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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="rfK/cjSiB+fgvXqFpAr82MJv4+aVwGZdLW5BIKO3G29moN7B2yOcAdu5ox3mPvNKN5qGvdoKyQRs6cuDHFlyHQ==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2020/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Cuneyt Gurer" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/71298110/Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue_Proxy_forces_in_modern_warfare_" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="As the guest editors of the Security and Defence Quarterly, we are delighted to present a Special Issue devoted to the use of proxy forces in modern warfare. This phenomenon, the outsourcing of war and employment of non-state actors on the" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/4622523/1932755/18260467/s200_cuneyt.gurer.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/71298110/Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue_Proxy_forces_in_modern_warfare_" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="As the guest editors of the Security and Defence Quarterly, we are delighted to present a Special Issue devoted to the use of proxy forces in modern warfare. This phenomenon, the outsourcing of war and employment of non-state actors on the" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://kentstate.academia.edu/CuneytGurer" /> <meta name="description" content="As the guest editors of the Security and Defence Quarterly, we are delighted to present a Special Issue devoted to the use of proxy forces in modern warfare. This phenomenon, the outsourcing of war and employment of non-state actors on the" /> <title>(PDF) Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’ | Cuneyt Gurer - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/64623242/Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue_Proxy_forces_in_modern_warfare_" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9387f500ddcbb8d05c67bef28a2fe0334f1aafb8'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733035238000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733035238000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"As the guest editors of the Security and Defence Quarterly, we are delighted to present a Special Issue devoted to the use of proxy forces in modern warfare. This phenomenon, the outsourcing of war and employment of non-state actors on the battlefield, however ancient, has been gaining momentum recently as developments in almost all contemporary conflict zones illustrate. Raging from the Central African Republic, to Libya, Syria, Ukraine, and beyond, contemporary wars are being waged more and more with or through non-state actors – proxies. Whether foreign military interventions, counter-terrorism operations, training missions, or hybrid wars, proxies have been there and, seemingly, are to remain. Therefore, it fell upon us to ensure that such an urgent and pertinent topic should not evade deeper academic scrutiny and, together with our corresponding Authors, both practitioners and academics, we hope that this Special Issue at least partially achieves this.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Cuneyt Gurer"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-02-13","dateModified":"2022-02-13","datePublished":"2020-01-01","headline":"Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/71298110/Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue_Proxy_forces_in_modern_warfare_","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"kentstate"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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of proxy forces in modern warfare. This phenomenon, the outsourcing of war and employment of non-state actors on the battlefield, however ancient, has been gaining momentum recently as developments in almost all contemporary conflict zones illustrate. Raging from the Central African Republic, to Libya, Syria, Ukraine, and beyond, contemporary wars are being waged more and more with or through non-state actors – proxies. Whether foreign military interventions, counter-terrorism operations, training missions, or hybrid wars, proxies have been there and, seemingly, are to remain. Therefore, it fell upon us to ensure that such an urgent and pertinent topic should not evade deeper academic scrutiny and, together with our corresponding Authors, both practitioners and academics, we hope that this Special Issue at least partially achieves this.","publication_date":"2020,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [4622523]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":80702854,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/80702854/mini_magick20220213-15452-13htoa5.png?1644739787" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4622523" href="https://kentstate.academia.edu/CuneytGurer"><img alt="Profile image of Cuneyt Gurer" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4622523/1932755/18260467/s65_cuneyt.gurer.jpg" />Cuneyt Gurer</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">5 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 71298110; 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} }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">As the guest editors of the Security and Defence Quarterly, we are delighted to present a Special Issue devoted to the use of proxy forces in modern warfare. This phenomenon, the outsourcing of war and employment of non-state actors on the battlefield, however ancient, has been gaining momentum recently as developments in almost all contemporary conflict zones illustrate. Raging from the Central African Republic, to Libya, Syria, Ukraine, and beyond, contemporary wars are being waged more and more with or through non-state actors – proxies. Whether foreign military interventions, counter-terrorism operations, training missions, or hybrid wars, proxies have been there and, seemingly, are to remain. Therefore, it fell upon us to ensure that such an urgent and pertinent topic should not evade deeper academic scrutiny and, together with our corresponding Authors, both practitioners and academics, we hope that this Special Issue at least partially achieves this.