329-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-329-5">0-86091-329-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Colomer, Josep M</a>. 2007. <i>Great Empires, Small Nations: The Uncertain Future of the Sovereign State</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-43775-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-43775-X">0-415-43775-X</a>.</li> <li>Gellner, Ernest (1983). <i>Nations and Nationalism</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2">0-521-43961-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationformationt00jame"><i>Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-5072-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-5072-9"><bdi>0-7619-5072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Formation%3A+Towards+a+Theory+of+Abstract+Community&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7619-5072-9&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationformationt00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1992" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, L. Ali (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=990885">"The Extinction of Nation States"</a>. <i>American University International Law Review</i>. <b>7</b> – via SSRN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+University+International+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Extinction+of+Nation+States&rft.volume=7&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=L.+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D990885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan, Ernest</a>. 1882. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Qu%27est-ce_qu%27une_nation_%3F" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Qu'est-ce qu'une nation ?">"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"</a> ("<a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a>")</li> <li>Malesevic, Sinisa (2006). <i>Identity as Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism</i>. New York: Palgrave.</li> <li>Smith, Anthony D. (1986). <i>The Ethnic Origins of Nations</i>. London: Basil Blackwell. pp 6–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-15205-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-15205-9">0-631-15205-9</a>.</li> <li>White, Philip L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalityinworldhistory.net/ch1.html">"Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State"</a>. In A. G. Hopkins, ed. <i>Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 257–284.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue19/opinions2.htm">From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated</a> on identity and the nation state.</li> <li><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="ca:Cronologia de la repressió del català">Chronology of the repression of the Catalan language</a> in Catalan language</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnicity" title="Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnicity" title="Template talk:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">Ethnographic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonational_group" title="Ethnonational group">Ethnonational group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minority group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>World</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Countries by ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><b>Americas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><b>Oceania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">Ethnic riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu (anthropology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_state" title="Template:Types of state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_state" title="Template talk:Types of state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">Quasi-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariah_state" title="Pariah state">Pariah state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_state" title="Parallel state">Parallel state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeia" title="Politeia">Politeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_state" title="Territorial state">Territorial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">Warlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179671#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179671#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179671#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4041331-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nation-state"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090144">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="国民国家"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01193237">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="národní stát"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123439&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000061560&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560774705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=26114">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&oldid=1257069393">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&oldid=1257069393</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nation" title="Category:Nation">Nation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_science_terminology" title="Category:Political science terminology">Political science terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden 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