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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter</title>  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/png"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="LaTeXML.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="ltx-article.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="ltx-listings.css" type="text/css"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="latexmldoc.css" type="text/css"> <script src="LaTeXML-maybeMathjax.js"></script> <link rel="next" href="ussage.html" title="Usage ‣ LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter"> <link rel="section" href="ussage.html" title="Usage ‣ LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter"> <link rel="section" href="get.html" title="Get LaTeXML ‣ LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter"> <link rel="section" href="contact.html" title="Contacts & Support ‣ LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter"> <link rel="section" href="notices.html" title="License & Notices ‣ LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter"> <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="LaTeXML, LaTeX to XML, LaTeX to HTML, LaTeX to MathML, LaTeX to ePub, converter, examples"> <script async type='text/javascript' id='_fed_an_ua_tag' src='/js/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=DOC&subagency=NIST&pua=UA-37115410-42&yt=true&exts=ppsx,pps,f90,sch,rtf,wrl,txz,m1v,xlsm,msi,xsd,f,tif,eps,mpg,xml,pl,xlt,c'></script></head> <body> <nav class="ltx_page_navbar"> <div class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p"><span class="ltx_ref ltx_ref_self"><img src="x8.png" class="ltx_graphics ltx_img_landscape" width="215" height="50" alt="[Uncaptioned image]"></span> <br class="ltx_break"><img src="x9.png" class="ltx_graphics ltx_img_portrait" width="130" height="168" alt="[Uncaptioned image]"> <br class="ltx_break"></p> </div> <nav class="ltx_TOC"> <ol class="ltx_toclist"> <li class="ltx_tocentry ltx_tocentry_section"><a href="ussage.html" title="In LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title">Usage</span></a></li> <li class="ltx_tocentry ltx_tocentry_section"><a href="get.html" title="In LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title">Get <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span></span></a></li> <li class="ltx_tocentry ltx_tocentry_section"><a href="contact.html" title="In LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title">Contacts & Support</span></a></li> <li class="ltx_tocentry ltx_tocentry_section"><a href="notices.html" title="In LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title">License & Notices</span></a></li> </ol></nav> <div class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p"><a href="./manual/" title="" class="ltx_ref"> <span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:173%;">The Manual</span></a><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:173%;"> </span></p> </div></nav> <div class="ltx_page_main"> <header class="ltx_page_header"> <div class="ltx_align_center"> <a href="ussage.html" title="In LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" class="ltx_ref" rel="next"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title">Usage</span></a> </div></header> <div class="ltx_page_content"> <article class="ltx_document ltx_authors_1line"> <h1 class="ltx_title ltx_title_document"> <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span> <em class="ltx_emph ltx_font_italic">A <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeX_logo" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span>X</span> to XML/HTML/MathML Converter</em> </h1> <div class="ltx_keywords"> <h6 class="ltx_title ltx_title_keywords">keywords: </h6>LaTeXML, LaTeX to XML, LaTeX to HTML, LaTeX to MathML, LaTeX to ePub, converter </div> <div id="p1" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p"><em class="ltx_emph ltx_font_italic">Now available</em>: <a href="get.html" title="In LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span> 0.8.8</a>!</p> </div> <div id="p2" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p">In the process of developing the <a href="https://dlmf.nist.gov/" title="" class="ltx_ref ltx_href">Digital Library of Mathematical Functions</a>, we needed a means of transforming the <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeX_logo" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span>X</span> sources of our material into XML which would be used for further manipulations, rearrangements and construction of the web site. In particular, a true ‘Digital Library’ should focus on the <em class="ltx_emph ltx_font_italic">semantics</em> of the material, and so we should convert the mathematical material into both content and presentation MathML. At the time, we found no software suitable to our needs, so we began development of <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span> in-house.