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":80702854,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/71298110/Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue_Proxy_forces_in_modern_warfare_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":80702854,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/71298110/Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue_Proxy_forces_in_modern_warfare_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/115804999/Foreword_to_the_Special_Issue_Proxy_forces_in_modern_warfare_Practitioner_s_perspective_on_the_use_of_proxy_forces">Foreword to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’: Practitioner’s perspective on the use of proxy forces</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1096584" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%C3%96merCantenar">Ömer Cantenar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Security and Defence Quarterly, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Foreword to the Special Issue ‘Proxy forces in modern warfare’: Practitioner’s perspective on the use of proxy 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class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78011339/Outsourcing_warfare_Proxy_forces_in_contemporary_armed_conflicts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="45068106" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45068106/Game_of_Proxies_Towards_a_new_model_of_warfare_Experiences_from_the_CAR_Libya_Mali_Syria_and_Ukraine">Game of Proxies -Towards a new model of warfare: Experiences from the CAR, Libya, Mali, Syria, and Ukraine</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6009796" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BlazejPoplawski">Blazej Poplawski</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56324293" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CyprianKozera">Cyprian Kozera</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4622523" href="https://kentstate.academia.edu/CuneytGurer">Cuneyt Gurer</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39497328" href="https://rwu.academia.edu/MehmetAlperS%C3%96ZER">Mehmet Alper SÖZER</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Security and Defense Quarterly, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The objective of the study is to carry out a meaningful comparison that demonstrates the similarities and differences of various conflict theatres where proxy forces were employed. The analyses of the discussed cases focused on different aspects of the conflict and nature of the proxy use. The analyses presented on the following pages were conducted on the basis of the literature on the subject , governmental research and reports, and supporting sources reporting recent developments that complemented academic sources. Various non-state actors such as ethnic militias, paramilitary units, and private military companies have become more and more visible on contemporary battlegrounds. Modern states employ those actors to further their objectives, as this limits their own political and financial costs. This increasingly visible phenomenon points to an emerging new model of warfare where state actors are relying ever more on proxies of various character and nature. It is highly likely that any future conflict will be characterised by a proxy-based model of warfare, which will consist of a limited footprint made by regular forces (or none at all) and, consequently , the extended use of proxies supported by special forces. Because such an approach is less costly, proxies will be more often employed by low-budget states, previously reluctant to carry out such costly military endeavours. Denying the actions and affiliations of these proxies will inevitably follow and, in turn, a lack of political accountability and responsibility for the conflict's outcome.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Game of Proxies -Towards a new model of warfare: Experiences from the CAR, Libya, Mali, Syria, and Ukraine","attachmentId":65624067,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45068106/Game_of_Proxies_Towards_a_new_model_of_warfare_Experiences_from_the_CAR_Libya_Mali_Syria_and_Ukraine","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45068106/Game_of_Proxies_Towards_a_new_model_of_warfare_Experiences_from_the_CAR_Libya_Mali_Syria_and_Ukraine"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="24939682" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24939682/From_civil_war_to_proxy_war_past_history_and_current_dilemmas">From civil war to proxy war: past history and current dilemmas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48084021" href="https://diolt.academia.edu/hoorschumail">hoor schumail</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From civil war to proxy war: past history and current dilemmas","attachmentId":45270982,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24939682/From_civil_war_to_proxy_war_past_history_and_current_dilemmas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24939682/From_civil_war_to_proxy_war_past_history_and_current_dilemmas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="6697149" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6697149/Hlouchova_Iveta_Afghanistan_After_2014_A_proxy_War_published_in_In_Majer_M_Ondrejcs%C3%A1k_R_eds_Panorama_of_Global_Security_Environment_2013_Bratislava_Center_for_European_and_North_Atlantic_Affairs_2013_s_457_468_ISBN_978_80_971124_5_5">Hlouchova Iveta Afghanistan After 2014 A proxy War - published in: In Majer, M. – Ondrejcsák, R. (eds.). Panorama of Global Security Environment 2013. Bratislava: Center for European and North Atlantic Affairs, 2013. s. 457-468. ISBN 978-80-971124-5-5</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3471952" href="https://unyp.academia.edu/IvetaHlouchova">Iveta Hlouchova</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hlouchova Iveta Afghanistan After 2014 A proxy War - published in: In Majer, M. – Ondrejcsák, R. (eds.). Panorama of Global Security Environment 2013. Bratislava: Center for European and North Atlantic Affairs, 2013. s. 457-468. ISBN 978-80-971124-5-5","attachmentId":33420780,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6697149/Hlouchova_Iveta_Afghanistan_After_2014_A_proxy_War_published_in_In_Majer_M_Ondrejcs%C3%A1k_R_eds_Panorama_of_Global_Security_Environment_2013_Bratislava_Center_for_European_and_North_Atlantic_Affairs_2013_s_457_468_ISBN_978_80_971124_5_5","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6697149/Hlouchova_Iveta_Afghanistan_After_2014_A_proxy_War_published_in_In_Majer_M_Ondrejcs%C3%A1k_R_eds_Panorama_of_Global_Security_Environment_2013_Bratislava_Center_for_European_and_North_Atlantic_Affairs_2013_s_457_468_ISBN_978_80_971124_5_5"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="115480478" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115480478/A_Symposium_debating_surrogate_warfare_and_the_transformation_of_war">A