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Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" > 6 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قائمة الإهانات العرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة الإهانات العرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarhad_ethnig" title="Sarhad ethnig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sarhad ethnig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فهرست توهین‌های نژادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست توهین‌های نژادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_d%27insultes_racistes" title="Liste d'insultes racistes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste d'insultes racistes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_julukan_etnis" title="Daftar julukan etnis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar julukan etnis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80_(%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A)" title="ජනවාර්ගික කෙලෙසීම් වල ලැයිස්තුව (අපහාස කිරීම්) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජනවාර්ගික කෙලෙසීම් වල ලැයිස්තුව (අපහාස කිරීම්)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" 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You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="Special:EditPage/List of ethnic slurs">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slur" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:slur">slur</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epithet" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:epithet">epithet</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> The following is a list of ethnic slurs, ethnophaulisms, or ethnic epithets that are, or have been, used as <a href="/wiki/Insinuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insinuation">insinuations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allegation" title="Allegation">allegations</a> about members of a given <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">national</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Racial_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial group">racial group</a> or to refer to them in a derogatory, <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>, or otherwise <a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insulting</a> manner. Some of the terms listed below (such as "gringo", "yank", etc.) can be used in casual speech without any intention of causing offense. The <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotation</a> of a term and prevalence of its use as a pejorative or neutral descriptor varies over time and by geography. For the purposes of this list, an ethnic slur is a term designed to insult others on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term. Ethnic slurs may also be produced as a racial <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> by combining a general-purpose insult with the name of ethnicity, such as "dirty Jew" or "Russian pig". Other common insulting modifiers include "dog" and "filthy"; such terms are not included in this list. <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li> <li><a href="#Further_reading">Further reading</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Abbie, Abe, Abie </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> men </td> <td>Originated before the 1950s. From the proper name Abraham. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears20011-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American-born_Chinese" title="American-born Chinese">ABC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> </td> <td>American-born Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese</a>) born and raised in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </td> <td>The term implies an otherness or lack of connection to their Chinese identity and (usually) Chinese language; however, it has been <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">reappropriated</a> by many <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese Americans</a> and used to convey positive connotations. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ABC_and_FOB-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ABCD </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">South Asians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American-Born_Confused_Desi" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Born Confused Desi">American-Born Confused Desi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Indian Americans</a> or other <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asian Americans</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Desi" title="Desi">desi</a>) who were born in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </td> <td>Used chiefly by South Asian immigrants to imply confusion about cultural identity </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abeed" title="Abeed">Abid/Abeed</a> (plural) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Arabic for slave, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab slave trade</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abo/Abbo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Australian Aboriginal</a> person </td> <td>Originally, this was simply an informal term for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aborigine</a>, and was in fact used by Aboriginal people themselves (such as in the Aboriginal-run newspaper <a href="/wiki/Abo_Call" title="Abo Call">Abo Call</a>) until it started to be considered offensive in the 1950s. Although Abo is still considered quite offensive by many, the pejorative <a href="#B">boong</a> is now more commonly used when the intent is deliberately to offend, as that word's status as an insult is unequivocal. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="African engineering">Afro engineering, African engineering or nigger rigging</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> </td> <td>Shoddy, second-rate or unconventional, makeshift workmanship. Indirectly refers to black American people as worse or lower-valued than white American people when associating anything bad with them. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ah Chah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> people </td> <td>From <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:阿差">阿差</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Cantonese Yale</a>: achā; from "acchā" meaning "good" or "OK" in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Baba">Ali Baba</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi people">Iraqi</a> people </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi people">Iraqi</a> suspected of criminal activity. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alligator_bait" title="Alligator bait">Alligator bait</a>, 'gator bait </td> <td>United States (chiefly southern U.S.) </td> <td>Black people, especially black children </td> <td>Dates from early 20th century or before; implies that African Americans are good for nothing except being used to bait alligators </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears20016-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbst19978-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alpine Serb </td> <td>Serbo-Croatian: Alpski Srbin (ex-Yugoslavia) </td> <td>People of <a href="/wiki/Slovenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenians">Slovenian</a> origin. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>AmaLawu, AmaQheya </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> words for <a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)">Hottentot</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ang_mo" title="Ang mo">Ang mo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td>European people, especially the Dutch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> for "red hair" referring to Dutch people from the 17th century and expanded to encompass other Europeans by the 19th century. It has become a neutral term, though is sometimes seen as derogatory. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ann </td> <td>United States, Canada </td> <td>White women, "white-acting" black women </td> <td>While Miss Ann, also just plain Ann, is a derisive reference to white women, it is also applied to any black woman who is deemed to be acting as though she is white. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Annamite, mites </td> <td>French, English </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Peabody2003-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catino2010-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ape </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Referring to outdated theories ascribing cultural differences between racial groups as being linked to their evolutionary distance from <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, with which humans share common ancestry. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears200110-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apple </td> <td>United States, Canada </td> <td>Native Americans </td> <td>First used in the 1970s. Someone who is "red on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by other Native Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arabush / Aravush (ערבוש) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> "Aravi" (Arab). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argie / Argies (plural) </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentines" title="Argentines">Argentine</a> people </td> <td>Extensively used by the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British soldiers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> in 1982. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armo </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Armenian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian American">Armenian American</a> </td> <td>Especially used in Southern California. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asing, Aseng </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Non-<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian people">Indonesian people</a>, especially Chinese people </td> <td>Insult to non-Indonesian citizen, from "[orang] asing" (foreigner) that rhymed with "Aseng" (Chinese name). This word is often directed at Chinese people due to Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="China–Indonesia relations">relationship with the PRC</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ashke-<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> (אשכנאצי) </td> <td>Israel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> </td> <td>Pronounced like "AshkeNatzi". Used mostly by <a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizrachi Jews">Mizrachi Jews</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jemima" title="Aunt Jemima">Aunt Jemima</a>/Aunt Jane/Aunt Mary/Aunt Sally </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black women </td> <td>A black woman who "kisses up" to whites, a "sellout", female counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bachicha </td> <td>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian people</a> </td> <td>Possibly derived from the Italian word Baciccia, a nickname for <a href="/wiki/Giambattista" class="mw-redirect" title="Giambattista">Giambattista</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-plath-58-59-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baiano </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordeste_(socio-geographic_division)" title="Nordeste (socio-geographic division)">Northeastern Brazilian</a> people </td> <td>A person born in <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, one of the 9 states in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast Region of Brazil</a>. As a slur, it refers generically to any Northeastern person. Used mainly in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, the term is related to the Northeastern immigration of the second half of the 20th century. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-folhasp-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bamboula </td> <td>France </td> <td>Black people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banaan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:banaan">Banaan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>Black people, people of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> descent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Banana. A slur that is used to refer to black people, people of African heritage. It derives from the colour of a banana's skin, which is yellow or brown, and is therefore seen as an offensive way to describe black and <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloured</a> people's skin colour. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Balija </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Balkans">the Balkans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnians" title="Bosnians">Bosnian</a> people </td> <td>An ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bosniak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosniak">Bosniak</a> or a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_diaspora" title="Bosnian diaspora">Bosnian diaspora</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banana_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana (slur)">Banana</a> </td> <td>United States, Canada </td> <td>East or Southeast Asian people </td> <td>"Yellow on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by East or Southeast Asians for other East- or Southeast Asians or <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> who are perceived as assimilated into mainstream American culture. Similar to Apple. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Nagayama_Hall-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tu-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banderite" title="Banderite">Banderite</a> </td> <td>Poland </td> <td>Ukrainians </td> <td>The term Banderite was originally used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/OUN-B" class="mw-redirect" title="OUN-B">ultra-nationalist wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a>, in reference to its leader <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a>. In Poland, the term "banderowiec" is used in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">massacres of Poles in Volhynia by the UPA</a>. The term became a crucial element of Soviet propaganda and was used as a pejorative description of Ukrainian nationalists, or sometimes western Ukrainians or Ukrainian-speakers. Today the term is used in Russian propaganda to associate Ukrainian identity with Nazism. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-GRoss12-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Portnov-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barbarian </td> <td>Greece </td> <td>Non-Greek people </td> <td>Someone who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive. βάρβαρος (barbaros pl. βάρβαροι barbaroi). In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, the Greeks used the term towards those who did not speak Greek and follow classical Greek customs. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beaner" title="Beaner">Beaner</a> / Beaney </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic people">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino people">Latino</a> people, especially <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexicans</a> </td> <td>The term originates from the use of <a href="/wiki/Frijoles_pintos" class="mw-redirect" title="Frijoles pintos">frijoles pintos</a> and other beans that can be generally found in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican food">Mexican food</a> or other Hispanic and Latino foods. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-mouth-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bimbo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td>Africans, people with very dark skin in general </td> <td>The origin of this term is disputed, but experts suggest that it either derives from the Central African town of <a href="/wiki/Bimbo,_Central_African_Republic" title="Bimbo, Central African Republic">Bimbo</a>, or from the former state of <a href="/wiki/Bimbia" title="Bimbia">Bimbia</a>, which was annexed by the German colony of <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Buck" title="Black Buck">Black Buck</a>, black brute, brown buck or brown brute </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black men </td> <td>Originating in the post-Reconstruction United States, it was used to describe black men who absolutely refused to bend to the law of white authority and were seen as irredeemably violent, rude, and lecherous. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blackie </td> <td>English </td> <td>Black person </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bluegum </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> </td> <td>An African American perceived as being lazy and unwilling to work. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boche_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boche (slur)">Boche / bosche / bosch</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; United States; United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> people </td> <td>Shortened from the French term caboche dure, meaning "hard head" or "stubborn" with the influence of German surname Bosch. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Pejorative_term" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenians">Athenians</a> </td> <td>Boeotian Greek people </td> <td>Referring to the supposed stupidity of the inhabitants of the neighboring Boeotia region of Greece. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-MWNBWH1991-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehater</a> / Boer-hater / Boer hater </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>; United Kingdom </td> <td>British people </td> <td>Refers to a person who hates, prejudices, or criticizes the <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a> – historically applied to <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a> who held anti-Boers sentiments. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-duPreez-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bog / Bogtrotter / Bog-trotter </td> <td>United Kingdom, Ireland, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> people </td> <td>A person of common or low-class Irish ancestry. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bogate </td> <td>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav people">Yugoslav people</a> </td> <td>The expression is said to come from the Yugoslav interjection Boga ti! </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-plath-60-61-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Bohunk </td> <td>United States, Canada </td> <td>Bohemian people </td> <td>A lower-class immigrant of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern European</a> descent. Originally referred to those of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> (now Czech Republic) descent. It was commonly used toward <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Central European</a> immigrants during the early 20th century. Probably from Bohemian + a distortion of Hungarian. See also <a href="/wiki/Hunky_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunky Culture">hunky</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bong_(term)" title="Bong (term)">Bong</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>Bengali people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boong / bong / bung </td> <td>Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> </td> <td>[First used in 1847 by JD Lang, Cooksland, 430]. Boong, pronounced with <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> (like the vowel in bull), is related to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> slang word bung, meaning "dead", "infected", or "dysfunctional". From bung, to go bung "Originally to die, then to break down, go bankrupt, cease to function [Ab. bong dead]". The 1988 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian National Dictionary">Australian National Dictionary</a> gives its origin in the Wemba word for "man" or "human being". However, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ludowyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Ludowyk">Frederick Ludowyk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Dictionary_Centre" title="Australian National Dictionary Centre">Australian National Dictionary Centre</a> wrote in 2004 that bong meaning "dead" is not a <a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri_language" title="Wiradjuri language">Wiradjuri</a> word, but may have been picked up or assumed from the word "bung" which was originally a <a href="/wiki/Turrbal_language" title="Turrbal language">Yagara word</a> which was used in the <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> widely spoken across Australia in colonial times. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-AND-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilkes62-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-ludowyk2004-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boonga / boong / bunga / boonie </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a> </td> <td>Likely derived from the similar Australian slur </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bootlip </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Green2005-161-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bougnoule </td> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian">Arabian</a> people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bounty_(chocolate_bar)" title="Bounty (chocolate bar)">Bounty bar</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>A black person who is considered to be behaving like a white person (i.e. dark on the outside, white on the inside). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bozgor </td> <td>Romania </td> <td>Hungarian people </td> <td>Used especially on ones born in Romania. Possibly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Csangos" class="mw-redirect" title="Csangos">Moldavian Csángó</a> dialect pronunciation of bocskor meaning <a href="/wiki/Opanak" title="Opanak">Opanak</a>, a type of rustic footwear. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Brubaker2006-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:brillo_pad" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:en:brillo pad">Brillo Pad</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom and United States </td> <td>Black People </td> <td>Used to refer to the hair of a black person </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brownie </td> <td>United States, New Zealand, and Australia </td> <td>Brown-skinned people, an Asian </td> <td>Used in the 1850s–1960s; in Australia it was used for an Aboriginal Australian or someone Japanese; in New Zealand, a <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Green188-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:buckwheat" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:en:buckwheat">Buckwheat</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>The name of a black character that appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Our_Gang" title="Our Gang">Our Gang</a> (Little Rascals) short films. Today it is used to refer to the curly hair of a black person. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buddhahead </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> people </td> <td>Also used by mainland <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Hawaiian Japanese Americans</a> since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbst199740-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buckra" title="Buckra">Buckra</a>, Bakra </td> <td>United States, West Indies </td> <td>White people from <a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Sub-Saharan African</a> languages </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulbash </td> <td>Russia, Ukraine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> </td> <td>Derived from Belarusian word "bulba" (<a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>), based on the fact that potatoes are a very common ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian cuisine</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bule_(term)" title="Bule (term)">Bule</a> </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>White people or foreigner </td> <td>Derived from an archaic Indonesian word for <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albino</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bumbay </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td>People from India </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burrhead / Burr-head / Burr head </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Referencing <a href="/wiki/Afro-textured_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-textured hair">Afro-textured hair</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Green216-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bushy (s.) / Bushies, Amadushie (p.) </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisans</a> </td> <td>Historically used against the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> people in Southern Africa, referring to their <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic lifestyle</a> and reliance on the bush for survival. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cabbage Eater </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Friedland2008-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllanBurridge2006-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canaca </td> <td>Chile </td> <td>Chinese and Japanese people </td> <td>Canaca is a slur originating in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-plath-60-61-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camel_jockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel jockey">Camel jockey</a> / camel dung-shoveler </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CassidyF-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-politickerky-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carcamano" title="Carcamano">Carcamano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> people </td> <td>Used during the early 20th century, during the Second wave of Italian immigration to Brazil. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chankoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Chankoro">Chankoro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: チャンコロ, a Japanese reference to a Chinese person. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-KasschauEguchi2015-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Charlie </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White Americans</a> </td> <td>Used in the 1960s–1970s. White people as a reified collective oppressor group, similar to The Man or The System. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> slang term used by American troops as a shorthand term for Vietnamese guerrillas, derived from the verbal shorthand for "Victor Charlie", the <a href="/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">NATO phonetic alphabet</a> for VC, the abbreviation for <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>. The (regular) <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Army">North Vietnamese Army</a> was referred to as "Mr. Charles". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>China Swede </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> </td> <td>Derogatory term for <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish immigrants to the United States</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chee-chee, Chi-chi </td> <td>South Asia </td> <td>Eurasian Mixed-race people, especially Anglo-Indians </td> <td>Probably derived from Hindi chi-chi fie!, literally, dirt. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hotten1870-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheese-eating_surrender_monkeys" title="Cheese-eating surrender monkeys">Cheese-eating surrender monkeys</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> people </td> <td>The term originated with a 1995 <a href="/wiki/%27Round_Springfield" title="'Round Springfield">episode</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chefur (čefur) </td> <td>Slovenia </td> <td>Non-<a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenian</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tsekwa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Tsekwa">Tsekwa / Chekwa</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipino</a> people </td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>, which derived it from the late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano Bisaya</a> street children's <a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">limerick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Insik_wakang,_kaon,_kalibang" class="extiw" title="wikt:Insik wakang, kaon, kalibang">Intsik, wákang, káun, kalibang!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Chinese (<a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">laborer</a>), I work, eat, and shit!', where "Intsik"/"Insik" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a> term, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%AA%9C%B6#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:𪜶">𪜶</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:叔">叔</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: in chek; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'his/her/their uncle', while "wakang"/"gwakang" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a> term, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:我">我</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:工">工</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: góa kang; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'I work', while "kaon"/"kaun" is from the <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano Bisaya</a> term, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaon#Cebuano" class="extiw" title="wikt:kaon">kaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'to eat', while "kalibang" is from the <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano Bisaya</a> term, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kalibang#Cebuano" class="extiw" title="wikt:kalibang">kalibang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'to defecate'. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ocampo1-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chernozhopy </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Indigenous people from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, e.g. from <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> or Azerbaijan. </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:черножопый">черножопый</a>, or chornaya zhopa, meaning "black-arse" in Russian. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faller2011-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chilote </td> <td>Argentina </td> <td>Chilean people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Drake83-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinaman_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinaman (term)">Chinaman</a> </td> <td>United States, Canada </td> <td>Chinese people </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chinaman" class="extiw" title="wikt:Chinaman">Chinese 中國人</a>. It was used in the gold rush and railway-construction eras in western United States when discrimination against the Chinese was common. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a> </td> <td>China, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines </td> <td>Chinese people </td> <td>Mocking the language of or a person of perceived Chinese descent. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a> </td> <td>China, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia,Philippines </td> <td>East and South East Asians </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinky </td> <td>China, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia,Philippines </td> <td>East and South East Asians. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Golmei2017-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samson2017-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chonky </td> <td> </td> <td>Asian people </td> <td>Refers to a person of Asian heritage with "white attributes", in either personality or appearance. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christ-killer" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ-killer">Christ-killer</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> people </td> <td>An allusion to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Choc-ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Choc-ice">Choc-ice</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>A person who is figuratively "black on the outside, white on the inside". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a> </td> <td>Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> people </td> <td>It may be derogatory depending on circumstances. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-oxford_cholo-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-randomhouse_cholo-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian people">Bolivian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian people">Peruvian people</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-plath-60-61-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3_(%E8%94%91%E7%A7%B0)" class="extiw" title="ja:チョン (蔑称)">Chon</a>/<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3#差別表現とされた経緯" class="extiw" title="ja:バカチョン">Baka-Chon</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Korean people</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chow </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>Chinese people </td> <td>Used as early as 1864, rare now </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ru:%D1%87%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ru:чучмек">Chuchmek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: чучмек) / Chechmek (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: чечмек) </td> <td>Russia / Russian-speaking regions </td> <td>Middle / Central Asian people (in rare instances people from the Caucasus), in a broader sense Non-Russians, Non-European-looking people </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Chichimecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichimecas">Chichimec</a> - a derogatory term used by the Aztecs and other Central American Indians to describe the Chichimecs as "uncivilized, aggressive savages", similar to how the ancient Romans called Germanic tribes "barbarians". This name, with its derogatory meaning, was later adopted and brought to Europe by Spanish conquerors. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chug </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Canadian aboriginal</a> people </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Chugach" title="Chugach">Chugach</a> for the native people. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chukhna" title="Chukhna">Chukhna</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Finnic people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-MackSurina2005-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bakich2015-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:чурка">Churka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: чурка) </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Western and Central Asians </td> <td>1. Chock of wood<a href="#cite_note-Dahl-Churka-135">[135]</a> 2. Ignorant person<a href="#cite_note-Dahl-Churka-135">[135]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Faller2011-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ciapaty, ciapak </td> <td>Poland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_African" class="mw-redirect" title="North African">North African</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> people. </td> <td>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapati</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Garapich2016-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cigányforma </td> <td>Hungary </td> <td>Persons with the combination of black hair with brown eyes, regardless of ethnicity </td> <td>Used in 17th century Hungary; literal meaning is "gypsy form" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cigány népek </td> <td>Hungary </td> <td>Ethnic groups or nations where the combination of black hair with brown eyes is dominant </td> <td>Used in 17th century Hungary; literal meaning is "gypsy folks" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cioară </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a> </td> <td>Means <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations#Tiongkok" title="China–Indonesia relations">Cina</a> / Cokin </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>Chinese people </td> <td>Use in media has been banned since 2014 under Keppres (Keputusan Presiden, lit. Presidential Decree) No. 12 of 2014, replaced by Tiongkok (from Zhongguo 中国) or Tionghoa (from Zhonghua 中华). The Keppres even bans use of "China" in media and formal use. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia </td> <td>Hispanics/Latinos, South/Southeast Asians </td> <td>Named after the <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, in the American sense, it derives from the fact that a coconut is brown on the outside and white on the inside. A person of Hispanic/Latino or South/Southeast Asian descent who is seen as being assimilated into white American culture. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Nagayama_Hall-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-López-Rodríguez-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tu-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Asians </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Brown_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown person">brown person</a> of South Asian descent is perceived as fully assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-bbcAsianPoll-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcSpeechCrime-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardianCocoRow-146">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coño </td> <td>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish people</a> </td> <td>Used in to refer to Spanish people given the perception that they recurrently use the vulgar interjection coño (lit. "cunt"). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-plath-58-59-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a> </td> <td>United States, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> people, usually <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbean">Indo-Caribbean</a> people </td> <td>Unskilled Asian laborer (originally used in the 19th century for Chinese railroad laborers). Possibly from Mandarin "苦力" ku li or Hindi kuli, "day laborer." Also racial epithet for <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbean">Indo-Caribbean</a> people, especially in <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Indians">South African Indians</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Coon, cooney </td> <td>United States, Commonwealth </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Slur popularized by <a href="/wiki/Coon_song" title="Coon song">Coon songs</a> played at <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a>. Originally associated in the 1830s with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> who used a raccoon as their emblem. The Whigs were more tolerant towards blacks than other main parties. After the party folded the term "coon" evolved from political slang into a racial slur. Within African American communities, the word has been used to refer to a black person who is allegedly a "sellout".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td>Aboriginal Australian </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-156">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand </td> <td>Pacific Islander </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-156">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a>, Coon-ass </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a> people </td> <td>Not to be confused with the French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/connasse" class="extiw" title="wikt:connasse">connasse</a>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Cunt" title="Cunt">cunt</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coreano </td> <td>Chile </td> <td>Chinese and Japanese people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-plath-60-61-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cotton picker </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Individuals of African descent, including <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> </td> <td>Historically referred to someone who harvested cotton by hand, often used in the context of American slavery when enslaved black people were forced to pick cotton on plantations. The phrase originally referred to the actual occupation of picking cotton on plantations in the American South, but that it later became a racial slur used to denigrate people of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">African</a> descent, including <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Coloureds</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracker (pejorative)">Cracker</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>White people, especially poor Appalachian and Southern people </td> <td>Entered general use in the United States as a pejorative for white people, though may be used neutrally in context. Can specifically refer to white settlers, as with <a href="/wiki/Florida_cracker" title="Florida cracker">Florida</a> or <a href="/wiki/Georgia_cracker" title="Georgia cracker">Georgia crackers</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crow </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crucco (m.), crucca (f.) </td> <td>Italy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> people </td> <td>The name was firstly given during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> to the troops of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Croatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatians">Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenians">Slovenian</a> ethnicity. Later the term was used to indicate the Germans. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Culchie" title="Culchie">Culchie</a> </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td>Rural Irish people </td> <td>Applied by townspeople or city folk as a condescending or pejorative reference to people from rural areas. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curepí </td> <td>Paraguay </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentines" title="Argentines">Argentines</a> </td> <td>A common term used by people from Paraguay for people from Argentina, it means "pig's skin". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curry-muncher </td> <td>Australia, Africa, New Zealand, United States, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian People">South Asian People</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cushi" title="Cushi">Cushi</a>, Kushi (כושי) </td> <td>Israel </td> <td>Dark-skinned people </td> <td>Term originated from Kushite, referring to an individual from the Ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a>. This was also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> generally used to refer to people usually of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">descent</a>. Originally merely descriptive, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> it increasingly assumed a pejorative connotation and is regarded as insulting by <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Israelis</a>; and by non-Jewish, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a> migrant workers and asylum seekers in Israel. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czarnuch (m.), czarnucha (f.) </td> <td>Poland </td> <td>Black people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dago" class="extiw" title="wikt:dago">Dago</a>, Dego </td> <td>United States, Commonwealth </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese people</a>; in the United States, primarily used for Italians and people of Italian descent </td> <td>Possibly derived from the Spanish name "<a href="/wiki/Diego" title="Diego">Diego</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dal Khor </td> <td>Pakistan </td> <td>Indians and Pakistanis (specifically <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabis</a>) </td> <td>The term literally translates to "<a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a> eater", connoting the supposedly higher emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">pulses</a> and vegetables in the diet of countryside Punjabis. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dalle, Batak Dalle </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak people</a> </td> <td>Dalle is a pejorative which means "Batak people who can't speak Batak" or "Batak people who don't (want to) know about Batak culture" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-'nBASIS-179">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>darky / darkey / darkie </td> <td>Worldwide </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>According to lexicographer Richard A. Spears, the word "darkie" used to be considered mild and polite, before it took on a derogatory and provocative meaning. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears199049-181">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DEI" class="mw-redirect" title="DEI">DEI</a> / DEI hire </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Women and Black people </td> <td>The term is sometimes used to imply that women and Black people are inherently unqualified for positions of power, and that they can only get jobs through <a href="/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism">tokenism</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dhoti </td> <td>Nepal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madheshi people</a> </td> <td>As reference to their indigenous clothing <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">Dhoti</a> worn by people of Indian subcontinent. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dink </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Southeast Asian, particularly <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> people. </td> <td>Origin: 1965–70, Americanism. Also used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War. (Note: If rendered in <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">ALL CAPS</a>, then <a href="/wiki/DINK" title="DINK">DINK</a> may be the benign lifestyle acronym for <a href="/wiki/DINK" title="DINK">dual-income, no kids</a> [a couple with two incomes and no child-raising expenses]) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dogan, dogun </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholics</a> </td> <td>19th century on; origin uncertain: perhaps from Dugan, an Irish surname. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dothead, Dot </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> women </td> <td>In reference to the <a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">bindi</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walton1999-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dune coon </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabian</a> people </td> <td>equivalent of sand nigger (below). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoaneBonilla-Silva2003124-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbst199772-190">[190]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E">E</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Eight ball, 8ball </td> <td> </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Referring to the black ball in <a href="/wiki/Pool_(cue_sports)" title="Pool (cue sports)">pool</a>. Slang, usually used disparagingly. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Engelsman" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Engelsman">Engelsman</a> </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White South Africans</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> descent whose first language is <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: Englishman. A derogatory term used to refer to <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">white South Africans</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> descent whose first language is <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. This is due to <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> tensions between <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans-speaking_population_of_South_Africa" title="Afrikaans-speaking population of South Africa">Afrikaans-speaking</a> white South Africans, which were fueled by <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">apartheid policies</a>. Some Afrikaans-speaking people view the English-speaking minority as elitist and condescending, and the use of the term "Engelsman" reflects these attitudes. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eyetie </td> <td>United States, United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> people </td> <td>Originated through the mispronunciation of "Italian" as "Eye-talian". Slang usually used disparagingly (especially during World War II). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green481-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalzell2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqX5aDwAAQBAJpgRA10-PA1925_"Eyetie"]-195">[195]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="F">F</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fankui" class="mw-redirect" title="Fankui">Fankui</a>, fan-kui, fangui, gui-zi, guizi, gui </td> <td>Chiefly Southeast Asia </td> <td>Non-Chinese native people of Southeast Asia </td> <td>These words (and any variations of it) are extremely derogatory, since it means anyone other than Chinese have terrible attitude and uncivilised idiots. (Gui or Guizi itself means demon) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lafay-199">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fresh_off_the_boat" title="Fresh off the boat">Fresh off the boat</a>, off the boat </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> in general </td> <td>Referring to <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> who have traveled to another foreign country and have yet acculturated into the nation's ethnicity or language, but still perpetuate their cultures. The slur also was the name for a sitcom named '<a href="/wiki/Fresh_Off_The_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresh Off The Boat">Fresh Off The Boat</a>'. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Farang</a> khi nok </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td>Poor white people </td> <td>Is slang commonly used as an insult to a person of white race, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">white trash</a>, as khi means <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and nok means bird, referring to the white color of bird-droppings. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> </td> <td>Northern Ireland, Scotland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a> </td> <td>Derived from the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Дети фестиваля">Festival children</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Дети фестиваля) </td> <td>USSR (from late 1950s) </td> <td>Children of mixed ancestry, usually with a father who is <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> or (more rarely) other non-European origins </td> <td>It is believed that the first noticeable appearance of black and mixed-ancestry children appeared after the <a href="/wiki/6th_World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students" title="6th World Festival of Youth and Students">6th World Festival of Youth and Students</a> of 1957. The term was often used ironically and sometimes in a mildly derogatory fashion. This term is currently not used. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feuj (<a href="/wiki/Verlan" title="Verlan">verlan</a> for juif) </td> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Wieviorka2007-206">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fidschi(<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidschi_(Schimpfwort)" class="extiw" title="de:Fidschi (Schimpfwort)">de</a>) </td> <td>East Germany </td> <td>East or Southeast Asian people, particularly Vietnamese people </td> <td>German for <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, used to refer to anyone who looks East or Southeast Asian, particularly those of Vietnamese origin. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fjellabe </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a> people </td> <td>Means mountain ape. Jocularly used by Danes mostly in sports. From the 1950s. Norway is mountainous while Denmark is flat without mountains. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flip </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Filipino people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Franchute </td> <td>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-plath-58-59-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frenk </td> <td>Ashkenazi Jews </td> <td>Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews </td> <td>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Franks#Crusaders_and_other_Western_Europeans_as_"Franks"" title="Franks">Franks (as a reference to Western Europeans)</a>, due to the fact Sephardi Jews are <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> speakers. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fritz" title="Fritz">Fritz</a>, <abbr title="United Kingdom, France, Hungary">fricc</abbr>, <abbr title="Poland">fryc</abbr>, <abbr title="Russia">фриц</abbr>, <abbr title="Latvia">fricis</abbr> </td> <td>United Kingdom, France, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Latvia </td> <td>German people </td> <td>from Friedrich (Frederick). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Frog, Froggy, Frogeater, Froschfresser </td> <td>Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States, Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> people (formerly) <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> people (currently) </td> <td>Before the 19th century, referred to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> (as they were stereotyped as being <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a>-dwellers). When France became Britain's main enemy, replacing the Dutch, the epithet was transferred to them, because of the French penchant for eating frogs' legs (see comparable French term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rosbif" class="extiw" title="wikt:rosbif">Rosbif</a>). Also known in Slavic countries, but only towards the (mainland) French, see Polish żabojad, Ukrainian zhaboyid (жабоїд), Russian lyagushatnik (лягушатник); as well as in Basque frantximant. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy-Wuzzy" title="Fuzzy-Wuzzy">Fuzzy-Wuzzy</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadendoa" title="Hadendoa">Hadendoa</a> people </td> <td>Term used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Hadendoa" title="Hadendoa">Hadendoa</a> warriors in the 19th century, in reference to their elaborate hairstyles. Not applicable in Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_Wuzzy_Angels" title="Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels">Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gabacho" title="Gabacho">Gabacho</a> </td> <td>Spain, Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> gavach meaning "one who speaks wrong." </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-plath-58-59-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_people" class="mw-redirect" title="American people">American people</a>, French people </td> <td>Neutral or pejorative depending on context. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Gabacho-219">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gabel </td> <td>Albania, Kosovo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> </td> <td>Expression of disdain for someone, with the setting "Maxhup" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">Gadjo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Non-<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> people </td> <td>Technically a term for a person who does not possess <a href="/wiki/Romanipen" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanipen">Romanipen</a>, it usually refers to non-Romanis and Romanis who do not live within Romani culture. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaijin" title="Gaijin">Gaijin</a> (外人) </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Foreigners, espesically those of non-East Asian origin </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Galla </td> <td>Ethiopia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo people</a> or others in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td>Used since 1670 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Collins_Galla-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-MWebster_Galla-224">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gam, Gammat </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloured</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coloured">Coloured</a> people </td> <td>It means "a person who is low or of inferior status" in Afrikaans. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gans (Ганс) </td> <td>USSR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German people</a>, or more uncommonly <a href="/wiki/Latvian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian people">Latvian people</a> </td> <td>The term originated among the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet troops</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, coming from Russified form of the German <a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">first name</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_(name)" title="Hans (name)">Hans</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garoi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> </td> <td>It means <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geomdung-i (검둥이) </td> <td>South Korea </td> <td>Black people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> for <a href="#coon">coon</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gexhë </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umadija" title="Šumadija">Šumadija</a> </td> <td>Derogatory expression for the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> of southern Serbia, of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umadija" title="Šumadija">Šumadija</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ghati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrians">Maharashtrians</a> </td> <td>Ethnic slur for Maharashtrians living in <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Ghats</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gin </td> <td>Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> woman </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#CITEREFMoore2004">Moore (2004)</a>, "gin" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gin jockey </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>White people </td> <td>A white person having casual sex with an Aboriginal woman. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Godon </td> <td>France </td> <td>English people </td> <td>An antiquated pejorative expression. Possibly a corruption of "God-damn". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Golliwog" title="Golliwog">Golliwog</a> </td> <td>United States, Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand </td> <td>Darkskinned people, especially African-Caribbeans </td> <td>An expression which originally was a children's literature character and type of black doll but which eventually came to be used as a jibe against people with dark skin. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gook" title="Gook">Gook</a>, Gook-eye, Gooky </td> <td>United States </td> <td>East and Southeast Asians, but particularly Koreans </td> <td>The earliest recorded example is dated 1920. Used especially for enemy soldiers. Its use has been traced to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marines">United States Marines</a> serving in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in the early 20th century. It gained widespread notice as a result of the Korean and Vietnam wars. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Seligman-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-gook-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-240">[240]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goombah" title="Goombah">Goombah</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Italian people, Italian-Americans </td> <td>Initially applied to Italian or Italian-American men in general, it now also specifically carries connotations of stereotypical vulgar machismo and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Mafia">Italian Mafia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American Mafia">Italian-American Mafia</a> involvement among ethnic Italians and Italian-Americans. However, "goombah" is also used among Italian-Americans themselves to refer to a friend or comrade; the word becomes pejorative mostly when used by a non-Italian to refer to an ethnic Italian or Italian-American in a derogatory or patronizing way rather than as a friendly term of address among Italian-Americans. Originates from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italian</a> word cumpa or cumpari and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Italian">Standard Italian</a> equivalent, compare, meaning "godfather" or "partner-in-crime". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-usatodayiaconis-241">[241]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gora (गोरा, گورا), Goro (गोरो) </td> <td>India </td> <td>Europeans and other light-skinned people </td> <td>The word gorā simply means "fair-skinned" in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and other Indo-Aryan languages, derived from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> gaura (गौर "white, shining"). However, it has recently been used as a racial epithet for <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a>. "Gori" is the feminine form. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-gora-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goy" title="Goy">Goy</a>, Goyim, Goyum </td> <td>Hebrew </td> <td>Non-Jewish people </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew biblical</a> term for "Nation" or "People". By <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman times</a> it had also acquired the meaning of "non-Jew". In English, use may be benign, to refer to anyone who isn't Jewish, or controversial, as it can have <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> connotations. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grago, Gragok (shrimp) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian">Eurasians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang people</a> </td> <td>A term for <a href="/wiki/Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian">Eurasians</a>, and specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, many of whom were traditionally engaged in shrimp fishing. It often has pejorative connotations, especially when used by outsiders, though in recent generations members of the community have to some degree tried to reclaim the term. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greaseball, <a href="/wiki/Greaser_(derogatory)" title="Greaser (derogatory)">Greaser</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Southern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern European">Southern European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> people, and especially <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian people</a>. </td> <td>Greaseball often generally refers to Italians or a person of Italian descent. Meanwhile, though it may be used as a shortening of greaseball to refer to Italians, greaser has been more often applied to Hispanic Americans or <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican Americans</a>. However, greaseball (and to a lesser extent, greaser) can also refer to any person of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Southern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern European">Southern European</a> descent or <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent, including Greeks, Spaniards, and the Portuguese, as well as Latin Americans.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-hughes-250">[250]</a> Greaser also refer to members of a <a href="/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)" title="Greaser (subculture)">1950-1960s subculture</a> which <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic Americans">Hispanic Americans</a> were stereotyped to be a part of. "<a href="/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)" title="Greaser (subculture)">Greaser</a>" in reference to the subculture has taken on a less derogatory connotation since the 1950s. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greenhorn </td> <td>United States, New England region, especially Massachusetts. </td> <td>Portuguese people </td> <td>Can also be used in a non-derogatory context when not referring to the Portuguese to mean anyone inexperienced at something. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gringo" title="Gringo">Gringo</a> </td> <td>Spanish speakers, mostly Latin America </td> <td>English speakers </td> <td>Sometimes used by <a href="/wiki/Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino Americans">Latino Americans</a>. In Mexico, the term means an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a>. Likely from the Spanish word "griego", meaning <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> (similar to the English expression "It's all Greek to me"). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil </td> <td>Foreigners </td> <td>A colloquial neutral term for any foreigner, regardless of race, ethnicity or origin (including Portuguese people), or for a person whose native language is not Portuguese (including people whose native language is Spanish). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern Brazil </td> <td>Italian descendants </td> <td>A colloquial neutral term for Italian descendants of southern Brazil, specially in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Groid </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Derived from "<a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">negroid</a>". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gub, Gubba </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>White people </td> <td>Aboriginal term for white people </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guizi" title="Guizi">Guizi</a> (鬼子) </td> <td>Mainland China </td> <td>Non-Chinese </td> <td>Basically the same meaning as the term <a href="/wiki/Gweilo" title="Gweilo">gweilo</a> used in Hong Kong. More often used when referring foreigners as military enemies, such as riben guizi (日本鬼子, Japanese devils, because of <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>), meiguo guizi (美国鬼子, American devils, because of <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guido_(slang)" title="Guido (slang)">Guido</a>, Guidette </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian Americans</a> </td> <td>Derives from the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> given name, Guido. Guidette is the female counterpart. Used mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> as a stereotype for working-class urban Italian Americans. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymology of Guinea">Guinea</a>, Ginzo </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> people </td> <td>Most likely derived from "<a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymology of Guinea">Guinea</a> Negro", implying that Italians are dark or swarthy-skinned like the natives of <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>. The diminutive "Ginzo" probably dates back to World War II and is derived from Australian slang picked up by United States servicemen in the Pacific Theater. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gummihals </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>German people </td> <td>Literally "rubber neck" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gusano_(slur)" title="Gusano (slur)">Gusano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>Cuban exiles after the revolution </td> <td>Literally "worm" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Cuban_Mass_Migration-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gweilo" title="Gweilo">Gweilo</a>, gwailo, kwai lo (鬼佬) </td> <td>Southern Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau </td> <td>White men </td> <td>Loosely translated as "foreign devil"; more literally, might be "ghost dude/bloke/guy/etc". Gwei means "ghost". The color white is associated with ghosts in China. A lo is a regular guy (i.e. a fellow, a chap, or a bloke). Once a mark of xenophobia, the word is now in general, informal use. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Morris1997-273">[273]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gwer </td> <td>North Africa </td> <td>White people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gyp/Gip </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> </td> <td>Shortened version of "gypsy" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-binsider-275">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyopo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyopo">Gyopo, Kyopo</a> (교포) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> </td> <td>Estranged Korean people </td> <td>Literally "sojourner". A Korean who was born or raised overseas, particularly the United States. (see also <a href="#banana">banana</a> in this page) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy (term)">Gypsy</a>, Gyppo, gippo, gypo, gyppie, gyppy, gipp </td> <td>United Kingdom, Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian people">Egyptian people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> </td> <td>Derived from "Egyptian", Egypt being mistakenly considered these people's origin. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hairyback </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hajji</a>, Hadji, Haji </td> <td>United States Military </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi people</a> </td> <td>May also be used to describe anyone from a predominantly Muslim country. Derived from the honorific Al-Hajji, the title given to a Muslim who has completed the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (pilgrimage to Mecca). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Multi-ethnic people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> is a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> term, also used in Canadian English, for a half-breed, and <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> is the equivalent in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, although these are not offensive per se. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">Half-caste</a> </td> <td>England, Australia </td> <td>Mixed race (usually between <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Australian Aboriginal</a> and white people in Australian parlance) </td> <td>Originally used as a legal and social term. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haole" title="Haole">Haole</a> </td> <td>United States, Hawaiian </td> <td>Non-Hawaiian people, almost always white people. </td> <td>Can be used neutrally, dependent on context. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heeb, Hebe </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> people </td> <td>Derived from the word "<a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrew</a>." </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%AC%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:黑鬼">Heigui</a> (黑鬼) </td> <td>China, Taiwan </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Literally means "black ghost" or "black devil", used similarly to English phrases such as <a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">nigga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heukhyeong (흑형) </td> <td>South Korea </td> <td>Black people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: Black brother. A Korean ethnic slur sometimes for black people. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hevosmies </td> <td>Finland </td> <td>Romani people </td> <td>From hevos- + mies, referring to Gypsy horsemanship. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hike </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> immigrants </td> <td>Sometimes used with or to distinguish from "Hunk" ("Hunky"). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunk_1896-294">[294]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ozark" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark">Ozark</a> Americans </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a>, honkey, honkie </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a> </td> <td>Derived from an African American pronunciation of "<a href="/wiki/Hunky_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunky Culture">hunky</a>," the disparaging term for a Hungarian laborer. The first record of its use as an insulting term for a white person dates from the 1950s. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand </td> <td>European New Zealanders </td> <td>Used by Māori to refer to New Zealanders of European descent. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hori_(racial_slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hori (racial slur)">Hori</a> </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> </td> <td>From the formerly common Maorified version of the English name George. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)">Hottentot, Hotnot</a> </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> </td> <td>A derogatory term historically used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoisan people">Khoisan people</a> of Southern Africa and their descendants, <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloureds</a>. It originated from the Dutch settlers who arrived in the region in the 17th century. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari2005-300">[300]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Houtkop </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Literally "wooden head" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huan-a" title="Huan-a">Huan-a, Huana</a> </td> <td>Taiwan and Southeast Asia </td> <td>Non-Chinese native people </td> <td>This word is derogatory because huan-a means "foreigner" which portrays non-Chinese natives as not human[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. In Taiwan, it carries the connotation of "aborigine". In Indonesia, it refers to non-Chinese native people descended from the many ethnolinguistic groups native to Indonesia commonly known by the term <a href="/wiki/Pribumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pribumi">pribumi</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak people">Batak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a>). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huinca" title="Huinca">Huinca</a> </td> <td>Argentina, Chile </td> <td>Non-Mapuche Chileans, non-Mapuche Argentines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a> term dating back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Conquest of Chile</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:хужаа">Hujaa</a> (хужаа) </td> <td>Mongolia </td> <td>Chinese people </td> <td>Equivalent to the word chink. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans#Hun_(pejorative)" title="List of terms used for Germans">Hun</a> </td> <td>United States, United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German people</a> </td> <td>(United States, United Kingdom) Germans, especially German soldiers; popular during World War I. Derived from a speech given by Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany to the German contingent sent to China during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in which he exhorted them to "be like Huns" (i.e., savage and ruthless) to their Chinese enemy. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> soldiers </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> in Northern Ireland or historically, a member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British military</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> ("Britannia's huns"). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunky_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunky Culture">Hunky</a>, Hunk </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> laborers </td> <td>It originated in the coal regions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, where Poles and other immigrants from Central Europe (Hungarians (Magyar), <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>, Slovaks) came to perform hard manual labor in the mines. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg2008-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunk_1896-294">[294]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hurri </td> <td>Finland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish-speaking population of Finland</a>, Swedish people </td> <td>Initially used as a derogatory term for the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland, sometimes used as a slur for any Swedish speaker </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_slurs#Jews" title="List of religious slurs">Hymie</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Jewish people </td> <td>Derived from the personal name Hyman (from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> name <a href="/wiki/Haim" title="Haim">Chayyim</a>). <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> provoked controversy when he referred to New York City as "<a href="/wiki/Hymietown" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymietown">Hymietown</a>" in 1984. Has also been spelled "Heimie", as a reflection of popular Jewish last names ending in -heim. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NewkirkP-314">[314]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ikey / ike / iky: a Jew [from Isaac] </td> <td> </td> <td>Jewish people </td> <td>Derived from the name Isaac, an important figure in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Hebrew culture</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ikey-mo / ikeymo </td> <td> </td> <td>Jewish people </td> <td>Derived from the names Isaac and Moses, two important figures in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Hebrew culture</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td>Indonesian people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(morphology)" title="Clipping (morphology)">Clipping</a> of Indonesia. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indognesial / Indonesial </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>Indonesian people </td> <td>Which similar to "Indon" term mixed with "<a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a>" and "Sial" (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word for "Damn"). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Intsik</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipino</a> people </td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>. Based on the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a> term, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%AA%9C%B6#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:𪜶">𪜶</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:叔">叔</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: in chek; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'his/her/their uncle'. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ocampo1-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inyenzi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> people </td> <td>A person of the Tutsi ethnic group in Africa. Literally means "Cockroach" and reportedly derives from how Tutsi rebels would attack at night and retreat, being hard to kill, like a cockroach. Most notably came to worldwide prominence around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda genocide">Rwanda genocide</a>, as it was used by the <a href="/wiki/RTLM" class="mw-redirect" title="RTLM">RTLM</a> in order to <a href="/wiki/Incite_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Incite genocide">incite genocide</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Injun </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corruption_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption (linguistics)">Corruption</a> of "Indian" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inselaffe </td> <td>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a> in general </td> <td>Translates to "Island monkey" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Itaker </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>Italian people </td> <td>Formerly used as a nickname for Italian soldiers and the since the 1960s as a slur for Italian immigrants. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackeen" title="Jackeen">Jackeen</a> </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> people </td> <td>Believed to be in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>, the flag of the United Kingdom. By adding the Irish diminutive suffix -een meaning little to Jack thereby ¨meaning "Little Jack" and implying "little Englishmen". It was more commonly used to separate those of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> heritage from those of <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> heritage. While the term is applied to Dublin people alone; today, it was applied in the past as a pejorative term against all city dwellers and not just those in Dublin. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a> </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>Unsophisticated people, from the Malay name of an indigenous ethnic group. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jamet, Jamet kuproy </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a> </td> <td>Jamet stands for Jawa metal (a metalhead Javanese), while kuproy stands for kuli proyek (construction workers). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hastanto-328">[328]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japa </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> </td> <td>Usually an affectionate way of referring to Japanese people (or, more generally, East Asian people), although it may be considered a slur. This term is never censored (as a slur typically would be) when it appears in mass media. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> </td> <td>Mostly found use during World War II, post-WWII. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> women </td> <td>Usually written in all capital letters as an acronym for "<a href="/wiki/Jewish-American_princess" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-American princess">Jewish-American princess</a>," a stereotype of certain <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish American">Jewish American</a> females as <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">materialistic</a> or pampered. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japie" title="Japie">Japie</a>, yarpie </td> <td> </td> <td>White, rural South Africans </td> <td>Derived from plaasjapie, "farm boy". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jareer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali_Bantus" title="Somali Bantus">Somali bantus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu Africans</a> in general </td> <td>References the kinky hair of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu-speaking</a> Africans which is less common among <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jawir </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a>, especially Javanese people with darker skin </td> <td>Comes from the words "<a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Jawa</a>" and "Ireng" from a Javanese word means black </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerry_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry (WWII)">Jerry</a> </td> <td>Commonwealth </td> <td>German people, especially soldiers </td> <td>Probably an alteration of "German". Origin of <a href="/wiki/Jerry_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry can">Jerry can</a>. Used especially during World War I and World War II. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jewboy </td> <td>United States, United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> boys </td> <td>Originally directed at young Jewish boys who sold counterfeit coins in 18th century London. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stone2013-337">[337]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jidan </td> <td>Romania </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jewish</a> person. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Jiggaboo, jiggerboo, niggerboo, jiggabo, jigarooni, jijjiboo, zigabo, jig, jigg, jigger </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people with stereotypical black features (e.g., dark skin, wide nose, and big lips). </td> <td>From a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> verb tshikabo, meaning "they bow the head docilely," indicating meek or servile individuals. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws#Etymology" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A7%B1%EA%B9%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:짱깨">Jjangkkae</a> </td> <td>Korea </td> <td>Chinese people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jjokbari" title="Jjokbari">Jjokbari</a> </td> <td>Korea </td> <td>Japanese people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jock, jocky, jockie </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Scottish people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> nickname for the personal name John, cognate to the English, Jack. Occasionally used as an insult, but also in a respectful reference when discussing Scottish troops, particularly those from Highland regiments. For example, see the <a href="/wiki/9th_(Scottish)_Division" title="9th (Scottish) Division">9th (Scottish) Division</a>. Same vein as the English insult for the French, as <a href="/wiki/Frog_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog (pejorative)">Frogs</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ian_Rankin" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a>'s detective novel <a href="/wiki/Tooth_and_Nail_(novel)" title="Tooth and Nail (novel)">Tooth and Nail</a> the protagonist – a Scottish detective loaned to the London police – suffers from prejudice by English colleagues who frequently use "Jock" and "Jockland" (Scotland) as terms of insult; the book was based on the author's own experience as a Scot living in London. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jungle bunny </td> <td>United States, Commonwealth </td> <td>Black people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jutku, jutsku </td> <td>Finland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kaew (แกว) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Northeastern Thailand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffir</a>, kaffer, kaffir, <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a>, kaffre, kuffar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims worldwide</a> </td> <td>Non-Muslims (regardless of race). </td> <td>Also caffer or caffre. from Arabic <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a> meaning "disbeliever". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pri-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa </td> <td>Black and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coloured">Cape Coloured</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coloured">Coloured</a> people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Members of a people inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountains of north-east Afghanistan </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffir boetie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>Black and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coloured">Cape Coloured</a> sympathizers during apartheid </td> <td>Meaning "Kaffir brothers", it is analogous to "negro lover" in English. The term is outdated and no longer used. </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kalar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> </td> <td>Muslim citizens who are "black-skinned" or "undesirable aliens." </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kalbit </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td> <td>Central Asians </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kalia, Kalu, Kallu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> </td> <td>Darkskinned people </td> <td>Literally means blackie generally used for black-skinned people in India, can also have racist overtone when referring to Africans. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Katwa, Katwe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> males </td> <td>Word used to describe Muslim males for having a <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumicised</a> penis as mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Khitan</a> of Islam. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanaka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a> </td> <td>Pacific Islanders </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanake" title="Kanake">Kanake</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>, foreigners in general </td> <td>Originally used to refer to Native Polynesians. To some extent re-appropriated. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-363">[363]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kano#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kano">Kano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> </td> <td>Usually used in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>) or other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>. Shortened from the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Amerikano#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:Amerikano">Amerikano</a>". It usually refers to <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a>, especially a stereotypical <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white American</a>, which may extend to western foreigners that may fit the stereotype which the speaker is not familiar with, especially those from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, etc. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaouiche, Kawish </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> </td> <td>Native Americans </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Käskopp </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>Dutch people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle German">Middle German</a> slur that translates to "cheese head". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-363">[363]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katsap" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsap">Katsap</a>, kacap, kacapas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: кацап, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: kacapas; self-deprecating usage by Russians. </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, usually of <a href="/wiki/Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian">Arabian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> descent. </td> <td>Its origin is a <a href="/wiki/Serbia_Strong" title="Serbia Strong">Serbian music video</a> that was recorded in 1993 during the Yugoslav Wars but the phrase has spread globally amongst far-right groups and the alt-right as a meme between 2006 and 2008. Famously Turkish internet users parodied the sentiment of Serbian nationalists online, with a satirical incoherent rant that ended with the phrase "remove kebab" being repeated. Although the meme initially intended to parody racism, this meaning behind the meme was lost once it became common in alt-right discourse. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Aljazeeramaterial-367">[367]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Keko </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> men </td> <td>Originally neutral Kurdish word meaning man, pal, or friend, but became derogatory among Turkish speakers. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keling" title="Keling">Keling</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a> </td> <td>In Indonesian, the term can be applied to any person with dark complexion, not only of Indian descent, but also to native Indonesians with darker complexion and Africans. The term is derived from the ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a>, where many immigrants to countries further east originated. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ke-mo_sah-bee" title="Ke-mo sah-bee">Kemosabe/Kemosahbee</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Native Americans </td> <td>The term used by the fictional Native American sidekick Tonto as the "Native American" name for the Lone Ranger in the American television and radio programs <a href="/wiki/Lone_Ranger_(disambiguation)#Broadcasting_and_film" class="mw-disambig" title="Lone Ranger (disambiguation)">The Lone Ranger</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-twp-370">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%94%90" class="extiw" title="ja:毛唐">Kettō</a> (毛唐) </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Westerners </td> <td>Literally means "foreigners full of body hair". Alternative form: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:毛唐人">ketōjin</a> (毛唐人) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khach (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Хач), Khachik (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Хачик) </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td>From Armenian խաչ khach, meaning cross (cf. <a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">khachkar</a>). <a href="/wiki/Khatchik" title="Khatchik">Khatchik</a> is also an Armenian given name coming from the same root. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharkhuwa" title="Kharkhuwa">Kharkhuwa</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese people</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khokhol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khokhol">Khokhol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Хохол) </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian people">Ukrainian people</a> </td> <td>Derived from a term for a traditional Cossack-style haircut. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kh%E1%BB%B1a" class="extiw" title="wikt:khựa">Khựa</a> </td> <td>Vietnam </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a> </td> <td>Variant form of "Tàu khựa" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:1-376">[376]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ikula (s.) / Amakula (p.) </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td>A person or people <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> heritage. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3-377">[377]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">Kike</a> or kyke </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Ashkenazi Jewish people </td> <td>Possibly from קײַקל kikel, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> for "circle". Immigrant Jews who could not read English often signed legal documents with an "O" (similar to an "X", to which Jews objected because "X" also symbolizes a cross). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Wolarsky-378">[378]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kimchi" class="extiw" title="wikt:kimchi">Kimchi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a> people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/k%C4%B1ro" class="extiw" title="wikt:kıro">Kıro</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>Kurdish men </td> <td>A word used to describe rude and hairy men, pejoratively refers to the Kurds. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kitayoza китаёза </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>East Asian people, especially the Chinese. </td> <td>Derived from "kitayets". (Cyrillic: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:китаец">китаец</a>) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Knacker#Slang_use" title="Knacker">Knacker</a> </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveler" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveler">Irish Travelers</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy2012-384">[384]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%9F%81%EC%9D%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:코쟁이">Kojaengi</a> (코쟁이) </td> <td>South Korea </td> <td>Westerners </td> <td>From 코 ("nose") and -쟁이 (derogatory suffix), prevalently used during the 19th and 20th centuries to refer to <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">Caucasian</a> foreigners </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolorad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolorad">Kolorad</a> </td> <td>Ukraine </td> <td>Pro-Russian separatists and Russian invaders </td> <td>In reference to Russian <a href="/wiki/St._George_ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George ribbon">St. George ribbon</a> whose coloration resembles the stripes of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado beetle">Colorado beetle</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-mtsmack-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Krankies" title="The Krankies">Krankie</a> </td> <td>England </td> <td>Scottish people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krakkemut </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td>Arabs, Middle Easterns </td> <td>While originally being used against greenlanders, it is now mostly used against Middle Easterns and Arabs. The word comes from the greenlandic word "Qaqqamut" meaning "to the mountain, up the mountain", however, the danish people began to pick up the word as an aggressive slur, and used it against the greenlanders, and slowly, it became a slur against the more frequent Arab and Middle Eastern immigrants in Denmark. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kraut" title="Kraut">Kraut</a> </td> <td>United States, Canada, Commonwealth </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German people</a> </td> <td>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>, used most specifically during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABpapa#Etymology" title="Kūpapa">Kūpapa Māori</a> </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> </td> <td>Term used to describe Māori people who cooperate with or who are subservient to white authority figures (similar to "Uncle Tom" qv). From historical Māori troops who sided with the colonial government in the 19th century. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kuronbō (黒ん坊) </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>A derogatory that literally means "darkie" or "<a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">nigga</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. The term has been used as a racial slur against black people, particularly during Japan's colonial era. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kkamdungi (깜둥이) </td> <td>South Korea </td> <td>Black people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">nigga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Labus </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian people</a> </td> <td>Derived from greetings: Latvian labrīt/labdien/labvakar and Lithuanian labas rytas/laba diena/labas vakaras, meaning "good morning/day/evening". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laowai" title="Laowai">Laowai</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>Foreigners </td> <td>Literally means "old foreign", less derogatory nowadays. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Land thief </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White South Africans</a> </td> <td>The term implies that white people stole land from black people during the Apartheid era, and are therefore responsible for the current economic and social inequalities in the country. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3-377">[377]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lapp </td> <td>Scandinavia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a> people </td> <td>Used mainly by Norwegians and Swedes. The word itself means "patch." "Lapland", considered non-offensive, refers to Sámi territory known as "<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a>", <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">northernmost county</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">province</a> in northernmost <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebo, Leb </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> person, usually a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Australian">Lebanese Australian</a>. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leupe lonko </td> <td>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German people</a> </td> <td>Used by some <a href="/wiki/Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">southern Chile</a>. Means "toasted heads" in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Fair_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair hair">fair hair</a> of many Germans. Originated during the <a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Valdivia,_Osorno_and_Llanquihue" title="German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue">German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue</a> in the mid 19th-century. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Salvador2020-399">[399]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limey" class="mw-redirect" title="Limey">Limey</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>British people </td> <td>Comes from the historical British naval practice of giving sailors limes to stave off <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005883-401">[401]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust</a> (蝗蟲) </td> <td>Hong Kong </td> <td>Mainland Chinese people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Londo </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>White people </td> <td>Commonly used by Javanese people. Derived from "Belanda" (Netherlands). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lubra </td> <td>Likely derived from a <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian Aboriginal language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a> </td> <td>Australian Aboriginal Women </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lundy </td> <td>Northern Ireland </td> <td>Irish People </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a> that sympathies with <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalists</a> in Northern Ireland. The name emanates from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lundy" title="Robert Lundy">Robert Lundy</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Londonderry" title="Governor of Londonderry">Governor of Londonderry</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">Siege of Derry</a> in 1688, who is reviled as being a traitor to protestants and as such, an effigy of him is burned each year. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lugan </td> <td> </td> <td>Lithuanian people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lach/lyakh (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: лях) </td> <td>Ukraine, Russia </td> <td>Polish people </td> <td>Lach is a term that originally referred to a representative of Slav tribes living roughly in what is today eastern Poland and western Ukraine, more commonly known today as <a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a>, but later became associated with all Polish tribes. In other languages, Lach and derived expressions are neutral. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mabuno/Mahbuno </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td>Local European people held in contempt, commonly <a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">white Africans of European ancestry</a>. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Cry-412">[412]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macaca_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaca (slur)">Macaca</a> </td> <td>Europe </td> <td>African people </td> <td>Originally used by <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a> colonists in North Africa, also used in Europe against Immigrants from Africa. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macaronar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>Italian people </td> <td>Roughly means "<a href="/wiki/Macaroni" title="Macaroni">macaroni</a> eater/maker". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Majus" title="Majus">Majus</a> (مجوس) </td> <td>Arab world </td> <td>Persian people </td> <td>A term meaning <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">fire worshipper</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malakh-khor (ملخ خور) </td> <td>Iran </td> <td>Arab people </td> <td>Meaning "locust eater," referring to the <a href="/wiki/Edible_locusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible locusts">eating of locusts in Arab cuisine</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rahimieh2015-420">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist1-421">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malau </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> </td> <td>A derogatory <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> slang word derived from <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, used to insult <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloured</a> people and <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisans</a> by suggesting they lack cultural and racial roots and are therefore uncivilized. Its origin can be traced back to the Xhosa word "amalawu" or "ilawu", meaning "<a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)">Hottentot</a>". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a> </td> <td>Bangladesh </td> <td>Hindus </td> <td>"Malaun" is derived from Bengali মালাউন (maalaaun), which in turn was derived from Arabic "ملعون" (mal'un), which means "cursed" or deprived of God's mercy. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malaydesh </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>Malaysian people </td> <td>Blended from <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, in reference to the surge of <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bangladeshi immigrants</a> in late 2023. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malingsia / Malingsial / Malingsialan </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>Malaysian people </td> <td>Used in Indonesia, derived from "maling" (Javanese for "thief") and "Malaysia". It often arises due to perceived instances of Malaysia claiming aspects of Indonesian culture </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malon </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>Malaysian people </td> <td>Used as the reply to Indon word. Malon is (mostly) a short for "Malaysia Bloon" (dumb Malaysians). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mangal / Mango / Mangasar / Mangusta </td> <td>Bulgaria </td> <td>Romani people </td> <td>From Bulgarian "мангал" (mangal) – a type of pot. Some variants are derived from the similar-sounding loanwords "манго" (mango) – mango and "мангуста" (mangusta) – mongoose. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manne </td> <td>Finland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> men </td> <td>Possibly from <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> man or from the name Herman. It refers to Romani men, however can also refer to Romani people generally. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marokaki (מרוקקי) </td> <td>Israel </td> <td>Moroccan Jewish people </td> <td>Derived from "Maroko" (Hebrew pronunciation for "Morocco") + "Kaki" (which means "shit", "crap" in Hebrew slang). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B7%AF%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:馬路大">Maruta</a> (丸太/マルタ) </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Chinese people </td> <td>Originally a term used by <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a> referring to its human test subjects, Nowadays used by <a href="/wiki/Netto-uyoku" title="Netto-uyoku">Netto-uyoku</a> sometimes. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mau-Mau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau-Mau">Mau-Mau</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>derived from <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu tribe</a> involved in the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Rebellion</a> in the 1950s. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mayate/Mayatero </td> <td> </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Literally the Spanish colloquial name of the <a href="/wiki/Figeater_beetle" title="Figeater beetle">Figeater beetle</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mayonnaise Monkey </td> <td>United States </td> <td>White people </td> <td>A term commonly used by black people. A person with a "mayonnaise"-like complexion. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mick" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mick">Mick</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Irish people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mocro </td> <td>Dutch </td> <td>Dutch-Moroccan people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mof (singular) Moffen (plural) </td> <td>Dutch </td> <td>German people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Momo/Momos </td> <td>India </td> <td>Northeast Indians </td> <td>Used on those that imply they are Chinese foreigners. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Golmei2017-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monkey </td> <td>Europe </td> <td>Usually people of African, Melanesian, or Indigenous Australian descent. </td> <td>A universal slur, meaning it has the same meaning in different languages. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears200110-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moskal" title="Moskal">Moskal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: москаль, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: moskal, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: москаль, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: moskowiter </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td>Russians </td> <td>Historically a neutral designation for a person from <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a>, currently refers to <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze2011-447">[447]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moon_cricket" class="extiw" title="wikt:moon cricket">Moon Cricket</a> / Midnight Cricket / Cricket </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>The origin is obscure. May refer to slaves singing at night as crickets chirp at dusk. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Turk">Mountain Turk</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>Kurdish people </td> <td>Former Turkish governments denied the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> their own ethnicity, calling them Mountain Turks (dağ Türkleri). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muklo </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td>Filipino Muslims, notably among Bangsamoro ethnic groups </td> <td>First used by soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> stationed in Mindanao as an ethnic slur towards the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgents</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mulignan/Mulignon/Moolinyan </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Used by Italian-Americans. Deriving from "mulignana" the word for <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">South Italian linguistic variants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a> Also called a mouli. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/munt" class="extiw" title="wikt:munt">Munt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, originally military </td> <td>Black people, usually men </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mustalainen </td> <td>Finland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> </td> <td>Literally "blackling," "blackie," "the black people", when "romani" is the neutral term. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maxhup </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> </td> <td>Expression of contempt for someone, usually <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mzungu" title="Mzungu">Mzungu</a> </td> <td>Eastern and Southern Africa, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td>White people </td> <td>May be both pejorative and affectionate, depending on usage. </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nawar_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawar (people)">Nawar</a> </td> <td>Levant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> </td> <td>Arab term for <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> and other groups sharing an itinerant lifestyle. </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neftenya" title="Neftenya">Neftenya</a> / Neftegna / Naftenya / Naftegna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara people</a> </td> <td>Literally means "rifle-bearer", relates to 19th century Ethiopian history. Since 1975, used as inflammatory term by <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF, governing party) officials against Amharas; continued inflammatory/derogatory usage in 2020 online media two years after EPRDF loss of political power. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HRW_Ethiopia_1995-458">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-AddisStand_Amhara_nationalism-459">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethnification_ET_media-460">[460]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Němčour, nimchura (німчура), nemchura (немчура) </td> <td>Slavic languages </td> <td>German people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nere </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> </td> <td>Muslims </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niakoué </td> <td>France </td> <td>East or Southeast Asian people </td> <td>A corrupted Vietnamese word with similar to "yokel", "country bumpkin", etc. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Michaud2017-463">[463]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niglet / Negrito </td> <td> </td> <td>Black children </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoaneBonilla-Silva2003132,_135-464">[464]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Nig-nog, nog, or Nignog </td> <td>Commonwealth </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Originally used to refer to a novice – a foolish or naive person – before being associated with black people. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">Nigger</a> / neeger (Estonian) / neekeri (Finnish) / niger / nig / nigor / nigra / nigre (Caribbean) / nigar / niggur / <a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">nigga</a> / niggah / niggar / nigguh / niggress / nigette / negro / neger (Dutch & Afrikaans) / nig </td> <td>International/Worldwide </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> </td> <td>From the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Negro" class="extiw" title="wikt:Negro">negro</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>"), derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> niger. The Spanish or Portuguese term, or other such languages deriving the term from it such as <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, may vary in its <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotation</a> per country, where some countries, the connotation may range from either positive, neutral, or negative, depending on context . For example, in Spanish and Portuguese, "negro" may simply refer to the color <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>. Among <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Spanish dialects</a> in different countries, it may have either positive or negative connotations, such as describing someone similarly to my <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/darling" class="extiw" title="wikt:darling">darling</a> or my <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/honey" class="extiw" title="wikt:honey">honey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, or describing someone to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angry" class="extiw" title="wikt:angry">angry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. In Portuguese, the term "negro" is often preferred to the more offensive preto; however, due to the influence of US-American pop culture, the "<a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">n-word</a>" can be found in the language as an <a href="/wiki/Anglicism" title="Anglicism">anglicism</a>, with identical connotations as the English term. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/niggeritis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:niggeritis">Niggeritis / Negroitis</a> </td> <td>Caribbean </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>To feel sleepy after eating is referred to in and around the Caribbean as having "niggeritis", a direct allusion to the stereotype of laziness of black Africans. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-mic-468">[468]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nip" title="Nip">Nip</a> </td> <td>United States, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom </td> <td>Japanese people </td> <td>Someone of Japanese descent (shortened version of Nipponese, from Japanese name for Japan, Nippon). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitchie / neche / neechee / neejee / nichi / nichiwa / nidge / nitchee / nitchy </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>Native Canadians </td> <td>A Native American (from the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> word for "friend"). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-Pri, Non-<a href="/wiki/Pribumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pribumi">Pribumi</a> </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>Indonesians of foreign descent, especially <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a> </td> <td>The term pribumi was coined after Indonesian independence to replace the derogatory Dutch term Inlander ("native"). "Non-pribumi," often simply "non-pri," was then used to refer to Indonesians of foreign descent and was generally considered to suggest that they were not full citizens. Use of both "pribumi" and "non-pribumi" by government departments was banned by President <a href="/wiki/B.J._Habibie" class="mw-redirect" title="B.J. Habibie">B.J. Habibie</a> in 1998 according to Inpres (Instruksi Presiden, lit. Presidential Instruction) No. 26 of 1998, along with instruction to stop discrimination by race in government. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Monkey </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Northern English people </td> <td>Used in the south of England, relating to the supposed stupidity and lack of sophistication of those in the north of the country. See also Southern Faerie. In some cases, this has been adopted in the north of England, with a <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> even taking the name "The Northern Monkey". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nusayri </td> <td>Syria and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> </td> <td>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a>. </td> <td>Once a common and neutral term derived from the name of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">Ibn Nusayr</a>, the sect's founder, it fell out of favour within the community in the early decades of the 20th century due to the perception that it implied a heretical separateness from mainstream <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Resurgent in the context of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, the term is now often employed by Sunni fundamentalist enemies of the government of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, an Alawite, to suggest that the faith is a human invention lacking divine legitimacy. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ofay </td> <td>African American Vernacular </td> <td>White people </td> <td>First recorded in the late 19th century. Origin unknown. Suggestions include <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> ófé, "to disappear"; <a href="/wiki/Pig_Latin" title="Pig Latin">pig Latin</a> for "foe"; and French au fait, "socially proper". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oláh </td> <td>Hungarian-speaking territories </td> <td>Romanian people </td> <td>Evolved to a pejorative term, originates from the historical designation of Romanians earlier the 19th century. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orc_(slang)" title="Orc (slang)">Orc</a> </td> <td>Ukraine </td> <td>Russian soldiers </td> <td>Orc (<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>: орк, <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanised</a>: ork), plural orcs (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: орки, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Russian romanisation</a>: orki, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a>: orky), is a pejorative used by Ukrainians<a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a> to refer to an invading <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian soldier</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>. It comes from the name of <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">the fictional humanoid monsters of the same name</a> from <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s fantasy novel <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oreo#Use_of_the_word_"Oreo"_as_a_slur" title="Oreo">Oreo</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Used as early as the 1960s. Refers to a black person who is perceived as <a href="/wiki/Acting_white" title="Acting white">acting white</a>, and therefore black on the outside and white on the inside like an Oreo cookie. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Wilmore1989-482">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpitzbergThorndike1992-483">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boggs1998-484">[484]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oven Dodger </td> <td> </td> <td>Jewish people </td> <td>Implying that one or one's ancestors avoided dying in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and so avoid the <a href="/wiki/Cremation#World_War_II" title="Cremation">crematorium ovens</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overner </td> <td>United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> </td> <td>Mainland United Kingdom Residents </td> <td>A term used by residents of the Isle of Wight, sometimes pejoratively, to refer to people from the mainland United Kingdom. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-486">[486]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Paddy </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a> people </td> <td>Derived from <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig" title="Pádraig">Pádraig</a>/Patrick. Often derogatory; however, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward_FitzGerald" title="Lord Edward FitzGerald">Lord Edward FitzGerald</a>, a major leader of the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> of 1798, proclaimed that he was "a Paddy and no more" and that "he desired no other title than this". </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-487">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[488]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paddy_wagon" class="extiw" title="wikt:Paddy wagon">Paddy wagons</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-489">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[490]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pajeet </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asian people</a> </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> term for a <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asian</a> man. Used as a derogatory and disparaging term in reference to racial stereotyping towards South Asians. The implication makes fun of a typical Punjabi Indian male's name. Originated around late 2014 and early 2015. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-GPAHE2024-491">[491]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td>New Zealanders of non-Maori origin. </td> <td>A Maori term for New Zealanders with no Polynesian ancestry. Not typically derogatory but can be taken so. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paki_(slur)" title="Paki (slur)">Paki</a>, Pakkis </td> <td>United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Norway </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a>, other <a href="/wiki/South_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asians">South Asians</a> </td> <td>Shortened from "Pakistani". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-GPAHE2024-491">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palagi" title="Palagi">Palagi</a> </td> <td>Pacific Islands </td> <td>White people </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> term for a white person, found throughout the Pacific islands. Not usually derogatory unless used in reference to a local to imply they have assimilated into Western culture. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hoëm2015-496">[496]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paleface </td> <td>Native Americans </td> <td>White people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann2010-497">[497]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pancake Face, Pancake </td> <td> </td> <td>Asian people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-498">[498]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papoose" title="Papoose">Papoose</a> </td> <td>United States, Canada </td> <td>Native American children </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-499">[499]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraíba </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordeste_(socio-geographic_division)" title="Nordeste (socio-geographic division)">Northeastern Brazilian</a> people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">One</a> of the 9 states in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast Region of Brazil</a>. As a slur, it refers generically to any Northeastern person. Used mainly in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, the term is related to the Northeastern immigration of the second half of the 20th century. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-folhasp-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parsubang, Parsolam </td> <td>Indonesia (North Sumatra) </td> <td>Batak people or non-Batak people </td> <td>Parsubang or parsolam refers to Batak Dalle and non-Batak people who don't eat <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">canine meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_as_food" title="Blood as food">blood</a>, and drinking <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a>. Parsolam itself is a wordplay of solam/silom/selam, an old epithet for Islam and Muslims. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-'nBASIS-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-500">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-501">[501]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pastel de flango </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> people </td> <td>Used mostly to refer to people of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> origin. <a href="/wiki/Pastel_(food)" title="Pastel (food)">Pastel</a> is Portuguese for any pastry and so is used for <a href="/wiki/Wonton" title="Wonton">wonton</a> in Brazil. Flango is <a href="/wiki/Eye_dialect" title="Eye dialect">eye dialect</a> of frango (Portuguese for chicken) ridiculing Asian pronunciation. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-502">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[504]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paša </td> <td>Serbs </td> <td>Bosniaks </td> <td>Literally meaning <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a>, used by Serbs originated during the Bosnian war to generally mock Bosniak Muslims who wanted keep <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> titles and place-names. The modern term is used to refer to old Bosniak men who were pictured in wartime cartoons as being "fat as a pasha." </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-505">[505]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peckerwood" title="Peckerwood">Peckerwood</a> </td> <td>Southern African American people and Upper-class White people </td> <td>Poor, rural White people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-506">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-507">[507]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peenoise </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> </td> <td>Usually used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>) and other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">Compound</a> of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">pee</a> + <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, likened to <a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a>. The implication makes fun of their high-pitched voice and tendency to scream when speaking online, especially in <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">online gaming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">esports</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-508">[508]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perker </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td>Arabs, Middle Eastern </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">Portmanteau</a> of "perser" (<a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a>) and "tyrker" (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turk</a>). The use of it is commonly used towards Middle Eastern immigrants </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-509">[509]</a><a href="#cite_note-510">[510]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pepper or Pepsi </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadians</a> or <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Québécois</a>. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-511">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[512]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">Pickaninny</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>African American or West Indies child </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-513">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[514]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans#Piefke_(pejorative)" title="List of terms used for Germans">Piefke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussians</a> and Germans </td> <td> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pikey" title="Pikey">Pikey</a> / piky / piker </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Travellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, and vagrant lower-class/poor people </td> <td>19th century on; derived from "<a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">turnpike</a>". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-515">[515]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Pindos</a> / Pendos (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Пиндос) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> </td> <td>Universal disparaging term to refer to all Americans. Related slur terms can refer to the United States ─ such as Pindosiya, Pindostan (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Пиндосия, Пиндостан) and United States of Pindosiya. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-516">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[517]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilak </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabahans</a> </td> <td>Filipinos </td> <td>Regional word for "silver" or "money". Particularly targets <a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment#Sabah" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">immigrants</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-518">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[519]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pink pig </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td>White people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3-377">[377]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plastic_Paddy" title="Plastic Paddy">Plastic Paddy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Estranged Irish People </td> <td>Someone who knows little of <a href="/wiki/Irish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish culture">Irish culture</a>, but asserts their 'Irish' identity. Can refer to foreign nationals who claim Irishness based solely on having Irish relatives. Often used in the same sense as poseur and wannabe. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-520">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[521]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plouc </td> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a> </td> <td>Used to mean Breton immigrants that came to Paris and extended to mean hillbillies. The term comes from the prefix "plou" found in many Breton city names and toponyms. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plouc" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:plouc">plouc</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-522">[522]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pocho" title="Pocho">Pocho</a> / pocha </td> <td>Southwest United States, Mexico </td> <td> </td> <td>Adjective for a person of Mexican heritage who is partially or fully assimilated into United States culture (literally, "diluted, watered down (drink); undersized (clothing)"). See also "<a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a>". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-523">[523]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Native Americans </td> <td>Refers to a distorted narrative of <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>, a Native American woman, in which the 17th-century daughter of Powhatan who negotiated with the English at Jamestown, married an English colonist and converted to Christianity. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-524">[524]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-526">[526]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polack" title="Polack">Polack</a>, Polacke, Polak, Polock </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> people </td> <td>From the Polish <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>, Polak (see <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Poland">Name of Poland</a>). Note: the proper Swedish demonym for Polish people is polack, and the Norwegian equivalent is polakk. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Allen1983-527">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polack-528">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[530]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polaco_(slur)" title="Polaco (slur)">Polaco</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalan people</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polaca </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">Prostitute</a> </td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> the word (meaning "Polish woman") <a href="/wiki/Zwi_Migdal#polaca" title="Zwi Migdal">became synonymous to "prostitute"</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-531">[531]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polentone" title="Polentone">Polentone</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>Northern Italians </td> <td>Referring to them as a "<a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a> eater". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-532">[532]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pom, Pohm, <a href="/wiki/Pommy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pommy">Pommy</a>, Pommie, Pommie Grant </td> <td>Australia, New Zealand, South Africa </td> <td>British </td> <td>Usually non-derogatory, but may be derogatory depending on context. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-533">[533]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Porridge wog </td> <td> </td> <td>Scots </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Green1124-534">[534]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portagee </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a> </td> <td>Slur for Portuguese Americans immigrants. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-535">[535]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potet </td> <td>Norway </td> <td>Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a> </td> <td>Means "potato" in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and is mostly used negatively among non-Western immigrants when talking about or trying to offend ethnic Norwegians. Means "light skin like a potato". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-536">[536]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prairie nigger </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-The_Deseret_News_1985-04-28-537">[537]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prod </td> <td>Northern Ireland </td> <td>Northern Irish Protestants </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-538">[538]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Promdi </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td>Filipinos from countryside (understood as provinces) who have limited or no knowledge about Metro Manila or other big cities by the time they first arrive </td> <td>From a pronunciation spelling of English from the (province). This term can be offending or stereotypical, as it is often used to make fun of people who first arrive in a big city and wear unfashionable clothes or speak in a rural-like accent, common stereotypes of people coming from the countryside. It is being reclaimed as a symbol of pride. It is often synonymous with the word probinsyano/probinsyana. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-539">[539]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pshek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pshek">Pshek</a> </td> <td>Russian </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> males </td> <td> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Q">Q</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Quashie, Quashi </td> <td>Caribbean </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Often used on those who were often gullible or unsophisticated. From the <a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">West African name</a> Kwazi, often given to a child born on a Sunday. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears2001118-540">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[541]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brewer1895-542">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartle_80–84-543">[543]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Raghead </td> <td> </td> <td>Arabs, Indian Sikhs, etc. </td> <td>Derived from those people wearing traditional headdress such as <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">keffiyehs</a>. See <a href="#T">towel head</a>. Sometimes used generically for all Islamic nations. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-544">[544]</a><a href="#cite_note-545">[545]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramasamy </td> <td>British-ruled <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> </td> <td>Indians, </td> <td>Ramasamy is a common name used mostly by <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a>. The racially-divided southern Africa was inhabited by a large number of <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indentured labourers</a> from India of whom <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamils</a> were the majority. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-546">[546]</a><a href="#cite_note-547">[547]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastus" title="Rastus">Rastus</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>African Americans </td> <td>A stereotypical term. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-548">[548]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Razakars_(Pakistan)" title="Razakars (Pakistan)">Razakars</a> </td> <td>Bengali </td> <td> </td> <td>Akin to the western term <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-549">[549]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redleg</a> </td> <td>Barbados </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a> </td> <td>Used to refer to the islands' laborer-class, given how pale skin tends to burn easily. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-550">[550]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Redneck</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> </td> <td>Applied to <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> white people perceived to be crass, unsophisticated, and <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>; closely associated with rural whites of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-551">[551]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Redskin</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_American_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Indians">Native Americans</a> </td> <td>Often used in the names of <a href="/wiki/Sports_teams_named_Redskins" title="Sports teams named Redskins">sports teams</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy" title="Native American name controversy">Native American name controversy</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-552">[552]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Remove_Kebab" class="mw-redirect" title="Remove Kebab">Remove Kebab</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, usually of <a href="/wiki/Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian">Arabian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> descent. </td> <td>Its origin is a <a href="/wiki/Serbia_Strong" title="Serbia Strong">Serbian music video</a> that was recorded in 1993 during the Yugoslav Wars but the phrase has spread globally amongst far-right groups and the alt-right as a meme between 2006 and 2008. Famously Turkish internet users parodied the sentiment of Serbian nationalists online, with a satirical incoherent rant that ended with the phrase "remove kebab" being repeated. Although the meme initially intended to parody racism, this meaning behind the meme was lost once it became common in alt-right discourse. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Aljazeeramaterial-367">[367]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Risorse boldriniane </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabs" title="Maghrebi Arabs">Maghrebi Arabs</a> </td> <td>Literally "Boldrini's resources". Used for the first time in 2015 by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Matteo Salvini</a>, as a slur for North-African immigrants, who had been unironically called "resources" by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Boldrini" title="Laura Boldrini">Laura Boldrini</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-553">[553]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rockspider, rock </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-554">[554]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: безродный космополит) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>Jews </td> <td>Soviet epithet, originated in the official parlance, as an accusation of lack of full allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-555">[555]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rosuke, Roske </td> <td>Japanese </td> <td>Russians </td> <td>"suke/ske" is a Japanese general-purpose derogatory suffix. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-556">[556]</a><a href="#cite_note-557">[557]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rooinek" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooinek">Rooinek</a> </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td>British people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_slang_words" title="List of South African slang words">Slang</a> for a <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">person of British descent</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-558">[558]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>Chilean people </td> <td>Used to refer disdainfully. The term roto ("tattered") was first applied to Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">conquerors in Chile</a>, who were badly dressed and preferred military strength over intellect. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JL148-559">[559]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roundeye </td> <td>English-speaking Asians </td> <td>Non-Asians, especially White people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears2001295-560">[560]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Russki" class="extiw" title="wikt:Russki">Russki</a>, ruski (Polish), ryssä (Finnish) </td> <td>United States Europe </td> <td>Russians </td> <td>From the Russian word Русский Russkiy, meaning "Russian". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-561">[561]</a><a href="#cite_note-562">[562]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feyli_(tribe)" title="Feyli (tribe)">Feyli Kurds</a> </td> <td>Mainly used by higher class Sunni Arabs during <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> to insult Feyli Kurds for their belief in <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-563">[563]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(racial_term)" title="Sambo (racial term)">Sambo</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>African Americans or black people in general </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-564">[564]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Sand nigger </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Arabs or Muslims in general </td> <td>Mainly used due to the desert environment of most Arab countries. Equivalent of dune coon (above). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-565">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richey2012-566">[566]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbst199772-190">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a> (三国人) </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Korean and Taiwanese people </td> <td>Originally used to refer the various former colonial subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-TimeInterview-567">[567]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarong_Party_Girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarong Party Girl">Sarong Party Girl</a> </td> <td>Singapore </td> <td>Asian women </td> <td>Used to ridicule Asian women who exclusively dates, marries, or socializes with White men for ulterior motives (especially for sexual, social status, and monetary purpose). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-568">[568]</a><a href="#cite_note-569">[569]</a><a href="#cite_note-570">[570]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sassenach </td> <td>Scottish, Gaelic </td> <td>English people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-571">[571]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Savage_(pejorative_term)" title="Savage (pejorative term)">Savage</a> </td> <td>England </td> <td>Indigenous people, non-Christians </td> <td>Used to describe a person or people considered primitive/uncivilized. Sometimes a legal term. Targets include indigenous tribes and civilizations in North America, South America, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. US examples include 1776 Declaration of Independence ("merciless Indian Savages") and 1901 Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/DeLima_v._Bidwell" title="DeLima v. Bidwell">DeLima v. Bidwell</a> ruling describing Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as "savage tribes" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-572">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-573">[573]</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[574]</a><a href="#cite_note-575">[575]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sawney" title="Sawney">Sawney</a> </td> <td>England </td> <td>Scottish people </td> <td>Archaic term. Local variant of Sandy, short for "Alasdair". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-576">[576]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scandihoovian </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> people living in the United States </td> <td>Somewhat pejorative term for people of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> descent living in the United States, now often embraced by Scandinavian descendants. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-577">[577]</a><a href="#cite_note-578">[578]</a><a href="#cite_note-579">[579]</a><a href="#cite_note-580">[580]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seppo, Septic </td> <td>Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom </td> <td>American people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cockney_rhyming_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockney rhyming slang">Cockney rhyming slang</a> (septic), Australian rhyming slang (seppo): <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yank</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-581">[581]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schluchtenscheißer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>Austrian people </td> <td>Translates to somebody defecating in a cave (word-for-word translation: gorge shitter) and alludes to the mountainous landscape of Austria. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-582">[582]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schvartse, Schwartze </td> <td>Yiddish or German speakers </td> <td>African people (in the United States) Mizrahi Jews (in Israel) </td> <td>Literally translates to "black". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-583">[583]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schwartze Khayeh </td> <td>Ashkenazi Jews </td> <td>Mizrahi Jews </td> <td>Literally translates to "black animal". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-584">[584]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Sheboon<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the river in Belize, see <a href="/wiki/Sibun_River" title="Sibun River">Sibun River</a>.</div> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black women </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-585">[585]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sheeny / Sheenie </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Jewish people </td> <td>A 19th-century term for an "untrustworthy Jew". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-586">[586]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheepshagger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepshagger">Sheepshagger</a> </td> <td>Australia, United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealander">New Zealanders</a> (in Australia) <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> people (in the UK) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-587">[587]</a><a href="#cite_note-588">[588]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a> </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a> </td> <td>Derived from siúilta, which means "The Walkers" in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>. </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shiksa (female), Shegetz (male) </td> <td>Yiddish speakers </td> <td>Non-Jewish children </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-589">[589]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[590]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina</a> (支那) </td> <td>Japan </td> <td rowspan="2">Chinese people </td> <td rowspan="2">The Chinese term "Zhina" was orthographically borrowed from the Japanese "shina". Variant form of this term: <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:支那人">Shinajin</a>/<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:支那人">Zhinaren</a> (支那人) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-Fogel2012-591">[591]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:支那">Zhina</a> (支那) </td> <td>Taiwan, Hong Kong </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shine </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Shoeshiner" title="Shoeshiner">shoeshiner</a>, a lowly job many black people had to take. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Green1265-592">[592]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shitskin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:shitskin">Shitskin</a> / Shitlip </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people, anyone with dark-coloured skin </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-593">[593]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiptar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiptar">Shiptar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanian people</a> </td> <td>From misspelled <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> "<a href="/wiki/Shqiptar" title="Shqiptar">Shqiptar</a>". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-594">[594]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shka i Velikës </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg Albanians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a> from <a href="/wiki/Velika,_Montenegro" title="Velika, Montenegro">Velika</a> </td> <td>Derogatory terms for <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a> named after the place <a href="/wiki/Velika,_Montenegro" title="Velika, Montenegro">Velika</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shkije" title="Shkije">Shkije</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg Albanians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> </td> <td>Derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word "Sclavus" or from the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> word "Schiavone", which means <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slav</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-595">[595]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shkinulkë </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg Albanians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> </td> <td>Same as <a href="/wiki/Shkije" title="Shkije">Shkije</a> but targeted towards women. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shkutzim (Yiddish, plural) </td> <td>Yiddish speakers (plural) </td> <td>Non-Jewish men </td> <td>Used especially on those perceived to be anti-Semitic. Cf. Shegetz, Shiksa. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-jewfaq.org-596">[596]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shkutor Croatian: Škutor </td> <td>Croatia </td> <td>West-Herzegovinan Croatian people </td> <td>Primarily used to refer to ethnic Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as to majority of Croats who are not natives of the modern-day Croatia (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Hungary" title="Croats of Hungary">Croats of Hungary</a>, Croats of Vojvodina etc.). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-597">[597]</a><a href="#cite_note-598">[598]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shoneen" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoneen">Shoneen</a> </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td>Irish People </td> <td>Irish Person who imitates English Customs. It means "Little John" in Irish language, referring to <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a>, a national personification of the British Empire in general and more specifically of England. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-599">[599]</a><a href="#cite_note-600">[600]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock">Shylock</a> / Shyster </td> <td> </td> <td>Jewish people perceived as greedy or usurious </td> <td>From the antagonistic character of <a href="/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock">Shylock</a>, a Jewish money-lender, in William Shakespeare's play <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-601">[601]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E9%98%BF%E9%99%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:死阿陸">Sí-a-la̍k</a> (死阿陸) </td> <td>Taiwan </td> <td>Chinese people </td> <td>Literally means "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%99%B8%E4%BB%94" class="extiw" title="zh:阿陸仔">damned mainlanders</a>". the homophonic numerical form of this phrase(<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/426#政治領域中" class="extiw" title="zh:426">426</a>) is also frequently used. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-426news-602">[602]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siamtue (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: เซียมตือ, <a href="/wiki/Min_Nan_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan Chinese language">Min Nan Chinese</a>: 暹豬) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkoker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Central Thai people</a> (usually include <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mons</a>) </td> <td>Literally Siamese pig; "low and vile like pigs, easy to fatten and slaughter, easy money"; mostly refers to Central Thais who migrated to Bangkok. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-603">[603]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sideways vagina/pussy/cooter </td> <td> </td> <td>Asian women, particularly Chinese women. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-604">[604]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skinny </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Somali people </td> <td>A term most commonly used for Somali militia fighters. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-605">[605]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skopianoi </td> <td>Greece </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Ethnic Macedonians</a> </td> <td>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, the capital city of North Macedonia. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-606">[606]</a><a href="#cite_note-607">[607]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skip, Skippy </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>An Australian, especially one of British descent </td> <td>Derived from the children's television series <a href="/wiki/Skippy_the_Bush_Kangaroo" title="Skippy the Bush Kangaroo">Skippy the Bush Kangaroo</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-608">[608]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skævøjet </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td>East Asian people </td> <td>Skævøjet, literally meaning "with crooked eyes", is a reference to their appearance. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-609">[609]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slant, slant–eye </td> <td> </td> <td>East Asian people </td> <td>In reference to the appearance of the eyes. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-610">[610]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slobo </td> <td>Finland </td> <td>Russians or Slavs </td> <td>From the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> word sloboda ("freedom") through some means, probably through some form of <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> слобода́ (slobodá). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-611">[611]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slope, slopehead, slopy, slopey, sloper </td> <td>Australia, United Kingdom, and United States </td> <td>Asian people (especially Vietnamese in Australia; especially Chinese in America) </td> <td>Also slant, slant-eye. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-612">[612]</a><a href="#cite_note-613">[613]</a><a href="#cite_note-614">[614]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(slang)#Interracial_relations" title="Snowflake (slang)">Snowflake</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>White people </td> <td>Mostly used in this context in the 19th and 20th centuries. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-615">[615]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Smoked Irish/Smoked Irishman </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>A 19th-century term intended to insult both blacks and Irish but used primarily for black people. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears2001118-540">[540]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Somdeang (โสมแดง) </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td>North Koreans </td> <td>Literally "red ginseng" (see also Somkhao). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-616">[616]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thai_manager-617">[617]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Somkhao (โสมขาว) </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td>South Koreans </td> <td>Literally "white ginseng" (see also Somdeang). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Thai_manager-617">[617]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soosmar-khor: (سوسمار خور) </td> <td>Persia </td> <td>Arabian people </td> <td>Persian for "lizard eater," referring to the <a href="/wiki/Uromastyx#Consumption_by_humans" title="Uromastyx">eating of lizards in Arab cuisine</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-O'Donnell1980-618">[618]</a><a href="#cite_note-619">[619]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sciolino2001-620">[620]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sooty </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Originated in the 1950s. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-621">[621]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern Faerie, Southern Fairy </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Southern English people </td> <td>Used in the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a> to refer to someone from the South, alluding to their supposed mollycoddled ways. (see also Northern Monkey.) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Collins2014-622">[622]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soutpiel </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td>White <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> speakers </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> term abbreviated as "Soutie" and translates as "Salt-penis," it derives from the Boer Wars where it was said that British soldiers had one foot in the United Kingdom, one foot in South Africa, and their penis dangled in the Atlantic Ocean (filled with <a href="/wiki/Saltwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater">saltwater</a>). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hummel2011-623">[623]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spade </td> <td> </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Recorded since 1928 (<a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>), from the <a href="/wiki/Spades_(suit)" title="Spades (suit)">playing cards suit</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-624">[624]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spearchucker </td> <td> </td> <td>African Americans or people of African descent in general </td> <td>Derived from the idea that people of African descent were primitive. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbst1997210-625">[625]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spic" title="Spic">Spic</a>, spick, spik, spig, or spigotty </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Hispanic people </td> <td>First recorded use in 1915. Believed to be a play on a Spanish-accented pronunciation of the English word speak. May apply to Spanish speakers in general. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-626">[626]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPIC-627">[627]</a><a href="#cite_note-bartleby-628">[628]</a><a href="#cite_note-SANTIAGO-629">[629]</a><a href="#cite_note-630">[630]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spook </td> <td> </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Attested from the 1940s. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-631">[631]</a><a href="#cite_note-632">[632]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Squarehead </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a> people, such as <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>. </td> <td>Refers to either the stereotyped shape of their heads, or to the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm" title="Stahlhelm">Stahlhelm</a> M1916 steel helmet, or to its owner's stubbornness (like a block of wood). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-633">[633]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw">Squaw</a> </td> <td>United States and Canada </td> <td>Native American women </td> <td>Derived from lower East Coast Algonquian (<a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a>: ussqua), which originally meant "young woman". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-634">[634]</a><a href="#cite_note-635">[635]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Svenne / svenne banan </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td>Swedish people </td> <td>A slang form of the word "svensk" which means swede in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and is mostly used negatively among non-Western immigrants when talking about or trying to offend ethnic Swedes. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-636">[636]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Swamp Guinea </td> <td> </td> <td>Italian people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-637">[637]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Szkop, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skop%C4%8D%C3%A1k" class="extiw" title="wikt:skopčák">skopčák</a> </td> <td>Poland, Czech Republic </td> <td>German people </td> <td>The Polish term was particularly often used for <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> soldiers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II in Poland">World War II</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-638">[638]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Szwab </td> <td>Poland </td> <td>German people </td> <td>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>. See also: Fritz. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-639">[639]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taffy_was_a_Welshman" title="Taffy was a Welshman">Taffy</a> or Taff </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Welsh people </td> <td>Originating as a corruption of the name Dafydd (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Welsh pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈdavɨð]</a>) Davy or David, and equivalent of other historic English pejoratives <a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Paddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Jock</a>. Known since at least the 17th-century when life-sized effigies of Welshmen were symbolically lynched in London, and the 18th century custom of baking "taffies", <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a> figures made in the shape of a skewered Welshman. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-640">[640]</a><a href="#cite_note-641">[641]</a><a href="#cite_note-642">[642]</a><a href="#cite_note-643">[643]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taig" title="Taig">Taig</a> (also Teague, Teg and Teig) </td> <td>United Kingdom (primarily Northern Ireland) </td> <td>Irish nationalists </td> <td>Used by <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> for members of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Catholic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> community. Derived from the Irish name Tadhg, often mistransliterated as Timothy. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-644">[644]</a><a href="#cite_note-645">[645]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ke" title="Tai Ke">Tai Ke</a> </td> <td>Taiwan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a> </td> <td>Literally means "Guests in Taiwan"(not belonging to here), Used when referring to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> who fled with <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalist Party">Chinese Nationalist Party</a> to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> after losing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a>) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-646">[646]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tanka </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka people</a> </td> <td>A name for a distinct ethnic group traditionally living in boats off the shore of <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>. Originally descriptive ("Tan"/"Tang" is a Cantonese term for boat or junk and "ka" means family or peoples, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9C%91%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:蜑家">蜑家</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Cantonese Yale</a>: Daahn gā / Dahng gā), the term Tanka is now considered derogatory and no longer in common use. The people concerned prefer to call themselves by other names, such as 'Nam Hoi Yan' (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 南海人; <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Cantonese Yale</a>: Nàamhóiyàn; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'People of The Southern Sea') or 'Sui Seung Yan' (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 水上人; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: shuǐshàng rén; <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Cantonese Yale</a>: Séuiseuhngyàn; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'People Born on The Waters'), and other more polite terms. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-647">[647]</a><a href="#cite_note-648">[648]</a><a href="#cite_note-649">[649]</a><a href="#cite_note-650">[650]</a><a href="#cite_note-651">[651]</a><a href="#cite_note-652">[652]</a><a href="#cite_note-653">[653]</a><a href="#cite_note-654">[654]</a><a href="#cite_note-google2-655">[655]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tar-Baby" title="Tar-Baby">Tar-Baby</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black children </td> <td>Also used to refer without regard to race to a situation from which it is difficult to extricate oneself. See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tar_baby" class="extiw" title="wikt:tar baby">tar baby</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-656">[656]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u" class="extiw" title="wikt:Tàu">Tàu</a> </td> <td>Vietnam </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a> </td> <td>Variant form of "Tàu khựa" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-657">[657]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-376">[376]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teabag </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td>Black and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloured</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a> individuals who have a light skin </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3-377">[377]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teapot </td> <td> </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Originates from the 19th century. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-658">[658]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears2001118-540">[540]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">Terrone</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italian</a> people. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-659">[659]</a><a href="#cite_note-660">[660]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teuchter" title="Teuchter">Teuchter</a> </td> <td>Southern Scotland </td> <td>Northern Scottish people </td> <td>Used to refer to somebody from the north of Scotland or rural Scottish areas. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-661">[661]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thicklips </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Black people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears2001118-540">[540]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibla" title="Tibla">Tibla</a> </td> <td>Estonia </td> <td>Russian or Soviet people </td> <td>In widespread use by the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a>, this word was forbidden under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Estonia">Soviet occupation of Estonia</a>. It may be a shortened corruption of Vitebski, workers from the <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Governorate" title="Vitebsk Governorate">Vitebsk Governorate</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> who were seen as dumb. It may also come from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_profanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian profanity">Russian profane</a> addressing "ty, blyad," "ты, блядь" ("you bitch", and the like [a]) or, truncated, "ty, blya," "ты, бля. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-662">[662]</a><a href="#cite_note-663">[663]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiko </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>Native Indonesian people </td> <td>Tiko stands for Tikus kotor (Dirty rat). It may also derive from Hokkien 猪哥 (ti-ko), which means "brother of a pig", referring to their majority Muslim heritage. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-664">[664]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Timber nigger </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> </td> <td>Refers to the Native Americans on the East coast living in areas that were heavily forested. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-665">[665]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> </td> <td>Refers to the children born of the mass rapes that the Turco-Mongol Tatar soldiers of Timur committed against the Syrian women of Damascus in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1400)" title="Siege of Damascus (1400)">Siege of Damascus (1400)</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-666">[666]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ting tong </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Chinese people or East Asians. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-667">[667]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Tinker / tynekere / tinkere / tynkere, -are / tynker / tenker / tinkar / tyncar / tinkard / tynkard / tincker </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and Ireland </td> <td>Lower-class people </td> <td>An inconsequential person (typically lower-class) (note that in Britain, the term "Irish Tinker" may be used, giving it the same meaning as example as directly below). </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scotland and Ireland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> </td> <td>Origin unknown – possibly relating to one of the "traditional" occupations of Romanis as traveling "tinkerers" or repairers of common household objects. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-668">[668]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scotland </td> <td>Native Scottish people </td> <td>A member of the native community; previously itinerant (but mainly now settled); who were reputed for their production of domestic implements from basic materials and for repair of the same items, being also known in the past as "travelling tinsmiths", possibly derived from a reputation for rowdy and alcoholic recreation. Often confused with Romani people. </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Toad </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Prison slang. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-669">[669]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokutei_Asia" title="Tokutei Asia">Toku-A</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Chinese and Korean people </td> <td>Literally means "specific Asia", A term used by <a href="/wiki/Netto-uyoku" title="Netto-uyoku">netto-uyoku</a> referring to the only specific part of Asia with strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Anti-Japanese sentiment</a> in their countries (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">North/South Korea</a>). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-670">[670]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonto" title="Tonto">Tonto</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Native Americans </td> <td>Native American character in the American television and radio programs <a href="/wiki/Lone_Ranger_(disambiguation)#Broadcasting_and_film" class="mw-disambig" title="Lone Ranger (disambiguation)">The Lone Ranger</a>. Spanish for "Idiot". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-671">[671]</a><a href="#cite_note-twp-370">[370]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Touch of the tar brush </td> <td>Commonwealth </td> <td>White people with suspected non-white ancestry </td> <td>Phrase for a person of predominantly Caucasian ancestry with real or suspected African or Asian distant ancestry. </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">when defined as?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-672">[672]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Towel head </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a> wearers </td> <td>Often refers specifically to Sikhs, or Arabs and Muslims—based on the traditional <a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">keffiyeh</a> headdress. However, in British English, the term is only used to refer to Arabs. Americans use the term 'rag-head' to apply to wearers of turbans as well, because the cloth that makes a turban could be described as a rag, but in British English the term towel-head solely refers to Arabs because the traditional, Middle Eastern <a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">keffiyeh</a>, such as the red and white Saudi one or the black and white <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_keffiyeh" title="Palestinian keffiyeh">Palestinian keffiyeh</a> worn by Yasser Arrafat, resemble the most common styles of British tea-towels – dishcloth in American – while Sikh turbans do not. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-673">[673]</a><a href="#cite_note-674">[674]</a><a href="#cite_note-675">[675]</a><a href="#cite_note-676">[676]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tumba-Yumba (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: тумба-юмба) </td> <td>Post-Soviet countries </td> <td>Africans and by extension any culture perceived as uncivilized </td> <td>From "<a href="/wiki/Mumbo_jumbo_(phrase)" title="Mumbo jumbo (phrase)">Mumbo-Jumbo</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Мумбо-Юмбо). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-677">[677]</a><a href="#cite_note-678">[678]</a><a href="#cite_note-679">[679]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Albanians">Turco-Albanian</a> </td> <td>Western Europe, Balkans </td> <td>Muslim Albanians </td> <td>Historically used in Western Europe and still in use within the Balkans to refer to Muslim Albanians. In the Greek language, the expression is rendered as Turkalvanoi. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Millas-680">[680]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turco </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Palestinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Brazil">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Brazil">Armenians</a> </td> <td>Meaning "Turk" in Portuguese and Spanish. The term originated in the late 19th century to refer those who came to Brazil, Argentina and Chile from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Since Jews (both <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a>) frequently occupied the same roles as <a href="/wiki/Peddler" title="Peddler">peddlers</a> as Syrians and Lebanese (who were the majority of those with Ottoman passports in Brazil), they were also called "turcos" in Brazil. Ironically, there was no relevant immigration of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> to Brazil. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-681">[681]</a><a href="#cite_note-682">[682]</a><a href="#cite_note-turcofobia-683">[683]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turčin, Poturčin </td> <td>Serbs </td> <td>Bosniaks </td> <td>In reference to the supposed ambiguity of Bosniaks and their ethnic origins; referring to their acceptance of the Muslim faith as them becoming "Turkified" or "Poturčin" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-684">[684]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turk </td> <td>South Wales </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Llanelli">Llanelli</a> residents </td> <td>The origin of this term is uncertain; some theories suggest it due to Llanelli's popularity with Turkish sailors in the late 19th to early 20th century or possibly when Turkish migrants heading for the United States stopped in Llanelli and decided to settle due to there being jobs available. However, most likely it's due to the fact that during World War One there was a trade embargo in place during Gallipoli, but Llanelli continued to trade tin with the Turkish; this led to people from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> and other surrounding areas referring to them as Turks. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-WallerCriddle1999-685">[685]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turko </td> <td>Sephardic Jews </td> <td>Ashkenazi Jews </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> word meaning "Turk". The exact history of the term is uncertain, but possibly refers to the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-686">[686]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Twinkie: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Twink_(gay_slang)" title="Twink (gay slang)">Twink (gay slang)</a>.</div> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian Americans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European Americans</a> with few or no social or genealogical links to an indigenous tribe, who claims to be <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>, particularly a <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> practitioner purporting to be a spiritual leader, healer, or <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a>/<a href="/wiki/Medicine_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine woman">woman</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see also <a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a>). Also an <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a> who has become assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">mainstream American culture</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">See <a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Tu-41">[41]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Wren-687">[687]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johansen-688">[688]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mihesuah-689">[689]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Type C </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>Chinese people </td> <td>Type C was another name for <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a> before being used as a slur referring to <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> people, its proclaimed meaning is 'Type Chinese'. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-690">[690]</a><a href="#cite_note-691">[691]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U">U</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukro-nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukro-nazi">Ukro-Nazi</a>, Ukronazi, Ukrofascist </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td>Label used to link self-identifying Ukrainians during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> to Nazism, evoke Soviet victory in WWII, and justify Russian atrocities in Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: укро-нацист, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: ukro-natsist,<a href="#cite_note-692">[692]</a><a href="#cite_note-693">[693]</a> укро-фашист, ukro-fashist. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-694">[694]</a><a href="#cite_note-695">[695]</a><a href="#cite_note-696">[696]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrop" title="Ukrop">Ukrop</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td>A disparaging term which means "<a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>" in Russian, itself derived from "Ukrainian" ↔ Ukrop. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-697">[697]</a><a href="#cite_note-mtsmack-386">[386]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Refers to black people perceived as behaving in a subservient manner to white authority figures. In South Africa, the term "Uncle Tom" has been used as a derogatory slur against <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">coloreds</a> who were perceived as collaborating with the apartheid regime or being subservient to white people. In South Africa, the use of the term "Uncle Tom" by black people against <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">coloureds</a> or vice versa is considered racist and discriminatory according to the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbst1997221–222-698">[698]</a><a href="#cite_note-699">[699]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unta </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab Indonesians</a> </td> <td>Meaning "Camel". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-700">[700]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UPAina/ UPAińcy / UPAiniec, UPAinka </td> <td>Poland </td> <td>Ukrainians </td> <td>Portmanteau word Ukraine + UPA (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrayins'ka Povstans'ka Armiia</a>) responsible for <a href="/wiki/Volhynia_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Volhynia genocide">Volhynia genocide</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-701">[701]</a><a href="#cite_note-702">[702]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uppity </td> <td> </td> <td>Black people </td> <td>Refers to black people who are perceived as being insolent. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-binsider-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-703">[703]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uzkoglazyj </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Asian people, in particular East and Central Asians. </td> <td>Narrow-eyed </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-704">[704]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="V">V</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vanja </td> <td>Finland </td> <td>Russian people </td> <td>Synonym of ryssä, referring to Russians or <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> broadly. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-705">[705]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veneco (page does not exist)">Veneco</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneco" class="extiw" title="es:Veneco">es</a>] </td> <td>South America </td> <td>Venezuelans </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-706">[706]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, Prindapan </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>Indian people </td> <td>Indonesian version of pajeet. Originated from <a href="/wiki/Little_Krishna" title="Little Krishna">Little Krishna</a> animated series. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Pikiran_Rakyat-707">[707]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vuzvuz </td> <td>Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews </td> <td>Ashkenazi Jews </td> <td>Onomatopoeia of the Yiddish word for "What", which <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> speaking Sephardi Jews and <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Arabic">Judaeo-Arabic</a> speaking Mizrahi Jews did not understand. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-708">[708]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wagon burner </td> <td> </td> <td>Native American people </td> <td>A reference to when Native American tribes would attack <a href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">wagon trains</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier#Indian_wars_west_of_the_Mississippi" title="American frontier">wars in the eastern American frontier</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-709">[709]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wasi%27chu" title="Wasi'chu">Wasi'chu</a>, Wasichu </td> <td>Lakota people, Dakota people </td> <td>Non-Native white people </td> <td>Word for a non-Native white person, meaning "the one who takes the best meat for himself". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-710">[710]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Brit" title="West Brit">West Brit</a> </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td>Irish people </td> <td>Directed at Irish people perceived as being insufficiently Irish or too <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophilic</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-711">[711]</a><a href="#cite_note-712">[712]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wetback_(slur)" title="Wetback (slur)">Wetback</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Undocumented immigrants </td> <td>Refers to undocumented immigrants residing in the United States. Originally applied specifically to undocumented <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> migrant workers who had crossed the United States border via the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> river to find work in the United States, its meaning has since broadened to any undocumented person who enters the United States through its southern border. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-713">[713]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>White ears </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> </td> <td>White people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-714">[714]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>White interloper </td> <td> </td> <td>White people </td> <td>Refers to a white person who becomes involved in a place or situation where they are not wanted or are considered not to belong. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-715">[715]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wigger" title="Wigger">Wigger</a> / Whigger / Wigga (meaning white nigger) </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Irish people </td> <td>Used in 19th-century United States to refer to the Irish. Sometimes used today in reference to white people in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">white trash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">redneck</a>. Also refers to white youth that imitate urban black youth by means of clothing style, mannerisms, and slang speech. Also used by radical <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Québécois</a> in self-reference, as in the seminal 1968 book <a href="/wiki/White_Niggers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="White Niggers of America">White Niggers of America</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-716">[716]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>White nigger, Nigger wop </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Southern Italians </td> <td>From the 1800s, inferring such Italians were not "white" enough to be allowed citizenship. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Staples2019-717">[717]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson1998-718">[718]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Poor white people </td> <td>Common usage from the 1830s by black house slaves against white servants. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-719">[719]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitey_(slang)" title="Whitey (slang)">Whitey</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>White people </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-720">[720]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a> </td> <td>Commonwealth </td> <td>Dark-skinned foreigners </td> <td>Any swarthy or dark-skinned foreigner. Possibly derived from "<a href="/wiki/Golliwogg" class="mw-redirect" title="Golliwogg">golliwogg</a>." In <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> nations, it usually refers to dark-skinned people from Asia or Africa, though some use the term to refer to anyone outside the borders of their own country. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-721">[721]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td>Southern Europeans, Mediterraneans </td> <td>Usually used to refer to Southern Europeans and Mediterraneans (Italians, Croatians, Greeks, Albanians, Maltese, Macedonians, Turks, Lebanese). It has become <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">reappropriated</a> by the cultures that it is commonly used to describe, but may be considered by some as controversial. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-722">[722]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wop" title="Wop">Wop</a> </td> <td>United States, Canada, United Kingdom </td> <td>Italian people </td> <td>Derived from the Italian dialectism, "<a href="/wiki/Guappo" title="Guappo">guappo</a>", close to "dude, swaggerer" and other informal appellations, a greeting among male Neapolitans. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-723">[723]</a><a href="#cite_note-724">[724]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="X">X</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Riben" title="Xiao Riben">Xiǎo Rìběn</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>Japanese people </td> <td>Literally translated, it means "little Japan". It is often used with "guizi" or ghost/devil, such as "xiao Riben guizi", or "little Japanese devil". </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xing Ling </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a> </td> <td>Chinese products or low-quality products in general. Sometimes used to refer to Chinese people as well. Etymologically, this term is said to be derived from <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> 星零 xing ling ("zero stars"). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-725">[725]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y">Y</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Yam yam </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> residents </td> <td>Term used by people from <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-726">[726]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yanakuna" title="Yanakuna">Yanacona</a> </td> <td>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche people</a> </td> <td>Term used by modern <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> as an insult for Mapuches considered to be subservient to non-indigenous Chileans, "sellout." Use of the word "yanacona" to describe people have led legal action in Chile. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-desco17-727">[727]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yank </td> <td>British English speakers </td> <td>Americans </td> <td>A contraction of "Yankee" below, first recorded in 1778 and employed internationally by speakers of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> in informal reference to all <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> generally. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-yanky-728">[728]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankee</a> </td> <td>Dutch speakers </td> <td>Americans </td> <td>Possibly from Janke ("Johnny") or a dialectical variant of Jan Kaas ("John Cheese"). First applied by the Dutch colonists of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> to <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticuters</a> and then to other residents of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, "Yankee" remains in use in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a> in reference to <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northerners</a>, often in a mildly pejorative sense. Outside the US, especially in Spain and South America, used to describe all citizens of the US, regardless of which part of the US they come from. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-yanky-728">[728]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yaposhka </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Japanese people </td> <td>Derived from "yaponets" (Cyrillic: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:японец">японец</a>) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-729">[729]</a><a href="#cite_note-730">[730]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Yellow </td> <td> </td> <td>Asian people </td> <td>An East or southeast Asian person, in reference to those who have a yellowish skin color. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DicYellow-731">[731]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Mixed Ethnic people </td> <td>Anyone of mixed heritage, especially <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> people; a light-skinned black person, or a dark-skinned white person. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DicYellow-731">[731]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yellow bone / <a href="/wiki/High_yellow" title="High yellow">High yellow</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>A light-skin black person Equivalent of yellow (above). </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3-377">[377]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jewish people </td> <td>Derived from its use as an endonym among Yiddish-speaking Jews. In the United Kingdom, "yid" is also used to refer to supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tottenham Hotspur">Tottenham Hotspur</a> football club, whose fans refer to themselves and players as "yids" (or the derivative form "yiddo"), regardless of whether or not they are Jewish, as part of a reclamation attempt centered around the club's significant historic Jewish following. The latter sense is common and well-established enough to be found under the word's <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> entry, though its use has become controversial and a matter of debate in the 21st century, with opinions from both Jews and non-Jews, Tottenham fans and non-fans, running the gamut. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-732">[732]</a><a href="#cite_note-733">[733]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yuon </td> <td>Cambodia </td> <td>Vietnamese people </td> <td>The Cambodian word "Yuon" (yuôn) យួន /juən/ is derived from the Indian word for Greek, <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavana</a>". It can also be spelled as "Youn". Alternately, it may have come from the Chinese cognate of the country, "Yue" 越. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-734">[734]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pejorative_Terms_Yuon_and_Mien-735">[735]</a><a href="#cite_note-736">[736]</a><a href="#cite_note-737">[737]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Z">Z</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Location or origin </th> <th>Targets </th> <th>Meaning, origin and notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj, Zang, Zenj, Zinj, and Zang</a> </td> <td>Persian,Arabic </td> <td>Black people </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-738">[738]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zip, Zipperhead </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Asian people </td> <td>Used by American military personnel during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Also used in the films <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Now" title="Apocalypse Now">Apocalypse Now</a> (1979), <a href="/wiki/Platoon_(film)" title="Platoon (film)">Platoon</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Full_Metal_Jacket" title="Full Metal Jacket">Full Metal Jacket</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Romeo_Must_Die" title="Romeo Must Die">Romeo Must Die</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Gran_Torino_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Torino (film)">Gran Torino</a> (2008), and <a href="/wiki/Premium_Rush" title="Premium Rush">Premium Rush</a> (2012). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-739">[739]</a><a href="#cite_note-740">[740]</a><a href="#cite_note-741">[741]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zuca, Brazuca </td> <td>Portugal </td> <td>Brazilians </td> <td>Short for Brazuca, derived from "Brasil", used by Portuguese people to refer to Brazilians living in Portugal. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-742">[742]</a><a href="#cite_note-743">[743]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd</a>, zhid, zhydovka, zhidovka </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic language</a> speakers </td> <td>Jewish people </td> <td>Originally neutral (as in other Slavic languages), but became pejorative as debate over the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">antisemitism in the Russian Empire</a> intensified in the end of the 19th century. While still in official use during the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> and the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a>, its use was banned by the Soviet authorities, which had previously been campaigning against its usage, in the 1930s. The usage of the word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pl:%C5%BCyd" class="extiw" title="wikt:pl:żyd">żyd</a>" in Polish depends on capitalisation and grammatical form: upper-case <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pl:%C5%BByd" class="extiw" title="wikt:pl:Żyd">Żyd</a> is neutral and denotes <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in general or Jews as a nationality; the lower-case form (żyd, plural: żydzi) denotes a follower of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>; both are neutral. Related terms are considered offensive: alternative plural "żydy" or diminutive "żydek" (plural: żydki). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-744">[744]</a><a href="#cite_note-745">[745]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex-_and_gender-related_slurs" title="Category:Sex- and gender-related slurs">Category:Sex- and gender-related slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">Fighting words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_pejoratives_in_written_Chinese" title="Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese">Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT slang">LGBT slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_with_negative_connotations" title="List of disability-related terms with negative connotations">List of disability-related terms with negative connotations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_group_names_used_as_insults" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic group names used as insults">List of ethnic group names used as insults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_and_epithets_by_ethnicity" title="List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity">List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_nicknames" title="List of regional nicknames">List of regional nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_slurs" title="List of religious slurs">List of religious slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans" title="List of terms used for Germans">List of terms used for Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_pejorative_terms_for_people" title="Lists of pejorative terms for people">Lists of pejorative terms for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">Pejorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_ethnic_slurs" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:English ethnic slurs">wikt:Category:English ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_pejoratives" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:English pejoratives">Wiktionary category: English derogatory terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_terms_for_outsiders" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:English terms for outsiders">wikt:Appendix:English terms for outsiders</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears20011-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears20011_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpears2001">Spears (2001)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_and_FOB-2"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_and_FOB_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoo2008" class="citation book cs1">Woo, Emma (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGAClRACrsYC&pg=PA66">Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition</a>. McFarland. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3877-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3877-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-3877-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 July 2013. <q>[Translated Electronically] Not surprisingly, Chinese Americans who do not speak Chinese may be told that they are 'not really Chinese'. This message is found in the term ABC which stands for 'American-born Chinese'. It implies that the native-born who cannot speak Chinese has either rejected or lost his Chinese heritage. Yet many native-born Chinese Americans cheerfully use for themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+American+Names%3A+Tradition+and+Transition&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3877-8&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGAClRACrsYC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._Radhakrishnan" title="R. Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, Rajagopalan</a> (24 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCz682epff8C&pg=PA113">"Diaspora, Hybridity, Pedagogy"</a>. In Ghosh-Schellhorn, Martina; Alexander, Vera (eds.). Peripheral Centres, Central Peripheries: India and Its Diaspora(s). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9210-4"><bdi>978-3-8258-9210-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diaspora%2C+Hybridity%2C+Pedagogy&rft.btitle=Peripheral+Centres%2C+Central+Peripheries%3A+India+and+Its+Diaspora%28s%29&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-9210-4&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Rajagopalan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMCz682epff8C%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanigel2019" class="citation book cs1">Kanigel, Rachele (14 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZlxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305">The Diversity Style Guide</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-05515-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-05515-0"><bdi>978-1-119-05515-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427113209/https://books.google.com/books?id=MZlxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. 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Hrvate će naljutiti izjava da su južni Srbi, a Srbe da je Tesla Hrvat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007193139/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/zanimljivosti/3649921/kako-nazivcirati-europljane-hrvate-ce-naljutiti-izjava-da-su-juzni-srbi-a-srbe-da-je-tesla-hrvat/">Archived</a> 7 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.hr%2Fvijesti-hr%2Fnovosti%2Fzanimljivosti%2F3649921%2Fkako-nazivcirati-europljane-hrvate-ce-naljutiti-izjava-da-su-juzni-srbi-a-srbe-da-je-tesla-hrvat%2F">"How to annoy Europeans? Croats will be angered by the statement that they are southern Serbs, and Serbs that Tesla is a Croat"</a>. 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Chimurenga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305165527/https://chimurengachronic.co.za/how-the-west-was-lost/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HOW+THE+WEST+WAS+LOST&rft.pub=Chimurenga&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Dikeni&rft.aufirst=Sandile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchimurengachronic.co.za%2Fhow-the-west-was-lost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhambhaitaWillis2018" class="citation book cs1">Khambhaita, Priya; Willis, Rosalind (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKp-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117">"British-born Indian second-generation 'return' to India"</a>. In Leonard, Pauline; Walsh, Katie (eds.). British Migration: Privilege, Diversity and Vulnerability. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315537016-7">10.4324/9781315537016-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-99255-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-99255-3"><bdi>978-1-134-99255-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199289305">199289305</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013121/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKp-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British-born+Indian+second-generation+%27return%27+to+India&rft.btitle=British+Migration%3A+Privilege%2C+Diversity+and+Vulnerability&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199289305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315537016-7&rft.isbn=978-1-134-99255-3&rft.aulast=Khambhaita&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft.au=Willis%2C+Rosalind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKp-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRawson1989">Rawson (1989)</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmitherman1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Smitherman" title="Geneva Smitherman">Smitherman, Geneva</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXD7pYv80bUC&pg=PA68">Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America</a>. Wayne State University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1805-8"><bdi>978-0-8143-1805-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013146/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXD7pYv80bUC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talkin+and+Testifyin%3A+The+Language+of+Black+America&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1805-8&rft.aulast=Smitherman&rft.aufirst=Geneva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXD7pYv80bUC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peabody2003-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Peabody2003_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSue_Peabody2003" class="citation book cs1">Sue Peabody (30 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0W6pIcu1f8C&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA188">The Color of Liberty: Histories of Race in France</a>. Duke University Press. pp. 188–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3117-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3117-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-3117-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013146/https://books.google.com/books?id=P0W6pIcu1f8C&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA188#v=snippet&q=annamite%20derogatory&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Color+of+Liberty%3A+Histories+of+Race+in+France&rft.pages=188-&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3117-9&rft.au=Sue+Peabody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0W6pIcu1f8C%26q%3Dannamite%2Bderogatory%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catino2010-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Catino2010_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Scott_Catino2010" class="citation book cs1">Martin Scott Catino (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4wX0AFVJEC&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA7">The Aggressors: Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam, and the Communist Bloc</a>. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 7–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60844-530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60844-530-1"><bdi>978-1-60844-530-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013152/https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4wX0AFVJEC&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA7#v=snippet&q=annamite%20derogatory&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aggressors%3A+Ho+Chi+Minh%2C+North+Vietnam%2C+and+the+Communist+Bloc&rft.pages=7-&rft.pub=Dog+Ear+Publishing&rft.date=2010-05&rft.isbn=978-1-60844-530-1&rft.au=Martin+Scott+Catino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEL4wX0AFVJEC%26q%3Dannamite%2Bderogatory%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2013" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Katie (24 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/09/24/finding-the-dragon-lady-in-search-of-vietnam-s-infamous-madame-nhu.html">"Searching for Madame Nhu"</a>. The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124535/http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/09/24/finding-the-dragon-lady-in-search-of-vietnam-s-infamous-madame-nhu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Searching+for+Madame+Nhu&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fwitw%2Farticles%2F2013%2F09%2F24%2Ffinding-the-dragon-lady-in-search-of-vietnam-s-infamous-madame-nhu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2013" class="citation web cs1">Bradley, James (30 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-ape-insult-a-short-history-of-a-racist-idea-14808">"The ape insult: a short history of a racist idea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826104455/https://theconversation.com/the-ape-insult-a-short-history-of-a-racist-idea-14808">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+ape+insult%3A+a+short+history+of+a+racist+idea&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-ape-insult-a-short-history-of-a-racist-idea-14808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears200110-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears200110_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears200110_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpears2001">Spears (2001)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green (2005)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA29">p. 29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFוייס2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">וייס, אבי כהן ואפרת (16 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3732440,00.html">"השר אהרונוביץ' לסוכן מלוכלך: "ערבוש אמיתי" – חדשות"</a> [Minister of Public Security apologizes for using the offensive term 'Arabush']. Ynet (in Hebrew). Y-net News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104081333/http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3732440,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A8+%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5%27+%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9A%3A+%22%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%22+%E2%80%93+%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft.aulast=%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1&rft.aufirst=%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99+%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3732440%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-4279-2007-11-25.html">"Radar"</a>. Pagina12.com.ar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527113547/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-4279-2007-11-25.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pagina12.com.ar&rft.atitle=Radar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagina12.com.ar%2Fdiario%2Fsuplementos%2Fradar%2F9-4279-2007-11-25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Means" title="Sam Means">Dalton, C.H.</a> (27 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QF_eKiMBN_8C&pg=PA139">A Practical Guide to Racism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gotham_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotham Books">Gotham Books</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-348-6"><bdi>978-1-59240-348-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Guide+to+Racism&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Gotham+Books&rft.date=2007-12-27&rft.isbn=978-1-59240-348-6&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=C.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQF_eKiMBN_8C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamkian2007" class="citation book cs1">Samkian, Artineh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OO8p5QUIPEEC&pg=PA129">Constructing Identities, Perceiving Lives: Armenian High School Students' Perceptions of Identity and Education</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-48257-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-48257-4"><bdi>978-0-549-48257-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Identities%2C+Perceiving+Lives%3A+Armenian+High+School+Students%27+Perceptions+of+Identity+and+Education&rft.pages=129&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-549-48257-4&rft.aulast=Samkian&rft.aufirst=Artineh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOO8p5QUIPEEC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanie2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stefanie, Christie (3 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181103153237-32-343729/di-acara-relawan-jokowi-bantah-jadi-antek-asing-dan-aseng">"Di Acara Relawan, Jokowi Bantah Jadi Antek Asing dan Aseng"</a> (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220411/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181103153237-32-343729/di-acara-relawan-jokowi-bantah-jadi-antek-asing-dan-aseng">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Di+Acara+Relawan%2C+Jokowi+Bantah+Jadi+Antek+Asing+dan+Aseng&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft.aulast=Stefanie&rft.aufirst=Christie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnindonesia.com%2Fnasional%2F20181103153237-32-343729%2Fdi-acara-relawan-jokowi-bantah-jadi-antek-asing-dan-aseng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maariv.co.il/journalists/Article-628018">"The Ashkenazi haters are an existential danger to the State of Israel", says Nathan Zehavi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731021522/https://www.maariv.co.il/journalists/Article-628018">Archived</a> 31 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maariv_(newspaper)" title="Maariv (newspaper)">Maariv</a> website (in Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART/930/683.html">"The Language Front: 'You're a Nazi!'", by language expert Rubik Rosental</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731022802/https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART/930/683.html">Archived</a> 31 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NRG website (in Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeshem2021" class="citation news cs1">Leshem, Eitan (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-in-israel-ashkenazi-has-become-a-dirty-word-1.10259184">"A Popular New Curse Word in Israel: 'Ashkenazi'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113011345/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-in-israel-ashkenazi-has-become-a-dirty-word-1.10259184">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=A+Popular+New+Curse+Word+in+Israel%3A+%27Ashkenazi%27&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.aulast=Leshem&rft.aufirst=Eitan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fopinion%2F.premium-in-israel-ashkenazi-has-become-a-dirty-word-1.10259184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green (2005)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA41">41–42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-plath-58-59-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plath-58-59_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plath-58-59_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plath-58-59_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plath-58-59_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlath1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Plath" title="Oreste Plath">Plath, Oreste</a> (1979). Folklore chileno (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Nascimiento. pp. 58–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+chileno&rft.place=Santiago%2C+Chile&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Editorial+Nascimiento&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Plath&rft.aufirst=Oreste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-folhasp-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-folhasp_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-folhasp_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagalhãesFaria2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Magalhães, Guilherme; Faria, Flávia (23 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2019/07/termo-paraiba-usado-por-bolsonaro-reflete-preconceito-ao-nordeste-e-cabe-punicao.shtml">"Termo 'paraíba' usado por Bolsonaro reflete preconceito ao Nordeste, e cabe punição"</a>. Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614150018/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2019/07/termo-paraiba-usado-por-bolsonaro-reflete-preconceito-ao-nordeste-e-cabe-punicao.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.Paulo&rft.atitle=Termo+%27para%C3%ADba%27+usado+por+Bolsonaro+reflete+preconceito+ao+Nordeste%2C+e+cabe+puni%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft.aulast=Magalh%C3%A3es&rft.aufirst=Guilherme&rft.au=Faria%2C+Fl%C3%A1via&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fpoder%2F2019%2F07%2Ftermo-paraiba-usado-por-bolsonaro-reflete-preconceito-ao-nordeste-e-cabe-punicao.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDH.be" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">DH.be. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/bamboula-rentre-chez-toi-sale-negre-51b74449e4b0de6db97777c4">"Bamboula, rentre chez toi, sale nègre"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802040606/http://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/bamboula-rentre-chez-toi-sale-negre-51b74449e4b0de6db97777c4">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bamboula%2C+rentre+chez+toi%2C+sale+n%C3%A8gre&rft.au=DH.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhnet.be%2Factu%2Ffaits%2Fbamboula-rentre-chez-toi-sale-negre-51b74449e4b0de6db97777c4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "Banaan etymology" Etymologeek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://etymologeek.com/nld/banaan">https://etymologeek.com/nld/banaan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307070751/https://etymologeek.com/nld/banaan">Archived</a> 7 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 7 Mar. 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulasmajic2011" class="citation book cs1">Mulasmajic, Nusret (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOtQDbFrr2wC&pg=PA20">Bosnian-English Dictionary: Turcisms, Colloquialisms, Islamic Words and Expressions</a>. AuthorHouse. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-0179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-0179-5"><bdi>978-1-4634-0179-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013207/https://books.google.com/books?id=wOtQDbFrr2wC&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnian-English+Dictionary%3A+Turcisms%2C+Colloquialisms%2C+Islamic+Words+and+Expressions&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4634-0179-5&rft.aulast=Mulasmajic&rft.aufirst=Nusret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOtQDbFrr2wC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Graham, Florence (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e237b05-c803-4278-a93a-ccc519ea4eac">Turkish loanwords in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian Franciscan texts</a> (Thesis). University of Oxford. p. 232. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003044807/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e237b05-c803-4278-a93a-ccc519ea4eac">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Turkish+loanwords+in+seventeenth-+and+eighteenth-century+Bosnian+and+Bulgarian+Franciscan+texts&rft.inst=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A2e237b05-c803-4278-a93a-ccc519ea4eac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagayama_Hall-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagayama_Hall_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagayama_Hall_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagayama_Hall2018" class="citation book cs1">Nagayama Hall, Gordon C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szFDDwAAQBAJ&q=banana+coconut">Multicultural Psychology: Third Edition</a> (3rd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-99080-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-99080-1"><bdi>978-1-134-99080-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013204/https://books.google.com/books?id=szFDDwAAQBAJ&q=banana+coconut#v=snippet&q=banana%20coconut&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Psychology%3A+Third+Edition&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-134-99080-1&rft.aulast=Nagayama+Hall&rft.aufirst=Gordon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DszFDDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbanana%2Bcoconut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Tu-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tu_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tu_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tu_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTu2011" class="citation book cs1">Tu, Dawn Lee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0sEJ_0vV1QC&q=twinkie+banana+coconut">"'Twinkie,' 'Banana,' 'Coconut'"</a>. In Lee, Jonathan H.X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Asian American folklore and folklife. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35066-5"><bdi>978-0-313-35066-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013155/https://books.google.com/books?id=-0sEJ_0vV1QC&q=twinkie+banana+coconut">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Twinkie%2C%27+%27Banana%2C%27+%27Coconut%27&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+American+folklore+and+folklife&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35066-5&rft.aulast=Tu&rft.aufirst=Dawn+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-0sEJ_0vV1QC%26q%3Dtwinkie%2Bbanana%2Bcoconut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyłypec2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fyłypec, Olga (6 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121233030/https://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/bitstream/handle/item/6752/6%20fy%C5%82ypec-jak%20studenci%20nazywaj%C4%85%20ukrai%C5%84ca%20i%20polaka.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Jak studenci nazywają Ukraińca i Polaka (na materiale danych ankietowych z ośmiu polskich uniwersytetów)"</a> (PDF). Słowo. Studia językoznawcze (11): 100. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2082-6931">2082-6931</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/bitstream/handle/item/6752/6%20fy%C5%82ypec-jak%20studenci%20nazywaj%C4%85%20ukrai%C5%84ca%20i%20polaka.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C5%82owo.+Studia+j%C4%99zykoznawcze&rft.atitle=Jak+studenci+nazywaj%C4%85+Ukrai%C5%84ca+i+Polaka+%28na+materiale+danych+ankietowych+z+o%C5%9Bmiu+polskich+uniwersytet%C3%B3w%29&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft.issn=2082-6931&rft.aulast=Fy%C5%82ypec&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.ur.edu.pl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fitem%2F6752%2F6%2520fy%25C5%2582ypec-jak%2520studenci%2520nazywaj%25C4%2585%2520ukrai%25C5%2584ca%2520i%2520polaka.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzechowski" class="citation web cs1">Czechowski, Paweł. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histmag.org/UPA-jak-AK-Mitologizacja-banderowcow-na-Ukrainie-14087">"UPA jak AK? Mitologizacja banderowców na Ukrainie"</a>. histmag.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121233028/https://histmag.org/UPA-jak-AK-Mitologizacja-banderowcow-na-Ukrainie-14087">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=histmag.org&rft.atitle=UPA+jak+AK%3F+Mitologizacja+banderowc%C3%B3w+na+Ukrainie&rft.aulast=Czechowski&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistmag.org%2FUPA-jak-AK-Mitologizacja-banderowcow-na-Ukrainie-14087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRoss12-44"><a href="#cite_ref-GRoss12_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossolinski2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Rossoli%C5%84ski-Liebe" title="Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe">Rossolinski, Grzegorz</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SFH_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA235">Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist: Fascism, Genocide, and Cult</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 112, 234–235, 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6684-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6684-8"><bdi>978-3-8382-6684-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013803/https://books.google.com/books?id=SFH_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2023. <q>The OUN-B organized a militia, which both collaborated with the Germans and killed Jews independently....Because the term "Banderites" was colloquial rather than official, and because of the violence employed by OUN-B, the term soon acquired a negative connotation, especially among Jews and Poles. (page 159)...The survivors of these attacks frequently described the perpetrators as "Banderites" and considered them to be Ukrainian nationalists.(page 241)...Two years later however, the word "Banderites" was known to everyone in western Ukraine and was frequently used to describe the OUN-B activists, UPA partisans, and apparently, other Ukrainian perpetrators (page 248)...The term "Banderites" had appeared in Soviet secret documents for the first time in late 1940 ... (page 249)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stepan+Bandera%3A+The+Life+and+Afterlife+of+a+Ukrainian+Nationalist%3A+Fascism%2C+Genocide%2C+and+Cult&rft.pages=112%2C+234-235%2C+236&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-6684-8&rft.aulast=Rossolinski&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSFH_BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylegałaGłowacka-Grajper2020" class="citation book cs1">Wylegała, Anna; Głowacka-Grajper, Małgorzata (11 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3SDwAAQBAJ&dq=Banderites&pg=PA96">The Burden of the Past: History, Memory, and Identity in Contemporary Ukraine</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04673-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04673-4"><bdi>978-0-253-04673-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321141107/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3SDwAAQBAJ&dq=Banderites&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burden+of+the+Past%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Identity+in+Contemporary+Ukraine&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft.isbn=978-0-253-04673-4&rft.aulast=Wylega%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=G%C5%82owacka-Grajper%2C+Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZ3SDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBanderites%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedor2016" class="citation book cs1">Fedor, Julie (5 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PAKGCwAAQBAJ">Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society: 2015/2: Double Special Issue: Back from Afghanistan: The Experiences of Soviet Afghan War Veterans and: Martyrdom & Memory in Post-Socialist Space</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6806-4"><bdi>978-3-8382-6806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Politics+and+Society%3A+2015%2F2%3A+Double+Special+Issue%3A+Back+from+Afghanistan%3A+The+Experiences+of+Soviet+Afghan+War+Veterans+and%3A+Martyrdom+%26+Memory+in+Post-Socialist+Space&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-6806-4&rft.aulast=Fedor&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPAKGCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portnov-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Portnov_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortnov2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrii_Portnov" title="Andrii Portnov">Portnov, Andrii</a> (22 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/bandera-mythologies-and-their-traps-for-ukraine/">"Bandera mythologies and their traps for Ukraine"</a>. openDemocracy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823170403/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/bandera-mythologies-and-their-traps-for-ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022. <q>The common noun "Banderivtsi" ("Banderites") emerged around this time, and it was used to designate all Ukrainian nationalists, but also, on occasion, western Ukrainians or even any person who spoke Ukrainian. Even today, the term "Banderivtsi" in public debate is never neutral — it can be used pejoratively or proudly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=Bandera+mythologies+and+their+traps+for+Ukraine&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Portnov&rft.aufirst=Andrii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fodr%2Fbandera-mythologies-and-their-traps-for-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Chua,_Jed_Rubenfeld2014" class="citation book cs1">Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld (2014). The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America. Penguin Press HC. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-546-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-546-0"><bdi>978-1-59420-546-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triple+Package%3A+How+Three+Unlikely+Traits+Explain+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+Cultural+Groups+in+America&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Penguin+Press+HC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-546-0&rft.au=Amy+Chua%2C+Jed+Rubenfeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mouth-49"><a href="#cite_ref-mouth_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2005" class="citation news cs1">Booth, William (28 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/27/AR2005092701875.html">"The Mouth of Mencia"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213112236/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/27/AR2005092701875.