</p> </div> <div id="p3" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p">The approach is to emulate TeX as far as possible (in Perl), converting the <span class="ltx_text ltx_TeX_logo" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.2em;">T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;;">e</span>X</span> or (<span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeX_logo" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span>X</span>) document into <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span>’s XML format. That format is modelled on the typical document structure found in <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeX_logo" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span>X</span>, and inspired by HTML, MathML, OpenMath and others. That abstract document is then further transformed into HTML of various flavors, with MathML and SVG, or into JATS or ePub or …. Of course, emulating <span class="ltx_text ltx_TeX_logo" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.2em;">T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;;">e</span>X</span> is kinda hard, there are many clever <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeX_logo" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span>X</span> package developers, and the Web moves quickly, so there are gaps in fidelity and coverage.</p> </div> <section id="S0.SS0.SSS0.Px1" class="ltx_paragraph"> <h2 class="ltx_title ltx_title_paragraph">Examples</h2> <div id="S0.SS0.SSS0.Px1.p1" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p">of <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span>’s work include: </p> <dl id="S0.I1" class="ltx_description"> <dt id="S0.I1.ix1" class="ltx_item"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_item"><a href="examples/tabular/tabular.html" title="" class="ltx_ref ltx_href ltx_font_bold">LaTeX tabular</a></span></dt> <dd class="ltx_item"> <div id="S0.I1.ix1.p1" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p">from the <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeX_logo" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span>X</span> manual, p.205. (<a href="examples/tabular/tabular.tex" title="" class="ltx_ref ltx_TeX_logo ltx_href" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.2em;">T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;;">e</span>X</a>, <a href="examples/tabular/tabular.pdf" title="" class="ltx_ref ltx_href"><img src="pdf.png" id="S0.I1.ix1.p1.g1" class="ltx_graphics ltx_img_square" width="15" height="15" alt="[Uncaptioned image]"></a>)</p> </div> </dd> <dt id="S0.I1.ix2" class="ltx_item"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_item"><a href="https://dlmf.nist.gov/" title="" class="ltx_ref ltx_href ltx_font_bold">DLMF</a></span></dt> <dd class="ltx_item"> <div id="S0.I1.ix2.p1" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p">The Digital Library of Mathematical Functions was the primary instigator for this project.</p> </div> </dd> <dt id="S0.I1.ix3" class="ltx_item"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_item"><a href="manual/" title="" class="ltx_ref ltx_href ltx_font_bold"><span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span> Manual</a></span></dt> <dd class="ltx_item"> <div id="S0.I1.ix3.p1" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p">The <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span> User’s manual (<a href="manual.pdf" title="" class="ltx_ref ltx_href"><img src="pdf.png" id="S0.I1.ix3.p1.g1" class="ltx_graphics ltx_img_square" width="15" height="15" alt="[Uncaptioned image]"></a>).</p> </div> </dd> <dt id="S0.I1.ix4" class="ltx_item"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_item"><span class="ltx_text ltx_font_bold">These pages</span></span></dt> <dd class="ltx_item"> <div id="S0.I1.ix4.p1" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p">were produced using <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span>, as well.</p> </div> </dd> </dl> <p class="ltx_p">See also</p> <dl id="S0.I2" class="ltx_description"> <dt id="S0.I2.ix1" class="ltx_item"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_item"><a href="https://latexml.mathweb.org/editor" title="" class="ltx_ref ltx_url ltx_font_typewriter ltx_font_bold">https://latexml.mathweb.org/editor</a></span></dt> <dd class="ltx_item"> <div id="S0.I2.ix1.p1" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p">an online editor/showcase of things that <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span> can do. </p> </div> </dd> <dt id="S0.I2.ix2" class="ltx_item"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_item"><a href="https://arxiv.org/" title="" class="ltx_ref ltx_url ltx_font_typewriter ltx_font_bold">https://arxiv.org/</a></span></dt> <dd class="ltx_item"> <div id="S0.I2.ix2.p1" class="ltx_para"> <p class="ltx_p">is now offering preprints in HTML format using <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; margin-right:0.1em;">L<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:0.4ex;font-variant:small-caps;;">a</span>T<span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:120%;">e</span></span><span class="ltx_text" style="position:relative; bottom:-0.2ex;font-size:90%;">XML</span></span> (currently experimental).</p> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <nav class="ltx_TOC"> <ol class="ltx_toclist ltx_toclist_document"> <li class="ltx_tocentry"><a href="ussage.html" title="In LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title">Usage</span></a></li> </ol></nav> <nav class="ltx_TOC"> <ol class="ltx_toclist ltx_toclist_document"> <li class="ltx_tocentry"><a href="get.html" title="In LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title">Get <span class="ltx_text ltx_LaTeXML_logo"><span class="ltx_text" style="letter-spacing:-0.2em; 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