Symposium – debating ‘surrogate warfare’ and the transformation of war</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2687908" href="https://gcsp.academia.edu/JeanMarcRickli">Jean-Marc Rickli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Defence Studies, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Symposium – debating ‘surrogate warfare’ and the transformation of war","attachmentId":111875885,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115480478/A_Symposium_debating_surrogate_warfare_and_the_transformation_of_war","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115480478/A_Symposium_debating_surrogate_warfare_and_the_transformation_of_war"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="78570009" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78570009/Changing_the_character_of_proxy_warfare_and_its_consequences_for_geopolitical_relationships">Changing the character of proxy warfare and its consequences for geopolitical relationships</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="119495632" href="https://etu.academia.edu/ZoranIvanov">Zoran Ivanov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The main purpose of the article is to examine the causal relationship between key elements of the geostrategic environment (i.e. political, military, and technological) and the changes in the characteristics of proxy force. Qualitative data analysis is used to identify the geopolitical environment conditions, actors, and their relationship. The causal analysis between key elements of the geopolitical environment, such as politics, military, and technological, therefore influences how proxy forces change character. The findings imply that the contemporary geopolitical environment is changing the character of the proxies. They can be used as multipurpose forces depending on the desired strategic outcome. The results advocate that proxies have a global reach beyond the traditional battlefield. These capabilities allow proxies to be used in a wide range of political, economic, and military activities, especially in peacetime, and, therefore, influencing, changing, and damaging the state...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Changing the character of proxy warfare and its consequences for geopolitical relationships","attachmentId":85572628,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78570009/Changing_the_character_of_proxy_warfare_and_its_consequences_for_geopolitical_relationships","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78570009/Changing_the_character_of_proxy_warfare_and_its_consequences_for_geopolitical_relationships"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="121313482" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121313482/Proxy_Warfare">Proxy Warfare</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16031" href="https://biu.academia.edu/ArielZellman">Ariel Zellman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Political Science Quarterly, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Proxy Warfare","attachmentId":116225378,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121313482/Proxy_Warfare","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121313482/Proxy_Warfare"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="37347851" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37347851/The_Proxy_Warfare_in_Syria">The Proxy Warfare in Syria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1763029" href="https://nottingham.academia.edu/AytacKADIOGLU">Aytac KADIOGLU</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Political Reflection, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It has been seven years since the beginning of the Syrian civil war. When the Arab uprisings spread throughout Syria, it was not thought that the peaceful protests would turn into one of the worst human-made disasters since World War II. After the Assad regime’s security forces shot dead protesters in southern city of Daraa, the level of violence has been steadily increased nationwide. The situation has been even more complicated when the civil war turned a proxy warfare led by the most powerful countries in the world. This paper aims to draw a picture of why and how proxy warfare occurred in Syria.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Proxy Warfare in Syria","attachmentId":57545044,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37347851/The_Proxy_Warfare_in_Syria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37347851/The_Proxy_Warfare_in_Syria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="12697679" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12697679/Ariel_Ahram_Proxy_Warriors_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_State_Sponsored_Militias_Timothy_D_Sisk_International_Mediation_in_Civil_Wars_Bargaining_with_Bullets_Amalendu_Misra_Politics_of_Civil_Wars_Conflict_Intervention_and_Resolution">Ariel Ahram: Proxy Warriors: The Rise and Fall of State-Sponsored Militias Timothy D. Sisk: International Mediation in Civil Wars: Bargaining with Bullets Amalendu Misra: Politics of Civil Wars: Conflict, Intervention and Resolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31714931" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/LaiaBalcells">Laia Balcells</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Democracy and Security, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ariel Ahram: Proxy Warriors: The Rise and Fall of State-Sponsored Militias Timothy D. Sisk: International Mediation in Civil Wars: Bargaining with Bullets Amalendu Misra: Politics of Civil Wars: Conflict, Intervention and Resolution","attachmentId":39613224,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12697679/Ariel_Ahram_Proxy_Warriors_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_State_Sponsored_Militias_Timothy_D_Sisk_International_Mediation_in_Civil_Wars_Bargaining_with_Bullets_Amalendu_Misra_Politics_of_Civil_Wars_Conflict_Intervention_and_Resolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12697679/Ariel_Ahram_Proxy_Warriors_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_State_Sponsored_Militias_Timothy_D_Sisk_International_Mediation_in_Civil_Wars_Bargaining_with_Bullets_Amalendu_Misra_Politics_of_Civil_Wars_Conflict_Intervention_and_Resolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":80702854,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":80702854,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_80702854" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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