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Mouth+of+Mencia&rft.date=2005-09-28&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F09%2F27%2FAR2005092701875.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoto2005" class="citation news cs1">Soto, Hiram (1 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150428190606/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050901/news_7m1chief.html">"San Diego's top Latino cop retires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050901/news_7m1chief.html">the original</a> on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=San+Diego%27s+top+Latino+cop+retires&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.aulast=Soto&rft.aufirst=Hiram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utsandiego.com%2Funiontrib%2F20050901%2Fnews_7m1chief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2000" class="citation news cs1">Sutherland, John (31 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,348802,00.html">"You are what you eat ... arguably"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120110538/http://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,348802,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=You+are+what+you+eat+...+arguably&rft.date=2000-07-31&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fg2%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C348802%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redensarten-index.de/suche.php?suchbegriff=ein+Bimbo&bool=relevanz&sp0=rart_ou">"ein Bimbo - Redensarten-Index"</a>. www.redensarten-index.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208202714/https://www.redensarten-index.de/suche.php?suchbegriff=ein+Bimbo&bool=relevanz&sp0=rart_ou">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.redensarten-index.de&rft.atitle=ein+Bimbo+-+Redensarten-Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redensarten-index.de%2Fsuche.php%3Fsuchbegriff%3Dein%2BBimbo%26bool%3Drelevanz%26sp0%3Drart_ou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaufs2013" class="citation book cs1">Laufs, Stefanie (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwKnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">Fighting a Movie with Lightning: "The Birth of a Nation" and the Black Community</a>. Diplomica Verlag. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95489-151-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95489-151-1"><bdi>978-3-95489-151-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+a+Movie+with+Lightning%3A+%22The+Birth+of+a+Nation%22+and+the+Black+Community&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Diplomica+Verlag&rft.date=2013-10&rft.isbn=978-3-95489-151-1&rft.aulast=Laufs&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwKnAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blackie">"blackie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=blackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fblackie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2010" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Hedley (20 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/politics/operation-blue-gum-for-barack-obama-visit-gets-the-chainsaw/story-e6frgczf-1225843035250">""Operation Blue Gum" for Barack Obama Gets the Chainsaw"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319041045/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/politics/operation-blue-gum-for-barack-obama-visit-gets-the-chainsaw/story-e6frgczf-1225843035250">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=%22Operation+Blue+Gum%22+for+Barack+Obama+Gets+the+Chainsaw&rft.date=2010-03-20&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hedley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2Foperation-blue-gum-for-barack-obama-visit-gets-the-chainsaw%2Fstory-e6frgczf-1225843035250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffum1916" class="citation journal cs1">Buffum, Douglas L. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/currenthistoryfo04newyuoft#page/525/mode/2up">"Origin of the Word "Boche""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Current_History" title="Current History">Current History</a>. 4 (3): 525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.1916.4.3.525">10.1525/curh.1916.4.3.525</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3530">0011-3530</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251529838">251529838</a>. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Word+%22Boche%22&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=525&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251529838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3530&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.1916.4.3.525&rft.aulast=Buffum&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcurrenthistoryfo04newyuoft%23page%2F525%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWNBWH1991-57"><a href="#cite_ref-MWNBWH1991_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr">The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories</a>. Merriam-Webster. 1 January 1991. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/360">360</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-603-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-603-9"><bdi>978-0-87779-603-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merriam-Webster+New+Book+of+Word+Histories&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-603-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerriamwebsterne00merr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope1996" class="citation news cs1">Hope, Christopher (9 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/books-hairybacks-and-white-kaffirs-1351381.html">"Books: Hairybacks and white kaffirs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614103034/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/books-hairybacks-and-white-kaffirs-1351381.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. <q>whenever English speakers objected to living in a racial zoo designed to protect the mythical purity of Afrikaner nationalists, they were accused by their masters of giving way to Boerehaat (hatred of the Boers)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Books%3A+Hairybacks+and+white+kaffirs&rft.date=1996-11-09&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Fbooks-hairybacks-and-white-kaffirs-1351381.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Handwoordeboek_van_die_Afrikaanse_Taal" title="Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal">HAT</a>. Johannesburg: Perskor. 2000. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-628-03769-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-628-03769-5"><bdi>978-0-628-03769-5</bdi></a>. <q>Someone who hates Afrikaners and tries to harm or prejudice them</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HAT&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Perskor&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-628-03769-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-duPreez-60"><a href="#cite_ref-duPreez_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Preez2004" class="citation book cs1">du Preez, Max (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zThrIM5GhIC">Pale Native: Memories of a Renegade Reporter</a>. Cape Town: Zebra Press. p. 65,143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-913-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-913-5"><bdi>978-1-86872-913-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 June 2014. <q>a Boerehater, someone who hated Afrikaners</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pale+Native%3A+Memories+of+a+Renegade+Reporter&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=65%2C143&rft.pub=Zebra+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86872-913-5&rft.aulast=du+Preez&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zThrIM5GhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower1998" class="citation news cs1">Power, Bairbre (5 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/fur-flies-as-clothes-king-sneers-at-bog-irish-26170558.html">"Fur flies as clothes king sneers at 'bog' Irish"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925030426/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/fur-flies-as-clothes-king-sneers-at-bog-irish-26170558.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Fur+flies+as+clothes+king+sneers+at+%27bog%27+Irish&rft.date=1998-10-05&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Bairbre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Ffur-flies-as-clothes-king-sneers-at-bog-irish-26170558.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Marius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925003212/http://www.expatica.com/de/leisure/arts_culture/a-life-more-ordinary--1370.html">"A life more ordinary"</a>. Expatica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/de/leisure/arts_culture/a-life-more-ordinary--1370.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+life+more+ordinary&rft.pub=Expatica&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fde%2Fleisure%2Farts_culture%2Fa-life-more-ordinary--1370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plath-60-61-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plath-60-61_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plath-60-61_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plath-60-61_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plath-60-61_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlath1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Plath" title="Oreste Plath">Plath, Oreste</a> (1979). Folklore chileno (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Nascimiento. pp. 60–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+chileno&rft.place=Santiago%2C+Chile&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Editorial+Nascimiento&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Plath&rft.aufirst=Oreste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111055342/http://www.bartelby.com/61/5/B0370500.html">"Bohunk"</a>. Fourth Edition. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartelby.com/61/5/B0370500.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fourth+Edition&rft.atitle=Bohunk&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartelby.com%2F61%2F5%2FB0370500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learningindia.in/references/indian-english-dictionary/">"Indian Slangs and Terms"</a>. Learningindia.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531160510/http://learningindia.in/references/indian-english-dictionary/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learningindia.in&rft.atitle=Indian+Slangs+and+Terms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearningindia.in%2Freferences%2Findian-english-dictionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dunmore_Lang" title="John Dunmore Lang">Lang, John Dunmore</a> (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMwNAAAAQAAJ&q=bung&pg=PA430">Cooksland in North-eastern Australia: The Future Cottonfield of Great Britain: Its Characteristics and Capabilities for European Colonization. With a Disquisition on the Origin, Manners, and Customs of the Aborigines</a>. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. p. 430. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013638/https://books.google.com/books?id=iMwNAAAAQAAJ&q=bung&pg=PA430#v=snippet&q=bung&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooksland+in+North-eastern+Australia%3A+The+Future+Cottonfield+of+Great+Britain%3A+Its+Characteristics+and+Capabilities+for+European+Colonization.+With+a+Disquisition+on+the+Origin%2C+Manners%2C+and+Customs+of+the+Aborigines&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green+and+Longmans&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=John+Dunmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMwNAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dbung%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AND-67"><a href="#cite_ref-AND_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._S._Ramson1988" class="citation book cs1">W. S. Ramson, ed. (1988). Australian National Dictionary. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554736-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554736-5"><bdi>0-19-554736-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+National+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-554736-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2004">Moore (2004)</a>, "boong" </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes62-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes62_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1978">Wilkes (1978)</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-ludowyk2004-70"><a href="#cite_ref-ludowyk2004_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudowyk2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ludowyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Ludowyk">Ludowyk, Frederick</a> (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/andc/Ozwords%20Oct.%202004.pdf">"Aussie Words: Of Billy, Bong, Bung, & 'Billybong'"</a> (PDF). Ozwords. 11 (2). <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Dictionary_Centre" title="Australian National Dictionary Centre">Australian National Dictionary Centre</a>: 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212081808/https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/andc/Ozwords%20Oct.%202004.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ozwords&rft.atitle=Aussie+Words%3A+Of+Billy%2C+Bong%2C+Bung%2C+%26+%27Billybong%27&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Ludowyk&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslll.cass.anu.edu.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fandc%2FOzwords%2520Oct.%25202004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623044356/http://andc.anu.edu.au/pubs/ozwords/October_2004/Billy.html">here</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> "boonga" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeversonKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1">Deverson, Tony; Kennedy, Graeme D., eds. (2004). The New Zealand Oxford dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558451-6"><bdi>978-0-19-558451-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealand+Oxford+dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-558451-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/boonga">"Boonga definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>. Collinsdictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210511/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/boonga">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Boonga+definition+and+meaning+%7C+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fboonga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2005-161-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Green2005-161_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA161">161</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/bougnoule">"Définition de Bougnoule"</a>. Cnrtl.fr (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928073024/http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/bougnoule">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cnrtl.fr&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9finition+de+Bougnoule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fdefinition%2Fbougnoule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounge2002" class="citation news cs1">Younge, Gary (30 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/30/race.society">"Don't blame Uncle Tom"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826004036/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/30/race.society">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Don%27t+blame+Uncle+Tom&rft.date=2002-03-30&rft.aulast=Younge&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2002%2Fmar%2F30%2Frace.society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brubaker2006-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Brubaker2006_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Brubaker" title="Rogers Brubaker">Brubaker, Rogers</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgg6eqKKkbcC&pg=PA307">Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12834-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12834-4"><bdi>978-0-691-12834-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalist+Politics+and+Everyday+Ethnicity+in+a+Transylvanian+Town&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12834-4&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgg6eqKKkbcC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer0000unse_s8f8/page/56/mode/1up?q=%22Brillo+Pad%22">"Brillo pad"</a>. Dictionary of American slang (4. ed.). New York, NY: Collins. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117646-3"><bdi>978-0-06-117646-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brillo+pad&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+slang&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=4.&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-117646-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofamer0000unse_s8f8%2Fpage%2F56%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522Brillo%2BPad%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green188-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Green188_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellsdictiona0000gree/page/188/mode/1up">188</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2021" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, JAMES (6 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/co-state-wire-colorado-1ca584f8044a54e1a64838b1a7e98f01">"Colorado GOP lawmaker who used racist term is reprimanded"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234727/https://apnews.com/article/co-state-wire-colorado-1ca584f8044a54e1a64838b1a7e98f01">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Colorado+GOP+lawmaker+who+used+racist+term+is+reprimanded&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=JAMES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fco-state-wire-colorado-1ca584f8044a54e1a64838b1a7e98f01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDareh_Gregorian2021" class="citation news cs1">Dareh Gregorian (7 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1266686">"Colorado GOP lawmaker reprimanded after calling colleague 'Buckwheat'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509092129/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1266686">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Colorado+GOP+lawmaker+reprimanded+after+calling+colleague+%27Buckwheat%27&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft.au=Dareh+Gregorian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Famp%2Fncna1266686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbst199740-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbst199740_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerbst1997">Herbst (1997)</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiiya1993" class="citation book cs1">Niiya, Brian, ed. (October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaneseamerican00dias">Japanese American History: an A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present</a>. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaneseamerican00dias/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2680-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2680-7"><bdi>978-0-8160-2680-7</bdi></a>. 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Or how expatriates experience a word"</a>. Expat.or.id. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910215520/http://www.expat.or.id/info/dontcallmebule.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017. 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Oxford Symposium. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-59-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-59-0"><bdi>978-1-903018-59-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Morality%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery+2007&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Oxford+Symposium&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903018-59-0&rft.au=Susan+R.+Friedland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxYpRi5gLZHIC%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllanBurridge2006-91"><a href="#cite_ref-AllanBurridge2006_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_AllanKate_Burridge2006" class="citation book cs1">Keith Allan; Kate Burridge (5 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2rCLYHjDMgC&pg=PA189">Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45760-6"><bdi>978-1-139-45760-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Words%3A+Taboo+and+the+Censoring+of+Language&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45760-6&rft.au=Keith+Allan&rft.au=Kate+Burridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2rCLYHjDMgC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CassidyF-92"><a href="#cite_ref-CassidyF_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy1991" class="citation book cs1">Cassidy, Frederic (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer01arie">Dictionary of American Regional English</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer01arie/page/521">521</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20519-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20519-2"><bdi>978-0-674-20519-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Regional+English&rft.pages=521&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-674-20519-2&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofamer01arie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-politickerky-93"><a href="#cite_ref-politickerky_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard,_Trey2008" class="citation news cs1">Pollard, Trey (25 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803174427/http://www.politickerky.com/treypollard/1126/landham-reiterates-anti-arab-sentiment-talk-show-i-said-no-arabs-country">"Landham reiterates anti-Arab sentiment on talk show: 'I said no Arabs into this country'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politicker" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicker">Politicker</a>. 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Paulo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013719/https://www.estadao.com.br/paladar/comida/a-mao-culinaria-do-carcamano/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. 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New York: Southeast Asia Program of Cornell University & Linguistic Society of the Philippines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028193825/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40074/40074-h/40074-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. 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Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Asian+Leaders+Angered+by+Rosie+O%27Donnell%27s+%27Ching+Chong%27+Comments&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F2006%2F12%2F11%2Fasian-leaders-angered-by-rosie-odonnell-ching-chong-comments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAytoSimpson2010">Ayto & Simpson (2010)</a>, "Chinky" </li> <li id="cite_note-Golmei2017-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golmei2017_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golmei2017_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolmei2017" class="citation news cs1">Golmei, Alana (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/let-s-talk-about-racism-don-t-call-us-chinki-momo-chowmien-asks-a-northeastern-woman/story-SJckp4InptNV6Te29dlItJ.html">"Let's talk about racism | Don't call us 'chinky, momo, chowmein,' says a Northeastern woman"</a>. hindustantimes. HT Media Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731065332/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/let-s-talk-about-racism-don-t-call-us-chinki-momo-chowmien-asks-a-northeastern-woman/story-SJckp4InptNV6Te29dlItJ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=hindustantimes&rft.atitle=Let%27s+talk+about+racism+%7C+Don%27t+call+us+%27chinky%2C+momo%2C+chowmein%2C%27+says+a+Northeastern+woman&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft.aulast=Golmei&rft.aufirst=Alana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Flet-s-talk-about-racism-don-t-call-us-chinki-momo-chowmien-asks-a-northeastern-woman%2Fstory-SJckp4InptNV6Te29dlItJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samson2017-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Samson2017_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Samson, Kamei (20 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jdp/article/view/307">"North-east and Chinky: Countenances of Racism in India"</a>. The Journal of Development Practice. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2394-0476">2394-0476</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806143936/http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jdp/article/view/307">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Development+Practice&rft.atitle=North-east+and+Chinky%3A+Countenances+of+Racism+in+India&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft.issn=2394-0476&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=Kamei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.dbuniversity.ac.in%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjdp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontes2008" class="citation book cs1">Fontes, Lisa Aronson (23 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0lfyT2EJwAC&pg=PA222">Interviewing Clients across Cultures: A Practitioner's Guide</a>. Guilford Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-405-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-405-1"><bdi>978-1-60623-405-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interviewing+Clients+across+Cultures%3A+A+Practitioner%27s+Guide&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft.isbn=978-1-60623-405-1&rft.aulast=Fontes&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Aronson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0lfyT2EJwAC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrentiss" class="citation book cs1">Prentiss, Craig R. Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction. NYU Press. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Creation+of+Race+and+Ethnicity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.aulast=Prentiss&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Sternberg" class="citation book cs1">F. Sternberg, Larry. Why Jews Should Not Be Liberals. Pelican Publishing. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Jews+Should+Not+Be+Liberals&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.aulast=F.+Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Dilichi Onuzo (17 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/17/choc-ice-rio-ferdinand-ashley-cole">"Is choc ice the new N-word?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306212444/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/17/choc-ice-rio-ferdinand-ashley-cole">Archived</a> 6 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18847477">"Rio Ferdinand fined for Ashley Cole 'choc ice' tweet"</a>. BBC Sport. 17 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827073750/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18847477">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Rio+Ferdinand+fined+for+Ashley+Cole+%27choc+ice%27+tweet&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F18847477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford_cholo-122"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_cholo_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808032423/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cholo">"cholo"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cholo">the original</a> on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cholo&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fcholo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-randomhouse_cholo-123"><a href="#cite_ref-randomhouse_cholo_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cholo">"cholo"</a>. Random House Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324142754/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cholo">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cholo&rft.pub=Random+House+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcholo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson2000" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickson, Robert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXY0yQnvmmUC&pg=PA460">The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms</a>. Infobase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2992-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2992-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-2992-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Dictionary+of+American+Regionalisms&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2992-1&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXY0yQnvmmUC%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez_González1996" class="citation book cs1">Rodríguez González, Félix (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09NEuGHh2R8C&pg=PA113">Spanish Loanwords in the English Language: A Tendency Towards Hegemony Reversal</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014845-9"><bdi>978-3-11-014845-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Loanwords+in+the+English+Language%3A+A+Tendency+Towards+Hegemony+Reversal&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014845-9&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A9lix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09NEuGHh2R8C%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asale.org/damer/cholo">"cholo, -a"</a>. «Diccionario de la lengua española» – Edición del Tricentenario (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213120518/https://www.asale.org/damer/cholo">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C2%ABDiccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola%C2%BB+%E2%80%93+Edici%C3%B3n+del+Tricentenario&rft.atitle=cholo%2C+-a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2Fdamer%2Fcholo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF小林2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">小林, 健治 (2011). 「『バカチョン』『チョン』という言葉」『差別語・不快語』にんげん出版〈ウェブ連動式管理職検定02〉 (in Japanese). にんげん出版. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-931344-31-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-931344-31-0"><bdi>978-4-931344-31-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%80%8E%E3%83%90%E3%82%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%80%8F%E3%80%8E%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%80%8F%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89%E3%80%8D%E3%80%8E%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%A5%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%8D%E5%BF%AB%E8%AA%9E%E3%80%8F%E3%81%AB%E3%82%93%E3%81%92%E3%82%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E3%80%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%96%E9%80%A3%E5%8B%95%E5%BC%8F+%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E8%81%B7%E6%A4%9C%E5%AE%9A02%E3%80%89&rft.pub=%E3%81%AB%E3%82%93%E3%81%92%E3%82%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-4-931344-31-0&rft.aulast=%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97&rft.aufirst=%E5%81%A5%E6%B2%BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Green, Jonathon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chambersslangdic0000gree_u4l5/page/283/mode/1up?q=%22Chow+n+abbr%22">"Chow"</a>. Chambers slang dictionary. Chambers. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-550-10439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-550-10439-7"><bdi>978-0-550-10439-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chow&rft.btitle=Chambers+slang+dictionary&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-550-10439-7&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchambersslangdic0000gree_u4l5%2Fpage%2F283%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522Chow%2Bn%2Babbr%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyto1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ayto, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00john_0/page/35/mode/1up?q=%22chow+1864%22">"Chow"</a>. The Oxford dictionary of slang. Oxford University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280104-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280104-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chow&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+slang&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280104-3&rft.aulast=Ayto&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00john_0%2Fpage%2F35%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522chow%2B1864%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spmsl.ipmip.nspu.ru/?action=word&id=228">"Слово Чечмек (Чучмек)"</a> [The word Chechmek (Chuchmek)] (in Russian). <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Новосибирский государственный педагогический университет">Новосибирский государственный педагогический университет</a> — Институт филологии, массовой информации и психологии (<a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_State_Pedagogical_University" title="Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University">Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University</a> — Institute for Philology, Mass Information and Psychology). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104142412/http://spmsl.ipmip.nspu.ru/?action=word&id=228">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA+%28%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%29&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%E2%80%94+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28Novosibirsk+State+Pedagogical+University+%E2%80%94+Institute+for+Philology%2C+Mass+Information+and+Psychology%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspmsl.ipmip.nspu.ru%2F%3Faction%3Dword%26id%3D228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradie1994" class="citation journal cs1">Gradie, Charlotte M. (July 1994). "Discovering the Chichimecas". The Americas. 51 (1). Cambridge University Press: 68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1008356">10.2307/1008356</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1008356">1008356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145002405">145002405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Discovering+the+Chichimecas&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1994-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145002405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1008356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1008356&rft.aulast=Gradie&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite>Warman v. Beaumont</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/search/view_html.asp?doid=874&lg=_e&isruling"> CHRT</a> (Canadian Human Rights Commission 2007) ("I haven't seen the new $50 bills, but the $20s and $100s I have seen. I have talked with a few people about them (who aren't WN) but they don't like the fact that there is native stuff on the bills. I mean, who wants to pay for something and be reminded of a chug? Not me!"). </li> <li id="cite_note-MackSurina2005-133"><a href="#cite_ref-MackSurina2005_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackSurina2005" class="citation book cs1">Mack, Glenn Randall; Surina, Asele (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j7MTx_zcIR0C&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA103">Food Culture in Russia and Central Asia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32773-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32773-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32773-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013735/https://books.google.com/books?id=j7MTx_zcIR0C&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+Russia+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32773-5&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Glenn+Randall&rft.au=Surina%2C+Asele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj7MTx_zcIR0C%26q%3DChukhontsy%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakich2015-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Bakich2015_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakich2015" class="citation book cs1">Bakich, Olga (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8NBtBwAAQBAJ&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA216">Valerii Pereleshin: The Life of a Silkworm</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4892-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-4892-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013725/https://books.google.com/books?id=8NBtBwAAQBAJ&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA216#v=snippet&q=Chukhontsy&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valerii+Pereleshin%3A+The+Life+of+a+Silkworm&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4892-0&rft.aulast=Bakich&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8NBtBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DChukhontsy%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahl-Churka-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl-Churka_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl-Churka_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFИ2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">И, Даль В. (10 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVBoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7415">Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка</a> (in Russian). Directmedia. p. 7415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4475-0719-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4475-0719-0"><bdi>978-5-4475-0719-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220084816/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVBoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7415">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pages=7415&rft.pub=Directmedia&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft.isbn=978-5-4475-0719-0&rft.aulast=%D0%98&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%92.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnVBoCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garapich2016-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Garapich2016_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarapich2016" class="citation book cs1">Garapich, Michal (26 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-460CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA311">London's Polish Borders: Transnationalizing Class and Ethnicity among Polish Migrants in London</a>. ibidem-Verlag. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6607-7"><bdi>978-3-8382-6607-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%27s+Polish+Borders%3A+Transnationalizing+Class+and+Ethnicity+among+Polish+Migrants+in+London&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=ibidem-Verlag&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-6607-7&rft.aulast=Garapich&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-460CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://natemat.pl/188643,rasizm-jak-chleb-powszedni-skad-sie-wzielo-slowo-ciapaci">""Ci cholerni ciapaci". Gdyby polscy rasiści wiedzieli, skąd wzięło się słowo "ciapaty", raczej nigdy by go nie użyli"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NaTemat.pl" title="NaTemat.pl">naTemat.pl</a> (in Polish). 29 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080157/http://natemat.pl/188643,rasizm-jak-chleb-powszedni-skad-sie-wzielo-slowo-ciapaci">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naTemat.pl&rft.atitle=%22Ci+cholerni+ciapaci%22.+Gdyby+polscy+rasi%C5%9Bci+wiedzieli%2C+sk%C4%85d+wzi%C4%99%C5%82o+si%C4%99+s%C5%82owo+%22ciapaty%22%2C+raczej+nigdy+by+go+nie+u%C5%BCyli&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnatemat.pl%2F188643%2Crasizm-jak-chleb-powszedni-skad-sie-wzielo-slowo-ciapaci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Magyar etymologiai szótár: lexicon critico-etymologicum linguae Hungaricae, A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia megbizásából, Volumes 1–5, Page: 251 (1930) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Magyar etymologiai szótár: lexicon critico-etymologicum linguae Hungaricae, A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia megbizásából, Volumes 1–5, Page: 252 (1930) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/intrare/cioar%C4%83/10448">"Dexonline"</a>. Dexonline.ro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928231626/https://dexonline.ro/intrare/cioar%C4%83/10448">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dexonline.ro&rft.atitle=Dexonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdexonline.ro%2Fintrare%2Fcioar%25C4%2583%2F10448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRastika2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rastika, Icha (19 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/03/19/1458446/Presiden.SBY.Ganti.Istilah.China.Menjadi.Tionghoa.">"Presiden SBY Ganti Istilah "China" Menjadi "Tionghoa""</a> [President SBY changes term "China" into "Tionghoa"]. Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Jakarta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712005904/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/03/19/1458446/Presiden.SBY.Ganti.Istilah.China.Menjadi.Tionghoa.">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kompas.com&rft.atitle=Presiden+SBY+Ganti+Istilah+%22China%22+Menjadi+%22Tionghoa%22&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=Rastika&rft.aufirst=Icha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnasional.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2014%2F03%2F19%2F1458446%2FPresiden.SBY.Ganti.Istilah.China.Menjadi.Tionghoa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimMead2011" class="citation report cs1">Lim, Hermanto; Mead, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/18/93/42189372626348570380267654218017959519/silesr2011_028.pdf">Chinese in Indonesia: A Background Study</a> (PDF) (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. SIL International. p. 5. 2011-028. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711210923/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/18/93/42189372626348570380267654218017959519/silesr2011_028.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Chinese+in+Indonesia%3A+A+Background+Study&rft.series=SIL+Electronic+Survey+Reports&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Hermanto&rft.au=Mead%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Freapdata%2F42%2F18%2F93%2F42189372626348570380267654218017959519%2Fsilesr2011_028.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-López-Rodríguez-143"><a href="#cite_ref-López-Rodríguez_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-Rodríguez2014" class="citation journal cs1">López-Rodríguez, Irene (2014). "Are We What We Eat? Food Metaphors in the Conceptualization of Ethnic Groups". 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Word Origins. 19 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224085155/https://www.wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/cotton-picking-cotton-picker">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Word+Origins&rft.atitle=Cotton+Picking%2C+Cotton+Picker&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordorigins.org%2Fbig-list-entries%2Fcotton-picking-cotton-picker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-cape-coloureds-are-a-mix-of-everything">"The Cape Coloureds are a mix of everything"</a>. Discover Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224085152/https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-cape-coloureds-are-a-mix-of-everything">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Cape+Coloureds+are+a+mix+of+everything&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fthe-sciences%2Fthe-cape-coloureds-are-a-mix-of-everything&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Cash W. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVOiYcStbmIC&dq=cash+%22The+Mind+of+the+South%22+cracker&pg=PA35">The Mind of the South</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405030725/https://books.google.com/books?id=SVOiYcStbmIC&dq=cash+%22The+Mind+of+the+South%22+cracker&pg=PA35">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Knopf, 1941). </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Ste. Claire, Dana (2006). Cracker: Cracker Culture in Florida History. University Press of Florida. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPartridge2006a">Partridge (2006a)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YfsEgHLjboC&pg=PA517">517</a>, Crow </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/crucco/">"crucco in Vocabolario – Treccani"</a> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731024307/http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/crucco/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=crucco+in+Vocabolario+%E2%80%93+Treccani&rft.pub=Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fvocabolario%2Fcrucco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dolan, T. P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhibe0000dola_g9w6/mode/1up?q=%22culchie+kaltfis%22">"Culchie"</a>. A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English. Gill & Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-4039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-4039-8"><bdi>978-0-7171-4039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culchie&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English%3A+The+Irish+Use+of+English&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-4039-8&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofhibe0000dola_g9w6%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522culchie%2Bkaltfis%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeresford2020" class="citation news cs1">Beresford, Jack (12 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishpost.com/news/irish-term-culchie-may-be-banned-from-scrabble-for-being-offensive-or-derogatory-188935">"Irish term 'culchie' may be banned from Scrabble for being 'offensive or derogatory'"</a>. The Irish Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608191833/https://www.irishpost.com/news/irish-term-culchie-may-be-banned-from-scrabble-for-being-offensive-or-derogatory-188935">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Post&rft.atitle=Irish+term+%27culchie%27+may+be+banned+from+Scrabble+for+being+%27offensive+or+derogatory%27&rft.date=2020-07-12&rft.aulast=Beresford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishpost.com%2Fnews%2Firish-term-culchie-may-be-banned-from-scrabble-for-being-offensive-or-derogatory-188935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/2009/09/09/471283-paraguay-que-los-argentinos-les-dicen-curepies/">"Paraguay: por qué a los argentinos les dicen "curepíes""</a>. Infobae (in European Spanish). 9 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722225252/https://www.infobae.com/2009/09/09/471283-paraguay-que-los-argentinos-les-dicen-curepies/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infobae&rft.atitle=Paraguay%3A+por+qu%C3%A9+a+los+argentinos+les+dicen+%22curep%C3%ADes%22&rft.date=2009-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2F2009%2F09%2F09%2F471283-paraguay-que-los-argentinos-les-dicen-curepies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://untref.edu.ar/diccionario/buscar.php?q=218&p=curep%C3%AD">"Diccionario Latinoamericano de la Lengua Española; curepí"</a>. National University of Tres de Febrero. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730205750/http://untref.edu.ar/diccionario/buscar.php?q=218&p=curep%C3%AD">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Latinoamericano+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola%3B+curep%C3%AD&rft.pub=National+University+of+Tres+de+Febrero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funtref.edu.ar%2Fdiccionario%2Fbuscar.php%3Fq%3D218%26p%3Dcurep%25C3%25AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallapragada2014" class="citation book cs1">Mallapragada, Madhavi (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7FXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Virtual Homelands: Indian Immigrants and Online Cultures in the United States (The Asian American Experience)</a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 28–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-08022-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-08022-7"><bdi>978-0-252-08022-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtual+Homelands%3A+Indian+Immigrants+and+Online+Cultures+in+the+United+States+%28The+Asian+American+Experience%29&rft.pages=28-30&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-252-08022-7&rft.aulast=Mallapragada&rft.aufirst=Madhavi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7FXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiner2012" class="citation news cs1">Winer, Stuart (23 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-boss-who-mistreated-demeaned-ethiopian-born-worker-ordered-to-pay-up">"Israeli boss who mistreated, demeaned Ethiopian-born worker ordered to pay up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103200648/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-boss-who-mistreated-demeaned-ethiopian-born-worker-ordered-to-pay-up/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015. <q>Court awards NIS 71,000 in compensation to Awaka Yosef, whose employer cut his salary and called him 'kushi'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Israeli+boss+who+mistreated%2C+demeaned+Ethiopian-born+worker+ordered+to+pay+up&rft.date=2012-12-23&rft.aulast=Winer&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fisraeli-boss-who-mistreated-demeaned-ethiopian-born-worker-ordered-to-pay-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/czarnuch.html">"czarnuch"</a>. Sjp.pwn.pl (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515170847/https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/czarnuch.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sjp.pwn.pl&rft.atitle=czarnuch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsjp.pwn.pl%2Fslowniki%2Fczarnuch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Oxford Advanced Leaner's English–Chinese Dictionary (published in 1987), p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> It is used in the American film <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie_(film)" title="Valkyrie (film)">Valkyrie</a> (2008) by the character Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a> (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Cranham" title="Kenneth Cranham">Kenneth Cranham</a>) who says that some officer should "shoot that dago bastard" (meaning Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPimgShlI9I">"HYBRID: "My kids are still called dagoes": historical responses to an irksome racial slur"</a>. YouTube.com. 1 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPimgShlI9I">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube.com&rft.atitle=HYBRID%3A+%22My+kids+are+still+called+dagoes%22%3A+historical+responses+to+an+irksome+racial+slur&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DjPimgShlI9I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarabott2023" class="citation news cs1">Carabott, Sarah (24 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924095121/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/animallike-parasites-how-maltese-treated-australia-wwii.1056997">"'Animal-like parasites' – How Maltese were treated in Australia before WWII"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/animallike-parasites-how-maltese-treated-australia-wwii.1056997">the original</a> on 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=%27Animal-like+parasites%27+%E2%80%93+How+Maltese+were+treated+in+Australia+before+WWII&rft.date=2023-09-24&rft.aulast=Carabott&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fanimallike-parasites-how-maltese-treated-australia-wwii.1056997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikekar2004" class="citation book cs1">Tikekar, Maneesha (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGqsWktyFcEC&pg=PP1">Across the Wagah: An Indian's Sojourn in Pakistan</a> (2 ed.). Promilla. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85002-34-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85002-34-7"><bdi>978-81-85002-34-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014355/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGqsWktyFcEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. 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Tobatabo.com (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509082037/https://www.tobatabo.com/294+apakah-arti-sebenarnya-sebutan-untuk-batak-dalle.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2023. 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Ninna.id (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507145032/https://www.ninna.id/batak-dalle-dan-batak-sejati/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ninna.id&rft.atitle=Batak+Dalle+dan+Batak+Sejati&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft.au=Ninna.ID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninna.id%2Fbatak-dalle-dan-batak-sejati%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-'nBASIS-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-'nBASIS_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-'nBASIS_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiregar2018" class="citation web cs1">Siregar, Shohibul Anshor (9 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbasis.wordpress.com/2018/07/09/batak-dalle/">"BATAK DALLE"</a>. 'nBASIS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510112914/https://nbasis.wordpress.com/2018/07/09/batak-dalle/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%27nBASIS&rft.atitle=BATAK+DALLE&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Siregar&rft.aufirst=Shohibul+Anshor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbasis.wordpress.com%2F2018%2F07%2F09%2Fbatak-dalle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104184319/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/darky#m_en_us1238378">"AskOxford: darky"</a>. Oxforddictionaries.com. 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Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=AskOxford%3A+darky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fdarky%23m_en_us1238378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears199049-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears199049_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpears1990">Spears (1990)</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2024" class="citation web cs1">Rahman, Khaleda (30 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/dei-racial-slur-black-americans-1884034">"Is DEI a racial slur? Rise in term outrages Black Americans"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Is+DEI+a+racial+slur%3F+Rise+in+term+outrages+Black+Americans&rft.date=2024-03-30&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Khaleda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fdei-racial-slur-black-americans-1884034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarfield2024" class="citation news cs1">Warfield, Rafiel Deon (1 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/08/trump-v-harris-republicans-dei-slur.html">"The Right Is Trying to Turn "DEI" Into a Slur. Don't Let Them"</a>. Slate. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a>. 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Madhesi Youth. 11 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715152506/https://www.madhesiyouth.com/opinion/lies-we-told-ourselves-about-budhanilkantha-school/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madhesi+Youth&rft.atitle=Lies+We+Told+Ourselves+About+Budhanilkantha+School&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madhesiyouth.com%2Fopinion%2Flies-we-told-ourselves-about-budhanilkantha-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dink">"dink"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=dink&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> "Dogan", Barber, [Accessed 7 May 2006]. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGita_RajanShailja_Sharma2006" class="citation book cs1">Gita Rajan; Shailja Sharma (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcosmopolitani00raja">New Cosmopolitanisms: South Asians in the US</a>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcosmopolitani00raja/page/n159">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5280-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-5280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Cosmopolitanisms%3A+South+Asians+in+the+US&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5280-0&rft.au=Gita+Rajan&rft.au=Shailja+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcosmopolitani00raja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walton1999-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Walton1999_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton1999" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Mary (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xmDzzNiwiUC&pg=PA336">Car: A Drama of the American Workplace</a>. 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CNN Asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302001411/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/98/0529/cs4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Asia&rft.atitle=CNN+Asiaweek%3A+How+Indonesian+Am+I%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FASIANOW%2Fasiaweek%2F98%2F0529%2Fcs4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheeWest2007" class="citation book cs1">Chee, Harold; West, Chris (2007). "The Chinese are irrationally xenophobic". Myths About Doing Business in China. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 75–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230286771_7">10.1057/9780230286771_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28677-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28677-1"><bdi>978-0-230-28677-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+are+irrationally+xenophobic&rft.btitle=Myths+About+Doing+Business+in+China&rft.pages=75-84&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230286771_7&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28677-1&rft.aulast=Chee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=West%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnet2019" class="citation book cs1">Bonnet, Robert (2 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uyPDwAAQBAJ&q=uncivilized+tribes+guizi&pg=PA227">Inspiration</a>. Page Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64424-110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64424-110-3"><bdi>978-1-64424-110-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014154/https://books.google.com/books?id=6uyPDwAAQBAJ&q=uncivilized+tribes+guizi&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q=uncivilized%20tribes%20guizi&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inspiration&rft.pub=Page+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.isbn=978-1-64424-110-3&rft.aulast=Bonnet&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uyPDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Duncivilized%2Btribes%2Bguizi%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lafay-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Lafay_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafayette_De_Mente2000" class="citation book cs1">Lafayette De Mente, Boyé (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx8AC_d3lWgC&q=Lafayette+De+Mente,+Boy%C3%A9.+The+Chinese+Have+a+Word+for+It:+The+Complete+Guide+to+Chinese+Thought+and+Culture,&pg=PR1">The Chinese Have a Word for It: The Complete Guide to Chinese Thought and Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Professional">McGraw-Hill</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-658-01078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-658-01078-1"><bdi>978-0-658-01078-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014203/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx8AC_d3lWgC&q=Lafayette+De+Mente,+Boy%C3%A9.+The+Chinese+Have+a+Word+for+It:+The+Complete+Guide+to+Chinese+Thought+and+Culture,&pg=PR1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Have+a+Word+for+It%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+Chinese+Thought+and+Culture&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-658-01078-1&rft.aulast=Lafayette+De+Mente&rft.aufirst=Boy%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYx8AC_d3lWgC%26q%3DLafayette%2BDe%2BMente%2C%2BBoy%25C3%25A9.%2BThe%2BChinese%2BHave%2Ba%2BWord%2Bfor%2BIt%3A%2BThe%2BComplete%2BGuide%2Bto%2BChinese%2BThought%2Band%2BCulture%2C%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itsokyaar.com/post/fresh-off-the-boat-why-is-this-term-offensive">"Why "fresh of the boat" is offensive"</a>. It's Ok Yaar. 11 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=It%27s+Ok+Yaar&rft.atitle=Why+%22fresh+of+the+boat%22+is+offensive.&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itsokyaar.com%2Fpost%2Ffresh-off-the-boat-why-is-this-term-offensive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/5/15/5717046/what-fresh-off-the-boat-means-to-asian-americans">"What "Fresh off the Boat" means to Asian-Americans"</a>. Vox. 15 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=What+%22Fresh+off+the+Boat%22+means+to+Asian-Americans&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2014%2F5%2F15%2F5717046%2Fwhat-fresh-off-the-boat-means-to-asian-americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.sanook.com/search/dict-th-th-royal-institute/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81">"ฝรั่งขี้นก คืออะไร แปลภาษา แปลว่า หมายถึง (พจนานุกรมไทย-ไทย ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน)"</a>. Dictionary.sanook.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220031130/http://dictionary.sanook.com/search/dict-th-th-royal-institute/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.sanook.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87+%28%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.sanook.com%2Fsearch%2Fdict-th-th-royal-institute%2F%25E0%25B8%259D%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2582%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7206891.stm">"Police outlaw 'fenians and huns'"</a>. BBC. 24 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017075927/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7206891.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police+outlaw+%27fenians+and+huns%27&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F7206891.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909194819/http://www.gov.karelia.ru/Karelia/1320/19.html">"Карелия N 42 (21 апреля 2005): КАК ЭТО БЫЛО: Дети фестиваля"</a>. 9 September 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.karelia.ru/Karelia/1320/19.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F+N+42+%2821+%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+2005%29%3A+%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9A+%D0%AD%D0%A2%D0%9E+%D0%91%D0%AB%D0%9B%D0%9E%3A+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.karelia.ru%2FKarelia%2F1320%2F19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trud.ru/article/14-07-2007/118378_a_byl_li_chernyj_malchik.html">"А БЫЛ ЛИ ЧЕРНЫЙ МАЛЬЧИК?"</a>. Trud.ru (in Russian). 14 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219142129/https://www.trud.ru/article/14-07-2007/118378_a_byl_li_chernyj_malchik.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trud.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90+%D0%91%D0%AB%D0%9B+%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99+%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%A7%D0%98%D0%9A%3F&rft.date=2007-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trud.ru%2Farticle%2F14-07-2007%2F118378_a_byl_li_chernyj_malchik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wieviorka2007-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Wieviorka2007_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieviorka2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Wieviorka" title="Michel Wieviorka">Wieviorka, Michel</a> (21 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivOvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR15">The Lure of Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews in Present-Day France</a>. Leiden; Boston: Brill. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2183-2"><bdi>978-90-474-2183-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lure+of+Anti-Semitism%3A+Hatred+of+Jews+in+Present-Day+France&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2183-2&rft.aulast=Wieviorka&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivOvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roth, Pamo (13 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belltower.news/warum-ich-das-nicht-mehr-hoeren-will-fidschi-30118/">"Warum ich das nicht mehr hören will: "Fidschi""</a>. Belltower.News (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123043636/https://www.belltower.news/warum-ich-das-nicht-mehr-hoeren-will-fidschi-30118/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belltower.News&rft.atitle=Warum+ich+das+nicht+mehr+h%C3%B6ren+will%3A+%22Fidschi%22&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Pamo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belltower.news%2Fwarum-ich-das-nicht-mehr-hoeren-will-fidschi-30118%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studenttorget.no/index.php?show=3934&expand=3796,3929,3930,3934&artikkelid=14270">"Studenttorget, Utdanning i Danmark"</a> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731015205/https://studenttorget.no/index.php?show=3934&expand=3796,3929,3930,3934&artikkelid=14270">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studenttorget%2C+Utdanning+i+Danmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudenttorget.no%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3D3934%26expand%3D3796%2C3929%2C3930%2C3934%26artikkelid%3D14270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiler2008" class="citation book cs1">Schneiler, Robert J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiJFC4P52f8C&q=flip%20ethnic%20slur&pg=PA211">Blue & Gold and Black: Racial Integration of the United States Naval Academy</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-000-4"><bdi>978-1-60344-000-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014206/https://books.google.com/books?id=OiJFC4P52f8C&q=flip%20ethnic%20slur&pg=PA211#v=snippet&q=flip%20ethnic%20slur&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+%26+Gold+and+Black%3A+Racial+Integration+of+the+United+States+Naval+Academy&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-000-4&rft.aulast=Schneiler&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiJFC4P52f8C%26q%3Dflip%2520ethnic%2520slur%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Batya Shimony (2011) On "Holocaust Envy" in Mizrahi Literature, Dapim:Studies on the Holocaust, 25:1, 239-271, DOI: 10.1080/23256249.2011.10744411. Page 241: "Frenk [a pejorative slang term for Mizrahi]" </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Grand Dictionnaire (Larousse: 1993) p. 397; Polish Language Dictionary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103141450/http://sjp.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=2558630">"Fritz"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sjp.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=2558630">the original</a> on 3 November 2013. 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BBC News. 3 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222074900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2913151.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+do+the+French+call+the+British+%27the+roast+beefs%27%3F&rft.date=2003-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F2913151.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/%C5%BCabojad.html">"żabojad – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Galla&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgalla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201182328/https://dsae.co.za/entry/gammat/e02547">"gammat"</a>. Dictionary of South African English. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsae.co.za/entry/gammat/e02547">the original</a> on 1 December 2020. 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Retrieved 11 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benz%C4%ABns+ugun%C4%AB+%E2%80%93+naida+kurin%C4%81%C5%A1ana+Latvij%C4%81&rft.pub=Providus&rft.date=2005-05-17&rft.aulast=Gail%C4%ABte&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprovidus.lv%2Farticle%2Fbenzins-uguni-naida-kurinasana-latvija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRislakki2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jukka_Rislakki" title="Jukka Rislakki">Rislakki, Jukka</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Latvia:_Disinformation_Campaigns_Against_a_Small_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Case for Latvia: Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation">The Case for Latvia: Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodopi (publisher)">Rodopi</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXANj6Y_7goC&q=gansi&pg=PA79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2424-3"><bdi>978-90-420-2424-3</bdi></a>. <q>the common derogatory name Russians call Latvians is gansi, (from the name Hans)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Latvia%3A+Disinformation+Campaigns+Against+a+Small+Nation&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2424-3&rft.aulast=Rislakki&rft.aufirst=Jukka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMārtiņš2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mārtiņš, Ķibilds (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/vesture/latvijas-astronomiska-rusifikacija.a274717/">"Latvijas astronomiskā rusifikācija"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 April 2018. <q>Krievu bērni latviešus saUnited Kingdomāja par gansiem jeb hansiem – tātad vāciešiem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atsl%C4%93gas&rft.atitle=Latvijas+astronomisk%C4%81+rusifik%C4%81cija&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.aulast=M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=%C4%B6ibilds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsm.lv%2Fraksts%2Fdzive--stils%2Fvesture%2Flatvijas-astronomiska-rusifikacija.a274717%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie/garoi">"Dexonline"</a>. 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BBC News. 4 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104093336/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7868401.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/gook.htm">the original</a> on 15 July 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gook&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu%2FDictionary%2Fgook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usatodayiaconis-241"><a href="#cite_ref-usatodayiaconis_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIaconis" class="citation web cs1">Iaconis, Rosario A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/02/23/oscars-green-book-hollywood-anti-italian-stereotypes-column/2916706002/">"Oscars 2019: 'Green Book' shows Hollywood's blatant contempt for Italian-Americans"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112171029/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/02/23/oscars-green-book-hollywood-anti-italian-stereotypes-column/2916706002/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Oscars+2019%3A+%27Green+Book%27+shows+Hollywood%27s+blatant+contempt+for+Italian-Americans&rft.aulast=Iaconis&rft.aufirst=Rosario+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2F2019%2F02%2F23%2Foscars-green-book-hollywood-anti-italian-stereotypes-column%2F2916706002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gora-242"><a href="#cite_ref-gora_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/16312160.still-okay-use-word-gora/">"Is it still okay to use the word 'gora'?"</a>. Asian Image. 25 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805214407/https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/16312160.still-okay-use-word-gora/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Image&rft.atitle=Is+it+still+okay+to+use+the+word+%27gora%27%3F&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianimage.co.uk%2Fnews%2F16312160.still-okay-use-word-gora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1848" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Forbes, Duncan (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.01711/page/447/mode/1up?q=%22yf+gora%22">"gora"</a>. A Dictionary, Hindustani and English: to which added a revised part, English and Hindustani. Wm. H. Allen, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=gora&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary%2C+Hindustani+and+English%3A+to+which+added+a+revised+part%2C+English+and+Hindustani&rft.pub=Wm.+H.+Allen%2C+London&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ministry.01711%2Fpage%2F447%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522yf%2Bgora%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1931" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Turner, Ralph Lilley (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120366/page/n170/mode/1up?q=%22vfYTf+goro%22">"goro"</a>. A Comparative And Etymological Dictionary Of The Nepali Language. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=goro&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+And+Etymological+Dictionary+Of+The+Nepali+Language&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Lilley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.120366%2Fpage%2Fn170%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522vfYTf%2Bgoro%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2002" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Marie (4 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeOJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change</a>. Routledge. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-86293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-86293-1"><bdi>978-1-134-86293-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805214405/https://books.google.com/books?id=FeOJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television%2C+Ethnicity+and+Cultural+Change&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-134-86293-1&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeOJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich" class="citation web cs1">Rich, Tracey R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/gentiles.htm#Goyim">"Jewish Attitudes Toward Non-Jews"</a>. Judaism 101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426075509/http://www.jewfaq.org/gentiles.htm#Goyim">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2015. <q>There is nothing inherently insulting about the word 'goy.' In fact, the Torah occasionally refers to the Jewish people using the term 'goy.' Most notably, in Exodus 19:6, G-d [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] says that the Children of Israel will be 'a kingdom of priests and a holy nation', that is, a goy kadosh. Because Jews have had so many bad experiences with anti-Semitic non-Jews over the centuries, the term 'goy' has taken on some negative connotations, but in general the term is no more insulting than the word 'gentile.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Judaism+101&rft.atitle=Jewish+Attitudes+Toward+Non-Jews&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Tracey+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fgentiles.htm%23Goyim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfthal2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolfthal, Diane (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/picturingyiddish00wolf">Picturing Yiddish: Gender, Identity, and Memory in the Illustrated Yiddish Books of Renaissance Italy</a>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/picturingyiddish00wolf/page/n84">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13905-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13905-3"><bdi>978-90-04-13905-3</bdi></a>. <q>The word goy means literally "nation", but has come to mean "Gentile", sometimes with a derogatory connotation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picturing+Yiddish%3A+Gender%2C+Identity%2C+and+Memory+in+the+Illustrated+Yiddish+Books+of+Renaissance+Italy&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004-07&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13905-3&rft.aulast=Wolfthal&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpicturingyiddish00wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2017" class="citation web cs1">Wong, Julian (9 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525093911/https://www.ricemedia.co/culture-life-when-exactly-can-you-call-an-eurasian-a-grago">"When Exactly Can You Call an Eurasian a 'Grago'?"</a>. Rice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ricemedia.co/culture-life-when-exactly-can-you-call-an-eurasian-a-grago">the original</a> on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=When+Exactly+Can+You+Call+an+Eurasian+a+%27Grago%27%3F&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricemedia.co%2Fculture-life-when-exactly-can-you-call-an-eurasian-a-grago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoediger2006" class="citation book cs1">Roediger, David R. (8 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3HT3ffiexcC&pg=PA42">Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White</a>. Basic Books. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07073-2"><bdi>978-0-465-07073-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921071138/https://books.google.com/books?id=K3HT3ffiexcC&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Toward+Whiteness%3A+How+America%27s+Immigrants+Became+White&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft.isbn=978-0-465-07073-2&rft.aulast=Roediger&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3HT3ffiexcC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hughes-250"><a href="#cite_ref-hughes_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2015" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Geoffrey (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIGsBwAAQBAJ&q=ethnic+slur+%22mediterranean+descent%22&pg=PA259">An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-speaking World</a>. Routledge. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47678-8"><bdi>978-1-317-47678-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014209/https://books.google.com/books?id=sIGsBwAAQBAJ&q=ethnic+slur+%22mediterranean+descent%22&pg=PA259#v=snippet&q=ethnic%20slur%20%22mediterranean%20descent%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Swearing%3A+The+Social+History+of+Oaths%2C+Profanity%2C+Foul+Language%2C+and+Ethnic+Slurs+in+the+English-speaking+World&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47678-8&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIGsBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dethnic%2Bslur%2B%2522mediterranean%2Bdescent%2522%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoediger2006" class="citation book cs1">Roediger, David R. (8 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workingtowardwhi00roed">Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White</a>. Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workingtowardwhi00roed/page/42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07073-2"><bdi>978-0-465-07073-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Toward+Whiteness%3A+How+America%27s+Immigrants+Became+White&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft.isbn=978-0-465-07073-2&rft.aulast=Roediger&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkingtowardwhi00roed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah1998" class="citation web cs1">Hannah, Bob (22 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southcoasttoday.com/story/sports/1998/01/23/ethnic-slur-was-nothing-sort/50579470007">"Ethnic slur was nothing of the sort"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014147/https://www.southcoasttoday.com/story/sports/1998/01/23/ethnic-slur-was-nothing-sort/50579470007/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+slur+was+nothing+of+the+sort&rft.date=1998-01-22&rft.aulast=Hannah&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southcoasttoday.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2F1998%2F01%2F23%2Fethnic-slur-was-nothing-sort%2F50579470007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://que-significa.com/significado.php?termino=gringo">Que es "gringo" – Significado de "gringo" – que-significa.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218035509/http://que-significa.com/significado.php?termino=gringo">Archived</a> 18 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gringo">"Gringo"</a>. Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306035014/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gringo">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unabridged+%28v+1.1%29&rft.atitle=Gringo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fgringo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121228094400/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/gringo">"Gringo"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/gringo">the original</a> on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gringo&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fgringo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150211075055/http://www.lancenet.com.br/minuto/Confira-gringos-pintar-futebol-brasileiro_0_1268273211.html">"gringo footballers in Brazil 2015"</a>. Lance Net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancenet.com.br/minuto/Confira-gringos-pintar-futebol-brasileiro_0_1268273211.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015. <q>The word being used for Hispanic American footballers in Brazil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gringo+footballers+in+Brazil+2015&rft.pub=Lance+Net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancenet.com.br%2Fminuto%2FConfira-gringos-pintar-futebol-brasileiro_0_1268273211.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espn.uol.com.br/post/467443_conheca-gringos-que-podem-reforcar-times-brasileiros-na-temporada-2015">"gringo footballers in Brazil 2015 (ESPN)"</a>. Lance Net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214205824/http://espn.uol.com.br/post/467443_conheca-gringos-que-podem-reforcar-times-brasileiros-na-temporada-2015">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015. <q>The word being used for Hispanic American footballers in Brazil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gringo+footballers+in+Brazil+2015+%28ESPN%29&rft.pub=Lance+Net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespn.uol.com.br%2Fpost%2F467443_conheca-gringos-que-podem-reforcar-times-brasileiros-na-temporada-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140730083410/http://www.doentesporfutebol.com.br/2014/07/novo-limite-faz-numero-de-gringos-aumentar-no-brasil/">"Expanded "gringo" limit in Brazilian Championship"</a>. 28 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doentesporfutebol.com.br/2014/07/novo-limite-faz-numero-de-gringos-aumentar-no-brasil/">the original</a> on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015. <q>The word being used by a fan as a synonym of foreigner in the Brazilian Championship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expanded+%22gringo%22+limit+in+Brazilian+Championship&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoentesporfutebol.com.br%2F2014%2F07%2Fnovo-limite-faz-numero-de-gringos-aumentar-no-brasil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125230641/http://www.redebomdia.com.br/noticia/detalhe/69817/torcedores-gringos-elogiam-e-reclamam-do-brasil">"turistas gringos"</a>. Terra. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redebomdia.com.br/noticia/detalhe/69817/torcedores-gringos-elogiam-e-reclamam-do-brasil">the original</a> on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2015. <q>The word being used for European and Latin American tourists in Brazil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=turistas+gringos&rft.pub=Terra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redebomdia.com.br%2Fnoticia%2Fdetalhe%2F69817%2Ftorcedores-gringos-elogiam-e-reclamam-do-brasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202181131/http://migramundo.com/2014/06/09/camaroes-conquista-copa-gringos-mas-o-futebol-e-os-migrantes-saem-como-vencedores/">"Cameroon gringos"</a>. Migra Mundo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://migramundo.com/2014/06/09/camaroes-conquista-copa-gringos-mas-o-futebol-e-os-migrantes-saem-como-vencedores/">the original</a> on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015. <q>Black immigrants from Cameroon play the "Copa Gringos" in Brazil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cameroon+gringos&rft.pub=Migra+Mundo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmigramundo.com%2F2014%2F06%2F09%2Fcamaroes-conquista-copa-gringos-mas-o-futebol-e-os-migrantes-saem-como-vencedores%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/o-gringo-azarao-que-derrubou-o-pt-e-vai-governar-o-rs">"O 'gringo' azarão que derrubou o PT e vai governar o RS (Veja)"</a>. Veja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116154229/https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/o-gringo-azarao-que-derrubou-o-pt-e-vai-governar-o-rs/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2014. <q>The word being used for an italian-brazilian politician.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+%27gringo%27+azar%C3%A3o+que+derrubou+o+PT+e+vai+governar+o+RS+%28Veja%29&rft.pub=Veja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2Fpolitica%2Fo-gringo-azarao-que-derrubou-o-pt-e-vai-governar-o-rs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2009/04/an_accused_cop_killers_politics.html">"An Accused Cop Killer's Politics"</a>. Slate. 10 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113211049/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2009/04/an_accused_cop_killers_politics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=An+Accused+Cop+Killer%27s+Politics&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fpolitics%2F2009%2F04%2Fan_accused_cop_killers_politics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> "Mr Gub ... the white man. The word is the diminutive of garbage." <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1978">Wilkes (1978)</a>, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeng2000" class="citation book cs1">Meng, Hua (2000). Images of Westerners in Chinese and Japanese Literature. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Westerners+in+Chinese+and+Japanese+Literature&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Hua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbe2017" class="citation journal cs1">Abe, Yasuhito (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3063/1906">"Reimagining Riben Guizi: Japanese Tactical Media Performance After the 2010 Senkaku/Diaoyu Boat Collision Incident"</a>. International Journal of Communication. 11: 345. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213114228/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3063/1906">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Reimagining+Riben+Guizi%3A+Japanese+Tactical+Media+Performance+After+the+2010+Senkaku%2FDiaoyu+Boat+Collision+Incident&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=345&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Abe&rft.aufirst=Yasuhito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijoc.org%2Findex.php%2Fijoc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3063%2F1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibby_Copeland2003" class="citation news cs1">Libby Copeland (6 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13708-2003Jul5.html">"Strutting Season"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131160444/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13708-2003Jul5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2011. 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Aboriginal History. 10 (1): 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213123120/https://www.academia.edu/57836247">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+History&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Classification+of+Race+in+Australia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=McCorquodale&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F57836247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/half-caste">"half-caste"</a>. merriam-webster.com. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213161832/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/half-caste">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=half-caste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhalf-caste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/haole">"haole"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103081741/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/haole">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=haole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fhaole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadresh2004" class="citation web cs1">Madresh, Marjorie (28 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208185413/http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2004/05/28/News/Founder.Of.hip.To.Be.Heeb.Magazine.Speaks.To.Students-683529.shtml">"Founder of 'Hip to be Heeb' magazine speaks to students"</a>. The Triangle Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2004/05/28/News/Founder.Of.hip.To.Be.Heeb.Magazine.Speaks.To.Students-683529.shtml">the original</a> on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Founder+of+%27Hip+to+be+Heeb%27+magazine+speaks+to+students&rft.pub=The+Triangle+Online&rft.date=2004-05-28&rft.aulast=Madresh&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.thetriangle.org%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper689%2Fnews%2F2004%2F05%2F28%2FNews%2FFounder.Of.hip.To.Be.Heeb.Magazine.Speaks.To.Students-683529.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hebe">"hebe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 14 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=hebe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-61810423">"BBC调查：追踪中国网络上侮辱黑人视频的幕后黑手"</a>. BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). 15 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701161430/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-61810423">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&rft.atitle=BBC%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%EF%BC%9A%E8%BF%BD%E8%B8%AA%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B8%8A%E4%BE%AE%E8%BE%B1%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%95%E5%90%8E%E9%BB%91%E6%89%8B&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fworld-61810423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.people.com.cn/n/2015/0624/c241376-27197947.html">"奥巴马竟说禁词"黑鬼" 美国人惊了!--美国频道--人民网"</a>. usa.people.com.cn (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220090119/http://usa.people.com.cn/n/2015/0624/c241376-27197947.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usa.people.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E7%AB%9F%E8%AF%B4%E7%A6%81%E8%AF%8D%22%E9%BB%91%E9%AC%BC%22+%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%83%8A%E4%BA%86%21--%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93--%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusa.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2015%2F0624%2Fc241376-27197947.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMin-ho2020" class="citation news cs1">Min-ho, Jung (5 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.amp.asp?newsIdx=293907">"'Heukhyeong,' 'jjangkkae' among pejorative term listed by human rights body"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304065343/https://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.amp.asp?newsIdx=293907">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Heukhyeong%2C%27+%27jjangkkae%27+among+pejorative+term+listed+by+human+rights+body&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft.aulast=Min-ho&rft.aufirst=Jung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fpages%2Farticle.amp.asp%3FnewsIdx%3D293907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAro2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Aro, Atte (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-201603041454">Practices of consuming trotting: How a community of devoted enthusiasts forms around a leisure activity</a> (Master of Science in Marketing Science thesis). Aalto University. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/8a08d28c-770e-4505-a851-db73befd04e3/content">33</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014828/https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/items/156bc3c7-04d4-4db0-b65f-f7f6330739af">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Practices+of+consuming+trotting%3A+How+a+community+of+devoted+enthusiasts+forms+around+a+leisure+activity&rft.degree=Master+of+Science+in+Marketing+Science&rft.inst=Aalto+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Aro&rft.aufirst=Atte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2FURN%3ANBN%3Afi%3Aaalto-201603041454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2006" class="citation book cs1">Green, Jonathon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA716">Cassell's Dictionary of Slang</a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 716. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36636-1"><bdi>978-0-304-36636-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014728/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA716#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Dictionary+of+Slang&rft.pages=716&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36636-1&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GpLcC4a5fAC%26pg%3DPA716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunk_1896-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunk_1896_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunk_1896_294-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21346747/the_courier/">"Traced to the Mafia: Mysterious crimes among Pennsylvania miners"</a>. The Courier. Waterloo, Iowa. 1 February 1896. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044423/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21346747/the_courier/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018 – via Newspapers.com. <q>The average Pennsylvanian contemptuously refers to the immigrants as "Hikes" and "Hunks." The "Hikes" are Italians and Sicilians. "Hunks" is a corruption for Huns, but under this title the Pennsylvanian includes Hungarians, Lithuanians, Slavs, Poles, Magyars and Tyroleans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier&rft.atitle=Traced+to+the+Mafia%3A+Mysterious+crimes+among+Pennsylvania+miners&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1896-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F21346747%2Fthe_courier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2006" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromulstertoamer0000mont">From Ulster to America: The Scotch-Irish Heritage of American English</a>. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromulstertoamer0000mont/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903688-61-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903688-61-8"><bdi>978-1-903688-61-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ulster+to+America%3A+The+Scotch-Irish+Heritage+of+American+English&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-903688-61-8&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromulstertoamer0000mont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Fuller A. Scribbling the Cat: travels with an African soldier (Penguin books, 2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan_Godfery2011" class="citation web cs1">Morgan Godfery (19 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mauistreet.blogspot.com.au/2011/09/sad-stuff.html">"Maui Street"</a>. mauistreet.blogspot.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112100834/http://mauistreet.blogspot.com.au/2011/09/sad-stuff.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mauistreet.blogspot.com.au&rft.atitle=Maui+Street&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft.au=Morgan+Godfery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmauistreet.blogspot.com.au%2F2011%2F09%2Fsad-stuff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402074703/http://nzguide.newzealand.co.nz/kiwispeak/index.php?todo=list_records&order_by=Saying&FirstLetter=H">"Kiwi Speak (Colloquialisms): H"</a>. New Zealand.co.nz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzguide.newzealand.co.nz/kiwispeak/index.php?todo=list_records&order_by=Saying&FirstLetter=H">the original</a> on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiwi+Speak+%28Colloquialisms%29%3A+H&rft.pub=New+Zealand.co.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzguide.newzealand.co.nz%2Fkiwispeak%2Findex.php%3Ftodo%3Dlist_records%26order_by%3DSaying%26FirstLetter%3DH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fowler, Henry Watson (2015). "Hottentot". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvmzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage - Henry Watson Fowler - Google Books</a>. Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966135-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129223736/https://books.google.com/books?id=AvmzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fowler%27s+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage+-+Henry+Watson+Fowler+-+Google+Books&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966135-0&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Henry+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvmzBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adhikari2005-300"><a href="#cite_ref-Adhikari2005_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2005" class="citation book cs1">Adhikari, Mohamed (17 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLw8KzRbRdQC&pg=PA28">Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community</a>. Ohio University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-442-5"><bdi>978-0-89680-442-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131083542/https://books.google.com/books?id=qLw8KzRbRdQC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+White+Enough%2C+Not+Black+Enough%3A+Racial+Identity+in+the+South+African+Coloured+Community&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-442-5&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLw8KzRbRdQC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsae.co.za/entry/houtkop/e03123">"houtkop"</a>. Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English (DSAE). 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223090616/https://dsae.co.za/entry/houtkop/e03123">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=houtkop&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+South+African+English.&rft.pub=Dictionary+Unit+for+South+African+English+%28DSAE%29&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsae.co.za%2Fentry%2Fhoutkop%2Fe03123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTong2010" class="citation book cs1">Tong, Chee Kiong (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/identityethnicre00tong">Identity and ethnic relations in Southeast Asia</a>. Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/identityethnicre00tong/page/n236">231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8908-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8908-3"><bdi>978-90-481-8908-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+ethnic+relations+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8908-3&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Chee+Kiong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fidentityethnicre00tong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHai2017" class="citation web cs1">Hai, Hai (17 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bengcumenggugat.com/2017/01/17/kenapa-pribumi-disebut-huana-artinya-orang-asing-oleh-orang-tionghoa/">"Kenapa Pribumi Disebut Huana Artinya Orang Asing Oleh Orang Tionghoa?"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%B0%91%E8%A6%96%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B6%B2&rft.atitle=%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E5%B0%8E%E9%81%8A%E5%B8%B6%E5%9C%98%E8%AA%BF%E4%BE%83%E3%80%8C%E7%95%AA%E4%BB%94%E3%80%8D%E3%80%81%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%B1%E8%90%BD%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%81%E7%95%B6%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%85%E6%B0%91%E6%9A%B4%E6%80%92&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.au=%E6%B0%91%E8%A6%96%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftvnews.com.tw%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2F2019710N04M1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao2016" class="citation news cs1">Hsiao, Alison (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/11/17/2003659431">"KMT slams DPP over Japan imports"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asociaci%C3%B3n+de+Academias+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.atitle=Diccionario+de+americanismos%3A+huinca&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2Fdamer%2Fhuinca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArre_MarfullCatepillán_TessiArre_MarfullCatepillán_Tessi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Arre Marfull, Montserrat Arre; Catepillán Tessi, Tomás; Arre Marfull, Montserrat Arre; Catepillán Tessi, Tomás (6 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0718-10432021000100304&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es">""E aqí, pues, dos razas distintas". Paradigmas raciales en Chile (siglos XVIII-XXI): significados y deslindes conceptuales"</a>. Estudios atacameños. 67: e3850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22199%2Fissn.0718-1043-2021-0012">10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237825466">237825466</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404182916/https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0718-10432021000100304&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2022 – via SciELO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+atacame%C3%B1os&rft.atitle=%22E+aq%C3%AD%2C+pues%2C+dos+razas+distintas%22.+Paradigmas+raciales+en+Chile+%28siglos+XVIII-XXI%29%3A+significados+y+deslindes+conceptuales&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=e3850&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22199%2Fissn.0718-1043-2021-0012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237825466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arre+Marfull&rft.aufirst=Montserrat+Arre&rft.au=Catepill%C3%A1n+Tessi%2C+Tom%C3%A1s&rft.au=Arre+Marfull%2C+Montserrat+Arre&rft.au=Catepill%C3%A1n+Tessi%2C+Tom%C3%A1s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_abstract%26pid%3DS0718-10432021000100304%26lng%3Des%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Notes". 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Worth Publishers. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-0660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-0660-0"><bdi>978-1-4292-0660-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014729/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSwJKwwjVl0C&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=15897870&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=-if-boyo-is-racist-then-you-should-not-say-jock---it-s-puzzling--name_page.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2009. 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Bangkok: Chonniyom. pp. 242–243. <q>แกว คือคำว่า แกว ๆ มีความหมายถึงเสียงดังแซดแต่ไม่ได้ศัพท์ ซึ่งจิตร ภูมิศักดิ์มองว่าน่าจะเป็นการล้อเลียนเสียงพูดในภาษาเวียดนามที่มีเสียงสูงต่ำตัดกันชัดเจนกว่าภาษาไทย-ลาว นอกจากนี้ยังมีคำลาวในวรรณคดีเรื่องท้าวฮุ่งเรียกชาวเวียดนามอย่างเหยียดหยามว่า แย้, แกวแย้ และแกวม้อย</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%2C+%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pages=242-243&rft.pub=Chonniyom&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Phumisak%2C+Chit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur-Fic1998" class="citation book cs1">Kapur-Fic, Alexandra R. 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No, it's not that survey. 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Cry Zimbabwe: Independence – Twenty Years On. Johannesburg: Galago Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-919854-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-919854-02-1"><bdi>978-1-919854-02-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cry+Zimbabwe%3A+Independence+%E2%80%93+Twenty+Years+On&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=Galago+Publishing&rft.date=2000-06&rft.isbn=978-1-919854-02-1&rft.aulast=Stiff&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzich" class="citation book cs1">Frantzich, Stephen. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78661-208-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78661-208-3"><bdi>978-1-78661-208-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab-Iranian+Relations%3A+Dynamics+of+Conflict+and+Accommodation&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft.isbn=978-1-78661-208-3&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Shireen+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOXaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVertovec2014" class="citation book cs1">Vertovec, Steven (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz2LBQAAQBAJ">Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies</a>. Routledge. p. 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60068-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60068-8"><bdi>978-1-317-60068-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Handbook+of+Diversity+Studies&rft.pages=1971&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-60068-8&rft.aulast=Vertovec&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHz2LBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttawayOttaway2019" class="citation book cs1">Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TParDwAAQBAJ">A Tale of Four Worlds: The Arab Region After the Uprisings</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006171-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006171-5"><bdi>978-0-19-006171-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Four+Worlds%3A+The+Arab+Region+After+the+Uprisings&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006171-5&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ottaway%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTParDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFb2014" class="citation web cs1">b (5 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jrbenjamin.com/2014/06/05/hooman-majd-on-the-difference-between-sunnis-shias-arabs-and-persians/">"Hooman Majd on the Difference Between Sunnis, Shias, Arabs, and Persians | The Bully Pulpit"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zohur12.ir/118842/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1">the original</a> on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zohur12.ir&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86+%2B+%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zohur12.ir%2F118842%2F%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25BA-%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE-%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamejamonline.ir/sara/1550648056147375019">"ماه رمضان با خوردن ملخ آغاز شد!+عکس"</a>. 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Vahabiat.porsemani.ir. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vahabiat.porsemani.ir/content/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA">the original</a> on 11 January 2016. 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Rowman Altamira. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0973-5"><bdi>978-0-7591-0973-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity%3A+Problems+and+Prospects+for+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0973-5&rft.aulast=Romanucci-Ross&rft.aufirst=Lola&rft.au=Vos%2C+George+A.+De&rft.au=Tsuda%2C+TakeyUnited+Kingdomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAajCaf34k3oC%26q%3Dmangal%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaev2016" class="citation news cs1">Isaev, Ognyan (9 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romea.cz/en/news/world/analysis-from-bulgaria-anti-gypsyism-is-the-enemy-at-the-gates">"Analysis from Bulgaria: Anti-Gypsyism is the enemy at the gates"</a>. romea.cz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=romea.cz&rft.atitle=Analysis+from+Bulgaria%3A+Anti-Gypsyism+is+the+enemy+at+the+gates&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft.aulast=Isaev&rft.aufirst=Ognyan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romea.cz%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fanalysis-from-bulgaria-anti-gypsyism-is-the-enemy-at-the-gates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvathWexler1997" class="citation book cs1">Horvath, Julia; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Wexler, Paul</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XHd2ACl7l4UC&q=Mangasar&pg=PA110">Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages: With Special Attention to Haitian Creole, Modern Hebrew, Romani, and Rumanian</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03954-3"><bdi>978-3-447-03954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relexification+in+Creole+and+Non-Creole+Languages%3A+With+Special+Attention+to+Haitian+Creole%2C+Modern+Hebrew%2C+Romani%2C+and+Rumanian&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03954-3&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Wexler%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXHd2ACl7l4UC%26q%3DMangasar%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/#/manne">"Kielitoimiston sanakirja"</a>. www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi&rft.atitle=Kielitoimiston+sanakirja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi%2F%23%2Fmanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.walla.co.il/item/3057571">"The Baboons are celebrating"</a>, an article discussing about the hatred for Moroccan Jews in Israel (In Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webronza.asahi.com/national/articles/2020021000006.html">"「丸太」の何が問題なのか - 赤木智弘｜論座アーカイブ"</a>. webronza.asahi.com (in Japanese). 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Retrieved 16 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Ethnic+Conflict%3A+Social+Organization+and+Lexical+Culture&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-231-05557-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguageofethnic0000alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green (2005)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA931">p. 931</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=mick&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&h=0">"Mick"</a>. Princeton WordNet listing. Retrieved 16 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mick&rft.pub=Princeton+WordNet+listing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3Dmick%26sub%3DSearch%2BWordNet%26o2%3D%26o0%3D1%26o8%3D1%26o1%3D1%26o7%3D%26o5%3D%26o9%3D%26o6%3D%26o3%3D%26o4%3D%26h%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazzah2008" class="citation book cs1">Gazzah, Miriam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hBNR9qRk9sC&pg=PA206">Rhythms and Rhymes of Life: Music and Identification Processes of Dutch-Moroccan Youth</a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-062-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-062-8"><bdi>978-90-8964-062-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythms+and+Rhymes+of+Life%3A+Music+and+Identification+Processes+of+Dutch-Moroccan+Youth&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-062-8&rft.aulast=Gazzah&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6hBNR9qRk9sC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefevere2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lefevere" title="André Lefevere">Lefevere, André</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame</a>. 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Retrieved 11 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+ape+insult%3A+a+short+history+of+a+racist+idea&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-ape-insult-a-short-history-of-a-racist-idea-14808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/comparing-black-people-to-monkeys-has-a-long-dark-simian-history-55102">"Comparing black people to monkeys has a long, dark simian history"</a>. Theconversation.com. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theconversation.com&rft.atitle=Comparing+black+people+to+monkeys+has+a+long%2C+dark+simian+history&rft.date=2016-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fcomparing-black-people-to-monkeys-has-a-long-dark-simian-history-55102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/why-monkey-is-racist/236674/amp">"Why 'Monkey' Is Racist"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahasiswa+Papua+di+Jerman%3A+Jangan+Panggil+Kami+Monyet%2C+Kami+Bukan+Budak+di+Negeri+Sendiri+%26%23124%3B+Indonesia%3A+Laporan+topik-topik+yang+menjadi+berita+utama&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2020-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fid%2Fmahasiswa-papua-di-jerman-jangan-panggil-kami-monyet-kami-bukan-budak-di-negeri-sendiri%2Fa-53873689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikaberidze2011-447"><a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze2011_447-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Mikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Alexander Mikaberidze</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RaCJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">Ilya Radozhitskii's Campaign Memoirs</a>. Lulu. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-105-16871-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-105-16871-0"><bdi>978-1-105-16871-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilya+Radozhitskii%27s+Campaign+Memoirs&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-105-16871-0&rft.au=Alexander+Mikaberidze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRaCJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/moon-crickets/">"moon crickets Meaning & Origin"</a>. Dictionary.com. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=moon+crickets+Meaning+%26+Origin&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fe%2Fslang%2Fmoon-crickets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzcan2006" class="citation book cs1">Özcan, Kemal Ali (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turkeyskurdstheo00azca">Turkey's Kurds</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turkeyskurdstheo00azca/page/n13">4</a>-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36687-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36687-8"><bdi>978-0-415-36687-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Kurds&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36687-8&rft.aulast=%C3%96zcan&rft.aufirst=Kemal+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturkeyskurdstheo00azca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerden2007" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169">The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War</a>. BRILL. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n82">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15557-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15557-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15557-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Settlement+Issue+in+Turkey+and+the+Kurds%3A+An+Analysis+of+Spatical+Policies%2C+Modernity+and+War&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15557-2&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsettlementissuet00jong_169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterkensCamachoScheepers2016" class="citation book cs1">Sterkens, Carl; Camacho, Agnes Zenaida; Scheepers, Peer (2016). "Ethno-religious Identification and Latent Conflict: Support of Violence among Muslim and Christian Filipino Children and Youth". In Harker, Christopher; Hörschelmann, Kathrin; Skelton, Tracey (eds.). Conflict, Violence and Peace. Singapore: Springer. pp. 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-4585-98-9_12-1">10.1007/978-981-4585-98-9_12-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4585-98-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4585-98-9"><bdi>978-981-4585-98-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethno-religious+Identification+and+Latent+Conflict%3A+Support+of+Violence+among+Muslim+and+Christian+Filipino+Children+and+Youth&rft.btitle=Conflict%2C+Violence+and+Peace&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-4585-98-9_12-1&rft.isbn=978-981-4585-98-9&rft.aulast=Sterkens&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Camacho%2C+Agnes+Zenaida&rft.au=Scheepers%2C+Peer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001074225/https://www.lexico.com/definition/moolinyan">"Moolinyan"</a>. Lexico. Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/moolinyan">the original</a> on 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=Moolinyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmoolinyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> "Se infatti gli italiani chiamano i neri 'mulignan', accomunandoli appunto alle 'melanzane' per il colore della pelle, sono essi stessi definiti storicamente come 'guinea'", Simona Cappellari, Giorgio Colombo Fiorini, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INcqAQAAIAAJ&q=Mulignan">Letteratura italoamericana</a>, 2008, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> Richard Greene, Peter Vernezze, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y15rZVmYVH0C&dq=Mulignan&pg=PA162">The Sopranos and Philosophy: I Kill Therefore I Am</a>, Open Court Publishing, 2004, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAytoSimpson2010">Ayto & Simpson (2010)</a>, "Moolinyan" </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyarota2006" class="citation book cs1">Nyarota, Geoffrey (2006). Against the grain: memoirs of a Zimbabwean newsman. Zebra. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-112-4"><bdi>978-1-77007-112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+grain%3A+memoirs+of+a+Zimbabwean+newsman&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Zebra&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-77007-112-4&rft.aulast=Nyarota&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kielitoimiston sanakirja. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus ja Kielikone Oy. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-5446-11-5" title="Special:BookSources/952-5446-11-5"><bdi>952-5446-11-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kielitoimiston+sanakirja&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Kotimaisten+kielten+tutkimuskeskus+ja+Kielikone+Oy&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=952-5446-11-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW_Ethiopia_1995-458"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_Ethiopia_1995_458-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/WR95/AFRICA-03.htm">"Ethiopia – Human Rights Developments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210120132141/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/WR95/AFRICA-03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. 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Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addis+Standard&rft.atitle=Commentary%3AThe+Birth+of+Amhara+Nationalism%3A+Causes%2C+Aspirations%2C+and+Potential+Impacts&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.aulast=Tesfaye&rft.aufirst=Amanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisstandard.com%2Fcommentarythe-birth-of-amhara-nationalism-causes-aspirations-and-potential-impacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnification_ET_media-460"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnification_ET_media_460-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjerdalMoges2020" class="citation web cs1">Skjerdal, Terje; Moges, Mulatu Alemayehu (26 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Media-and-Ethnicity-Ethiopia.pdf">"The ethnification of the Ethiopian media"</a> (PDF). Fojo Media Institute, International Media Support. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201224085041/https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Media-and-Ethnicity-Ethiopia.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fojo+Media+Institute%2C+International+Media+Support&rft.atitle=The+ethnification+of+the+Ethiopian+media&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.aulast=Skjerdal&rft.aufirst=Terje&rft.au=Moges%2C+Mulatu+Alemayehu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediasupport.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FMedia-and-Ethnicity-Ethiopia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАвагян2014" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Авагян, К. К. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=22848424"><bdi lang="ru">Концепт "Враг" Во Фразеологизмах Русского И Сербского Языков</bdi></a>. РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ И ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ (in Russian). 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Sahitya Akademi. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2114-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2114-7"><bdi>978-81-260-2114-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muthical+Man&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-260-2114-7&rft.aulast=Siraj&rft.aufirst=Sayad+Mustafa&rft.au=Chakravarty%2C+Sudeshna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI4cpcPlyL38C%26q%3DMuslim%2Bcalled%2BNeres%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michaud2017-463"><a href="#cite_ref-Michaud2017_463-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaud2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Michaud" title="Alexis Michaud">Michaud, Alexis</a> (26 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3e9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA355">Tone in Yongning~Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology</a>. Language Science Press. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946234-86-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-946234-86-9"><bdi>978-3-946234-86-9</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 30 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Community+on+College+Campuses%3A+Beyond+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Enjoyment&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1005-9&rft.aulast=Spitzberg&rft.aufirst=Irving+J.&rft.au=Thorndike%2C+Virginia+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqynjlOFSHfoC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boggs1998-484"><a href="#cite_ref-Boggs1998_484-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggs1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Boggs, Grace Lee</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingforchangea0000bogg">Living for Change: An Autobiography</a>. University of Minnesota Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingforchangea0000bogg/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0330-9"><bdi>978-1-4529-0330-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+for+Change%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-0330-9&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Grace+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingforchangea0000bogg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA1054">1054</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Long1886" class="citation book cs1">Henry Long, William (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartiesworld.co.uk/caws/dictionary-of-the-isle-of-wight-1886.pdf">A Dictionary of the Isle of Wight dialect, and of provincialisms used in the island; to which is appended the Christmas Boys' play, an Isle of Wight "Hooam Harvest," and songs sung by the peasantry; forming a treasury of insular manners and customs of fifty years ago.</a> (PDF). London: Reeves and Turner. p. 53. Retrieved 9 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Isle+of+Wight+dialect%2C+and+of+provincialisms+used+in+the+island%3B+to+which+is+appended+the+Christmas+Boys%27+play%2C+an+Isle+of+Wight+%22Hooam+Harvest%2C%22+and+songs+sung+by+the+peasantry%3B+forming+a+treasury+of+insular+manners+and+customs+of+fifty+years+ago.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Reeves+and+Turner&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Henry+Long&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartiesworld.co.uk%2Fcaws%2Fdictionary-of-the-isle-of-wight-1886.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929101919/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/paddy?view=uk">"AskOxford: Paddy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/paddy?view=uk">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AskOxford%3A+Paddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fpaddy%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1904" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gerald (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardpamelafitz00camp">Edward and Pamela Fitzgerald: being some account of their lives</a>. Edward Arnold. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardpamelafitz00camp/page/183">183</a>–4. Retrieved 21 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+and+Pamela+Fitzgerald%3A+being+some+account+of+their+lives&rft.pages=183-4&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedwardpamelafitz00camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Barron2023" class="citation news cs1">James Barron (14 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/14/nyregion/an-irishman-takes-on-the-word-paddy.html">"An Irishman Takes on the Word 'Paddy'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Irishman+Takes+on+the+Word+%27Paddy%27&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft.au=James+Barron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F14%2Fnyregion%2Fan-irishman-takes-on-the-word-paddy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Mulvaney2017" class="citation news cs1">James Mulvaney (1 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/08/01/trumps-use-of-paddy-wagon-insults-irish-americans-like-me/">"President Trump's reference to 'paddy wagon' insults Irish Americans like me"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=President+Trump%27s+reference+to+%27paddy+wagon%27+insults+Irish+Americans+like+me&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.au=James+Mulvaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2017%2F08%2F01%2Ftrumps-use-of-paddy-wagon-insults-irish-americans-like-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPAHE2024-491">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPAHE2024_491-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPAHE2024_491-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalextremism.org/post/online-racism-targeting-south-asians-skyrockets/">"Online Racism Targeting South Asians Skyrockets"</a>. Global Project Against Hate and Extremism. 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024. <q>"Pajeet" is also used, referring to a derogatory made-up Indian name originating on 4chan in 2015, along with several other similar, though sometimes lesser known, racist terms. Plenty of commenters resented "pajeet immigrants," described as "barely literate third worlder[s]," for "replac[ing]" striking workers in the tech industry. One Canadian user on the /pol/ board claimed the "jeet situation" in Canada was bad, and that they planned to "leave this dump" because of South Asian immigrants. Gab, a "free speech" platform with a similar interface to Twitter, saw hate speech against South Asians rise from 197 posts in January 2023 to 691 the next year, representing a staggering 251 percent increase. Comments include calling South Asians "pajeet chimps" and "paki scum" while leaning into derogatory stereotypes such as saying "pajeet still smell."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Racism+Targeting+South+Asians+Skyrockets&rft.pub=Global+Project+Against+Hate+and+Extremism&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalextremism.org%2Fpost%2Fonline-racism-targeting-south-asians-skyrockets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsorLynch" class="citation news cs1">Ensor, Jamie; Lynch, Jenna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/09/deputy-labour-leader-kelvin-davis-rings-m-ori-act-mp-karen-chhour-to-apologise-for-p-keh-world-comment.html">"Deputy Labour leader rings Māori ACT MP to apologise for 'Pākehā world' comment"</a>. Newshub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newshub&rft.atitle=Deputy+Labour+leader+rings+M%C4%81ori+ACT+MP+to+apologise+for+%27P%C4%81keh%C4%81+world%27+comment&rft.aulast=Ensor&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Jenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newshub.co.nz%2Fhome%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F09%2Fdeputy-labour-leader-kelvin-davis-rings-m-ori-act-mp-karen-chhour-to-apologise-for-p-keh-world-comment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pak">"pak"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 4 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAytoSimpson2010">Ayto & Simpson (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KT-cAQAAQBAJ&q=paki&pg=PA209">209</a>, "Paki" </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia2007" class="citation news cs1">Bhatia, Rajni (11 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6740445.stm">"After the N-word, the P-word"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=After+the+N-word%2C+the+P-word&rft.date=2007-06-11&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Rajni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F6740445.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoëm2015-496"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoëm2015_496-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoëm2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoëm, Ingjerd (20 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-fuADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Languages of Governance in Conflict: Negotiating democracy in Tokelau</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6892-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6892-1"><bdi>978-90-272-6892-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Governance+in+Conflict%3A+Negotiating+democracy+in+Tokelau&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.isbn=978-90-272-6892-1&rft.aulast=Ho%C3%ABm&rft.aufirst=Ingjerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fuADQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann2010-497"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann2010_497-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Lehmann" title="Herman Lehmann">Lehmann, Herman</a> (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzKs3kqQey4C&pg=PT29">Nine Years among the Indians</a>. Great Texas Books. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932801-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932801-05-7"><bdi>978-1-932801-05-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Years+among+the+Indians&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Great+Texas+Books&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-932801-05-7&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzKs3kqQey4C%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Matoba_Adler" class="citation web cs1">Susan Matoba Adler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109100449/http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/freetoview.asp?j=ciec&vol=2&issue=3&year=2001&article=Adler_CIEC_2_3">"Racial and Ethnic Identity Formation of Midwestern Asian-American children"</a>. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/freetoview.asp?j=ciec&vol=2&issue=3&year=2001&article=Adler_CIEC_2_3">the original</a> on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racial+and+Ethnic+Identity+Formation+of+Midwestern+Asian-American+children&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois%2C+Urbana-Champaign&rft.au=Susan+Matoba+Adler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwwords.co.uk%2Fpdf%2Ffreetoview.asp%3Fj%3Dciec%26vol%3D2%26issue%3D3%26year%3D2001%26article%3DAdler_CIEC_2_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/jmnoonan/blog/reading-racism-or-how-i%E2%80%99m-learning-wrestle-little-house-prairie">"Reading Racism: Or, How I'm Learning to Wrestle with "Little House on the Prairie" | James M. Noonan, Ed.D"</a>. Scholar.harvard.edu. 24 May 2020. 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MedanHeadlines (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedanHeadlines&rft.atitle=Merayakan+Perbedaan+Lewat+Parsubang&rft.date=2020-08-29&rft.aulast=Noviyanti&rft.aufirst=Adinda+Zahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedanheadlines.com%2F2020%2F08%2F29%2Fmerayakan-perbedaan-lewat-parsubang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasibuan2019" class="citation book cs1">Hasibuan, Thompson (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/24099/1/Sisingamangaraja.pdf">Sisingamangaraja: Pemersatu Batak Di Toba</a> [Sisingamangaraja: Batak Unifier In Toba] (PDF). Sumatran Archeological Association, an Indonesian Ministry of Education and Cultural company. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-17680-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-17680-6-8"><bdi>978-602-17680-6-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sisingamangaraja%3A+Pemersatu+Batak+Di+Toba&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Sumatran+Archeological+Association%2C+an+Indonesian+Ministry+of+Education+and+Cultural+company&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.isbn=978-602-17680-6-8&rft.aulast=Hasibuan&rft.aufirst=Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F24099%2F1%2FSisingamangaraja.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMori2017" class="citation news cs1">Mori, Letícia (4 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-40816773">"'Não toleramos mais': por que velhas piadas estão inflamando debate sobre racismo entre descendentes de asiáticos no Brasil"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27N%C3%A3o+toleramos+mais%27%3A+por+que+velhas+piadas+est%C3%A3o+inflamando+debate+sobre+racismo+entre+descendentes+de+asi%C3%A1ticos+no+Brasil&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.aulast=Mori&rft.aufirst=Let%C3%ADcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fportuguese%2Fbrasil-40816773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlazes2014" class="citation book cs1">Blazes, Marian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWvtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT17">The Everything Brazilian Cookbook: Includes Tropical Cobb Salad, Brazilian BBQ, Gluten-Free Cheese Rolls, Passion Fruit Mousse, Pineapple Caipirinha...and Hundreds More!</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-7939-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-7939-4"><bdi>978-1-4405-7939-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Brazilian+Cookbook%3A+Includes+Tropical+Cobb+Salad%2C+Brazilian+BBQ%2C+Gluten-Free+Cheese+Rolls%2C+Passion+Fruit+Mousse%2C+Pineapple+Caipirinha...and+Hundreds+More%21&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4405-7939-4&rft.aulast=Blazes&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWvtDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendeiroLupati2019" class="citation book cs1">Rendeiro, Margarida; Lupati, Federica (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeChDwAAQBAJ&q=flango%20frango&pg=PT160">Challenging Memories and Rebuilding Identities: Literary and Artistic Voices that undo the Lusophone Atlantic</a>. Routledge. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-054687-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-054687-3"><bdi>978-1-00-054687-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenging+Memories+and+Rebuilding+Identities%3A+Literary+and+Artistic+Voices+that+undo+the+Lusophone+Atlantic&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-00-054687-3&rft.aulast=Rendeiro&rft.aufirst=Margarida&rft.au=Lupati%2C+Federica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeChDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dflango%2520frango%26pg%3DPT160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton2002" class="citation book cs1">Hinton, Alexander (15 August 2002). "Chapter 8: "Averted Gaze: Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1992–1995"". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/12973">Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520230286" title="Special:BookSources/9780520230286"><bdi>9780520230286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+%22Averted+Gaze%3A+Genocide+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina%2C+1992%E2%80%931995%22&rft.btitle=Annihilating+Difference%3A+The+Anthropology+of+Genocide&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002-08-15&rft.isbn=9780520230286&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcalifornia-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F12973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMezzrow1946" class="citation book cs1">Mezzrow, Mezz (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_qO1Foszj8C&q=peckerwoods&pg=PA16">Really the Blues</a>. New York: Kensington. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-1205-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-1205-1"><bdi>978-0-8065-1205-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Really+the+Blues&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Kensington&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-1205-1&rft.aulast=Mezzrow&rft.aufirst=Mezz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_qO1Foszj8C%26q%3Dpeckerwoods%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillens1967" class="citation book cs1">Killens, John Oliver (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKxiAAAAMAAJ&q=peckerwood">Sippi</a>. 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Coconuts Manila. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coconuts+Manila&rft.atitle=In+case+you+didn%27t+know%3A+%27Peenoise%27+is+a+nasty+term+for+Pinoys&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoconuts.co%2Fmanila%2Fnews%2Fcase-you-didnt-know-peenoise-nasty-term-pinoys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/det-er-umuligt-tale-neutralt-om-indvandrere">"Det er umuligt at tale neutralt om indvandrere"</a>. videnskab.dk (in Danish). 3 September 2014. 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Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxonian+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Review+of+Spoken+Here%3A+Travels+Among+Threatened+Languages+by+Mark+Abley&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.au=David+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxonianreview.org%2Fissues%2F3-3%2F3-3-4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAusten2009" class="citation news cs1">Austen, Ian (30 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/business/media/31adco.html">"In a Quebecer's Heart, Pepsi Occupies a Special Place"</a>. 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NYU press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8709-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8709-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-8709-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Innocence%3A+Performing+American+Childhood+from+Slavery+to+Civil+Rights&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=NYU+press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8709-0&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_mgPpS-xXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literacyamericae00guzz">Literacy in America: N-Z</a>. 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Manilla: De La Salle University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tagalog+Slang+Dictionary&rft.place=Manilla&rft.pub=De+La+Salle+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzorc.net%2FRDZorc%2Fpublications%2F071%253DTagalog%2520Slang%2520Dictionary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears2001118-540">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears2001118_540-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears2001118_540-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears2001118_540-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears2001118_540-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpears2001">Spears (2001)</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/quashi">"Quashi"</a>. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Quashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fquashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer1895-542"><a href="#cite_ref-Brewer1895_542-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._Cobham_Brewer" title="E. Cobham Brewer">Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphra02brew">Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: Giving the Derivation, Source, Or Origin of Common Phrases, Allusions, and Words that Have a Tale to Tell</a>. Cassell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphra02brew/page/1025">1025</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+Fable%3A+Giving+the+Derivation%2C+Source%2C+Or+Origin+of+Common+Phrases%2C+Allusions%2C+and+Words+that+Have+a+Tale+to+Tell&rft.pages=1025&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Ebenezer+Cobham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofphra02brew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartle_80–84-543"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartle_80–84_543-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartle1978" class="citation journal cs1">Bartle, Philip F. W. (January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/rdi/kw-40.htm">"Forty Days; The Akan Calendar"</a>. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 48 (1): 80–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1158712">10.2307/1158712</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1158712">1158712</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143751434">143751434</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=Forty+Days%3B+The+Akan+Calendar&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-84&rft.date=1978-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143751434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1158712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1158712&rft.aulast=Bartle&rft.aufirst=Philip+F.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcec.vcn.bc.ca%2Frdi%2Fkw-40.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn1997" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Michiel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingcanadian00horn">Becoming Canadian: Memoirs of an Invisible Immigrant</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingcanadian00horn/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7840-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7840-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-7840-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Canadian%3A+Memoirs+of+an+Invisible+Immigrant&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7840-7&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbecomingcanadian00horn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishavjit_Singh2012" class="citation web cs1">Vishavjit Singh (11 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2012/09/11/my_life_in_a_turban/">"My life in a turban"</a>. salon.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salon.com&rft.atitle=My+life+in+a+turban&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft.au=Vishavjit+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2012%2F09%2F11%2Fmy_life_in_a_turban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2014" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ramasamy+%5Ba+pejorative+term+for+an+Indian%5D+in+or+near+town+is+all+very+well+as+a+grower+or+purveyor%22&pg=PP102">Gandhi before India</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-322-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-322-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-322-8</bdi></a>. <q>Ramasamy [a pejorative term for an Indian] in or near town is all very well as a grower or purveyor</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+before+India&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-322-8&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXS7UAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Ramasamy%2B%255Ba%2Bpejorative%2Bterm%2Bfor%2Ban%2BIndian%255D%2Bin%2Bor%2Bnear%2Btown%2Bis%2Ball%2Bvery%2Bwell%2Bas%2Ba%2Bgrower%2Bor%2Bpurveyor%2522%26pg%3DPP102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-south-africans">"Indian South Africans | South African History Online"</a>. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahistory.org.za&rft.atitle=Indian+South+Africans+%7C+South+African+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Findian-south-africans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-548"><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102201850/http://www15.uta.fi/FAST/US7/NAMES/rastliza.html">"Connotations of the Names Rastus and Liza"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www15.uta.fi/FAST/US7/NAMES/rastliza.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013. <q>FAST-US-7 (TRENAK 15) Introduction to American English. Reference File, 04-16-2007</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connotations+of+the+Names+Rastus+and+Liza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww15.uta.fi%2FFAST%2FUS7%2FNAMES%2Frastliza.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookherjee2009" class="citation book cs1">Mookherjee, Nayanika (2009). "Denunciatory Practices and the Constitutive Role of Collaboration in the Bangladesh War". In Sharika Thiranagama; Tobias Kelly (eds.). Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4213-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-4213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Denunciatory+Practices+and+the+Constitutive+Role+of+Collaboration+in+the+Bangladesh+War&rft.btitle=Traitors%3A+Suspicion%2C+Intimacy%2C+and+the+Ethics+of+State-Building&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4213-3&rft.aulast=Mookherjee&rft.aufirst=Nayanika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheppard-550"><a href="#cite_ref-Sheppard_550-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard1977" class="citation book cs1">Sheppard, Jill (1977). The "Redlegs" of Barbados, their origins and history. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-527-82230-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-527-82230-9"><bdi>978-0-527-82230-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Redlegs%22+of+Barbados%2C+their+origins+and+history&rft.place=Millwood%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=KTO+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-527-82230-9&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Redneck">"Redneck"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. 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A Dictionary of South African English - DSAE. Dictionary Unit for South African English. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+South+African+English+-+DSAE&rft.atitle=rockspider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsae.co.za%2Fentry%2Frockspider%2Fe06040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-555"><a href="#cite_ref-555">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Figes, Orlando</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige">The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia</a>. New York City: Metropolitan Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494">494</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-7461-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whisperers%3A+Private+Life+in+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhisperersprivat00fige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasunosuke_Satō1931" class="citation book cs1">Yasunosuke Satō (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsE5AQAAIAAJ&q=Roske">Sino-Japanese problems – Volume 3 of Japanese papers, Institute of Pacific Relations Conference</a>. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46699-4"><bdi>978-1-317-46699-4</bdi></a>. 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Collins Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shoneen&rft.btitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollinsdictionar0000unse_c2q3%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3Dshoneen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-600"><a href="#cite_ref-600">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Taylor, Miles (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/68195">"'Bull, John (supp. fl. 1712–)'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68195">10.1093/ref:odnb/68195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Bull%2C+John+%28supp.+fl.+1712%E2%80%93%29%27&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68195&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F68195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-601"><a href="#cite_ref-601">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2014" class="citation news cs1">Rothman, Lily (17 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3394403/shylock-biden/">"When Did 'Shylock' Become a Slur?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Time.com">Time.com</a>. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time.com&rft.atitle=When+Did+%27Shylock%27+Become+a+Slur%3F&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3394403%2Fshylock-biden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426news-602"><a href="#cite_ref-426news_602-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.want-daily.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=53348">旺报：從426看一些台灣人的狹隘政治觀</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020144821/http://www.want-daily.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=53348">Archived</a> October 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> want-daily.com [2014-7-17] </li> <li id="cite_note-603"><a href="#cite_ref-603">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaewna2018" class="citation web cs1">Naewna (28 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naewna.com/likesara/373271">"ก่อนถึงยุคแร็พ'ประเทศกูมี' ย้อนฟังเพลงเพื่อชีวิต'กระแทกใจ'ผู้มีอำนาจ"</a>. Naewna. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9E%27%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%27+%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%27%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%27%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88&rft.pub=Naewna&rft.date=2018-10-28&rft.au=Naewna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naewna.com%2Flikesara%2F373271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-604"><a href="#cite_ref-604">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardesMasters1970" class="citation book cs1">Edwardes, Allen; Masters, R. E. L. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdLfAAAAMAAJ">Cradle of Erotica: Study of Afro-Asian Sexual Expression and an Analysis of Erotic Freedom in Social Relationships</a>. London: Odyssey Press Ltd. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85095-000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85095-000-7"><bdi>978-0-85095-000-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cradle+of+Erotica%3A+Study+of+Afro-Asian+Sexual+Expression+and+an+Analysis+of+Erotic+Freedom+in+Social+Relationships&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Odyssey+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-85095-000-7&rft.aulast=Edwardes&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Masters%2C+R.+E.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUdLfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-605"><a href="#cite_ref-605">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden1999" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Mark (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00bowd_1">Black Hawk Down</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028850-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028850-6"><bdi>978-0-14-028850-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Hawk+Down&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028850-6&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackhawkdownsto00bowd_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-606"><a href="#cite_ref-606">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnastasia_N._Karakasidou1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Karakasidou" title="Anastasia Karakasidou">Anastasia N. Karakasidou</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldswheathills00kara">Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870–1990</a>. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldswheathills00kara/page/n299">265</a>. <q>the terms Skopia and Skopians, derived from the name of that country's capital and principal city, Skopje, have been employed in a demeaning and derogatory manner to refer to the FYROM, its government, and its population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields+of+Wheat%2C+Hills+of+Blood%3A+Passages+to+Nationhood+in+Greek+Macedonia%2C+1870%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Chicago+%26+London&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Anastasia+N.+Karakasidou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldswheathills00kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-607"><a href="#cite_ref-607">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Carabott2003" class="citation journal cs1">Philip Carabott (2003). "The Politics of Constructing the Ethnic "Other": The Greek State and Its Slav-speaking Citizens, ca. 1912 – ca. 1949". Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas. 5: 159. <q>[...] the seemingly neutral but hardly non-derisive Skopianoi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrb%C3%BCcher+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+und+Kultur+S%C3%BCdosteuropas&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Constructing+the+Ethnic+%22Other%22%3A+The+Greek+State+and+Its+Slav-speaking+Citizens%2C+ca.+1912+%E2%80%93+ca.+1949&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Philip+Carabott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-608"><a href="#cite_ref-608">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162551/http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins/s">"Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms"</a>. Australian National Dictionary Centre. <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins/s">the original</a> on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+Dictionary+Centre&rft.atitle=Meanings+and+origins+of+Australian+words+and+idioms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandc.anu.edu.au%2Faustralian-words%2Fmeanings-origins%2Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-609"><a href="#cite_ref-609">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=sk%C3%A6v%C3%B8jet">"skævøjet — Den Danske Ordbog"</a>. ordnet.dk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordnet.dk&rft.atitle=sk%C3%A6v%C3%B8jet+%E2%80%94+Den+Danske+Ordbog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordnet.dk%2Fddo%2Fordbog%3Fquery%3Dsk%25C3%25A6v%25C3%25B8jet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-610"><a href="#cite_ref-610">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow2017" class="citation news cs1">Chow, Kat (19 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/01/19/510467679/the-slants-fighting-for-the-right-to-rock-a-racial-slur">"The Slants: Fighting For The Right To Rock A Racial Slur"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=The+Slants%3A+Fighting+For+The+Right+To+Rock+A+Racial+Slur&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2017%2F01%2F19%2F510467679%2Fthe-slants-fighting-for-the-right-to-rock-a-racial-slur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-611"><a href="#cite_ref-611">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/#/slobo">"Kielitoimiston sanakirja"</a>. www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi&rft.atitle=Kielitoimiston+sanakirja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi%2F%23%2Fslobo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-612"><a href="#cite_ref-612">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2004">Moore (2004)</a>, "slope" </li> <li id="cite_note-613"><a href="#cite_ref-613">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAytoSimpson2010">Ayto & Simpson (2010)</a>, "slope", "slopy" </li> <li id="cite_note-614"><a href="#cite_ref-614">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaldef.org/blog/my-slant-on-the-slants-and-other-asian-american-n-words.html">"Blog: My slant on The Slants and other Asian American "N" words – AALDEF"</a>. aaldef.org. 4 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aaldef.org&rft.atitle=Blog%3A+My+slant+on+The+Slants+and+other+Asian+American+%22N%22+words+%E2%80%93+AALDEF&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faaldef.org%2Fblog%2Fmy-slant-on-the-slants-and-other-asian-american-n-words.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-615"><a href="#cite_ref-615">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2017" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Brianna (1 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.usatoday.com/2017/02/01/the-origin-of-the-term-snowflake-may-surprise-you/">"Been called a 'snowflake'? The 'it' new insult"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404221340/http://college.usatoday.com/2017/02/01/the-origin-of-the-term-snowflake-may-surprise-you/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Been+called+a+%27snowflake%27%3F+The+%27it%27+new+insult&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollege.usatoday.com%2F2017%2F02%2F01%2Fthe-origin-of-the-term-snowflake-may-surprise-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-616"><a href="#cite_ref-616">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThairath2022" class="citation web cs1">Thairath (4 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thairath.co.th/news/foreign/2354637">"โสมแดงประณามวาทกรรมโสมขาว"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thairath" title="Thairath">Thairath</a>. 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Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sjp.pwn.pl&rft.atitle=szkop+%E2%80%93+definicja%2C+synonimy%2C+przyk%C5%82ady+u%C5%BCycia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsjp.pwn.pl%2Fszukaj%2Fszkop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-639"><a href="#cite_ref-639">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjp.pwn.pl/szukaj/Szwab.html">"Szwab – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia"</a>. Sjp.pwn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sjp.pwn.pl&rft.atitle=Szwab+%E2%80%93+definicja%2C+synonimy%2C+przyk%C5%82ady+u%C5%BCycia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsjp.pwn.pl%2Fszukaj%2FSzwab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-640"><a href="#cite_ref-640">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197006">"Taffy, n.2"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Taffy%2C+n.2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F197006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-641"><a href="#cite_ref-641">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAytoSimpson2010">Ayto & Simpson (2010)</a>, "taffy" </li> <li id="cite_note-642"><a href="#cite_ref-642">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pepys.info/1667/1667mar.html">"Samuel Pepys' Diary 1667"</a>. Pepys.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128170746/http://www.pepys.info/1667/1667mar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+Pepys%27+Diary+1667&rft.pub=Pepys.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepys.info%2F1667%2F1667mar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-643"><a href="#cite_ref-643">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonRoud2000" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 307–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Folklore&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=307-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Roud%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-644"><a href="#cite_ref-644">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Wienraub1971" class="citation web cs1">Bernard Wienraub (2 June 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041104064549/http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/">"taig"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/">the original</a> on 4 November 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2013. <q>In Belfast, Joblessness And a Poisonous Mood</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=taig&rft.date=1971-06-02&rft.au=Bernard+Wienraub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doubletongued.org%2Findex.php%2Fdictionary%2Ftaig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-645"><a href="#cite_ref-645">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Majendie1986" class="citation news cs1">Paul Majendie (29 November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041104064549/http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/">"taig"</a>. Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/">the original</a> on 4 November 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2013. <q>On Belfast's Walls, Hatred Rules</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=taig&rft.date=1986-11-29&rft.au=Paul+Majendie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doubletongued.org%2Findex.php%2Fdictionary%2Ftaig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-646"><a href="#cite_ref-646">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome_Keating2006" class="citation web cs1">Jerome Keating (10 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/05/10/2003307182">"To be 'taike' is to be a Taiwanese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Taipei_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Taipei Times">The Taipei Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=To+be+%27taike%27+is+to+be+a+Taiwanese&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft.au=Jerome+Keating&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Feditorials%2Farchives%2F2006%2F05%2F10%2F2003307182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-647"><a href="#cite_ref-647">^</a> Farewell to Peasant China: Rural Urbanization and Social Change in ... – Page 75 Gregory Eliyu Guldin – 1997 "In Dongji hamlet, most villagers were originally shuishangren (boat people) [Also known in the West by the pejorative label, "Tanka" people. — Ed.] and settled on land only in the 1950s. Per-capita cultivated land averaged only 1 mu ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-648"><a href="#cite_ref-648">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelius_Osgood1975" class="citation book cs1">Cornelius Osgood (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesestudyofho0003osgo">The Chinese: a study of a Hong Kong community, Volume 3</a>. University of Arizona Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesestudyofho0003osgo/page/1212">1212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0418-3"><bdi>978-0-8165-0418-3</bdi></a>. <q>shii leung (shu lang) shii miu (shu miao) shui fan (shui fen) shui kwa (shui kua) sui seung yan (shui shang jen) Shui Sin (Shui Hsien) shuk in (shu yen) ShunTe Sian Sin Ku (Hsien Ku) sin t'it (hsien t'ieh) Sin Yan (Hsien Jen) sing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese%3A+a+study+of+a+Hong+Kong+community%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=1212&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-0418-3&rft.au=Cornelius+Osgood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesestudyofho0003osgo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-649"><a href="#cite_ref-649">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office,_Hong_Kong._Government_Information_Services1962" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Colonial Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=3V-1TuqkKOH30gGo0oTSBw">Hong Kong</a>. Govt. Press. p. 37. <q>The Tanka are boat dwellers who very seldom settle ashore. They themselves do not much use this name, which they consider derogatory, but usually call themselves 'Nam Hoi Yan (people of the southern sea) or 'Sui Seung Yan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Govt.+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Colonial+Office%2C+Hong+Kong.+Government+Information+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fei%3D3V-1TuqkKOH30gGo0oTSBw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-650"><a href="#cite_ref-650">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Physical_Laboratory_(Great_Britain)1962" class="citation book cs1">National Physical Laboratory (Great Britain) (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iDjAAAAMAAJ">Report for the year ...</a> H.M.S.O. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+for+the+year+...&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=H.M.S.O.&rft.date=1962&rft.au=National+Physical+Laboratory+%28Great+Britain%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iDjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-651"><a href="#cite_ref-651">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-FHAAAAYAAJ">Hong Kong: report for the year ...</a> Government Press. 1961. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong%3A+report+for+the+year+...&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Government+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-FHAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-652"><a href="#cite_ref-652">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong_Kong,_Great_Britain._Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office1962" class="citation book cs1">Hong Kong, Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2kUAAAAIAAJ">Hong Kong annual report</a>. H.M.S.O. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+annual+report&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=H.M.S.O.&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Hong+Kong%2C+Great+Britain.+Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2kUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-653"><a href="#cite_ref-653">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office,_Hong_Kong._Government_Information_Services1960" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ycfAQAAMAAJ">Hong Kong</a>. Govt. Press. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Govt.+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office%2C+Hong+Kong.+Government+Information+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ycfAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-654"><a href="#cite_ref-654">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Hürlimann1962" class="citation book cs1">Martin Hürlimann (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IJwAAAAMAAJ">Hong Kong</a>. Viking Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7611-0030-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7611-0030-1"><bdi>978-3-7611-0030-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Tanka are among the earliest of the region's inhabitants. They call themselves 'Sui Seung Yan', signifying 'those born on the waters'; for they have been a population afloat as far back as men can remember—their craft jostle each other most closely in the fishing port</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-3-7611-0030-1&rft.au=Martin+H%C3%BCrlimann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IJwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-655"><a href="#cite_ref-google2_655-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValery_M._Garrett1987" class="citation book cs1">Valery M. Garrett (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MffAAAAMAAJ">Traditional Chinese clothing in Hong Kong and South China, 1840–1980</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-584174-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-584174-3"><bdi>0-19-584174-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Tanka dislike the name and prefer 'Sui seung yan', which means 'people who live on the water'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Chinese+clothing+in+Hong+Kong+and+South+China%2C+1840%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-584174-3&rft.au=Valery+M.+Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MffAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-656"><a href="#cite_ref-656">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAytoSimpson2010">Ayto & Simpson (2010)</a>, "tar" </li> <li id="cite_note-657"><a href="#cite_ref-657">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Paulus <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_T%E1%BB%8Bnh_C%E1%BB%A7a" title="Huỳnh Tịnh Của">Huỳnh Tịnh Của</a>. Khai Trí. 1895. p. 349. <q>người Annam thấy tàu khách qua lại nhiều, lấy đó mà gọi là nước Tàu, người Tàu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paulus+Hu%E1%BB%B3nh+T%E1%BB%8Bnh+C%E1%BB%A7a&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Khai+Tr%C3%AD&rft.date=1895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-658"><a href="#cite_ref-658">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA1419">1419</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-659"><a href="#cite_ref-659">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Terrone">"Terrone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CollinsDictionary.com">CollinsDictionary.com</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CollinsDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Terrone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FTerrone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-660"><a href="#cite_ref-660">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattorusso2019" class="citation news cs1">Fattorusso, Francesco (31 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akaitaly.com/blog/2016/9/15/qgpxmy8tnnjgmrzirmcs7fdr459qmj">"The Insulting Story Behind the Word 'Terroni'"</a>. AKA Italy magazine. 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Discriminación anti-Árabe en Chile"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Historia_(history_of_the_Americas_journal)" title="Historia (history of the Americas journal)">Historia</a> (in Spanish). 28: 249–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=La+%22Turcofobia%22.+Discriminaci%C3%B3n+anti-%C3%81rabe+en+Chile&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=249-272&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Rebolledo+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.uc.cl%3A8080%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11534%2F9538%2F000313268.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-684"><a href="#cite_ref-684">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandić2022" class="citation book cs1">Mandić, Marija (2022). "Chapter 10. The Serbian Proverb Poturica gori od Turčina (A Turk-Convert Is Worse Than a Turk): Stigmatizer and Figure of Speech". Imagining Bosnian Muslims in Central Europe. Berghahn Books. pp. 170–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781789207750-012">10.1515/9781789207750-012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-775-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-775-0"><bdi>978-1-78920-775-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10.+The+Serbian+Proverb+Poturica+gori+od+Tur%C4%8Dina+%28A+Turk-Convert+Is+Worse+Than+a+Turk%29%3A+Stigmatizer+and+Figure+of+Speech&rft.btitle=Imagining+Bosnian+Muslims+in+Central+Europe&rft.pages=170-193&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781789207750-012&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-775-0&rft.aulast=Mandi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WallerCriddle1999-685"><a href="#cite_ref-WallerCriddle1999_685-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallerCriddle1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Waller_(pundit)" title="Robert Waller (pundit)">Waller, Robert</a>; Criddle, Byron (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mC7pEr0R6QC&pg=PA326">The Almanac of British Politics</a>. Psychology Press. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18541-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18541-7"><bdi>978-0-415-18541-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almanac+of+British+Politics&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18541-7&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Criddle%2C+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mC7pEr0R6QC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-686"><a href="#cite_ref-686">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk2022" class="citation book cs1">Funk, Kevin (2022). Rooted Globalism: Arab–Latin American Business Elites and the Politics of Global Imaginaries. Indiana University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06256-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06256-7"><bdi>978-0-253-06256-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rooted+Globalism%3A+Arab%E2%80%93Latin+American+Business+Elites+and+the+Politics+of+Global+Imaginaries&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-253-06256-7&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wren-687"><a href="#cite_ref-Wren_687-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWren2016" class="citation book cs1">Wren, James Allan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&q=banana+coconut+twinkie">"Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie"</a>. In Fee, Christopher R.; Webb, Jeffrey B. (eds.). American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 74–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-568-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-568-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-568-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banana%2C+Coconut%2C+and+Twinkie&rft.btitle=American+Myths%2C+Legends%2C+and+Tall+Tales%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+American+Folklore%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=74-76&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-568-8&rft.aulast=Wren&rft.aufirst=James+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXnEDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbanana%2Bcoconut%2Btwinkie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johansen-688"><a href="#cite_ref-Johansen_688-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansen2007" class="citation book cs1">Johansen, Bruce Elliott (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zl8b2Pt0hdIC&q=twinkie">The Praeger Handbook on Contemporary Issues in Native America, Volume 2: Legal, Cultural, and Environmental Revival</a>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99140-1"><bdi>978-0-275-99140-1</bdi></a>. <q>The usual Native name for New Age fakers is Twinkie.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Praeger+Handbook+on+Contemporary+Issues+in+Native+America%2C+Volume+2%3A+Legal%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Environmental+Revival&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99140-1&rft.aulast=Johansen&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzl8b2Pt0hdIC%26q%3Dtwinkie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mihesuah-689"><a href="#cite_ref-Mihesuah_689-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihesuah2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Devon_A._Mihesuah" title="Devon A. Mihesuah">Mihesuah, Devon A.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8WvJwv90rwC&q=twinkies">American Indians: stereotypes & realities</a> (updated ed.). Atlanta, Ga.: Clarity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9328-6395-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9328-6395-9"><bdi>978-0-9328-6395-9</bdi></a>. <q>It's little wonder that Indians are closed-mouthed about their spirituality. Non-Indians claiming to be 'spiritual leaders,' 'healers,' and 'medicine men and women' abound in this country, and these 'crystal twinkies' (as a former Hopi student likes to call them) make a pretty decent living at deceiving the public.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indians%3A+stereotypes+%26+realities&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Ga.&rft.edition=updated&rft.pub=Clarity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9328-6395-9&rft.aulast=Mihesuah&rft.aufirst=Devon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8WvJwv90rwC%26q%3Dtwinkies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-690"><a href="#cite_ref-690">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/05/10/under-fire-for-racist-type-c-comment-fried-chicken-brand-blames-fb-admin-and-reassigns-her/133575">"Under fire for racist 'Type C' comment, fried chicken brand blames FB admin and reassigns her"</a>. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Under+fire+for+racist+%27Type+C%27+comment%2C+fried+chicken+brand+blames+FB+admin+and+reassigns+her&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2024%2F05%2F10%2Funder-fire-for-racist-type-c-comment-fried-chicken-brand-blames-fb-admin-and-reassigns-her%2F133575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-691"><a href="#cite_ref-691">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.therakyatpost.com/news/malaysia/2024/05/07/darsa-fried-chicken-apologizes-for-racist-type-c-comment-highlighting-malaysias-struggle-with-racial-harmony/">"DarSA Fried Chicken Apologizes For Racist 'Type C' Comment, Highlighting Malaysia's Struggle With Racial Harmony"</a>. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DarSA+Fried+Chicken+Apologizes+For+Racist+%27Type+C%27+Comment%2C+Highlighting+Malaysia%27s+Struggle+With+Racial+Harmony&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.therakyatpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2024%2F05%2F07%2Fdarsa-fried-chicken-apologizes-for-racist-type-c-comment-highlighting-malaysias-struggle-with-racial-harmony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-692"><a href="#cite_ref-692">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomerantsev2022" class="citation web cs1">Pomerantsev, Sergei (23 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erepo.uef.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/29917/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20230613.pdf">"How to Get Away with War: a corpus-driven study on Russian news media and the war in Ukraine in 2022"</a> (PDF). University of Eastern Finland. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Eastern+Finland&rft.atitle=How+to+Get+Away+with+War%3A+a+corpus-driven+study+on+Russian+news+media+and+the+war+in+Ukraine+in+2022&rft.date=2022-04-23&rft.aulast=Pomerantsev&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferepo.uef.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F29917%2Furn_nbn_fi_uef-20230613.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-693"><a href="#cite_ref-693">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudnytska2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rudnytska, Nataliia (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.vu.lt/respectus-philologicus/article/view/24961/28595">"Contesting Ukrainian Nationhood: Literary Translation and the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict"</a>. Respectus Philologicus. 42 (47): 94–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15388%2Frespectus.2022.42.47.111">10.15388/respectus.2022.42.47.111</a>. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respectus+Philologicus&rft.atitle=Contesting+Ukrainian+Nationhood%3A+Literary+Translation+and+the+Russian-Ukrainian+Conflict&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=94-109&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15388%2Frespectus.2022.42.47.111&rft.aulast=Rudnytska&rft.aufirst=Nataliia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.vu.lt%2Frespectus-philologicus%2Farticle%2Fview%2F24961%2F28595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-694"><a href="#cite_ref-694">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDack2022" class="citation web cs1">Dack, Mikkel (15 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/russias-harsh-purge-against-alleged-nazis-in-occupied-ukraine-follows-soviet-playbook-for-rooting-out-real-nazis-from-germany-after-wwii-190103">"Russia's harsh purge against alleged 'Nazis' in occupied Ukraine follows Soviet playbook for rooting out real Nazis from Germany after WWII"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+harsh+purge+against+alleged+%27Nazis%27+in+occupied+Ukraine+follows+Soviet+playbook+for+rooting+out+real+Nazis+from+Germany+after+WWII&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft.aulast=Dack&rft.aufirst=Mikkel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Frussias-harsh-purge-against-alleged-nazis-in-occupied-ukraine-follows-soviet-playbook-for-rooting-out-real-nazis-from-germany-after-wwii-190103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-695"><a href="#cite_ref-695">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/02/14/23/the-ukraine-war-from-azovstal-to-z">"The Ukraine war, from Azovstal to 'Z'"</a>. ABS-CBN News. Agence France-Presse. 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=The+Ukraine+war%2C+from+Azovstal+to+%27Z%27&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fspotlight%2F02%2F14%2F23%2Fthe-ukraine-war-from-azovstal-to-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-696"><a href="#cite_ref-696">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudko2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dudko, Oksana (3 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2022.2106691">"A conceptual limbo of genocide: Russian rhetoric, mass atrocities in Ukraine, and the current definition's limits"</a>. Canadian Slavonic Papers. 64 (2–3): 133–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.2022.2106691">10.1080/00085006.2022.2106691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-5006">0008-5006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252316182">252316182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=A+conceptual+limbo+of+genocide%3A+Russian+rhetoric%2C+mass+atrocities+in+Ukraine%2C+and+the+current+definition%27s+limits&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=133-145&rft.date=2022-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252316182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0008-5006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.2022.2106691&rft.aulast=Dudko&rft.aufirst=Oksana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00085006.2022.2106691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-697"><a href="#cite_ref-697">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/putin-unapologetic-uncompromising-on-war-against-Ukraine-375567.html">Putin unapologetic, uncompromising on war against Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (18 December 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbst1997221–222-698"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbst1997221–222_698-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerbst1997">Herbst (1997)</a>, pp. 221–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-699"><a href="#cite_ref-699">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakes2021" class="citation web cs1">Oakes, Dougie (14 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebookspage.co.za/2021/03/14/his-daughter-called-him-an-uncle-tom-but-abdullah-abdurahman-fought-for-his-principles/">"His daughter called him an Uncle Tom, but Abdullah Abdurahman fought for his principles"</a>. 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Potomac Books Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-710-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-710-5"><bdi>978-1-57488-710-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Slang%3A+American+Fighting+Words+and+Phrases+Since+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Potomac+Books+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-710-5&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-740"><a href="#cite_ref-740">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Kinney2000" class="citation book cs1">Katherine Kinney (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friendlyfireamer00kinn">Friendly Fire: American images of the Vietnam War</a>. 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Retrieved 7 December 2011. <q>zips in the wire vietnam war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friendly+Fire%3A+American+images+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802758-4&rft.au=Katherine+Kinney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffriendlyfireamer00kinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-741"><a href="#cite_ref-741">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Glossary/Sixties_Term_Gloss_U_Z.html#Letter%20%27Z%27">"Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War"</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Military+Terms+%26+Slang+from+the+Vietnam+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.iath.virginia.edu%2Fsixties%2FHTML_docs%2FResources%2FGlossary%2FSixties_Term_Gloss_U_Z.html%23Letter%2520%2527Z%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-742"><a href="#cite_ref-742">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueiroga2019" class="citation news cs1">Queiroga, Louise (2 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/brasileiros-protestam-contra-xenofobia-apos-ofensas-na-universidade-de-lisboa-23637748">"Brasileiros protestam contra xenofobia após ofensas na Universidade de Lisboa"</a>. O Globo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brasileiros+protestam+contra+xenofobia+ap%C3%B3s+ofensas+na+Universidade+de+Lisboa&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.aulast=Queiroga&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foglobo.globo.com%2Fbrasil%2Fbrasileiros-protestam-contra-xenofobia-apos-ofensas-na-universidade-de-lisboa-23637748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-743"><a href="#cite_ref-743">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exame.com/brasil/estudantes-portugueses-oferecem-pedras-para-atirar-em-alunos-brasileiros/8">"Estudantes portugueses oferecem pedras para atirar em alunos brasileiros"</a>. 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The Slavonic and East European Review. 60 (1): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6795">0037-6795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4208429">4208429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=%22Zhid%22%3A+Biography+of+a+Russian+Epithet&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4208429%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0037-6795&rft.aulast=Klier&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-745"><a href="#cite_ref-745">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/zyd-i-Zyd;14505.html">"żyd i Żyd – Poradnia językowa PWN"</a>. Sjp.pwn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sjp.pwn.pl&rft.atitle=%C5%BCyd+i+%C5%BByd+%E2%80%93+Poradnia+j%C4%99zykowa+PWN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsjp.pwn.pl%2Fporadnia%2Fhaslo%2Fzyd-i-Zyd%3B14505.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAytoSimpson2010" class="citation book cs1">Ayto, John; <a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(lexicographer)" title="John Simpson (lexicographer)">Simpson, John</a> (2010). 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New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-57334-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-57334-1"><bdi>978-0-517-57334-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicked+Words%3A+A+Treasury+of+Curses%2C+Insults%2C+Put-downs%2C+and+Other+Formerly+Unprintable+Terms+from+Anglo-Saxon+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-517-57334-1&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fh00hugh%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"></li> <li>South Africa Lexicon 2019. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54257189e4b0ac0d5fca1566/t/5cc0a0682be8f70001f10300/1556127851372/SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpears1990" class="citation book cs1">Spears, Richard A. (1990). Forbidden American English. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Passport Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-5152-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-5152-3"><bdi>978-0-8442-5152-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+American+English&rft.place=Lincolnwood%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Passport+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8442-5152-3&rft.aulast=Spears&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpears2001" class="citation book cs1">Spears, Richard A. (2001). Slang and Euphemism: A Dictionary of Oaths, Curses, Insults, Ethnic Slurs, Sexual Slang and Metaphor, Drug Talk, College Lingo, and Related Matters (3rd revised & abridged ed.). New York: Signet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-20371-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-20371-7"><bdi>978-0-451-20371-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slang+and+Euphemism%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Oaths%2C+Curses%2C+Insults%2C+Ethnic+Slurs%2C+Sexual+Slang+and+Metaphor%2C+Drug+Talk%2C+College+Lingo%2C+and+Related+Matters&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd+revised+%26+abridged&rft.pub=Signet&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-451-20371-7&rft.aulast=Spears&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1978" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, G. A. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofaust0000wilk_f2k5/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater">A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms</a>. Sydney: Fontana/Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-635719-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-635719-3"><bdi>978-0-00-635719-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Australian+Colloquialisms&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Fontana%2FCollins&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-00-635719-3&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofaust0000wilk_f2k5%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+ethnic+slurs" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Adhikari, Mohamed, editor. Burdened by Race: Coloured Identities in Southern Africa. UCT Press, 2013, pp. 69, 124, 203 ISBN 978-1-92051-660-4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/c0a95c41-a983-49fc-ac1f-7720d607340d/628130.pdf">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Burchfield, Robert. "Dictionaries and Ethnic Sensibilities." In The State of the Language, ed. Leonard Michaels and Christopher Ricks, University of California Press, 1980, pp. 15–23.</li> <li>Croom, Adam M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/rec/CROREW">"Racial Epithets: What We Say and Mean by Them"</a>. Dialogue 51 (1):34–45 (2008)</li> <li>Henderson, Anita. "What's in a Slur?" American Speech, Volume 78, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 52–74 in <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Kennedy, Randall. Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (Pantheon, 2002)</li> <li>Mencken, H. L. "Designations for Colored Folk." American Speech, 1944. 19: 161–74.</li> <li>Mathabane, M. (1986). Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa. Simon & Schuster. (Chapter 2)</li> <li>Wachal, Robert S. "Taboo and Not Taboo: That Is the Question." American Speech, 2002. vol. 77: 195–206.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3></div> <ul><li>Erin McKean, ed. The New Oxford American Dictionary, second edition. (Oxford University Press, 2005)</li> <li>Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2002)</li> <li>John A. Simpson, Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861299-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861299-0">0-19-861299-0</a></li> <li>Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson, ed. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. (Oxford University Press, 2004)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_slurs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_slurs" title="Template:Ethnic slurs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_slurs" title="Template talk:Ethnic slurs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_slurs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic slurs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_slurs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnic slurs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">by ethnicity</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abeed" title="Abeed">Abeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Diamond_(racial_term)" title="Black Diamond (racial term)">Black Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choc_ice" title="Choc ice">Choc ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushi" title="Cushi">Cushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golliwog" title="Golliwog">Golliwog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang_mo" title="Ang mo">Ang mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bule_(term)" title="Bule (term)">Bule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Farang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiri" title="Guiri">Guiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizi" title="Guizi">Guizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweilo" title="Gweilo">Gweilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh" title="Mat Salleh">Mat Salleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasi%27chu" title="Wasi'chu">Wasi'chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigger" title="Wigger">Wigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shqiptar#Use_in_South_Slavic_languages" title="Shqiptar">Šiptar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanian" title="Turco-Albanian">Turco-Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-British sentiment">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limey" class="mw-redirect" title="Limey">Limey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_names_for_the_British#Pommy_or_Pom" title="Glossary of names for the British">Pom</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teuchter" title="Teuchter">Teuchter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlanders</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crachach" title="Crachach">Crachach</a> (Welsh-speaking elite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dic_Si%C3%B4n_Dafydd" title="Dic Siôn Dafydd">Dic Siôn Dafydd</a> (Anglophile Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_shagger" title="Sheep shagger">Sheep shagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffy_was_a_Welshman" title="Taffy was a Welshman">Taffy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheesehead" title="Cheesehead">Cheesehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukhna" title="Chukhna">Chukhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Swede" class="mw-redirect" title="China Swede">China Swede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnj%C3%A4vel" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnjävel">Finnjävel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheese-eating_surrender_monkeys" title="Cheese-eating surrender monkeys">Cheese-eating surrender monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog (pejorative)">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabacho" title="Gabacho">Gabacho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans" title="List of terms used for Germans">Germans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans#Hun_(pejorative)" title="List of terms used for Germans">Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraut" title="Kraut">Kraut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greeks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grecomans" title="Grecomans">Grecomans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicans</a>)</li> <li>Hun (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Protestant">Irish Protestant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knacker" title="Knacker">Knacker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikey" title="Pikey">Pikey</a> (Irish Travellers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoneenism" title="Shoneenism">Shoneen</a> (Anglophile Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taig" title="Taig">Taig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Brit" title="West Brit">West Brit</a> (Anglophile Irish)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goombah" title="Goombah">Goombah</a></li> <li>Greaseball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_(slang)" title="Guido (slang)">Guido</a></li> <li>Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polentone" title="Polentone">Polentone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sardegnolo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sheep shagger</a> (Sardinians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">Terrone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">South Italians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wop" title="Wop">Wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polack" title="Polack">Polack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pshek">Pshek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moskal" title="Moskal">Moskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc_(slang)" title="Orc (slang)">Orc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibla" title="Tibla">Tibla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment#Hate_speech_and_derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shkije" title="Shkije">Shkije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbomans" title="Serbomans">Serbomans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gachup%C3%ADn" title="Gachupín">Gachupín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaco_(slur)" title="Polaco (slur)">Polaco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinqui_jargon" title="Quinqui jargon">Quinqui</a> (Mercheros)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xarnego" title="Xarnego">Xarnego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oseledets" title="Oseledets">Khokhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrop" title="Ukrop">Ukrop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarophiles" title="Bulgarophiles">Bulgarophiles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunky_(ethnic_slur)" title="Hunky (ethnic slur)">Hunky</a> (eastern and central europeans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yestonians" title="Yestonians">Yestonians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Banana</a> (westernized East Asians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gook" title="Gook">Gook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokutei_Asia" title="Tokutei Asia">Toku-A</a> (Chinese and Korean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Twinkie</a> (westernized East Asians)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ah_Beng" title="Ah Beng">Ah Beng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinky" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinky">Chinky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jook-sing" title="Jook-sing">Jook-sing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas</a> / westernized Chinese) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jjokbari" title="Jjokbari">Jjokbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nip" title="Nip">Nip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Riben" title="Xiao Riben">Xiao Riben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Koreans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban-jjokbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban-jjokbari">Ban-jjokbari</a> (Japan-affiliated Korean people)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoli_bangzi" title="Gaoli bangzi">Gaoli bangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a> (also Chinese)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ke" title="Tai Ke">Tai Ke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benshengren" title="Benshengren">Benshengren</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-Born_Confused_Desi" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Born Confused Desi">American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a> (westernized South Asians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali Hindus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bong_(term)" title="Bong (term)">Bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongal" title="Bongal">Bongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danchi_babu" title="Danchi babu">Danchi babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dkhar" title="Dkhar">Dkhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(term)" title="Mayang (term)">Mayang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chink#India" title="Chink">Chinki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast Indians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keling" title="Keling">Keling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora#Asia" title="Indian diaspora">Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistanis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paki_(slur)" title="Paki (slur)">Paki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghead" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghead">Raghead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Christ killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-American_princess_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-American princess stereotype">Jewish-American princess (JAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">Kike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekke</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd / Zhydovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanake" title="Kanake">Kanake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Didicoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Didicoy">Didicoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies">Gypsies</a> (sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zott" title="Zott">Zott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceanians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfella" title="Blackfella">Blackfella</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hori_(slur)" title="Hori (slur)">Hori</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and South Americans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unangan">Unangan</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy#Controversial_terminology" title="Native American name controversy">Indian/Injun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Redskin/Red Indian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw">Squaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> women)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Blacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_bait" title="Alligator bait">Alligator bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_princess" title="Black American princess">Black American princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Buck" title="Black Buck">Black Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">Colored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Negro" class="mw-redirect" title="House Negro">House Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_(character)" title="Jim Crow (character)">Jim Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaca_(term)" title="Macaca (term)">Macaca</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">Nigger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">Nigga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">Pickaninny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastus" title="Rastus">Rastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_queen" title="Welfare queen">Queen / Queenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(racial_term)" title="Sambo (racial term)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schvartze" title="Schvartze">Schvartze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar-Baby" title="Tar-Baby">Tar-Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckra" title="Buckra">Buckra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch_(people)" title="Conch (people)">Conch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahamians" title="Bahamians">Bahamians</a> of European descent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringo" title="Gringo">Gringo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haole" title="Haole">Haole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly / Hilljack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peckerwood" title="Peckerwood">Peckerwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Redneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Yankee" title="Swamp Yankee">Swamp Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_trash" title="Trailer trash">Trailer trash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitey_(slang)" title="Whitey (slang)">Whitey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaner" title="Beaner">Beaner</a> (Mexicans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canuck" title="Canuck">Canuck</a> (Canadians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaser_(derogatory)" title="Greaser (derogatory)">Greaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusano_(slur)" title="Gusano (slur)">Gusano</a> (Cubans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naco_(slang)" title="Naco (slang)">Naco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfie" title="Newfie">Newfie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundlander</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okie" title="Okie">Okie</a> (Oklahomans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia#Pindos" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Pindos</a> (Americans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocho" title="Pocho">Pocho</a> (Mexican Americans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a> (Chileans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spic" title="Spic">Spic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudaca">Sudaca</a> (Central and South Americans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetback_(slur)" title="Wetback (slur)">Wetback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yank / Yankee</a> (Americans)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Outsiders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_off_the_boat" title="Fresh off the boat">Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.</a> (immigrant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadjo" title="Gadjo">Gadjo</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaijin" title="Gaijin">Gaijin</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goy" title="Goy">Goy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a> (non-believer) (pl. <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kuffar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laowai" title="Laowai">Laowai</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Australians" title="New Australians">Reffo / Balt</a> (Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_(pejorative_term)" title="Savage (pejorative term)">Savage</a> (usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shegetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shegetz">Shegetz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish boy or man</a>) (pl. <a href="/wiki/Shkutzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkutzim">Shkutzim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiksa" title="Shiksa">Shiksa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish woman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_slurs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_slurs" title="Template:Religious slurs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_slurs" title="Template talk:Religious slurs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_slurs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious slurs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_slurs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_slurs" title="List of religious slurs">Religious</a> slurs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Butprast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism#Heathen" title="Paganism">Heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">Infidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giaour" title="Giaour">Giaour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_freak" title="Jesus freak">Jesus freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creeping_Jesus" title="Creeping Jesus">Creeping Jesus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#D">Dogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_snapper" title="Mackerel snapper">Mackerel snapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">Papist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism" title="Romanism">Romanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taig" title="Taig">Taig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundie">Fundie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roller" title="Holy Roller">Holy Roller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_and_abominable_church" title="Great and abominable church">Great and abominable church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter-Day Saint</a>) <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> (Society of Friends) <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a> (United Society of Believers)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">Kike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cryptos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirzai" title="Mirzai">Mirzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_worshipper" title="Grave worshipper">Grave worshipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakriyyah" title="Bakriyyah">Bakriyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahabi">Wahabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-believers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">Pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">Infidel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaour" title="Giaour">Giaour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zind%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindīq">Zindīq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shegetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shegetz">Shegetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiksa" title="Shiksa">Shiksa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabr" title="Gabr">Gabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majus" title="Majus">Majoos/Majus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> tipper</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnicity" title="Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnicity" title="Template talk:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">Ethnographic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonational_group" title="Ethnonational group">Ethnonational group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minority group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>World <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Countries by ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li>Oceania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">Ethnic riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu (anthropology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Profanity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Profanity" title="Template:Profanity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Profanity" title="Template talk:Profanity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Profanity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Profanity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Profanity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">Profanity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Profanity in American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_profanity" title="Cantonese profanity">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_profanity" title="Dutch profanity">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_profanity" title="Esperanto profanity">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_profanity" title="Finnish profanity">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_profanity" title="Georgian profanity">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_profanity" title="Category:German profanity">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_profanity" title="Hindustani profanity">Hindi-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_profanity" title="Hokkien profanity">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_profanity" title="Italian profanity">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_profanity" title="Japanese profanity">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_profanity" title="Korean profanity">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_obscenity" title="Latin obscenity">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_profanity" title="Mandarin Chinese profanity">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_profanity" title="Norwegian profanity">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_profanity" title="Polish profanity">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_profanity" title="Portuguese profanity">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_profanity" title="Quebec French profanity">Quebec French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_profanity" title="Romanian profanity">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_(profanity)" title="Mat (profanity)">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_slang" title="Sinhala slang">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_profanity" title="Spanish profanity">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_profanity" title="Swedish profanity">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_profanity" title="Tagalog profanity">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleep censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expletive_deleted" title="Expletive deleted">Expletive deleted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grawlix" title="Grawlix">Grawlix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swear_jar" title="Swear jar">Swear jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Wordfilter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expletive_attributive" title="Expletive attributive">Expletive attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expletive_infixation" title="Expletive infixation">Expletive infixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">Fighting words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-letter_word" title="Four-letter word">Four-letter word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesic_effect_of_swearing" title="Hypoalgesic effect of swearing">Hypoalgesic effect of swearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maledicta" title="Maledicta">Maledicta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maledictology" title="Maledictology">Maledictology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_my_French" title="Pardon my French">Pardon my French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profane_Swearing_Act_1694" title="Profane Swearing Act 1694">Profane Swearing Act 1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_in_science_fiction" title="Profanity in science fiction">Profanity in science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scunthorpe_problem" title="Scunthorpe problem">Scunthorpe problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_dirty_words" title="Seven dirty words">Seven dirty words</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of ethnic slurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Profanity" title="Category:Profanity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a> / <a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFAytoSimpson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakich2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartaBónaKöpecziMakkai2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartle1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerdy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeresford2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Wienraub1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhatia2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlazes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoggs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnet2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowden1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrady2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewer1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrubaker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce_Kellner1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuffum1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCacopardo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCan1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarabott2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarolan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidy1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawthorne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCerasini2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheeWest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChow2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristina_Sterbenz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornelius_Osgood1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawfurd1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzechowski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDH.be\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDack2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadaev2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDalzell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalzellVictor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalzellVictor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDareh_Gregorian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaruwalla\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Williams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeng\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeversonKennedy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDias_Lopes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikeni2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoaneBonilla-Silva2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodsonVanderplank2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrake2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuany1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuany1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDudko2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwardesMasters1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Azhari2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElaine_Sciolino2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElspeth_Reeve2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnsorLynch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErin_McKean2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverett2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._Sternberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFallon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFattorusso2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeatherstone1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFechter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerroggiaro2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiges2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkbeinerMeibauerWiese2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlanagan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlynn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoulshamGuntherRyan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantzich\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFyłypec2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGailīte2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarapich2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGazzah2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGita_RajanShailja_Sharma2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolmei2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGradie1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office,_Hong_Kong._Government_Information_Services1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain._Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office,_Hong_Kong._Government_Information_Services1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruda2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHai2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannah1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasibuan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastanto2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrichAscona\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelen_M._Faller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Long1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbst1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoHo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolloway,_Joseph_E2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong_Kong,_Great_Britain._Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonor_Sachs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHope1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorvathWexler1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHotten1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoëm2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsiao2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIaconis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndrayana\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaev2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Barron2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Mulvaney2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome_Keating2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohansen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongerden2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosh_Hafner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanigel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur-Fic1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasschauEguchi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatherine_Kinney2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith_AllanKate_Burridge2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenjiTadakuni1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1999–2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhambhaitaWillis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillens1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlier1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKockelCraith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramermay,_A._E.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacuata2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafayette_De_Mente2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaitin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarraín2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaufs2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeary2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefevere2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeshem2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibby_Copeland2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimMead2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowry2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudowyk2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez-Rodríguez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Veera_Pandiyan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacWilliams2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackSurina2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadresh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagalhãesFaria2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallapragada2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandić2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMao2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Hürlimann1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Scott_Catino2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasih2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaučec2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCorquodale1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGirt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNamee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeng2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMezzrow1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaud2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihesuah2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMin-ho2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookherjee2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorfield\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan_Godfery2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMori2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuir2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulasmajic2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulcahy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMārtiņš2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaewna2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagayama_Hall2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasrin_Rahimieh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Physical_Laboratory_(Great_Britain)1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNawar_Shora2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewkirk2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiiya1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikolaeva,_Sardana2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNinna.ID2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNişanyan,_Sevan\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNorquest1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoviyanti2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyarota2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNybergh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOakes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOcampo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOctavia2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrsman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttawayOttaway2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPHILIP_LEWIS2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerAshencaen_CrabtreeCrabtree_ParkerCrabtree_Parker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartridge2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartridge2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Majendie1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson,_Kim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeavey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Carabott2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Hummel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhumisak,_Chit2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlath1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPollard,_Trey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomerantsev2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPortnov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoteetPoteet1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrentiss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQueiroga2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._David_ZorcRachel_San_MiguelAnnabel_M._SarraPatricia_O._Afable1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRappaport2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRastika2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRebolledo_Hernández1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendeiroLupati2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRislakki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRockaway2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez_González1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoediger2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRomanucci-RossVosTsuda2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoos1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossolinski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudnytska2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRumian_Cisterna2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuth_Wajnryb2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadjadpour2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSala2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamkian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawchuk1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShalev2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShare2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheppard1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShli︠a︡khov1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShohat1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpsonRoud2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSirajChakravarty2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiregar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkjerdalMoges2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmitherman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoto2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpears1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpears2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpitzbergThorndike1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStandard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaples2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarkman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefanie2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterkensCamachoScheepers2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSue_Peabody2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_Matoba_Adler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_R._Friedland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanabe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaubman1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerence_O\u0026#039;Donnell1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesfaye2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThairath2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheresa_Vargas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTikekar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTkachivska2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTong2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValery_M._Garrett1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVertovec2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVishavjit_Singh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._S._Ramson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallerCriddle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarfield2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeist1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieviorka2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmore1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolarsky,_Eric2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfthal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWylegałaGłowacka-Grajper2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasunosuke_Satō1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungeHenley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZia2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Tamimi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFb2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Ullmann1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdu_Preez2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFitu?2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzcan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFАвагян2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFВ.и2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFВахобовна2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFДарья2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFИ2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFПоповаАль-Хамдани_Сура2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFСадоўскі,_Пётра2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFוייס2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF小林2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF民視新聞網2019\"] = 1,\n [\"Rooinek\"] = 1,\n [\"banana\"] = 1,\n [\"slant\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 9,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 4,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Collins Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 196,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 114,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 244,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Compact TOC\"] = 1,\n [\"Crossreference\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic slurs, List of\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Definition\"] = 1,\n [\"Dictionary.com\"] = 3,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dynamic list\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic slurs\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnicity\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 3,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Free access\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 48,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 27,\n [\"Langx\"] = 28,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 6,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Profanity\"] = 1,\n [\"Racism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religious slurs\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Social class\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vanchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 7,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 2,\n [\"Zh\"] = 7,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","760","17.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","480","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","220","5.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","4.2"],["type","140","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","3.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","2.3"],["gsub","80","1.9"],["[others]","1540","36.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bklvv","timestamp":"20241124053240","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of ethnic slurs","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_ethnic_slurs","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25197302","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25197302","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-08T11:26:55Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T21:41:55Z","headline":"negative words to a certain ethical race"}</script> </body> </html>